Kingdom Animalia Body Plans – Symmetry – Reproduction Development – Adaptations.
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Kingdom Animalia
Body Plans – Symmetry – ReproductionDevelopment – Adaptations
Basic Characteristics of Animals
*Eukaryotic*
*Multicellular*
*Heterotrophic*
A. Body Plans
Coelom (def): body cavity
surrounded by mesoderm.
Types of body plans:1. Acoelomate2. Pseudocoelomate3. Coelomate (true
coelom)
AcoelomatesAcoelomates
*Animals with no cavity surrounding the gut.
Examples:flatworms, tapeworms, flukes
Phylum of animals:Porifera &Platyhelminthes
PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates
*Animals with a body cavity surrounding the gut, but the gutis not surrounded by mesoderm.
Examples:roundworm, hookworm, rotifers
Phylum of animals:Nematoda
CoelomatesCoelomates*Animals with a true cavity surrounding the gut, and the gut is completely surrounded by mesoderm.
Examples:insects, snails, clams, humans
Phylum of animals:Mollusca, Annelida, etc.
This body plan helps animals move, gives space for complex organ systems
and allows them to grow larger.
B. Symmetry
Symmetry (def): arrangement (balance) of body parts.
Types of symmetry:1. Asymmetry2. Radial symmetry3. Bilateral symmetry
AsymmetryAsymmetry
*Animals w/an irregular shape
Examples:sponges
Phylum of animals:Porifera
Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry
*Animals that have body partsthat radiate from a central point.
Examples:sponges, starfish
Problems:limits ability to move.
*No head region
Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
*Animals with a shape that is two sided, mirrored halves.
Examples: humans, cats, dogs, horses.
*Equal left & right halves, anterior & posterior sides, dorsal & ventral sides.
Bilateral Symmetry
*Organisms w/bilateral symmetry demonstrates cephalization.
*Cephalization – head region w/sensory organs in anterior region.
“VENTRAL”[Belly suface]
“POSTERIOR”[Tail-end]“ANTERIOR”
[Head- end]
“DORSAL”[Back suface]
C. Reproduction in Animals
Types of Reproduction:
Sexual & Asexual
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Examples of asexual reproduction:budding – group of cells pinch off the parent & mature into an adultregeneration – the ability to grow missing parts.
Asexual Reproductiona.) involves only one parentb.) no recombination of genes.
“Budding”
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction:a.) involves two parentsb.) recombines genes from two parents.
Terms in sexual reproduction…
hermaphrodite:Individuals who have both male & female reproductive organs.*usually sessile; this increases the chances of finding a mate.
dioecious – means separate sexes (male and female organisms)
Types of Fertilization
External fertilizationegg and sperm are
released into the water
Internal fertilizationeggs are fertilized by sperm“INSIDE” the mother’s body.
Special terms in sexual reproduction…
SPAWNINGThe breeding behavior of fish
Special terms in sexual reproduction…
AMNIOTE EGGAn egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for protection
“CHORION”*allows gas exchange
“EMBRYO”*young animal
“AMNION”*cushions and prevents
dehydration
“ALBUMEN”*additional
food and water
“YOLK”*food supply
“SHELL”*protection “ALLONTOIS”
*collects waste
Special terms in sexual reproduction…
INCUBATION: warming of eggs so that they can mature and hatch.
Ways of delivering young:a.) oviparous – laying eggsb.) ovoviviparous – eggs hatch inside the motherc.) viviparous – bear live young
Special terms in sexual reproduction…
gestation - term of pregnancy when the young develops in the uterus.Ex: *humans – 9 months *cats – 60 to 67 days
Mammary glands- glands of female mammals that produce milk to feed the young.
D. DevelopmentDevelopment
Metamorphosis – chemically controlled, radical changes in the body of an animal.Types of metamorphosis:a) complete metamorphosis EGG → LARVA → PUPA → ADULTb) incomplete metamorphosis EGG → NYMPH → ADULTMolting – shedding an old exoskeleton (allows the organism to grow)
E. Adaptations & DefensesAdaptations & Defenses
Coloration1. camouflage – having colors that blend into the surroundings.2. warning coloration – having bright colors to advertise defense
E. Adaptations & DefensesAdaptations & Defenses
Coloration3. mimicry – harmless animal has the same coloration as a harmful one.4. countershading – having dark colors on the top & lighter colors on the
bottom.
E. Adaptations & DefensesAdaptations & Defenses
ActivityNocturnal – animals that are active at night.Diurnal – animals that are active during the day.
E. Adaptations & DefensesAdaptations & Defenses
Structures:fangs or stingersshells or spinesvenom or poison
F. Classification
Class: Mammalia1. Monotremes – lay eggs Ex: duck-bill platypus, anteaters2. Marsupials – young in pouches Ex: kangaroo, wombat3. Placental – young in uterus Ex: all other mammals
F. Classification
Class: ArthropodaCharacteristics:1. 3 Body Sections: Head, thorax, and abdomen2. 3 pair of legs, for a total of 6 legs.
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