Music 140 Final Notes

January 1963 “Please Please Me”- AABA form- Numerous rehearsed details- Change in rhythmic density in vocal- Highest note at the end of the B section- TPA-style attention to arrangement

Changing the vocal density from A to B section, like Somewhere Over the RainbowGets this one sequence of notes in there 17 times, just need to hear it once and you’ll know it, it’s called a hook. Something that gets into your head and it won’t let you go.Attention to detail and structure that’s comparable to TPA. Being able to fuse self-contained guitar based band and TPA detail is what make them successful

July 1965- “Yesterday” (from the ablum, “Help”)- AABA form- More complex harmonic and lyric structures- String Quartet- Beatles are evolving- moving away from pop song writing

Paul kept going over to the piano and playing this melody, and kept playing it until he found the words for it. This was the first time that there was a song on the album where only one of the Beatles are playing it. Paul went to George Martin and said he wanted to add something to it, advice was string quartet, which is one of the hardest to write for. Paul is taking the first step into a different world, first sign that Beatles are going to stop thinking of themselves of pop entertainers and thinking of themselves as artists. John and Paul said that all Beatles would be considered written by Lennon and McCarthy unless Ringo or Harrison helped too. All were co-written except for Yestersday. This was the first step towards the end of the Beatles. The John Lennon kind and the Paul one, eventually results in the collapse of the band

August ’66- “Tomorrow Never Knows” (from Revolver) (composed by John Lennon)- song is based on a drone (influence of non-western culture)- lyrics are based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead- vocal is “double-tracked” and is run through a “Leslie” speaker cabinet- makes use of tape “loops” (avant-garde) and backwards recording- first known use of “flanging”

Demonstrates the growing influence of non-western culture, and the technology of the recording studio on the work of The Beatles. This song would have been unplayable in concert in the 1960s

“King Bee”- April 1964- blues form- cover of song by Slim Harpo (1957)

stick very closely to the original, the thing that’s most striking is Jaggers voice the way he sings it, he’s captured the accent and everything the essence of the song. These are Brian’s heros and he wants to as close to the original as possible.

This comes out when the Beatles are just coming into their huge success. The Stones were farily well attended in cities but in the South and smaller places were not so well.

1965, wasn’t popular at the time and ended up very popular later on and one of their most iconic songs “My Generation”They play so aggressively and loudly

Stop in The Name of Love, The Supremes, 1965is probably the most iconic band of Motown, composed of three women, one of whom was Diana Ross, which wasn't even considered the best singer of the group, but proceeded to have a very successful solo career.The song contains a sort of unusual instrument, the Vibraphone, of the same family of the Xylophone and usually associated with Jazz, which was regarded as art more than music and was somewhat distant from popular culture. The Vibraphone signals urban sophistication and links to Gordy's vision. Another instrument used is a tambourine, carrying the beat, which is dancey. The gospel influence is not prevalent, and that is also deliberately rooted in the desire of Gordy to appeal to White audiences.

**Otis Redding** was a famous name coming out of STAX, his first hit was Try A Little Tenderness in 1966, which wasn't his first recording.Many of the songs produced by STAX were new songs, unlike this one, who was written in the 1920s and was hit for many artists. Notice Otis' performance aesthetics. The performance is very different from what we saw with the Smokey Robinson performance, first of all Otis is not lip synching, and the band is visible, unlike Motown. Also, unlike Motown's artists, Otis is not trained to known which camera is currently recording, and he's often not even with his eyes open; his attention is much more into his singing than his performance. STAX has a lot more of *African retention* than Motown. The performance is Cathartic and characterized by unrestrained energy.

Soul Man - Sam and Dave, 1967This record has a mistake, as mentioned before: the trumpet players miss the first "pph". The horns are not prevalent and complex, and the band in the song is more important than most Motown records (note the little guitar solos). STAX is process oriented, versus Motown that is object oriented. Notice that the term Soul is used to identify African-Americans, and the optimistic tone of the song.

Respect - Aretha Franklin, 1967This song is written by Otis Redding, it wasn't a huge hit. In Otis' mind this song was literal, but when Aretha sung it, it becomes an anthem for Civil Rights, asking for respect. This is the beginning of a more militant sound.

I Feel Good - James Brown, 1965This song follows the same pattern as most hits by him: 12-bar blues, 12-bar blues, 4-bar break, 8-bar bridge, 12-bar blues. The Gospel influence is major in him, a second he's screaming a second he's whispering. Horns are there but not complex and prevalent. Lyrics are of idealized love. The message is not in the lyrics, but in the performance.

Get Up (I feel like being a sex machine)1970After re-africanization of soulA minute 30 into the song there’s no chord change, AABA form 12-bar blues, 1 chordWhat has he changed? He is deprivilageing the melody and harmony, they are no longer important, there are 2 chords.No real melody in what he’s doing, but is enjoyableWe’re tuning into the rhythm and articulation, be cautious b/c known for rhythm right, in terms of percussion. James works with the stereotypical information, he’s thinking of the entire band in terms of rhythm like a west African drum ensemle

Truckin’ The Grateful Dead (1970)- influenced by Folk Rock

strong influence by Bob Dylan, Folk Rock. Are paradigm of the counter culture in terms of what they do, the connection to the culture and their approach to live performance. The idea of jamming, collective improvisation, and the music they recorded were the starting point for what they would do in concertFeel relaxed in that they could change it if they want easily each time, they aren’t obvious in calling attention to their talent, unassuming.

Acid RockWhite Rabbit- Jefferson Airplane (1967)Base on Alice and Wonderland, references drugs.Idea we are blinded by materialismThe song is one long crescendo, it starts off very quietly, and just gets louderDrug reference, drug rush and crash, structured around the arc of a drug tripExample of acid rock, but it is different from a lot of the other music of the periodWas a short song, but the trend was long songs, to experiment with the songs.White rabbit was a major commercial hit, counter culture didn’t produce a lot of popular or hit music

Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 1967Jimi Hendrix:

- Technical virtuoso- Control of Feedback- Wah Wah Pedal- “Wammy” Bar

“War Pigs” (1970- from the album Paranoid)this is more the heavy metal end, evil of infrastructure, unstable mental states, lyrics more towards metal. Distortion not so much, has some.Tempo wise more metal, is a little slow, and oddly structured. Emphasis on drummer in the middle. This stuff more the metal side.

“Highway Star” (1972- from the album Machine Head)- “Berry-style” lyrics- virtuosic vocal performance- during the introduction- use of electric organ- classical influences in musicianship and approach to solos

has electronic organ, why is it a natural choice? John LordIt’s capable of sustaining a note infinitely, can plug it into an amp and distort it.If you are a guitar player in the early 1970s similar to today, self taughtIf you play keyboards you probably do quite a bit of lessons, and classicalThis has influenceHigh distortion in voice, guitar and organ more metalLyrics more rock, cars and girls

“Whole Lotta Love” (1969- from the album Led Zeppelin II)- blues-riff based- sued by Willie Dixon of Chess Records (“You Need Love” 1962- performed by

Muddy Waters)Can hear the blues influenceBetween rock and metalThey have a lot of things from a blues repertoireU get like a studio/mastery solo

The Last Poets- When the revolution comesBeing spoken as a poem over the beat

- part of “reafricanization” of culture during the 1960s

1979 1st recorded hit song:- Sugar Hill Gang: Rapper’s Delight- Released 10/79: #4 RnB #36Pop- Based on the song “Good Time” by Chic (6/79 #1 Pop and RnB)

Rap Excluded from MTV until 1985 “Walk this Way”Run DMC/ Aerosmith

Final Material

The British Invasion:

US in early 60sOptimism with Kennedy (Camelot)/ ML King Civil RightsEnd of 60s end up with billion dollar industryWhy did the britsh invasion have such an impact? Because of KennedyHe was the president during the missile crisis, sent someone to the moon

“The New Frontier”He was a remarkable president, was an odd choice. Much younger than predecessors, was Catholic instead of Protestant. In this case Catholic seen as undesirable. He was for an American president quite left wing, for an American president. More centered politically, interested in what young people had to say and the rights movements.He said “ ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”Highly optimistic and people refer to it as Camelot. Mythology of Camelot and knights of the round table. Round table in a sense there is no head, everyone has a say and side. Everyone will be listened to and all thatIdea that service was the important thing and not who you are and all that real equality people being judged by their merits, and get opportunities not bc of their parents and things but bc of what they can doAfter success of the missile crisisSee peak

August 1963- WashingtonMartin Luther King Jr.- “I have a dream”The leader of the civil rights movementHe was a master of speech, he would try out little bits and use them all the time.He starts off kinda boring and he can tell he’s losing the crowd and so he starts improvising. Says the iconic I have a dream. Seem like anything is possible

In November of that year Kennedy went to Dallas Texas, he was popularEven though it was November he was so popular that he went between places in an open top limo and people would line the streets to cheer him on. Wife JacquelnHe gets shot in the head and it shatters, his wife is seen getting up on the back of the car and grabbing pieces of his brain bc of whatever reason she thinks they’re important. This event resonated so profoundly he was such an amazing president and so well loved. The death of Kennedy was the first in a series of events that lead to the theories of Conspiracy

Kennedy assassinated Nov 22, 1963- Dallas, Texas

This happened at a time when people started questioning if the government is really doing things in the best interest of the people.

February 1964- The Beatles arrive in New YorkThey were like a big distraction to stop thinking about Kennedy

Post War Britain- was on the front line all the major cities bombed, factories and everything destroyed and nation needed to be rebuilt and it took years. Would say the effects of the war continued into the 1950s had rations and everything stillAll the industries needed to be rebuilt so had unemployment well into 1950s

Return to DIY culturePeople don’t stop being interested in things like music and hobbies. So return to DIY as in do it yourself. No one is touring the infrastructure is being rebuilt so you make the entertainment yourself. See the start of Skiffle- is a group of teens all of whom owned guitars and left over of a drum set, maybe a piano, no bass would have wash tub bass. Take a box put a broom handle and create some kind of a bass. They played American songs and culture bc Britian wasn’t really creating stuff. They liked Rhythm and Blues, for years and years Britain is full of US army on the way to Germany. They would bring nylon stockings, cigarettes, chocolate, and records to sell on black market.They’d bring pop and R&B and they’d play R&B and when they got Rock and Roll they’d do the same thing

The Quarrymen:July 1957 John Lennon/Paul McCartney (Vocals and Guitar)

- begin to write togetherThey both found out they wrote songs which was rarer and asked him to join the band at a picnic

JUNE 25TH

Other members kinda fell away, and left with Paul and John

February 1958: George Harrison (“Lead” Guitar)- younger than them a littleWhen got more popular switched from acoustic to electric and tried to fill out the band

January 1960- Stu Sutcliffe (Bass)- John’s friend can’t really play just joined so he’d stop asking

August 1960- The BeatlesLong John and the SilversPaul and the Moon DogsThe Silver BeetlesAugust 1960- Pete Best (Drums)August 1960- Hanburg, Germany- “Rocker” imageAmericans were sitting in Germany, still east and west so went to play thereEventually Paul became the bass playerLooked like someone from a motorcycle gang, in Britain the gang sub culture is more prominent, reason is b/c there aren’t enough jobs or opportunitiesMods and the Rockers- the 2 gangs

Liverpool- The Cavern ClubThe Beatles played over 10,000 hours together as a band over a pretty short period of time. Had a tight cohesive sound b/c of it

July 1961: Sutcliffe leaves to become an artist (painter)- McCartney switches to bass- Sutcliffe dies of a brain haemorrhage in April, 1962, they did used to get into

a lot of bar fights and things, belief is that the haemorrhage is from a bad blow he took in a fight before at some point

- Tony Sheraton- hired the beatles to be the backup band- So most places they ask for the Sheraton record, but - In Liverpool, ppl were asking for the beatles records

Manager- December, 1961- Brian Epstein- Owned a shop in Liverpool, kept getting calls about the Beatles record and

decided to see who they were- He went up and asked them if he could be their manager, had never managed

a band before- He got them to record a demo and sent it all over England, also changed their

image. They were funny, but the swearing and spitting and stuff would only go so far. So decided to keep the funny and the charisma and add better clothes, takes them shopping and gets them suits

- Was turned down all over, b/c there was the perception that guitar based pop music was over and done.

- Les Paul around this time Dick Rowe sends the Beatles the record, Les Paul gets a letter saying they may shut down the production b/c they thought it was done

June 1962- Parlophone- Division of EMI- major record company, but not on the main label, it’s a branch label that specialized in comedy recordsThey had records for guy that played pink panther and funny people

2 strokes of luck Brian Epstein marketing them and George Martin getting them

Producer- George Martin- very good producer from new generation, would help what they were imagining realNew Drummer: Ringo StarrSeptember, 1962- “Love Me Do”- drummer actually wasn’t Ringo thereGeorge Martin asked them to replace Pete Best…… for whatever reason and they got Ringo Starr. Not sure if it came John…… they might have been jealous of his looks or b/c he kept to himself and didn’t do what they did.Switched before recording before started.

January 1963 “Please Please Me”- AABA form- Numerous rehearsed details- Change in rhythmic density in vocal- Highest note at the end of the B section- TPA-style attention to arrangement

Changing the vocal density from A to B section, like Somewhere Over the RainbowGets this one sequence of notes in there 17 times, just need to hear it once and you’ll know it, it’s called a hook. Something that gets into your head and it won’t let you go.Attention to detail and structure that’s comparable to TPA. Being able to fuse self-contained guitar based band and TPA detail is what make them successful

Pop tour this time is like 2-3 weeks each band plays 20-30 minutes, depending where they are someone else played firstWhen went on tour, would play 3-4 but would be releasing new songs so sometime ppl would come to see them and leave before headliners

November 4, 1963- Royal Variety Performance, London PalladiumLots of performing arts, if you were invited then you were considered near the top of your field26 million Viewers, were headlinersEnd of 63’, Beatles are major British starsJohn had a very dark/cynical kind of humor, before they played twist and shout he said a line, you in the cheap seats can clap your hand and you In the balcony can just rattle your jewellery, made him very popular with the Britain middle class

After the war England was in terrible shape, due to the bomb damage. Lots of unemployment and underemployment, and so didn’t have much of a music industry for the longest time. So don’t start to get back on their feet until into the 1950s. They had some popular singers, but thus far hadn’t had anyone who had broke through into the US and make an impactWhile the Beatles are climbing, EMI was trying to get the Beatles to go to the US, in 63’ the records were being released there but weren’t doing well. But manager decided wouldn’t go to the states until they had a hit.“I wanna hold your hand” was climbing the charts and so decided to go

Liverpool, the Cavern Club was torn down, and rebuilt a little down the road later

February, 1964- “ The Beatles are coming”Billboards everywhere say The Beatles are coming, and the radio and everythingPortrayed as the British Coming, British InvasionStarted playing them on the radio all the time and had merchandise

Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan show in 1964 for the first time- Feb 9th Ed Sullivan- 70 Million viewers, at the time one of the most viewed

broadcasts ever for the timeWho was listening?

- young man had wanted to be a professional musician, but wasn’t the best looking and had the inbetween years and say all the teen idols

- Bruce Springsteen say the Beatles and that day thought hey maybe I have a chance

- Gene Simmons of Kiss saw the broadcast, not really the sound but saw the crowd

- Most of the next generation of popular band will have remembered seeing the Beatles

The Beatles played at a sports arena and were the first, and it sold out, they didn’t know how to set it up, so set it up on a boxing ring and would rotate it. They invented the first stadium concert. Beatles were the first to do this.

Tour lasts for 2 weeks- 2 million albums, $2.5 million in merchandising- hysteria known as “Beatlemania”

After 2 weeks return to London, February 1964, and the reception is insane- 50,000 people showed up at Heathrow airport to see them get off a plane…- almost as bad in NY when they were leaving, had to shut down the airport

April 1964- 12 songs in the Billboard top 100 pop, including positions 1 to 5

Three weeks in April- 60% of all record salesJuly 64’- “ A Hard Day’s Night”, first movie, was actually a good movie and the Beatles were funny and could act

End of 4th US Tour in 65’- made $65 million dollars

End of 65 tour, play in the first outdoor sports stadium- Shea Stadium August 1965, close to 75,000 people in and around stadium- First time it was in this big of a place, play in a baseball stadium on a little

stand and just use the baseball stadium pa and lights

They have already redirected the course of popular music, they took something that was almost dead, the self-contained band and made it back with a level of popularity no one could imagine

Importance- Template for what is to followBands for the next 20 years or so until hiphopStart of British invasionLeaders of Mersey Beat, which are bands that are very similar to early Beatles and following their stepsMersey Beat: Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers, The Swinging Blue Jeans

July 1965- Their 2nd film : Help and albumIs a comedy film, features a story about Ringo getting a ring stuck on his finger, and that is is wanted by a religious group or something.The film was so successful, that The Monkeys were created by Help, network tv try to capitalize on it and make a show after it

Was a song that went unnoticed at first, it suggested that change was afoot

July 1965- “Yesterday” (from the ablum, “Help”)- AABA form- More complex harmonic and lyric structures- String Quartet

Beatles are evolving- moving away from pop song writingPaul kept going over to the piano and playing this melody, and kept playing it until he found the words for it. This was the first time that there was a song on the album where only one of the Beatles are playing it. Paul went to George Martin and said he wanted to add something to it, advice was string quartet, which is one of the hardest to write for. Paul is taking the first step into a different world, first sign that Beatles are going to stop thinking of themselves of pop entertainers and thinking of themselves as artists. John and Paul said that all Beatles would be considered written by Lennon and McCarthy unless Ringo or Harrison helped too. All were co-written except for Yestersday. This was the first step towards the end of the Beatles. The John Lennon kind and the Paul one, eventually results in the collapse of the band

JULY 2ND

The song yesterday is an early sign of what is about to come, the division of Paul and John. The band moves from just thinking of themselves as pop musicians, they are becoming to see themselves as artists. Chuck Berry had a constant style, but The Beatles are evolving, bringing other things into their music and changing their sound. They got to meet Bob Dylan, they thought he was a brilliant song writer, John thought his lyrics were extraordinary. Bob said to John and Paul your songs are incredible, but your lyrics don’t say anything they are empty. John took this hard and to heart and tried to create more intricate prices of work. At the time didn’t notice the song help and implications at the time

August ’65 “Help” December ’65 Rubber Soul August ’66 Revolver

Rubber Soul didn’t have the name of the band on it. The covers used to be like a billboard to advertise the album. The Beatles started to think of the cover as an extension of the album. They were looking at the pictures and someone knocked over what they were projecting on and the image got distorted and stretched. And said aha. So this cover didn’t advertise the songs or the album, had an image of the band representing the album. For Revolver they have a drawing of the 4 of them and they have image coming out of their heads, and they’re little earlier pictures of them. The real Beatles are the line drawings and the thoughts are photographs, reversed the real and the abstract. Still pop writing but different kinds of songs are being added

August ’66- “Tomorrow Never Knows” (from Revolver) (composed by John Lennon)- song is based on a drone (influence of non-western culture)- lyrics are based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead- vocal is “double-tracked” and is run through a “Leslie” speaker cabinet- makes use of tape “loops” (avant-garde) and backwards recording- first known use of “flanging”

They were meeting a lot of ppl the lead guitar player George in particular got interested in Indian music, the classical music of India was studying the Sitar, like classical Indian guitar. This song was using a lot of Indian instruments, they don’t do much with harmony, they have a lot rhythm and stuff.A Vena makes the drone noise in the background, doesn’t have chord changes of anything. Lyrically, debate of what he based his lyrics on, but might be based partially on some Tibetan bookThey start working with George Martin, and get to know all about and experience with multi-track recording. So for this song, John records it once, and then records it again listening to the original and try to sing it as similar as possible. And so get a unique quality to it, the little differences add to it. Mostly sounds like one person with a special quality. Double tracking is difficult, it’s really hard to sing the exact same way twice. John’s voice is double tracked, and also run through a Leslie, which spins and adds like a surreal sort of sound quality.

Classical musicians were experimenting with looping reels of tape, they’d record something, then clip it and make a loop and let it play. In this song they had 8 tape loops and had them play and used mixers and had a couple people controlling the tape loops. Basically very weird. 2 guitar solos, one where George plays a sitar, and the other a guitar, both solos are backwards, flip the tape, get very odd soundsNow John and Paul kind of work independently and create songs and bring the almost finished songs to the other after

Demonstrates the growing influence of non-western culture, and the technology of the recording studio on the work of The Beatles.This song would have been unplayable in concert in the 1960s.

Beatles are getting to the point where they are not caring if they can play it liveThey have sounds they want to explore, but were also getting sick of the fameNo days off, can’t go places, would get mobbed. They had a crazy schedule .

The band was losing interest in public performance1966:June-JapanStart to see the cracks forming, great band, but not as good as before, can’t hear themselves, instruments not in tune. Screaming got so loud that couldn’t hear the other members even, was so crazy, it started to piss them off since all he could hear was screaming. He knows no one can understand what he’s saying, he snaps a little and starts shouting in fake Japanese and they still scream happily

July- The PhilippinesIt’s July in the Philippines, 2 huge concerts were tired. The dictators wife asked them to a dinner they thought and said no b/c they were tired. Were harassed while leaving it was terrible and were extorted to pay the amount that they were paid to play the 2 concerts in the first place

Back to the US, John was acknowledged as being the intellectual of the group. Had a long interview and got to the topic of the culture of the Baby Boomers that were in their 20’s and the generation gap. John was asked about religion, he was an agnostic/ atheist but still took spiritual practices very seriously, and he say the difference btw a organized religion and the practice. HE said Jesus was alright, he had good ideas, but people took the ideals and might have distorted them, and doesn’t know about Christianity. HE said The Beatles were bigger than Jesus. What he meant was most people would rather go to a Beatles concert than Church.

August- The USWhat comes out is an article, with just that one quote. He refused to say he was sorry, b/c they didn’t really understand what he said.There were death threats, Beatles burning of the posters and things“Bigger than Jesus”

August 29th 1966– Candlestick park in San FransiscoWas the last time the Beatles preformed publicly

June 1967- “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band”One of the most important recordsIt’s important b/c it is the first album that includes all of the lyrics on the album cover, b/c the Beatles want you to understand the lyrics. Want you to sit and listen to it with the lyrics and understand it. Gave you something to look at the artwork from the cover, can sit and look at it while you listen to it. Is considered by most pop music historians to make a significant transition, from Rock n Roll to Rock.Rock n Roll is about dancing and Rock is about listening. Went from like background music to music you sit and listen and focus on it. Move to the world of art, kind of like classical. Considered to be the first concept album, lose definition of concept album. Most basic idea it’s an album where all of the songs/ pieces of music are supposed to be linked by some kind of idea or a concept. That idea can vary widely, can be just an idea like madness (Dark Side of the Moon). Can be telling a story a narrative even. This album was intended to be a concept album, John and Paul were talking to George Martin, and thought it’d be cool to have an album that was about their childhood, eventually they kinda strayed from the idea. So they didn’t consider it one, but historians consider it one.

The British Blues Revival:

London- interest in bluesChess Tour

Chris Barber, Cyril Davies, Spencer Davis, Alexis Korner- Blues Incorporated, John Mayall’s Blues Breakers

Fleetwood Mac, Cream, Eric Clapton, Led Zepplin, The Rolling Stones

Liverpool and London, only really get American albums in those places b/c port cities. Blues was very popular in London, in the late 1950’s a tour was organized the Chess records musicians did a tour and did very well and had a huge impact. Why would muddy waters appeal to white kids in England, they reason is that while they don’t directly relate to his experiences what they did connect with was the stories being told in the songs. High unemployment, the ideas of blues, created a sense of connection with the economic stories. Whole subculture that modelled themselves after these Blues musicians. The people that played in the backup bands ended up part of other bands later on

Marquee Club: July 1962The Rolling Stones played for the first timeBrian Jones was the one who put the rolling stones togehher

Brian Jones loved American R&BHe knew all about it, all the recording and everythingBrian wanted a band to play all of the music that he loved, American R&B it was important they try to capture the sound and attitude. HE was so focused on Blues that when McJagger and Richards wanted to do Rock songs he thought it was selling out. They did convince him to do Chuck Berry covers.They were back up band and did covers

Andrew Loog Oldham (April, 1963)Get him as a manager, he said you look like the Beatles, that’s they’re thing, you don’t want to be a band chasing the Beatles. You’re going to be the opposite.Have mismatched clothes, look serious or condescending, you are going to come across as slightly dangersousThe sales line is, would you let your daughter date a Rolling StoneThey were going to be the anti-beatles

1963- A Change of Image1963-1964: All singles are covers (Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Willie Dixon)“ I Wanna Be Your Man” November, 1963 (Lennon/McCarthy)Loog says well, you’re just doing covers … and you’re starting to sell and you’re going to make money if you write your own songsSo goes to Jagger and Richards and tells them they should write songs, Loog calls Lennon and McCarthy and asks them to show them how to write a song and they write one and give it to them. Starts them on thinking.guy who turned down the Beatles signs themThe Beatles and Stones know each other and hang out sometimes.

“England’s Newest Hitmakers”-mostly blues coversincludes 2 original songs by Keith/Jagger

Go to US and record album, most songs covers of Blues tunes, one song around and around was a Chuck Berry song

“King Bee”- April 1964- blues form- cover of song by Slim Harpo (1957)

stick very closely to the original, the thing that’s most striking is Jaggers voice the way he sings it, he’s captured the accent and everything the essence of the song. These are Brian’s heros and he wants to as close to the original as possible.This comes out when the Beatles are just coming into their huge success. The Stones were farily well attended in cities but in the South and smaller places were not so well.

Take off in 1965 when Richards and Jagger assert more control over the band

February, 1965 “(I Can’t Get No,) Satisfaction” (Jagger/Richards)- See textbook for listening guide- First US number one pop

1967- “Let’s Spend the Night Together”- Verse/Chorus

The Stones brought black music and sounds back to the US and to England really. Helped restart the careers of some people

Rolling Stones taken from a Muddy Waters song,

They grow in popularity through the 1960’s and by the end they are very popular only rivalled by the BeatlesThe band leaves behind the Blues covers and go towards original songs, and Brian gets less and less interested. They still keep much of the influence of Blues music.He withdraws from the band and more time with drinking and drugsIn the Spring of 1969 getting ready for a major US tour, they live up to their bad boy image and have had some run ins with the law over drug use.They are trying to get work visas to go to the US to play, most members law issues had been resolved, but Brian had some outstanding chargesBrian thought he was still important enough to still need him and wait, they gave him the choice, he can leave the band or that they tour is happening without him.

Couple months later in June or May, Brian was found dead in his swimming pool 27 years oldThey keep replacing him, until they end up sticking with Ron Wood 1973, he’s still with the band. The bass player quit and died and replaced by Darrel Jones.The line up was pretty stable and over 50 years as a band

Ringo from poverty, started rough around of edges but are turned into clean image.Stones started with good standing, actually both in school (university and stuff)Jagger is actually an expert in internet trading. All had a pretty solid middle class background. Turned them into the anti-beatlesBoth present us with something we’d seen beforeThe Beatles- a structure where the emphasis is what we would describe as object orientation… that when John and Paul in the early days they would rehearse to get all of the elements in place perfectly. Very rehearsed and have very specific ideas they want to realize have a finished sound in their head. They have a correct end point they are looking forStones- are process oriented, when you listen to stones records there are mistakes, there are elements of the performance that are loose, not the tightness of the Beatles, even an element of imrpov. With the stones the important part was getting the feel right, capturing the energy of the moment. They record it and go wow that was good they keep it, they didn’t care if a couple notes were out of place, they left it

Have been looking at both processes, but have until now been separated by skin colourBlack process oriented and white object oriented. World after Elvis, both processes are available to both kinds Seen in the British invasion

Other important bands:The Yardbirds (Blues Influence)Big part of the blues revival, are a notable for an astonishing set of guitar players that pass through their ranks. Start as R&B cover band, their leader/ Brain was Eric Clapton. Is infatuated by Muddy Waters, one of his biggest influences. Like the Stones shift from Blues covers and start to write original songs, Eric was growing frustrated by this and in 1966 leaves them and goes on to form many other bands one is Cream, and eventually a solo career.He is replaced by Jeff Beck, he is considered a musicians musician, he’s a pain in the ass, all the guitar players want to see him and everyone takes off to go see him. Astonishing guitar player, in 1966, but also suffered from stage fright and spent lot of time meditating before going on stage. He was unreliable so they decided to hire another guitar player as a back up and put him on bass guitar he was Jimmy Page. He made a living as a studio musician. In 1967, band goes off track they ask Beck to leave, and they decide to close up, and Jimmy Page was pissed. They had a Scandinavia tour booked for 1968 and Jimmy asked if he could keep the tour, and were called the New Yardbirds, was so successful they decided to stay together and became Led Zeppelin

The Who (The Mods/ Art Influence)Often linked to the Blues revival, they knew all of these people, but they didn’t really have the same straight blues as everyone. Pete Townsend was the brains of it, he was interested in art and subculture, The Who became the most popular band of a subcultural group known as the Mods. Enemies of the Rockers that the Beatles imaged themselves after. Mod was short for modernist, they were into a sense of fashion, Vespa scooters, they covered them in mirrors, wore trench coats. The Mods loved dancing more than anything else, dancing non stop that they’d take something to keep dancing. The influence of Mods and art inspired Pete, they created some trends, like taking the flag and symbols into clothes. Pete experienced with sound and intensity, they were louder and more aggressive than anyone of their time.Video of 1967, was a song of 1965, wasn’t popular at the time and ended up very popular later on and one of their most iconic songs “My Generation”They play so aggressively and loudlySome remarkable lyrics, but for the time pretty good, most sing about love and peace and stuff, they have more of a fuck off attitude. Appear to be one of the first punk bands, they use popular music to address issues, plus it’s aggressive. Roger stutters the lyrics then he sings. He sings from the point of the mods, what they see and what they feel. Why the stutter? The mods like to take amphetamines , for energy which can make you stutter, and so the stutter is done deliberately to be recognized by the Mods. He’s going to put a drug reference in your face and you

won’t recognize it b/c you’re old and don’t know. He would destroy his guitar and amps often, and he’d blow up the drums and kick over the cymbal. Went through a lot of sticks. Why did they smash the instruments? The who would smash the instruments that they were playing at the end. In some places you take what you used or had and smash the glasses or plates at weddings, so no one else can use them. The item that made the promise is gone and it can’t be undone. B/c that moment can never be reproduced. It’s a symbolic idea. The idea is that they sanctify that musical moment b/c the instrument is gone. The who flip the convention, the moment is important not the instrument. Kiss at the end he will go get a guitar and smash it and throw the pieces, and seemed empty, because it wasn’t really one he played and he never heard it.

Pete will go on to write 2 rock operas, Q…… and Tomm

JULY 9TH

# Soul to FunkThe development is connected to the Civil Rights movement and the development of African-American identity.

Soul appears at the end of the golden age of Rock n Roll, in the late 1950s. As the civil rights movement makes progress, the african american culture looks forward and starts rejecting the sounds of the past. The new sound that emerges, Soul, has spiritual roots connected to the vocal style of Gospel. Soul is celebratory music, danceable and with rhythms reminiscent of R&B. Arrangements and lyric style are inspired by TPA, thus cleaner and tackling themes of idealized love instead of sex, say.

One of the most important locations for Soul is Detroit, more specifically the Motown label (watch **Standing in the Shadows of Motown**). Another city is Memphis, which we have seen before and will see again, specifically Stax Records which was an old movie theater. Fame Records in Muscle Shoals, in Alabama was another important label.

## MotownMotown was founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy, and it is the first important label owned by an African-American. Gordy had experience with promoting boxers and worked in the automotive industry. Detroit at this point was the capital of the Auto industry of North America, at its peak.

What he wanted to do when he started the record company was to apply what he learned in the automotive industry to the record industry. Motown was recognized as the largest business owned by an African-American, and it was quite inspirational to the Black community. He applied the concept of the Assembly Line to his work, similar to TPA but finally with Black artists too; another big difference with TPA is that Gordy wanted to create a single massive factory of Black music, unlike TPA which was scattered in many different labels.

He had many songwriters, some of which were Holland/Dozier/Holland, Smokey Robinson, who became a very important figure within . Gordy wanted his music to appeal to everyone, not only the African-American community, and hired Maxine Powell to run a finishing school, aimed at teaching etiquette. He also hired a choreographer, Cholly Atkins. Motown had a house band, The Funk Brothers, who would work out arrangements and record songs; the purpose of this was branding, in fact the only person that changed among records was the singer, so the sound was Motown's own.

**We watched:** Shop Around - Smokey and the Miracles, 1960

Notice the way Smokey acts on stage, which is much milder than previous styles, and that is deliberate. Motown wanted the public perception to be brought away from the ou-of-control stereotype of Black people held by the White middle class. Also notice the matching suits, for the same exact reason.

Interesting to note that the idea of band remains distant to Black culture, which focuses on individuals.

*The Supremes* is probably the most iconic band of Motown, composed of three women, one of whom was Diana Ross, which wasn't even considered the best singer of the group, but proceeded to have a very successful solo career.

**We listened to:** Stop in The Name of Love, The Supremes, 1965

The song contains a sort of unusual instrument, the Vibraphone, of the same family of the Xylophone and usually associated with Jazz, which was regarded as art more than music and was somewhat distant from popular culture. The Vibraphone signals urban sophistication and links to Gordy's vision. Another instrument used is a tambourine, carrying the beat, which is dancey. The gospel influence is not prevalent, and that is also deliberately rooted in the desire of Gordy to appeal to White audiences.

## Atlantic RecordsAtlantic records is still gigantic, and Jerry Wexler was a very influential man there. He signed Ray Charles and coined the name Rhythm and Blues. He discovered many artists.

## STAXStax was formed in 1959, initially as Satellite Records by Jim Steward and Estelle Axton. Stax, like Motown, had a house band: Booker T and the M.G.s, who had hits themselves, unlike Motown. Booker T and the M.G.s was an interracial band, which was very uncommon, especially in Memphis. This was often a problem, because the south had laws prohibiting Black and White people to play on the same stage or stay at the same hotel.

Stax was far less controlled than Motown, and less interested in hits. They recorded what they liked, and the decision was made in group. They would often record the same song many times and pick among them. This resulted often in mistakes in the recordings, which was not the case at all at Motown, which wasn't bad, but just a different approach.

**Otis Redding** was a famous name coming out of STAX, his first hit was Try A Little Tenderness in 1966, which wasn't his first recording.

**We watched:** A Little Tenderness - Otis Redding, 1966

Many of the songs produced by STAX were new songs, unlike this one, who was written in the 1920s and was hit for many artists. Notice Otis' performance aesthetics. The performance is very different from what we saw with the Smokey Robinson performance, first of all Otis is not lip synching, and the band is visible, unlike Motown. Also, unlike Motown's artists, Otis is not trained to known which camera is currently recording, and he's often not even with his eyes open; his attention is much more into his singing than his performance. STAX has a lot more of *African retention* than Motown. The performance is Cathartic and characterized by unrestrained energy.

**We listened to:** Soul Man - Sam and Dave, 1967

This record has a mistake, as mentioned before: the trumpet players miss the first "pph". The horns are not prevalent and complex, and the band in the song is more important than most Motown records (note the little guitar solos). STAX is process oriented, versus Motown that is object oriented. Notice that the term Soul is used to identify African-Americans, and the optimistic tone of the song.

## Aretha FranklinBy 1965 we are starting to see riots in black areas of major American cities. The artist who shows the change in the optimistic paradigm is Aretha Franklin, who was born in a very religious family and had sung in church. Interestingly, a past in the church was a matter of pride for Black singer.

**We listened to:** Respect - Aretha Franklin, 1967

This song is written by Otis Redding, it wasn't a huge hit. In Otis' mind this song was literal, but when Aretha sung it, it becomes an anthem for Civil Rights, asking for respect. This is the beginning of a more militant sound.

## FunkAs Soul begins to find a new way to express itself, a new form of music manifests itself: Funk. Funk was deliberately invented by James Brown, unlike Rock n Roll and others. James Brown is a show man, so much he clothes changes twice at his funeral... He's the Soul Brother \#1.

### James BrownJames Brown was very respected, his album Live at Apollo is generally considered to be the first album by a Black artist to sell more than a million copies. He records many songs in the style of Soul that are huge hits with Black and White audiences.

**We listened to:** I Feel Good - James Brown, 1965

This song follows the same pattern as most hits by him: 12-bar blues, 12-bar blues, 4-bar break, 8-bar bridge, 12-bar blues. The Gospel influence is major in him, a second he's screaming a second he's whispering. Horns are there but not complex

and prevalent. Lyrics are of idealized love. The message is not in the lyrics, but in the performance.

Brown was famous among White audiences, which is interesting, and that is because of the AABA structure. James Brown said: "Black folks like the blues, white folks like something a little different in the middle". The AABA was deliberate and very successful.

### Re-Africanization of Black cultureBetween 1965 and 1967 inner city riots are at their peak. In 1967, in Detroit, a riot so big that 19 square miles of it were burned down occurred. The riot lasted 3 days and cause many deaths and injured. After the riot the army came into Detroit to re-establish order. This summer is known as The Long Hot Summer.

To make it worse, on April 4th of 1968, Martin Luther King is assassinated in Memphis. The following period is known as the Re-Africanization of culture, reflecting into clothing change and re definition of what it "means" to be African-American. Names change (drop the slave name and get back the African name: big example is Cassius Clay -> Mohammed Ali).

Black culture is making an effort to distinct itself. James Brown decides to coin a new style: Funk.

JULY 16TH

James Brown- FunkReaficization of black culture, red flag, late 60’s a lot less access to information. The process that was being used, a lot of the information being used was the kind of information that middleclass whites would have on the matter. Decision to create a new separate culture. Martin Luther King died, he was the main person for the non-violent movement, attracted many even sympathetic white. When he passed, his kind of ideas were moved to the side and more aggressive movements took precedence.

James Brown, creates funkSay It Loud (I’m Black and I’m Proud) 1968Introduces new style

Get Up (I feel like being a sex machine)1970After re-africanization of soulA minute 30 into the song there’s no chord change, AABA form 12-bar blues, 1 chordWhat has he changed? He is deprivilageing the melody and harmony, they are no longer important, there are 2 chords.No real melody in what he’s doing, but is enjoyableWe’re tuning into the rhythm and articulation, be cautious b/c known for rhythm right, in terms of percussion. James works with the stereotypical information, he’s thinking of the entire band in terms of rhythm like a west African drum ensemle

Deprivilage of melody and harmonyPrivilege of RhythmInterlock groove- based on African Drum GroupsHave the master drummer (here James), and they startAnd then the rest usually repeat a simple pattern and put them all together to from an interlocking groove.Over this the master drummer plays a solo.All the instruments are being treated like percussion instruments, rhythm and articulation are the main elements.

CommunityJames knows the sense of community is important, it’s usually a drum circle, everyone is important. In the song James asks to count it off, and asks it go to the bridge, and the band members respond. The idea of community is important.Sly and Family Stone- hear the voices of the band in the background, hearing the voices is important until the genre stabilizes. Equality and community from drum circle

Cyclical- pleasure in repetitionDon’t think they knew what they were going to play before it started, he’s only thinking in terms of little 2 bar sections

So the decision to go to the bridge is subjective, so they change how they want to until they end the song. Don’t always have a worked out ending they will fade, the idea is that is doesn’t stop it keeps going. The form doesn’t matter, b/c are in terms of west Africa (what we know), riff is a passage that keeps repeating. Origin of mindset that will lead to hip-hop, have an constant pattern that repeats. The pleasure here is getting lost in the repeat, and not counting.

Open-ended forms- cyclical vs. linearWhat he’s doing at a fundamental level is changing from a linear of set structure to something open ended there is no real end, just repeat 2 bars over and over until he decides to change and ends it when he’s had enough. This is really where African American music goes at the end of the 1960’s .

Soul is important still into the 1970’s , big centre for soul is Philadelphia, war of independence, bell. Get Gladys night and the pips

Hippie/ white/ counter culture

Bob Dylan:1961-1965 Traditional folk singer/songwriter

A Hard Rain’s Gonna Fall (1963)- nuclear missiles/black rain- Cuban missile crisis- October 1962- Lyric Style

Influence of The BeatlesNewport Folk Festival (1965)“Dylan Goes Electric”Creation of “Folk Rock”Tells the Beatles that their music is great, but their music doesn’t say anything. Bob Dylan admired was of the reach that they had, they were popular with so many.Had a thought, at the Folk festival Bob Dylan introduced in 1965, with some friends of his, heavy sound equipment (also started playing electic guitar) and had a blast of sound. Had never had that kind of equipment before, the audience booed, a lot of ppl felt betrayed. Controversy about integrity, seen unconceivable that someone could play rock n roll with the same integrity. They left after 3 songs, Dylan didn’t give up, and electric was a permanent change for him.The point was the controversy over integrity in rock n roll and that you couldn’t have the same integrity in rock n roll. Idea that it was sell out music. Bob Dylan addresses that you can play the electric guitar and still have integrity. This door will be important so many later. Group it with a social movement

Influence on the development of the Counter CultureThe opposition to mainstreamBased on the US west coast- San FranciscoInfluenced by The Beats (Jack Kerouac, Allan Ginsberg)1940’s – 50’s, The Beats, Allan- one of the first pieces that really question the authority of governmentThe Beats a major target of the communist search.

Jazz Beat/ Beaten down/ Beatitude- comes from eastern religions, is a condition of enlightenment when you see

the world for what it really is

Revived in the early 1960s (by baby boomers)Move away from ideology of parentsSome of them want to live differently from their parents, and so look back and see the beats and base it off of thatHippiesThe equivalent of the term Cat (cutting edge) is Hip, and became known as hippies2 main “centers”: Greenwich Village (New York) and Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco)Strive for enlightenment and truth, homology of Sensory Stimulation (Psychedelic)Homology- is an underlying similarity of things that on the surface appear quite different, the commonality was the idea of stimulating your senses, to get your neurons to start firing in the hopes that it will let you see the world as it really is, so anything known to this culture is known as psychedelic. Known to stimulate senses

- Poster Art, used to be meant to get you the information easy, but now turn into art and it’s all weird and letters all misshapen. Designed to make your brain work in new ways

- Clothing, bright clothing not plain, the model is tie dye, bright and crazy, women’s clothes loose and swirly and stuff, dangling and stuff moves all over the place. The idea to stimulate the brain

- Drugs, did end up with some serious complications, but at the time those who followed the practice were interested in experimenting with drugs in the hope of higher consciousness

Music:- Loud- Longer or unusual song forms- Jamming (collective improvisation)- Lighting Shows

Counter culture nails down the stadium concert thing based on the Beatles, they wanted it loud, b/c multiple senses were going at the same time. Can feel the music b/c of the volume. The more senses you get going the greater the response you get. The current lighting shows come from this stuff, they wanted to stimulate the ppl.

Flashing lights, some to see the band, some to flash and give the audience something else to addHad long and unusual song forms, there was a cone of expectation of what we expect to hear, when someone steps out of the cone, try to keep up and understand, like what’s happening. Potential for surprise if you don’t know what the band might do.Jamming, play a song the audience knows, but may move away from the recording and making up stuff on the spot, no one knows what’s gonna happen the potential for surprise and stuff

Truckin’ The Grateful Dead (1970)- influenced by Folk Rock

strong influence by Bob Dylan, Folk Rock. Are paradigm of the counter culture in terms of what they do, the connection to the culture and their approach to live performance. The idea of jamming, collective improvisation, and the music they recorded were the starting point for what they would do in concertFeel relaxed in that they could change it if they want easily each time, they aren’t obvious in calling attention to their talent, unassuming. In concert what they did was kept playing when it should have ended for a long time. They do whatever they want with the songs each time, and is different each time. Other concerts now follow set and everything exactly b/c of timed pyrotechnics and lights and stuff. Grateful dead would have a different concert each time. They would go out each night with no clue what they’d play and would improv. So new each night, in that way they were a paradigm of counter culture, they had no set thing

More aggressive sound developsLess obvious folk imageAcid RockWhite Rabbit- Jefferson Airplane (1967)Base on Alice and Wonderland, references drugs.Idea we are blinded by materialismThe song is one long crescendo, it starts off very quietly, and just gets louderDrug reference, drug rush and crash, structured around the arc of a drug tripExample of acid rock, but it is different from a lot of the other music of the periodWas a short song, but the trend was long songs, to experiment with the songs.White rabbit was a major commercial hit, counter culture didn’t produce a lot of popular or hit musicSince the songs were too long, or too weird and experimental. White rabbit is a good example but is different from a lot of music of the counter culture. It’s meant to reject the values of the parents, and wanting to have a hit or trying to get one is not what they aim for. Since hits were a sign of the parent culture and material values.Song that incorporates a lot of lyrics relating to counter culture and things like drug use and everything, it does have an experimental form/ structure.

1967- peak year, that summer known as the summer of loveAlbum was Sgt.Pepper, the defining album and what it was trying to do

After 1967: goes into decline, b/c of drugs the drug trade was worth a lot and moved in to try and control it (gangs and stuff) and the health risks as well took a toll. The idea of Beatitude, was the inward looking, look inside to see the truth, but if you look inward then nothing gets fixed and there were things that needed fixing. The failure of civil rights, Vietnam war, full scale shooting could be drafted and people could die. So youth culture starts looking outward to make change

Youth Culture becomes more politically activeFocus on Civil Rights and the Draft/VietnamYouth International Party (Yippies)go to Washington, civil disobedience and riots become common place. They get a political party, and seen as the spokespeople for the counter culture

Jerry Rubin/Abbie Hoffman, the leading spokesmen for yippiesThis is happening at the same time were black culture is re-africanization. Counter culture supported civil rights, but was primarily a movement of the white middle class. Black culture was looking more inward, and so wasn’t as involved with them.

Music is louder- more aggressiveReturn to Blues InfluencePsychedelic Blues

Jimi Hendrix:- Technical virtuoso- Control of Feedback- Wah Wah Pedal- “Wammy” Bar

He is remarkable, similar to like Chuck Berry or Robert Johnson, brought techniques together in a way that others hadn’t before and pushing the technical boundaries.Virtuoso- usually used for classical, Hendrix is one of the first self taught musicians that had been called this. He was extraordinary b/c he played at a high volume, what was for the time a very high level of distortion. It’s very hard to play that way, b/c the noise you get is crazy and hard to control and make sound good. Yet he could control it, and came up with techniques for it, the squealing sound/ feedback he figured out if he stood in certain spots and held certain notes he could control the feedback and use it in the solo. Once the feedback starts the sound will ring out if you hold it for a very long time it will sustain itself hopefully. Whammy bar to bend strings, and vibrato. He is the guy that does everything first.

Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 1967(Woodstock) August 1969- group of concert promoters decided to put on a concert and hold it in a farm field. The field was located in upstate new york close to Woodstock. Originally they were going to charge for it and b/c of how big it was

they decided to make it a free concert. Then they started getting big bands all over calling to say they’d play. Everyone who could headed there and for 3 days counter culture proved it could work. It shouldn’t have, was like a party planned for a little but ended up with a ton of people. Why did it work? People shared food, lined up for the bathroom and everything. For 3 days it worked, it did have problems; there weren’t a lot of women performers and African Americans. There were some tragedies was a farm and they used tractors to move things, a young man fell asleep under a tractor and was killed. Babies were born, was half a million people in the middle of a field. Realized that they might be on to something, there might be another way of being.

Altamont, California (December, 1969)On tour in August and couldn’t go to Woodstock and heard it was great, so they decided to do their own version of Woodstock a free concert in Altamont speedway. As the crowd grew at Woodstock the area just grew naturally b/c had the space.The speedway was an enclosed area, the people were just jammed in and had a problem, and more people were just crammed in. Woodstock gave them the space to breathe. The rolling stones couldn’t let go of the fact that they were the bad boys of rock n roll, so they hired hells angels as security, criminal bikers and paid them in beer…. They had pool cues, but that were like iron bars b/c the filling was taken out and replacedYoung man in a green suit runs past a women in a white dress, looks like he may have a gun, one of the hells angels stabs the man to death and drags him off, no one was charged. The failure of Altamont washed away all the success of Woodstock and counter culture begins to fall apart

April 1970: Paul McCartney leaves the Beatles

May 1970: take a drive, go to border crossing, turn south and follow lake Erie, get to Ohio. Will see signs pointing you to Kent State university. In 1970 it was a typical university and some were taking stances and were protesting the Vietnam war and drafting. The protests ran like clockwork, it would start peaceful , at night would set fire to the drafting office on campus and the police would come in and the national guard would come in would calm down the next day. Something went wrong at Kent State, followed the script the first day and the next morning the national guard came and then the guard charged the students to break up the line, some went one way and a few went the other way towards a parking lot. A small group of the national guard formed into 2 lines and opened fire…. And when they were done shooting 10 were injured, 2 seriously, and 4 dead… no one knows who gave the order and told them to fire at the unarmed students no one ever held accountable. 2 of the 4 weren’t even uninvolved in the protests, they were just walking to class. Students knew now that the parents generation didn’t want to listen, and were willing to look away when they were shot down and this took the wind out of the sails of the counter culture.

September, 1970: Jimi Hendrix dies

October, 1970: Janice Joplin dies of drug overdoseJuly, 1971: Jim Morrison (The Doors) diesThe lessons of Kent State and Altamont How stadium rock emerges as a response, where they want to be the dominant culture

JULY 23RD

4 listening examples70 or so MCCumulative, more from stuff after term test 260-65% new stuffReading questions, but reading questions are not cumulative, only worry about reading on the new study guide postedListening section not cumulative, only songs since term test 2

Shift to the “Hippie Aesthetic”- started by The Beatles Sgt. Peppers- marks the shift from “Rock n Roll” to “Rock”- moving from:

o singles to albumso dancing to listeningo entertainers to “serious” musicianso FM radio- AOR (Album Oriented Rock)

Move RnR to Rock, shift away from emphasis on singles to emphasis on albums. Buy album instead of songs, still interested in songs of course, but now have another branch the album one. New and distinct way of being in the world in terms of the music industry. Move from music for dancing, meant to listen to the songs, the Pepper one had the song lyrics and colourful cover. Now put record on and sit and listen to it in it’s entirety. Intent behind order and stuff now.FM radio grows, it can broadcast in stereo and better sound. Instead they group the commercials and play a side of an album.

Hard Rock/Heavy Metal

- sonic development from Psychedelic Blues- to a great extent it is a response to the failure of Counter Culture

Distinctions between Hard Rock and Heavy Metal

What ppl describe a band as tends to depend on the person

Hard Rock- AC/DCHeavy Metal- Metallica

There are a bunch of in I between a band can slide betweenHard rock has moderate to high level of distortion, primarily in the guitar and the voice. Tempos tend toward moderate to fast, semi reasonable for dancing. Lyrics follow the model of chuck berry. Like what they sing about.

Heavy metal in contrast has a much higher level of distortion in the guitar and voice and distortion can be found in other instruments like bass. Extremes in tempos. Lyrics have reference to fantasy, religious references, imagery involving unstable mental states

Founding Bands1/ Black Sabbath2/ Deep Purple3/ Led Zeppelin

Black Sabbath:- British- “doomy music”- madness/futility of war

Economically England was still struggling. Set out to create something that embraced to feeling of doom that many of the British felt. They still weren’t doing that well.Song has an air siren“War Pigs” (1970- from the album Paranoid)this is more the heavy metal end, evil of infrastructure, unstable mental states, lyrics more towards metal. Distortion not so much, has some.Tempo wise more metal, is a little slow, and oddly structured. Emphasis on drummer in the middle. This stuff more the metal side.

Deep Purple- also British

Britain didn’t experience the counter culture, and when the counter culture falls apart it makes sense to the Americans

“Highway Star” (1972- from the album Machine Head)- “Berry-style” lyrics- virtuosic vocal performance- during the introduction- use of electric organ- classical influences in musicianship and approach to solos

has electronic organ, why is it a natural choice? John LordIt’s capable of sustaining a note infinitely, can plug it into an amp and distort it.If you are a guitar player in the early 1970s similar to today, self taughtIf you play keyboards you probably do quite a bit of lessons, and classicalThis has influenceHigh distortion in voice, guitar and organ more metalLyrics more rock, cars and girls

Tempo steady moderate/fast tempo, could dance to it stays the same intensity more rockThere’s a passage that sounds like Bach in the organ solo

Led Zeppelin:- once again, also British- grew out of the Yardbirds (British Blues Revival)- significant blues influence- also strong acoustic/ Celtic influence- virtuosic musicianship/mastery of recording studio- no interest in “editing” for singles

Jimmy Page, all background love of blues, represent a strong blues influence, important but not something you always find. Also have some albums with strong drums and distorted drums, and can have the other side be acoustic. They cover a lot of ground.Fantasy influence in lyricsJimmy Page also good with the studio work.Longer song forms, not really aimed at hit radio, 4-6 minute songs of longer.Became an issue for the band when they had a hit, not a style that has many hits. Hit Stairway to Heaven, is long, the radio put pressure for a radio edit, but Page refused and so radio caved and just played the whole thing

“Whole Lotta Love” (1969- from the album Led Zeppelin II)- blues-riff based- sued by Willie Dixon of Chess Records (“You Need Love” 1962- performed by

Muddy Waters)Can hear the blues influenceBetween rock and metalThey have a lot of things from a blues repertoireU get like a studio/mastery solo

Center of experience in the Stadium Concert. Why?- no radio air play- no video/music television- critical rejection in music press

Concert is the only place to “connect” with the band

Heavy Metal/Rock radios didn’t like them b/c long songs. Critiques hated it too, Rolling Stone compared it to Buffalo Farts. The genre became a genre for those left out. The only place to see them were at concerts. Almost like a form of worship pay amage to those that represent you

Becomes focal point:- form of worship- adulation of technical mastery- success of the individual/corporation- fans as musicians- want to “be” the band

Many musicians went, learn how it’s done, disconnect from the 1960’s most clearly shown by ideas, that it was a collective a group effort and mind set

Hard Rock is a rejection of the collective, embracing of the individual, not just the you personal, an individual with power. Look at the names, the band names don’t have “The” in it. Before all the bands were called the something’s, and were meant to be like plural, group, collective. Now it’s not plural, all singular name, an individual, an individual image.Logos, they are like a brand, kiss has the same recognizable logo. Have corporate identities.Failure of the collective mindset. Now you wanting to be the individual in power.

Hip Hop

By the early 1970s, predominantly black inner-city neighbourhoods were suffering. In the Bronx area of NYC, African-Americans who had achieved a middle-class standard of living had moved to the suburbs leaving only working class families, and the poor. In 1972, the Cross Bronx Expressway was completed, meaning the whole neighbourhood could now be avoided except for those who lived there. Local standards of living collapsed.However, the young people of the area still wished to find ways of artistic expression. Like Great Britain after WWII, the youth of the Bronx adopted a folk-like, DIY approach to creating culture. In the world of dance we see the development of Break Dancing. In visual art, technique of Graffiti Art takes shape. And while music lessons and instruments were too expensive for most, a technique of creating new music using records, turntables and the human voice began to take shape. This was the origin of rap

- folk culture- South Bronx. NYC- 1970s- Rap/Break Dancing/Graffiti Art

Hip-hop emerges in the dying days of 1969, if you didn’t live in the Bronx you would have no clue about it. Build expressways, and no longer got the traffic so stores failed. If could move you did, but if couldn’t you were trapped. No power, no influence, no one cared. The resources they needed just dried up. What we saw in Britain happens, go back to folk culture and do it yourself. Get dance, break dancing, get visual art, graffiti art as an expression on surfaces, best stuff new subway cars for 2 or 3 weeks tons of ppl would see it. Music, got rap, couldn’t afford lessons or instruments. Had a turn table could put old record on and rap over them

Word game where you tell stories and insult your opponent, marks for one-upping your opponent

Precursors:I/ Signifying / The Dozens

- Oral word game- Ritualized insulting- African origin

Word game where you tell stories and insult your opponent, marks for one-upping your opponentThe insulting thing has a long history, in African culture, shows an interest in word play and improvisation.

2/ Personality DJs (1950s/60s)- Speed / rhyming/ virtuosic

Had the top 40 stations, and needed something to differentiate themselves. SO needed personality DJs became a key part of top 40 radio. They were building on the idea of the Dozens. Most were white, but learned and picked up from African Americans

While there are several important precursors to the development of Hip Hop, perhaps the most important was a style of playing records at dances that was imported from Jamaica. Jamaica has long been one of the poorest regions in the western hemisphere. Few owned a record player, and while radios were common, local radio stations were controlled by the BBC and rarely played anything that could be considered “popular” music. However, radio could occasionally pick up American radio playing R&B and Rock ‘n’ Roll. Both styles were popular with those who heard them.

3/ Jamaican Toasting- Yard dances/ Sound system men- SSM become 1st Jamaican recording producers- Producing for Yard Dances- Same song on both sides, one w/o vocals- SSM would vocally improvise over the “B” side- Toasting

Sound system men were Jamaican DJs who would stage large outdoor parties. Much of their popularity was based on acquiring American music, and eventually, they began to produce their own records at Yard Parties. While one side of the record would feature the song, the other would feature a “remix” without most of the vocals. The Sound System Men would put on the second side and begin to talk into the microphone, often talking about how wonderful they were as compared to their competitors. This became known as Toasting.

Could only really get the BBC, b/c still British owned. At night could pick up some from the states and got rock stuff so were interested. SSM was the guy who is the one source you have of hearing the American records. (He owned many records). Held Yard Dances where you paid a little to go and they played the records. They are record producers, they are creating the records to play at the yard dances, became important marketing toolsSome of the yard party guys had the song on one side and on the other side was just rhythm and would play that side and sing/rap/talk and stuff. Would go on about how good they are and how bad the other ones were. They were toasting themselves. Get to end of 60s and start 70s, these ppl went to NYC or great Britain.

4/ Jazz/Militant Black Poetry- part of “reafricanization” of culture during the 1960s

The Last Poets- When the revolution comesBeing spoken as a poem over the beat

Prehistory:We first see the Jamaican practice appear in the US in 1973. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, increasing numbers of Jamaicans move to the US, many of whom settle in NY. A young man who went by the name of Kool Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, begins to hold Yard Dance style events on the streets of the Bronx. He uses two turntables to extend the most exciting parts of a song, becoming the first person we know of to “recompose” a song using a turntable. He also engaged in Jamaican-style toasting. When asked what he was doing with the two turntables, Herc described the technique as “cutting and mixing”

Prehistory:1973, Kool Herc:

- 2 turntables- extends exciting moments of a song- “breaks”- “cutting and mixing”- toasting

Renaming good, was an immigrant from Jamaica, was like an SSM, help Yard Parties. They noticed that some songs had like a peak, where ppl would dance the most intensely, had 2 tables, and would have the same record on both, and would extend the peak. He was rearranging the song, when asked to describe it, he played on the term of the needle cutting the grooves on the record and come up with cutting and mixing. Back and forth btw 2 copies of the same record. He would toast too.

By 1976, Grand Master Flash had developed a much faster version of Herc’s technique. Employing the practice of “back spinning” a record, Flash was able to better control the music, and mix two records together over only a few seconds. He described this as the “Quick Mix”

1976, Grand Master Flash- Develops Kool Herc’s techniques- “quick mix”- variety of sources- “sampling”

He learned how to cut and mix by watching Herc, he pushed the technique instead of just copying. Instead of just allowing 30 seconds to play he started backspinning, so could cut and mix on the level of 3 or 4 seconds, this became known as the quick mix. Also known for drawing in unusual sounds like sound effects. So once used a James Brown record and a theme song of an all white show and had political commentary b/c of it. Called it sampling

Because of the attention that was required to do the Quick Mix technique, Flash was unable to do his own toasting, and so began to work with several rappers including Grand Master Melle Mel. Mel is credited with several innovations, including being the first to describe himself as an MC of Master of Ceremonies, as well as being the first rapper to write down his verses and perform them in a consistent manner, as

opposed to improvising them each time. This would make Mel the first “songwriter” in Hip Hop.

1976, Grand Master Melle Mel- toaster/rapper for Grand Master Flash- does “full length” raps- writes them down

b/c of the quick mix, needed someone to do the rappingso now shows the components of a group, a rapper and a DJ.He wrote the first hip hop songs, he’s the first one to take the step to song writing, he can do the same one from night to night and have structure. A first real step to a hip hop group

Although there is some debate, Grand Wizard Theodore is generally credited with the invention of “scratching,” a technique in which the DJ manually manipulates the record to create sound, rather than allowing the record to play as intended. With this technique, Theodore completes the process of redefining the technology of the turntable from one of consumption to production. As a technology of consumption, the turntable is used to play a record as intended. Your role is simply to consume the recording. But in Theodore’s hands, the turntable becomes a technology of production. It is used to create something new, like a musical instrument.

1978, Grand Wizard Theodore- scratching- redefining technology turntable

Grand Wizard- name from the KKKDefinitely a political statementHe was young, has learned the techniques of Herc, and Flash.He noticed that if you leave the record on while you backspin you hear something, and most ppl just thought ick. Theodore liked the sound it made, he noticed you could get cool noises based on how you spun the record. He seems to be the first one to start scratching. B/c the turntable is a technology of consumption, the ppl who designed the turntable designed it to be used in a particular way, you put the record on and it plays you consume the sound. When he starts using the record like it’s an instrument, he turns the turn table into a technology of production. Takes the elements and creates something new. In his hands the turn table is a musical instrument. This really launches the idea of hip hop

By 1979, this style had become very popular within the South Bronx, but was still largely unknown outside this small part of NYC. Some local record producers had considered recording rap, but is was not until the end of that year that Sylvia Robinson, a minor soul star from the 1960s and owner of a local record label called Sugar Hill Records, produced the song “Rapper’s Delight.” Featuring three local

artists, the lyrics were rapped over music based on the most popular song of the year; a disco hit called “Good Times” by Chic

1st recorded hit song:- Sugar Hill Gang: Rapper’s Delight- Released 10/79: #4 RnB #36Pop- Based on the song “Good Time” by Chic (6/79 #1 Pop and RnB)

Silvia Robinson has a little record company Sugar Hill records. She like many ppl has noticed the thing that the kids have been doing, the kid plays the record and the other raps, it was very popular would even hire for birthdays. Goes to get pizza and the kid making it is doing the “talking” think over the top of the record that’s a huge hit Good Times. She asks the kid to come in he brings some friends are 3 of them total, phones a couple musicians and get them to get the beat from Good Times. He’s telling you what he’s doing. Cause usually if you hear them talking into the mic it’s a test. It’s so new that unless you live in Brooklyn you don’t know what it is.

Over the first half of the 1980s, Rap grew in popularity with younger black audiences, but was largely rejected by white fans of older styles such as Rock and even older black audiences who preferred soul and funk. MTV, the first 24-hour music-video station began broadcasting in the summer of 1981 was initially aimed at a white rock and pop audience, but refused to include Rap videos in its programming. But in 1986, Hip-Hip artists Run DMC collaborated with Aerosmith to produce a Hip Hop version of the rock band’s 1977 hit, “Walk This Way.” The song was a success with both rock and hip-hop audiences and the video was the first hip-hop production to go into high rotation on MTV, exposing it to a massive audience and cementing the success of the new style.

They kept releasing hip hop songsGot one about life in the inner city first political message

Keep releasing songs and it’s ignored mostly until 1985 even MTV ignored it

Rap Excluded from MTV until 1985 “Walk this Way”Run DMC/ AerosmithAerosmith were kinda doing badly/ out of money run down. So agreed to do the video