Green School. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2007

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Making Clean and Pleasing School 3

More about Green School 5

Interview

Dr Dewi Utama Faizah, Disseminator of Healthy Life Inspiration 7

Regulation

Permendagri No 23 of 2006 8

Insight

Green School and Environment Care Issue 10

Ecological Disaster and Failure of City Planning Model 12

Water Flow Regulator `ala Barugaya 13

Contribution from Drinking Water Provision 15

Reportage

Water Scarcity in the Mustika Housing 17

Purbalingga in Drought 18

Reflection

Learning Sanitation from India 19

Jambangan Village, Green All the Year Round 22

Child Festival of Surabaya River 2007 23

Inspiration

The Water "Pawang" 24

Our Guest

Endang Wardiningsih, Perseverance in Teaching Students to Aware

the Environment 26

Around ISSDP

Portrait of Mid-City Clean Environment 28

Closing Factory Isn't Enough, What's Needed is Mutual Commitment 29

When Diarrhoea 'Picks' Noviana 31

Initiative for Public-Private Partnership in WHWS 32

Around WASPOLA 33

Around WSS 38

Program

SMK Negeri 1 Surabaya, Towards Environmentally-Based School 44

IATPI Clinic 47

Book Info 48

Website Info 49

CD Info 50

WSS Bibliography 51

Agenda 52

Glossary

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation

Working Group

Advisor:Director General for Human Settlement,

Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Settlement and Housing, National

Development Planning AgencyDirector of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Water Supply Development,

Department of Public WorksDirector of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Zaenal Nampira,Indar Parawansa,

Bambang Purwanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono,

Reski Dian Diniari

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oswar@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

FROM THE EDITOR

1PercikAugust 2007

In reality Water Supply and Sanita-tion (WSS) is never separable fromlife. It appears as a problem not

readily resolved, it is even growing moreand more intensely along with the growthin population number, social and eco-nomic activities. It demands an immedi-ate problem identification and resolution.It is quite necessary to continuouslyinform the community the efforts arebeing or should be done in WSS deve-lopment. One of the means is throughpublication of this magazine.

In this nineteenth edition we presentyou the concept of Green School. It is pre-sented here in the main feature. Why?

Because there are not many schools thatcare to its surrounding environment.

This is important, cultivating hygienebehaviour early since the school age.School environment varies extensively,the students come from various differentbackground. It is hoped when they areoutside the school environment theywould continue to put hygiene behaviourinto application.

An environmentally conducive schoolis necessary to produce graduates skilledthrough high quality education. But thatis not all, conducive school environmentalso promotes high quality life pattern, so-mething that is presently necessary to im-

prove competitiveness in the world mar-ket and at the same time sustain naturalresources of Indonesia.

Green school is identified as one com-mitted to and systematically develop pro-grams to inclusion the environmental va-lues into all school activities. A schoolwith a vision, mission and objectives andpolicies aimed at quality improvementand is highly interested in quality of lifethrough Green School Program.

It is indeed far from easy to build areal green school because it is not justthat the school physically looks clean andlush and green, rather it is more on thedevelopment environmental awareness ofschool academia which is noticeable fromtheir daily habit as a reflection of thedemand of improved quality of life.

The consummation of Green School isinseparable from the role of private sec-tor, NGO and the government. And mostimportantly is the role of the communitywithin the school itself, everybody in-cluding the pupils, teachers and the staff.It takes a teacher or several teachers topioneer and become the examples to thepupils.

We greet Our Guest, one of SMUN 34Jakarta's teachers, Endang Wardiningsihwho is diligent and with her environmen-tal training experience from Unesco, giveit to her students.

The outcome? The subject matter onenvironment does not end up in an extra-curricular activity but it goes beyond intoa local content of an integral part of thecurriculum called Environmental Edu-cation, which means that it is compulsorysubject for all pupils.

As a warming up, we present you asmall review on the National SanitationConference (NSC) 2007, such as a talkshow and visit to Kelurahan (Village) ofPetojo, a sanitation pilot project locatedright in the heart of the city of Jakarta.

We hope what Percik presents you inthis edition would be useful and providean inspiration for all to live hygienicallyand at the same time take a good care ofthe environment. Your comments andsuggestions are most welcome. We hopeyou enjoy reading Percik.

Photo: ISSDP

YOUR VOICE

2 PercikAugust 2007

How to subscribePercik

I am an instructor of Environmen-

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sity, and I wish to know how I could

subscribe this magazine.

Many thanks in advance

Best regards,

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Dear Ms. Pramiati,

Please send us your complete

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you every edition free of charge.

Thank you.

To subscribe PercikMagazine

I would herewith subscribe Percik

beginning from January 2007 edition.

Please be informed that our institution

"Human Resource Development and

Applied Technology (CREATE) East

Java II" is conducting rehabilitations

to the areas that were by hit flood and

landslide at Kecamatan Panti, Ka-

bupaten Jember East Java. We are

looking for useful information and arti-

cles that may be applicable at commu-

nity level.

Thank you in anticipation. Best

regards.

Our mail address is the following:

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Chairman, CREATE II East Java

Jl. Semeru VII/M-8

Jember 68121

R. Soedradjad

Jember

We will be pleased to send you

Percik since January 2007 edition

Acknowledgement andNotice of Change of

Address

On behalf of PT Arutmin Indonesia

I'd like to acknowledge with thanks

receipt of Percik regularly. And also I'd

like inform you that effective from 21

May 2007 PT Arutmin Indonesia has

moved from Mid Plaza Bldg 2 9th floor

to a new address as the following:

Wisma Bakrie II 10th floor

Jl. HR Rasuna Said Kav B-2

Jakarta 12920

Regards,

Delma Azrin

Straightening ofan article in Percik

ed. July 2007

I wish to thank Percik for the pub-

lication of my article entitled "The

community's most suitable latrine

technology" in July 2007 edition. In

general there is no problem with the

edition of the article. However there is

something annoying that may have

occurred when editing the part on

"cases in several villages", which calls

for a little ironing out. In this part it is

written therein: "…. Even, some pond

owners in a village in Kabupaten Ban-

jarnegara, C. Java, are willing to pay

for someone to defecate on the latrine

built on his pond". This statement

clearly indicates that in Banjarnegara

there is a pond owner who pays some-

one to defecate in his pond. In my ori-

ginal article (before editing) I don't

mean it that way. My original article

reads: "there is a pond owner when

asked why his latrine flushes into the

pond he answers: "…. I am willing to

pay someone who is willing to defecate

in my latrine". The answer does not at

all indicate that in Banjarnegara there

is a pond owner who pays anyone to

defecate in his pond, rather, it is a

response to a question that he consi-

ders as putting him to an odd corner, a

question that considers it negative to

defecate in a fish pond, etc. The an-

swer is more as a defensive response to

his behaviour, indicating a response of

being offended by the question, etc.

Thus, in Banjarnegara there is no

additional source of income from such

thing as defecating in someone else's

fish pond. I would appreciate it if you

could publish this straightening infor-

mation.

Alma Arief

Thank you for you correction

Notice of Change ofAddress

I wish to thank Percik for the

receipt of the magazine regularly.

Seeing its usefulness I still wish to con-

tinue receiving its future editions. I

also wish to inform you of my moving

from the former address of

Jl. Cipinang Asem RT 02 RW 012 No. 5

Kel. Kebon Pala Jakarta 13650

to the following:

FPPB UBB

Jl. Diponegoro No. 16

Sungai Liat, Bangka.

I would appreciate it if Percik

would be willing to continue with the

cooperation. Thank you in anticipa-

Best regards,

Idha Susanti

MAIN FEATURE

3PercikAugust 2007

School is an important part of environment for childrenupbringing. It is here, besides home and social environ-ment, that mental and intellectual is educated and tested.

Therefore, beauty and comfort are both needed to smooththe path of absorption and application of knowledge. This canbe achieved through the responsibility care of everyone ininvolved in the school. A pleasing and beautiful school environ-ment must not be understood as simply tree planting and cleansurrounding or composting and recycling of wastes. It is morethan that, it is the inclusion of environmental values and aremanifested in the actual school activities. And for all of this, therole of all stakeholders comprising the teachers, students andstaff and other parties outside theschool is called for. The role ofteachers as instructor and exem-plary individuals is indispensable.The cultivation of a character is tosome extent inspired by theteacher who teaches with all hisheart and inspiration.

Green SchoolEnvironment is our common

concern. Through common atten-tion and effort, the environmentcan be sustained. And school isexpected to play key role in gene-rating environmental care withinthe heart of young generation, thefuture decision makers.

In recent years several seniorand junior high schools havestarted to implement Go GreenSchool (GGS) Program. This pro-gram is the fruit of interventionsmade by various stakeholders,from the government, the privatesector and the community.

Last August the 4th theMinister of National Education,Bambang Sudibyo, launchedClean and Green School

Movement at the National UKS (School Health Unit) Jamboreeand the Presentation of National Defence by SMK Students atKen Arok Sport Hall, Malang. The launching of clean and greenschool is expected to lead to a generation of hygiene behavioursince early age.

Green school is one that is committed and systematicallydevelops programs for inclusion of environmental values withinschool activities. To generate the spirit and sustain the GreenSchool implementation, several private corporations like CocaCola Foundation Indonesia (CCFI) and Toyota working in col-laboration with non government organizations conducted greenschool competition. Competition is an effective means for gen-

erating awareness to sustaininggreen school program.

Go Green School ProgramTo support the schools in

Indonesia to Green SchoolProgram implementation and topromote environmentally sensi-tive habit via school activities,GGS program was launched.This program is intended mainlyfor schools in urban areas wherethe community is growing rapid-ly. GGS was launched in 2005by the Centre for the Bettermentof Education (CBE), KEHATIFoundation, and Coca ColaFoundation Indonesia (CCFI)with support from the Ministryof Environment, especially forhigh school level.

The Deputy Chief ExecutiveOperating Committee CCFITriyono Priyosusilo disclosedthat GGS is a movement to pro-mote environmentally sensitiveschool especially high schoollevel in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok,Tangerang and Bekasi."Through this program we hope

Pleasing environment of a school in Jakarta. Photo: Bowo Leksono

that we could develop a concept andmodel of Green School that is suitable forhigh school of urban areas in Indonesia,"he said.

Green School according to Triyono isone with the members of the communityenvironmentally sensitive and is madereal through behaviour and environmen-tally sensitive school management inorder to improve quality of life. "It ishoped the schools that have implementedthe program would be able to sustain andinspire other schools to do the same," heconcluded.

The program is based on KEHATIFoundation and CCFI concern to schoolsas educational base and potential institu-tion to support the efforts to improveenvironmental quality. With all theresources and coverage, schools play animportant role in the application of envi-ronmental education for youth inIndonesia.

Local ContentsSchools that have won competition

and have been given guidance from GGSare ones that have inserted environmen-tal subjects into educational curriculum.They are SMA Wikrama Bogor, SMA N 13North Jakarta, SMA 69 of the ThousandIslands, SMK Al Muslim Bekasi, SMA N34 South Jakarta, and several others. Thesubject matter which is known asEnvironmental Education (EE) is deve-

loped by Ecoton (Ecology and WetlandConservation) research institute in col-laboration with KEHATI Foundation.Both institutes provide consultation andEE teaching materials (guidebook, CD,human resources and training), teacherstraining in developing syllabus and EEtraining method, competition in EEimplementation for students throughresearch contest and ecosystem report-ing, and comparative study to otherschools that have implemented EE.

Up to now EE is only partially under-

stood as tree planting, painting wall ofschool building in green, washing floorand cleaning glass pane. EE should actu-ally be able to create critical awareness ofstudent to exploit wisely the earth naturalresources. EE also stresses the impor-tance of the method of learning fromnature by exploring the facts around us,stressing more on the use of students'senses.

In an opportunity, Emil Salim, formerMinister of Environment revealed thatthe sustainability of GGS program willgenerate hope that in the future environ-ment will become the policy mainstreamand for this the students' involvement isimportant. "In 2025 they will sit in thepolicy making offices in this country.Therefore, now is the right time toimplant environmental care withinthem," he had said.

Green School Program has in realityprovided opportunity for all members ofthe school community to be directlyinvolved in creating a pleasing education-al atmosphere. A good and pleasing envi-ronment is everyone's dream. The con-science of the importance of environmen-tal conservation must be cultivated asearly as possible. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

4 PercikAugust 2007

School should cultivate the habit of waste separation.Photo: Bowo Leksono

Recycle house of SMU N 34, Jakarta. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Definition

Green School is an environmentally sensitive school and

its members are environmentally conscience and put it

into reality through environmentally friendly be-

haviour in order to improve the quality of life. More clearly green

shool is school committed and systematically develop a program to

inclusion the environmental values into school activities.

Basic Value

The concept and activities being developed rest on the noble

values of human life such as humanity, solidarity, honesty, jus-

tice and natural balance.

Basic Principle

Participatory. All members of a school and the community

are entitled to obtain sufficient information and to involve them-

selves in the overall process (planning, preparation, implemen-

tation and control) in accordance with the responsibility and

Sustaining. All of the activities are beneficial now and in the

future.

Comprehensiveness. All members of school must consider

the each and every aspects of life in the process of planning,

implementation, and evaluation in order to enable to provide

the biggest contribution to the environment.

What Green School Looks Like

Green school must at least meet the following requirements

(i) education is based on environmentally sensitive curriculum,

(ii) design, use of materials and maintenance of facilities are

based on environmentally friendly principle, (iii) run on envi-

ronmentally sensitive management; (iv) school program is sup-

ported by communities outside the school, and (v) the school

community maintains the habit of environment care.

Program

Green school can be formatted into five (5) programs, name-

ly (i) development of environmentally based curriculum, (ii) im-

provement of environmental condition of school compound and

the surrounding areas. This is part of the efforts to promote the

school and the surrounding communities to actively improve the

environmental condition, (iii) development of community based

education. School is inseparable from the real life and therefore

school and community are inter-dependnt one from the other,

(iv) development of environmentally friendly support system.

This program is significantly connected with WSS such as water

thriftiness, sanitation development and waste management, (v)

development of environmentally sensitive school management.

It's hoped that school management could develop an environ-

mentally sensitive culture and philosophy and is supported with

capable human resources.

Benefit

Various benefits can be obtained among others (i) school

community has had an integrated understanding about environ-

ment, (ii) school becomes an institution to learn about environ-

MAIN FEATURE

5PercikAugust 2007

MORE ABOUTGREEN SCHOOL

Backyard garden ornamented with medicinal plants. Photo: Bowo Leksono

ment in an easy and pleasing manner, (iii)

educational method becomes more dynamic,

(iv) students potential and teachers capacity

in environmental aspect are continuously

improving, and (v) the school is getting more

extensive network and is supported by the

community outside the school.

Application of Green School in

Indonesia

In general, there are still many

schools in Indonesia that are unfamiliar

with the green school concept. Some of

the few that have applied the concept are

SMA N 13 N. Jakarta, SMK Al Muslim

Bekasi, and SMK Wikrama, Bogor.

Promoting Factor

The success in the application of

green school concept is attributed to de-

dication and sincerety all stakeholders

including the students, teachers, and pa-

rents who work in synergy through the

availability of external funding source.

Constraint

Although the green school concept

has been successfully put into implemen-

tation, however its further expansion is

handicapped with the limited number of

skilled teachers.

Linkage with WSS Development

So far WSS development is way from

satisfactory achievement, especially as it

relates to sanitation and waste manage-

ment. It is believed that the major in-

hibiting factor is the poor hygiene beha-

viour of the community. Therefore beha-

vioural change is prerequisite in WSS

development.

On the other side, behavioural change

may take place easier if it starts early in

one's life. For this purpose school

becomes the most suitable means for

behevioural change process. The experi-

ence in application of green school con-

cept confirms it. This has been proven in

SMA N 13 of North Jakarta paticularly in

waste recycle campaign, at SMK Al

Muslim Bekasi and SMK Wikrama Bogor

in reusing waste as raw material for

handicraft such as key holder, bags and

wallet. OM

LAPORAN UTAMA

6 PercikAugust 2007

Purpose

Program

Integrated environmentalmanagement by the schooland the surrounding com-munity through 3R principle

Establishment of environ-mental concern, esta-blishment of integratedwaste management, im-provement of the role ofschool in handling envi-ronmental issues.

Strengthening GreenSchool Group, manage-ment of waste in school,cultivation of medicinalplants, integration ofissues into educationalactivities, environmentalcampaign

Nature and evironmentbased education

Application of environmen-tally friendly activities bythe school community,availability of environmen-tally based local contentcurriculum.

Empowerment of GreenEducation team of volun-teers, water and energythriftiness campaign, wastemanagement, integration ofwaste matter related issuesinto education, open houseand speech contest onwaste, environmentallybased school management

Quality lifestyle with greenschool

Establishment of environ-ment care among studentstoward 'green life' society,establishment of high quali-ty green environment,application of school basedenvironmental managementsystem

Development of environ-mentally based curriculum,development of cooperationnetwork, empowerment ofteachers and students basedon environment, applicationof information technology inenvironmental manage-ment, environment care boyscout, waste management,hygiene behaviour.

71. Organising Green Club. Green Club serves as motivatorand pioneer in the application of green school concept.It comprises all stakeholders (students, teachers, staff,parents and school committee). It is an open organiza-tion and is run by the students. The main task is tocoordinate the overall activities, provision of recom-mendation, and facilitation of communication amongthe school community.

2. Formulation of Vision. Vision should be written andaffixed in public area, and can also be supportedthrough statement of attitude from the school commit-tee, and parents union.

3. Conduct Survey on the School Environment. The surveyis conducted to identify environmental problem, then

the conclusion is used as input in determining priorityaction. The survey should be done in pleasing manner.

4. Formulation of Green School Action. As preliminaryaction, the plan must be realistic and can easily beachieved. The next may follow the more challenginglong term plan.

5. Progress Monitoring and Evaluation. Green Club togetherwith other members of the school community collec-tively evaluate the progress. The conclusion is used tomeasure the program achievement.

6. Inclusion of the activity into curriculum.7. Involving all stakeholders and do not hesitate to disse-

minate the achievement.

SEVEN STEPS TO MAKE SCHOOL GREEN(adopted from Eco-Schools International, www.eco-schools.org)

SMA N 13 JAKARTA UTARA SMK AL MUSLIM BEKASI SMK WIKRAMA BOGOR

Source: Kehati Foundation

What does the hygiene beha-

viour education look like in

Indonesia?

Too bad indeed! Our teachers now at

schools are "curriculum teachers". They

occupy themselves with curriculum and

textbooks, while forgetting the dignity of

the young people as growing and develop-

ing individuals.

What it should look like?

Speaking of habit is not as simple as

transferring the content of a book into

human mind. Developing habit com-

prises a series of long processes within

human being, day by day from waking up

in the morning till he's asleep again at

night. At home and in school are the are-

nas where children develop their good

and healthy behaviour. They need social

environment as means to do it.

Then, what should be done and

in what way to change the habit?

Do it and do it again to make it a

habit. Any time and anywhere. This in

addition to the necessity of having an

exemplary teacher and adult to help in

disciplining. If children are immersed

into this condition, there will be a feeling

of something sticking to always behave

hygienically. The hygiene feeling sticks

firmly with emotion, while emotion is an

energy that flares the children's desire to

live a healthy life.

Where has the program been

employed?

I have no specific program for that.

But I will do my best to sharpen my

human being sensitiveness any time any-

where. I will always ask the teachers to

render a helping hand to children resolve

their shabbiness. And this can start from

simple matter. For instance, to help ta-

king care of common cold and runny

nosed which is common in NTT also in

NTB. When I joined in Monev Team for

AusAID Partnership program in 2002 I

was surprised to see how a teacher can

teach when the pupils look so clumsy, red

nosed with greenish mucus flowing down,

dark green collar and sleeve because they

use them to mop their nose.

What are the barriers?

I do not see any barrier. Because hy-

giene life is human basic demand. Unfor-

tunately our schools, or even parents of-

ten neglect and feel it's not necessary to

learn about it in the same way it is not ne-

cessary to learn mathematics and scien-

ces. Who would not be happy if the chil-

dren are healthy, they come home smells

good, clean hair and smiling with white

teeth.

Is there any special message?

Come let's disseminate the hygiene

life behaviour to all children in Indonesia.

Hygiene life starts from them as non

hygienic life also starts from them. Let's

combine head, heart, hand and healthy

into learning process in this country.

What are the stakeholders we

could expect to render help/get in-

volved?

I hope the teachers, the community

and in the future WSS stakeholders could

help this program. OK? I'll be waiting for

the action. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

Dr Dewi Utama Faizah

Disseminating Hygiene Life Inspiration

7PercikAugust 2007

Dewi Utama Faizah has been astaff of the Directorate ofKindergarten and Primary School ofthe Dept. of National Educationsince 24 years ago.

Dewi as she is intimately calledhas been involved in curriculumdevelopment that serves to inspirethe teachers at school. Dewi alsolends her hand in many cooperationprograms between the governmentand donor countries in terms ofmonitoring and evaluation (monev)and training for teachers, especial-ly of kindergarten and primaryschool.

Since 2000 the lady, who likes to wear in black, has been workingtogether with teachers working in schools, especially of eastern regionsof Indonesia. What Dewi Utama Faizah is doing while facilitating the"meritorious yet undecorated heroes"? The following are the excerpts ofan interview with Percik.

The story of losses incurred by PDAM in supplying water

to the community has been a daily news over the years.

The high operational costs and high leakage level com-

bined drag its income drops down. On the other hand PDAM is

seemingly being placed in a difficult position if it is trying to

increase its tariff. Protests from consumer

community backed by the parliament

become the stumbling stone. As a matter of

fact, though, income from a proper tariff is

indispensable to cover the operational costs.

In addition, a portion of the income must be

reinvested for service coverage expansion.

As of 2006 piped water service coverage is

still as low as 18 percent. While in terms of

water tariff there are many PDAMs put tariff

rate at Rp 500 per cu. m thus below the aver-

age national tariff level at Rp 1.000 per cu.m.

Requesting for a loan is the last resort for

most PDAMs. And the loan makes the bur-

den heavier. They are unable to pay the loan installments, if any

payment is made it is only for the interest.

Finally there are many PDAMs that are deeply in debt.

From 318 PDAMs only 18 percent of them is considered finan-

cially sound, which means capable of developing, loan manage-

ment, asset replacement, efficient operation, and making profit.

Water loss as a determining factor in basic cost calculation

Considering this condition, the government sees to it that

PDAM should be salvaged by issuing Permendagri (Home

Affairs Ministerial Regulation) No. 23/2006 on Technical

Guideline and the Mechanism for PDAM Water Tariff

Determination. This regulation supersedes the earlier regula-

tion Permendagri No.2 /1998 on Guideline to Determining

PDAM Water Tariff which is considered less workable with the

present PDAM condition. Up to now PDAM does not reflect full

cost recovery principle. Several new changes have been made in

considering and determining PDAM tariff. In the new regula-

tion basic cost is calculated based on three components, busi-

ness cost, quantity of water produced and

water loss. Basic cost is business cost di-

vided by quantity of water produced after

deduction with standard water loss.

Business cost is the total costs covering costs

for water source, water treatment, transmis-

sion and distribution, partnership, and ge-

neral and administration costs.

Compare the old basic costs which com-

prise operational cost, maintenance cost,

administration cost, interest on loan and

loan principal. In the calculation of the new

basic cost water loss is taken into account.

Whilst the old regulation considers water

loss as liability to be borne fully by PDAM.

This is considered quite appropriate between 2000 and 2007

there are several PDAMs that have to pay raw water tenfolds the

earlier cost. This new regulation has made it clear that O&M

costs in the old regulation are now the costs for water treatment,

transmission and distribution.

Quality of service, and raw water source protection as factors

in tarif determination

Tariff determination policy will undergo some changes. To

improve the calculation the new regulation sets the tariff deter-

mination toward inclusion of equitability, service quality

improvement, accountability and raw water source protection.

In the new regulation PDAM tariff is directed toward contribu-

REGULATION

8 PercikAugust 2007

PERMENDAGRI NO. 23 OF 2006ON TECHNICAL GUIDELINEAND PDAM WATER TARIFF

DETERMINATION

In the calculationof the new basic cost

water loss is taken intoaccount. Whilst

the old regulationconsiders water loss

as liability thathas to be borne fully

by PDAM

tion to raw water source protection and

sutainability of water resources in the

long run. A progressive tariff system is

intended to help raw water source protec-

Based on the new regulation the cal-

culation and tariff determination must be

based on easily understandable and

accountable principles. Each rupiah

managed by PDAM must be transparent

and accountable especially to the commu-

nity. Otherwise, it'd be difficult for

PDAM to increase its tariff.

Water use efficiency is still the base in

tariff determination. Efficiency can be

achieved through the application of pro-

gressive tariff for consumers using water

beyond the standard water demand. It is

hoped that through this limitation these

consumers will refrain from excessive use

and raw water can be economized.

Cost recovery principle will be consi-

dered as the main in tariff determination.

The new regulation made some revision

in calculating the cost recovery. For now,

full recovery can be reached when mini-

mum average tarif equals the basic cost.

But if we wish to expand the service, the

average tariff must be planned to cover

the basic costs plus a fair level of profit.

This fair profit is reached when the ratio

of profit to production asset is 10 percent.

However tariff is set within the reach

and fairness. The tariff for standard

water supply demand must be set within

the reach of consumers earning a

provincial minimum wage level. The ta-

riff is said within reach if it is not more

that 4 percent of consumer's income. For

fairness of tariff application, it is under-

taken through tariff differentiation

through cross subsidy between consumer

groups.

Quality of service is a new considera-

tion in tariff determination. Quality of

service is still a big question with PDAM.

It has been written many times and pub-

lished the media that a particular PDAM

is difficult to raise tariff because of poor

service. In another case, a PDAM pro-

ceeds with tariff increase although the

service remains poor. With the conside-

ration of quality of service it will push

PDAM to improve its service.

Flexibility in bloc consumers and

customers' group

To simplify tariff calculation, con-

sumers bloc and customers group are

more flexible to the newly developed re-

gulation. Consumers blocs are reduced

from three to two, namely the consumers

using water within the standard demand

limit and those consuming above the

limit. While customers group is reduced

into four from previously five. To the new

regulation, each group is determined

according to tariff category. Group 1 with

low tariff, group 2 basic tariff, group 3 full

rate, group 4 special rate.

It is here PDAM is given a freehand to

determine a policy of each type of con-

sumers for each group based on the con-

sumers' real condition and characteristics

in each locality. What is important is

PDAM does not change the number of

customer groups as determined pursuant

to the present Permedagri.

Most important of all is that with this

new regulation, the mechanism of PDAM

tariff determination is based on balance

of interest of the consumer community

and the regional government. Therefore,

tariff determination must at the same

time be intended to improved service,

cost recovery, and profit that eventually

could be reinvested for future service

development. ? Afif Nu'man

REGULATION

9PercikAugust 2007

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Recently, there is a promising environment care

movement arising from students, especially high

schools. The students are no longer spoiled newly as

we used to describe them, today they are grown up youth who

are seeking for identity. Some of the high schools students

have change their views by launching activities that used to be

conducted by those who are engaged in environmentally

related organizations.

What is interesting in these environmentally oriented

activities is that the students are now aware of the negative

effects of the extensively ongoing nature exploitation and

environmental pollution practices. Of course, their activities

will not dramatically change the polluted environment into

clean and decent surroundings. The main objective is to lay

basic awareness as early as possible so that in the future they

will become the first person to protect the environment in

which they live. If environmental awareness has been developed

it will be easier to develop into environmentally oriented

habit in daily life.

Take for instance the students of SMUN 1 of

Wringinanom, Gresik, East Java. We can say this is one of

the foremost of its age in environmental awareness. Beside

practicing clean and green environment by planting trees and

herbs in the school compound, they are also engaged in out-

side school environmentally related activities. The students

attended workshops on environment and persuade other high

school students in East Java to conduct a study on Brantas

River. This study is to find out the pollution level of the river

as accumulative result of pollution dumped into it by citizens

as it flows down along its course. The outcome varies exten-

sively. Some say that the river flowing into Mojokerto is not

too polluted as shown by a student named Yogi of SMUN 1

Wringinanom. Some say that it is already polluted as is

shown by students studying Brantas River that flows in the

city of Surabaya (Tempo, 16 April 2007).

Some of the schools do not stay silent with the increasing-

ly gloomy environmental condition. Several schools have

started with environmentally based curriculum. SMUN 1

Wringinanom intends to treat it as a subject matter by giving

1 hour a week, while some other school wishes to integrate it

into other subjects. This is done, for instance, in SMK

Wikrama Bogor that puts environmental subject within PKN,

Indonesian Language, English Language, Mathematics, and

Physics. The following is the explanation:

INSIGHT

10 PercikAugust 2007

GREEN SCHOOL AND THE PROBLEM OFENVIRONMENTAL CARE

By: Imam M.*

Various medicinal herbs grown in a green school. Photo: Bowo Leksono

1. Islamic Study: Competence in

Natural and Environmental

Degradation. Week 18-21.

2. Civics: Competence in Natural

Resources. Week 61-73.

3. Indonesian Language: Compe-

tence in Reading and Writing on

Environment. Week 5-25.

4. English Language: Competence

in Novice Level of reading and

writing on natural environment.

Week 21-40.

5. Mathematics: Competence in the

application of the concept of real

figure. Week 1-13.

6. Physics: (a) Calorie calculation,

(b) Application of power concept,

energy, capacity, (c) Application

of fluid concept, (d) Thermo-

dynamics, (e) Optics, (f) Elec-

tricity, (g) Productive RPL1. Basic

Programming, (h) Computer

Technology and Network, (i) PC

Installation. Week 1-10.

The concept applied in SMK

Wikrama does not disturb subject mat-

ters because it does not add to the stu-

dents' tasks because everything is inte-

grated within the subject matters.

Therefore, the concept is supporting

the subjects and at the same time ge-

nerated awareness to environment.

It can be said that SMK Wikrama

Bogor has made a systematic break-

through in response to the environ-

mentally critical issues into education-

al domain. Beside integration curricu-

lar system, they also see to it that it is

reflected in the school behaviour. They

install automatic device to control elec-

tricity and water use in order to

economise. As to waste they have

made available separate bins, each for

organic and inorganic waste. In addi-

tion, in SMK Wikrama the environ-

mental awareness is already reflected

from the trees growing in all corners of

the school compound. This school

does not only look clean but also green

and is comfortable and is finally the

most suitable place to cultivate the

seed of intelligence.

Various supports

Environmental care can also be

seen at SMK Al Muslim Bekasi. In

2005 this school won Oxygen Prize

from PT Coca Cola in collaboration

with KEHATI Foundation. This prize

is intended to cultivate the seed of

environment care within the students

to grow into reality of life. The spon-

sors gave them Rp 25 million in cash

plus 1 year facilitation.

But, as stated by Ms. Elis Setiawati,

Headmistress of SMK Al Muslim:

"What is more important is what will

happen after the support. Indeed the

GGS program has in reality provides

opportunity to all members of school

to be directly involved in the green

education program that was conceived

in 1986. Our involvement in planning,

implementation, monitoring, repor-

ting and follow-up action plan has

broadened our view in the implemen-

tation of two main principles underly-

ing GGS program i.e. comprehensive-

ness and sustainability. Most impor-

tant of all is to sustain the program

implementation in the future".

The support provided by various

organizations for environmentally ori-

ented activities is essentially to moti-

vate and at the same provide room to

create awareness to environment.

SMAN 1 Wringinanom has by itself

worked in cooperation with Gresik

regional and East Java provincial go-

vernments, also with Ecoton and

KEHATI. But the support is only tem-

porary assuming a participation in dis-

semination of the environmental

awareness seedling that would be use-

ful in the future. This is quite in line

with school education that is intended

to provide basic provision to prepare

the students when they enter and

become part of the community.

In connection with the increasingly

apprehensive environment this provision

is quite important. Because no matter

how great the opinion of environmental

awareness to be built will not be of any

use unless the awareness is deeply

implanted within the individuals. I think

this is where the go green school program

becomes very important.

* Ecology Observer

INSIGHT

11PercikAugust 2007

Tree shaded schoolyard. Photo: Bowo Leksono

The city of Jakarta develops so ra-

pidly that makes it far more

advanced than other cities of

Indonesia. This is evidenced from the

fact that it records the highest income per

capita. The rapid Jakarta development

had made it the centre of both business

and government administration. In order

to achieve a higher economic growth rela-

tive to other cities the municipality go-

vernment directs the development strate-

gy to an effort to attract as many investors

as possible.

A development strategy vested on

market mechanism becomes the domi-

nant paradigm of this city. This becomes

more conspicuous if we take look at the

expansion of commercial areas from time

to time. In 2006 for example, there were

more than 30 large scale shopping cen-

tres, apartments, and office building con-

structed. While in 2007 to 2008 there are

80 similar buildings are under of planned for

construction (Kompas, 10 February 2006).

Market mechanism and flood in

Jakarta

The intensive development taking

place at Jakarta commercial centers has

made this city less and less comfortable

and even environmentally and socially

dangerous to its inhabitants. This is evi-

denced from big flood such as the one in

2002 and again in 2007 causing many lost

his life and belongings. The floods of

Jakarta are not simply ordinary natural

phenomenon but they are the conse-

quence of the municipality government

policy for relinquishment of the city

development strategy fully into market

mechanism. What is the linkage of

Jakarta floods of 2002 and 2007 with a

development policy that worships market

mechanism?

The intensive commercial develop-

ment has taken away many water infiltra-

tion areas, such as parks and lakes, into

extinction. The total green and open

spaces are diminishing from time to time.

In Jakarta Master Plan of 1965-85 the

green areas is targeted at 18,000 ha, in

1985-2005 it decreases to 16,908 ha and

in 2000-2010 spatial plan in goes down

further to 9,560 ha. The decrease in the

green areas causes increase in water

runoff in rainy days that causes floods in

Jakarta. The latest data for BPJHD

Jakarta in 2005 indicate that only 26.5

percent of rain water is absorbed by the

soil and 73.4 percent as runoff. The fact

tells us why the flood of 2007 is more

intense thn that of 2002.

Market mechanism and social costs

The handing over of the city develop-

ment to the freedom of market mecha-

nism has made Jakarta regional revenue

increase considerably. But if the social

costs as the result of environmental disas-

ter are also taken into account the re-

venue will be sigificantly reduced.

According to Bappenas estimate, the

costs of from 2007 floods the community

and government lost a total of approxi-

mately Rp 5.2 trillion. Plus indirect eco-

nomic losses at Rp 3.6 trillion. Ironically

though, such social costs miss the market'

attention.

*) Executive Manager

Environment Caucus

Jakarta

INSIGHT

ECOLOGICAL DISASTERAND A FALLIBLE CITY

PLANNING MODEL

by: Firdaus Cahyadi *)

RAINFALLS TURN INTO SURFACE RUN OFF

shallow groundwatersea surface

deepgroundwater

Safe boundary of groundwater extracting is 30-40% of groundwater potential (186 million m3/year)(Groundwater deficiency 66.65 million m

3/year in 2005)

Source:BPLHD DKI Jakarta, February 15, 2007

Precipitation2000 million

m3/year

Run Off1468 million

m3/year(73,4%)

How could we divide the responsibility equitably an

electric bill to run a communal water pump? My

immediate answer would be to divide it proportional-

ly among the users. It could be based on the quantity of water

use or from the size of the family. If it is based on water use then

each user must install a water meter. If this is too expensive and

impractical, the alternative is the size of family. That is what I

thought.

But that is different with the community of Barugaya hamlet,

Bonto Kadatto village, Kabupaten Takalar in S. Sulawesi.

According to them my idea is too complicated, in spite of it is

basicaally a simple idea, the practical implication is complicated.

Say for instance, using water meter, who will read it, then who

will collect the contribution, what about a payment delay. The

alternative is the size of the family, there is no guarantee if a

smaller family size uses less water than a bigger one.

All these problems came to light because there are only few

water sources available. There are only several wells to avail of.

And it takes electricity to make water flow.

Economising water use

Fortunately we have Bassere Daeng Ta'le (45) a member of

the community who has some knowledge in electricity. To over-

come the problem of electric bill, it is required that each house

uses its own power. In this way there is no need for a dispute on

the amount of money one has to spend for electricity. It is up to

each individual family to decide what quantity of water to use,

the more the use the more his bill will become.

If he wants to economize use water as necessary. This is

unanimously accepted by the users. The system initiated by

Daeng Ta'le was developed three years ago by Daeng Nai (43).

This was revealed from a field visit by participants of MPA-

PHAST orientation to Barugaya hamlet of Bonto Kadatto, in

Takalar in June 2007, an event that was organized by WSS-WG

Jakarta in cooperation with DG-PMG Dept. of Home Affairs.

Operating Mechanism

How does the system that has been functioning for three

years operate? In principle each family has its own power line to

be connected to a water pump at the well. Each house installs a

switch to connect and disconnect the power line. To determine

the turn of service each house also installs an indicator light

which is on when the pump is running.

The rule is you may switch on your pump when the indicator

is off. After you have finished with the pump, put both the

power switch and the water tap into off position. Power connec-

INSIGHT

13PercikAugust 2007

WATER FLOW REGULATOR`A LA BARUGAYA

(Local Genius from Barugaya Hamlet, Bonto Kadatto Village of Kabupaten Takalar)

by: Sofyan Iskandar

Water pipe crossing directly to the community housing.Photo: Bowo Leksono

tion chart is presented in the diagram. Is

there any electric short cut? This is

already considered, the connection is

made on the same power phase.

This system is used in a group consist-

ing of 3 to 12 houses. The longest dis-

tance to the well or pump is 100 metres.

The costs for construction, pipeline and

electricity installation as well as procure-

ment of pump are paid collectively by the

particular user group.

I have to put away my critical analysis

because in reality the system does work,

well operated, it holds for three years

now, and is self financed. Take for

instance, that all indicator light flash on

when one household is switching the

pump on, it means 13 x 5 watts = 65 watts

of electricity is being used. If this is com-

bined with the power for the pump say e.g

200 watts, then all the households will

pay for 265 watts of power. To calculate

the costs we can just multiply it with the

number of hours the system operates. To

economize it is perhaps by replacing the

5 W bulbs with smaller indicator lamps.

When the house at the tail switches

the light on, in principle the other houses

can open its tap to get some water. But

since the users live in close vicinity with

each other, a control can always be taken,

this can be seen from the flow to the tail

house is significantly reduced. If there is

a pressing need a direct communication

is made by asking someone to switch off

his connection.

Sustainable system

Seeing the fact that the development

has been three years in place and up to

now the facility is perfectly functioning

and is continuously in use, all indicates

that the facility is sustaining. This fact

strengthens my conviction that the com-

munity is capable of resolving its own

problem, even in discovering an appro-

priate technology.

That technology choice should open

for discussion regarding its advantages

and disadvantages is prerequisite for sus-

tainability. The community decision is

key to sustainability of a construction

being planned. That outside party does

not have to come with subsidy, does real-

ly happen in Barugaya. It is a blatant fact

that if I want to contribute to the develop-

ment of sustainable water supply provi-

sion in this country, I shall have to learn

more and more.

INSIGHT

* WASPOLA consultant

A reservoir in front of houses. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Water distribution pipes. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Provision of efficacious infrastruc-

ture is just like a pillar of natio-

nal development. The infra-

structure must be intended to improve

the community welfare. Several parame-

ters may be proposed to measure the

effectiveness to community welfare. One

of the parameters worth testing is capaci-

ty to generate employment. How many

employment opportunities are generated

by an infrastructure development that

affects national economic growth is a

yardstick to measure the benefit of an

infrastructure.

One of the infrastructures that sup-

port national development is Water

Supply System (WSS). In what way does

WSS contribute to employment genera-

tion, and as such what percentage is its

contribution to the national economic

growth, are seemingly the questions that

worth our further examination.

Methodology of Calculation

Employment generation is considered

as a workable parameter to test if an

infrastructure is sufficiently effective.

Through employment a long chain of

effects could possibly be generated for the

benefit of the community. Starting from

job vacancies a number of skilled workers

find an opportunity to apply his skill.

Through employment the economic wel-

fare increases, this is followed by the

growth of awareness to education, health,

and so on. The final impact is improve-

ment in human resources capacity, an

irreplaceable national asset.

Provision of water supply infrastruc-

ture significantly affects overall employ-

ment opportunity from the survey to

determine the infrastructure up to field

supervision to record water meter read-

ing in each home connection. How many

university graduate would be needed,

then diploma and high school level tech-

nicians, and below them ordinary work-

ers to build the facility and its distribu-

tion system. Then the number of fore-

men to control the workers, PDAM

employees required, the number of IPA

PAKET ready for installation at the loca-

tion, the number of network system

supervision, and so on.

Based on the above calculation we can

determine manpower requirement for the

construction of 1 litre/sec water supply

INSIGHT

15PercikAugust 2007

CONTRIBUTION OF WATER SUPPLYPROVISION IN THE NATIONAL

ECONOMIC GROWTH (FY 2006)

By Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc.*

A reservoir built through collaboration of the community, NGO and the government. Photo: Bowo Leksono

facility. In addition, the investment can also be calculated, to

generate employment of that size. By comparing with the

investment in each FY, we can also calculate the contribution of

employment generation and national economic growth each

year in water supply sector.

WSS in Indonesia

Based on the data from the Coordinating Ministry of People

Welfare generation of 500 thousand new employments will

increase economic growth by 1 percent. Data from UNDP

(United Nations Development

Program) 2006 in New Delhi con-

cludes that every l/sec WSS cre-

ates 1.72 new employments.

Due to lack of such data for

Indonesia, it is assumed the con-

dition in India is similar to

Indonesia (both are developing

nations). In FY 2006 the amount

of investment made by Dept.

Public Works is Rp 1.4 trillion for

WSS facilities. Assuming that the

demand for water supply is 200

l/cap/day and the investment

costs (including production and distribution network) for WSS

is Rp 270 thousand/capita this equals to services to 5.18 million

population or equivalent to 12 m3/sec facility. With such an

amount the new employments created is equal to 20,640 or

0.041 percent. If the national economic growth in 2006 is 5.6

percent then 0.0412 percent of it is contributed by WSS.

Economic growth through WSS

It can be said that the above methodology is an accurate and

quantifiable methodology to see the WSS effectiveness viewed

from the national economy. It is yet still necessary to look deep-

er and verify more accurate data in order to obtain more detailed

picture about WSS contribution to the national economy.

Looking at the above calculation, it is therefore possible to

accelerate economic growth through WSS facilities. The para-

meter related to this is e.g. reduction of l/sec investment cost.

Each investment will increase service coverage which is followed

by expansion of employment opportunity.

In addition, it is necessary to create more extensive employ-

ment opportunity, so the each l/sec of WSS facility is capable of

absorbing as much manpower as possible (such as establish-

ment of contracting firms capable if designing IPA

PAKET/Package of Water Treatment Plant or employment

opportunity capable of planning and designing WSS facility).

It might be worthwhile to remember that the government

recommendation for water thriftiness may result in accelerating

economic growth. With less water consumption, then the

investment per capita can be decreased, this will expand service

coverage for an equal amount of investment. This means larger

service coverage at a lower cost but provides a wider employ-

ment opportunity and increases the national economic growth.

Challenges in the future

WSS planning and design

engineers are required to create

facilities that could boost

national economic growth

through the sector's develop-

ment. Modification as discussed

above, may be considered as a

method to improve water supply

coverage at a relatively lower (or

equal) cost, but capable of sup-

plying a bigger coverage area,

thus generating more job vacan-

cies to raise the national economy to a higher level.

The combination of technology-economic-social-culture is

absolutely necessary, to enable us develop more creative

approach in translating it into reality, in spite of financial limi-

tations.

It is not impossible that WSS sector provides a larger contri-

bution to the national economic growth. In addition to water

supply WSS can also provide a chain of beneficial impacts for

community welfare, even outside the water supply.

In other words an effective water supply provision system

will be able to provide a real contribution as an effect from

extensive employment opportunity in Indonesia. It is equally

possible the employment opportunity in this sector will jack up

a growth in another sector that eventually provides extensive job

vacancies, as a follow effect.

The author is a staff of Sub-directorate of Policy and Strategy, Directorate General of Human Settlement (Dept. Public Works).

Currently he is working on his doctorate degree in Environmental Science and Engineering Division, NUS, Singapore.

Contact with author: sandhieb@yahoo.com

INSIGHT

Employment generation isconsidered as a workableparameter to test if an

infrastructure is sufficientlyeffective. Through employment

a long chain of effects couldpossibly be generated for the

benefit of the community.

As basic demand for life, it is not

surprising that water scarcity

might become the source of dis-

pute among community members. This

happened in Mustika Tigaraksa Housing

located at Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten

province. Since the very beginning the

housing which was developed in 2001 is

known to have water supply problem.

In a dry season like this there is apt to

be dissidence among inhabitants. One

man was even wounded from being

assaulted by another. Of course no one

wants this to happen. Ideally, water

scarcity should become a blessing to unite

the community to find a solution.

Mustika Housing consists of 8 RWs

and is inhabited by approximately 3.600

families. Four RWs belong to

Pasirnangka village and the other four to

Mantagara village. Geographically

underground water source is scarce here.

Rusdianto, Chairman of RW 08

Mustika Tigaraksa Housing told Percik

that the housing developer only provides

the inhabitants with a shallow well for

every house. "Since the very beginning

the 18-24 m well did not function.

Especially during dry season," he says.

Some of the inhabitants made a short cut

by cutting water pipe running in front of

his home.

Finally the community initiated to dig

artesian well up to 80 m deep. One well

belongs to 7-8 families. Even this initia-

tive does not immediately solve the prob-

lem. During dry season water scarcity

recurs.

Another type of initiative is taken by

Rohayati (31). The housewife buys a tank

of water containing 6 thousand litres for

Rp 135.000. "This water will last for a

week or 10 days," she says. Ety as she is

preferably called, has tried to dig artesian

well for 4 times, none of them produces

any water.

Santosa, representing the community,

wishes to request PDAM connection to

Mustatika Tigaraksa Housing. "The near-

est PDAM network is one kilometre away

from here," he says.

Taking benefit of an artificial lake

In the centre of the housing area there

is a manmade lake which was already

there before the housing was built. In dry

season this artificial lake is a very valu-

able asset to the inhabitants. Several

water pumps are installed in the lake and

dozens of distribution pipes convey water

to the houses. One pump belongs to ten

or more owners, and they take benefit

from the lake for water supply.

Each morning and afternoon, the

members of the community come to take

water from the 100 m by 60 m lake. To

bathe, wash and take water for their fam-

ily. But at the peak of dry season, the

water level is shrinking and finally dries

altogether. It seems that the community

of Mustika Housing of Tigaraksa is

becoming more and more tortured from

the year long water scarcity. Bowo

Leksono

REPORTAGE

17PercikAugust 2007

WATER SCARCITYIN MUSTIKA HOUSING

This artificial lake is the source of water for Mustika Housing of Tigaraksa, Tangerang. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Sumarto (65) with two big pails onhis shoulder followed by hisgrandson is walking along a path

in the rice field to the Laban River. Overthere, in the river many people, men andwomen children and adults are alreadywaiting to take turn to do their activity.Washing clothes and taking bath.

Twice a day, morning and afternoon,Sumarto and many others of the commu-nity walk back and forth the 2 km path tothe river.

Sumarto just like several others in thecommunity digs a hole in the Labanriverbed in order to get a little cleanwater. "We have to economize waterfrom the well at home because it will getdry very soon," he said. Practically whenthe well is dry the river is the only sourcethe community depends on.

Since last July drought has attackedPurbalingga and several other regions inCentral Java. This year's dry season

made 56 villages in 13 sub-districts sufferfrom dryness and water supply in criticalcondition. The areas are generally lo-

cated in hilly areas and way from PDAMservices. The villages are scattered in theSub-Districts of Bakateja (1), Kemangkon(4), Pengnadegan (5) Karanganyar (8)Bobotsari (4), Karangreja (3), Bojongsari(1), Rembang (1), Kejobong (9),Karangmoncol (6), Kaligondang (11),Kutasari (1) and Kartanegara (2)

Every year these areas are sufferingfrom water scarcity and the peak is usual-ly in October. "Our village hasn't hadwater ration from the government," com-plains Sukardi (45) of Wanalaya village,Karanganyar.

Heru Sudjatmoko, Vice Bupati ofPurbalingga told Percik that the local go-vernment has taken the necessary step inanticipation of this yearly recurrent phe-nomenon. We are providing water to thevillages. "Yet not all of the villages arebeing served today because the conditionis not yet too serious," he said. BowoLeksono

REPORTAGE

PURBALINGGAIN DROUGHT

It's almost a month now since the end of July andthe water level in Lake Slumpit is continuously get-

ting lower. Pretty soon the community of Nglumpithamlet of Kenteng village in Gunung Kidul will sufferfrom water scarcity.

"At home, we have no well. We depend entirelyon this lake for water," says Surahmiati (42). Veryearly in the morning, the mother of two children hascome to the half an hectare lake. Washing, bathingand taking water for the family. The same routine isagain in the afternoon

If the lake becomes completely dry, Surahmiatiand other members of community will have to orderand buy water from a vendor. Water is kept in a tankoutside the house. "One tank containing 5.000 litres of

water costs Rp 120 thousand and is good for 3 weekconsumption".

Prasetyo (27) walks back and forth every day car-rying two pails of water on his shoulders. This waterfrom the lake is for cooking and drinking."We have ourown pit well, but it's dry now."Gunung Kidul is geo-graphically covered with chalk cliffs and water sourceis scarce. And PDAM is way from reaching droughtprone areas.

Long dry season is recurrent every year inGunung Kidul. This year, the community is againmade busy with water scarcity. The Slumprit Lakebeing the only source is getting worse. It wouldn't belong from now when not a single drop of water thelake will give. Bowo Leksono

Lake Slumpit Shrinking

Every year during dry season, many people from the surrounding community come to this bigriver to take a bath, wash and defecate. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Community Total Led Sanitation (CLTS) approach is

beginning to bear fruit in Indonesia since its introduc-

tion in November 2004. The latest data indicate that

CLTS has been applied in 20 provinces, 58 kabupatens, and

within 1.5 year time span at least 150 villages have been made

free from open defecation. However, we still need an accelerat-

ed speed in order to come to a significant number of communi-

ties free from the habit of defecating in the open. Tens of thou-

sands of villages are still left to be taken care of.

Looking at the significant impact to behavioural change,

CLTS acceleration in Indonesia is likely to become an obsession.

To put ourselves into the obsession it might be necessary for us

to capture some input in terms of lessons learned from other

countries. India might be a good choice. They have been ahead

of us in the adoption of CLTS approach and making some adjust-

ments until they could rename it Total Sanitation Campaign

(TSC).

A sanitation observation visit from India, Pakistan and

Bangladesh to take a look at CLTS in Indonesia early August

2007 has provided us with an opportunity for exchange of expe-

rience. WSP-EAP then facilitated Indonesian Government to

make a counter visit to India on 27-31 August 2007. The area

visited was District of Jalna, Maharashtra. The Indonesian de-

legation consisted of Dr Wan Alkadri and Zainal Nampira of

Dept. Health, Oswar Mungkasa of Bappenas, Emah Sujimah

(Public Works) and Dr Budi Rahayu (E. Java Health Agency).

The following account attempts to summarize the lessons

learned from the visit.

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Basically TSC approach does not deviate from CLTS, i.e

focused on elimination of the habit of defecation in the open

rather than in latrine building, promotion of improved sanita-

tion service at community rather than individual level, promo-

ting conscience within oneself rather than through subsidy. The

difference is that TSC allows technology choice for latrine con-

struction, incentive provision for community that is already free

from defecation in the open, and opportunity for a micro credit

scheme.

TSC Achievement in Maharasthra

During the last two decades the achievement of sanitation

development in Maharashtra can be rated as very low.

Sanitation development within the period 1997-2000 through

REFLECTION

LEARNING SANITATIONFROM INDIA

19PercikAugust 2007

An Indian village woman in front of her toilet. Photo: Oswar Mungkasa

the application of massive campaign and

provision of incentive to the head of fam-

ily. Around 1.7 million latrines were built,

but the level of usage is less than 50 per-

cent, including the use for other purposes

such storage house, and others. A further

study in this case indicates

that 80 percent of the popula-

tion still continue with the old

habit of defecating on the

Then in 2002 the Govern-

ment of Maharashtra began

to adopt the TSC approach as

part of trial program from the

Indian Government. The trial

was made in 2003 in two dis-

tricts, Ahmednagar and

Nanded. Then since 2004

TSC was applied in all dis-

tricts of Maharashtra. The

result is quite promising. The

number of Gram Panchayats

(GP/comparable to keca-

matan in Indonesia) freed

from defecation in the open

reached 4,000 in 2006 from

only 13 GPs in 2003. Within

2.5 year span of time the pro-

gram has reached an addi-

tional population of 8 million,

from a start at 4.000.

Government's Full Sup-

Government's full support

at each level is a must. The

support may come in various

different formats such as provision of

sanitation policy, formation of working

group with full authority in coordinating

sanitation activity, initiation of partner-

ship with other stakeholders, preparation

of guidelines, preparation of incentive

budget for cumminities that are free from

defecating in the open, implementation of

sanitation campaign. There are many

other activities initiated by the govern-

ment from the central, provincial and

kabupaten down to the village levels. One

of the support formats that attract the

biggest attention by village community is

the president's signature on a certificate.

A real signature by his hand and not a

printed one as is often the case in

Indonesia.

At the time of the visit to the villages,

the first thing to be shown was the certi-

tificate including the trophy which indi-

cates that the village has won a contest.

This motivates the government to link the

sanitation campaign not only with health

but also with other aspects such as com-

fort, privacy and pride.

Distinct Role

It has been fully understood that the

responsibility for sanitation development

should be handed over to the level of go-

vernment that is directly in touch with

the community. In this matter, the go-

vernment of India handed

the TSC program to the

Gran Panchayat. This

hand over is made official

through a law.

The role of national

government is limited to

policy formulation, moni-

toring and provision of

incentive fund for the vil-

lage free from defecation

in the open, either as prize

winner contest or program

incentive for a community

that could completely free

themselves from defecat-

ing in the open.

State Government sup-

ports Zilla Perishad

(equivalent to kabupaten

Government in Indonesia)

in the implementation par-

ticularly in capacity

improvement, monitoring

of areas free from defeca-

tion in the open, and facil-

itation in clean village con-

test (village free from defe-

cation in the open).

Includes in this case deve-

lopment of operational

guidelines, criteria of NGO

for cooperation, and monev system deve-

lopment, as well as dissemination of les-

sons learned.

Zilla Parishad develops tender regula-

tion and mechanism, and monitoring sys-

tem based on criteria developed by the

provincial government. The kabupaten

government must coordinate all the

involved agencies, so that the GP deals

only with one counter.

REFLECTION

A certificate of appreciation awarded to a Gran Panchayat directly signed by the President of India Abdul Kalam.

Photo Oswar Mungkasa

The role of NGO is directed to com-

munity level training scheme develop-

ment and together with the village go-

vernment in conducting the training.

Sanitation should be community

Sanitation is basically the responsibi-

lity of each family, but then not all of the

families fulfill their obligation, and the

whole community will suffer the impact.

As an illustration, a study made by Water

Sanitation Program - South Asia (WSP-

SA) in one village in India indicates that a

village with high level of defecation in the

open and a low level both have a relative-

ly equal diarrhoea prevalence. It is quite

different from a village which is totally

free from defecation in the open the

prevalence level is quite low (7 percent).

Table 1 provides a clearer picture.

The fact that there is insignificant

impact on the reduction of diarrhoeal

prevalence if only a portion (rather than

an entirety) of the community live a

hygiene life has motivated the Indian

government to launch a community

based rural sanitation development.

Seeing is believing

The community tends to change its

behaviour after seeing a real example. In

Jalna, one of the districts of Maharashtra,

in the beginning the government made a

trial in just one village. This is to make

certain if the result can be used as exam-

ple for other communities. After the trial

was proven successful the regional go-

vernment launched a campaign to other

communities suggesting them to take a

look at the trial. It turned out there were

many who were interested in applying

TSC after seeing the result of the trial.

This motivated the regional government

to apply the principle of 'seeing is believ-

ing'. Give a good example and the com-

munity will be attracted to also do the

same. Prevent a massive implementation

during an early stage of a program.

Provision of incentive

Incentive is believed to promote the

achievement of free from open defeca-

tion, but the incentive is given to the

whole community as a reward for their

cooperation and fruit of their serious

effort. Incentive comes in the form of

funding assistance for their development

program such road building, school, etc.

The incentive takes the form of prize

for winner of contest on free from defeca-

tion in the open. This contest is orga-

nized in various levels from kecamatan,

kabupaten, provincial and national. The

winner of each level receives a certificate

signed directly the President of India and

a trophy. This incentive is effective for

motivating the villages to compete one

another because one of the factors that

motivate the communities to change is

their desire to have their village well

known.

The winner is determined by inde-

pendent organization, namely an NGO

selected by the national government

through an open selection forum. The

criteria are determined collectively and

openly announced. OM

REFLECTION

21PercikAugust 2007

A drawing to illustrate "Hygiene Behaviour Campaign" on the wall ofa school building Photo: Oswar Mungkasa

Village category

High defecation in the open

Low defecation in the open

Free from defecation in the open

Household using toilet,%

Diarrhoeaprevalence, %

Source: Water Sanitation Program-South Asia

TABLE 1. INDIVIDUAL SANITATION PRACTICE INFLUENCES THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY

Cheers and merriment are quite common during theIndependence Day festivity in August. But in the villageof Jambangan of the city of Surabaya the merriment

seems to spark all the year round. More than that the villagewith 23 RTs is always sparkling with an aura of cleanliness andbeautiful environment. Since 2001, Jambangan through theskilful hands of Ibu Winasih, the pioneer, become a clean andhealthy village.

The community's initiativesEnvironmental cleanliness is applied from putting two

garbage bins in front of every house each for dry inorganic andwet organic waste respectively. Even some of the housewivesspecifically collect the plastic wrapper of instant noodles andother snacks for use in handicraft such as sandal, bag, vest, ash-tray and others.

While organic waste is processed into compost. This practi-cally makes the waste collector's job easier because almost nomore garbage is transported outside the village. "Everything isnow processed internally," says Ibu Yus, the PKK chairwoman ofJambangan village.

His initiative has brought Jambangan village to win firstplace "Surabaya Green and Clean 2007" competition which washeld last June. The prestigious annual clean and green environ-ment competition is held in Surabaya under the collaborativesponsorship of the Surabaya Municipal Government, PTUnilever and Jawa Pos. Previously, in 2006 this village also wonfirst place in "Garbage Free" competition.

It is unfortunate, at this moment the community's handicraftcreation is still limited to production and not in marketing toincrease the family income. "For the time being we are only

REFLECTION

JAMBANGAN

VILLAGE IS GREEN ALL

THE YEAR ROUND

JAMBANGAN

VILLAGE IS GREEN ALL

THE YEAR ROUND

W ho would think that in the middle of a big city such asSurabaya there is a small neighbourhood unit (RT) that makesoutsiders envy. What makes them envy?

The community of RT3 RW 3 of Kupang Prajan has proven themselvescapable of creating a clean and hygienic environment for its communi-ty. This fact has demanded hard work and togetherness within the com-munity. The strong togetherness and willingness to work communally isthe RT's most precious asset. Without such an asset it is impossible tomake the dream of a clean environment into reality. It is proven fromthe achievement made in RT 3 RW 3 of Kupang Prajan to win the firstplace in "Surabaya Go Green and Clean 2007" competition for progress-ing area category. "Togetherness and willingness to work collectively asthe asset of the community is used as capital to turn the RT into a clean

environment," said Agus Siswoyo, RT 3 RW 3 vice chairman, speaking onbehalf of the community in welcoming the team for the preparation ofbook on lesson learned in WSS development.

The role of housewives organized in PKK in attending environmentalhygiene is quite significant. The solid waste treatment becomes theirroutine activity. "About two years ago it took three rounds for waste col-lector with a cart in one day. Now it is only once, because everyone hasseparated his own waste," said Sri.

One interesting rule agreed in this RT is every time there is a child-birth or arrival of a newcomer a potted plant must be placed in front ofthe house and let it grow there; this is to make the environment evengreener and to build a more solid togetherness and awareness. Bowo

Leksono

Kupang Prajan Village, a pearl within a city

One corner of Jambangan village in the city of Surabaya looks nice,green and soothing from various trees and plants growing.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

The quality of water in Surabaya River is continuously

getting worse because of domestic and industrial wastes

dumped into the river. This is evidenced from

decreased oxygen content in the water that frequently kills fish

and other animals living in and around the river. That is the

report from monitoring and the finding from a series of moni-

toring studies made by "Surabaya River Detectives" represented

by 10 schools of Surabaya and other places within Surabaya

River Basin. The presentation of the report is part of a series of

"Surabaya River Children Festival" held last August 5.

The annual agenda with the theme "Save Surabaya River for

Our Future" was held by the Institute for Ecological Study and

Wet Lands Conservation (Ecoton), Biodiversity Foundation

(KEHATI) and Perum Jasa Tirta I Malang, at the Surabaya river-

Prigi Arisandi, Ecoton Executive Director disclosed that this

event was held in commemoration of Children Day and at the

same time as a form of children's care and concern with the

increasing level of pollution in the Surabaya River. "Several

agendas and activities were held in the festivals and all of them

involved children," said Prigi.

Surabaya River is one of the downstream courses of Brantas

River, flowing from Mlirip in Mojokerto down to Jagir of

Surabaya for 41 km, is playing an important role as water source

for the communities, including agriculture, industry and domes-

tic purposes. PDAMs of Gresik and Surabaya also take their raw

water from this river.

Involving students

Since April 2007 a monitoring network by Surabaya River

detectives has been studying the threat to water quality and bio-

diversity of the river. The detectives or reporters comprise a

group consisting of 10 teachers and 30 students from 10 schools,

namely SMP N 1 Kedamean, SMU N 1 Driyorejo, SMU N 1

Wringanom and SMP N 1 Wringinanom, SMP PGRI2 Batu and

SMP Muhammadiyah 3 Batu, SMA Wachid Hasyim 2

Sepanjang, SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Taman Sidoarjo, SMAK St.

Stanislaus Kalijudan and SMA Al Falah Ketintang Surabaya.

In addition, there was also environmental exhibition partici-

pated by several schools and prominent NGOs such as

Greenpeace Indonesia, Pusdakota (waste treatment through

composting), Environmental Care Journalist Community, Walhi

East Java, Ecoton, Kehati (Go Green School Program and exam-

ple of success with schools in Jakarta and Tangerang), The

Office of Provincial Environment, etc.

At the event the schools organized in Surabaya River Monitoring

Network filed a petition to the provincial government on their con-

cern to the present Surabaya River condition. The petition contains

a call that the provincial government of East Java refrain from issu-

ing permit for construction on riverbanks. Recovering Surabaya

riverbanks back to their function and to take immediate measures to

re-greening of critically degraded lands.

In addition, also socialization of using medicinal herbs that

usually grows well in riverbanks. Monitoring and imposing

sanction to industrial plants violating the Environment Law No.

23/2007 on Environmental Management.

It is recommended that the government design and launch a

sustaining campaign through mass media, such as TV, radio,

printed matter, and socialization of policy to the community inter-

ested in Surabaya River. There is also a need for firming and bind-

ing regulation the individuals and institutions against waste dis-

posal. Determining which government agency is in charge of deal-

ing with the problem of waste disposal into the river, this will make

it clear which agency is responsible for waste disposal and protect

the quality of river. BW/ from various sources

REFLECTION

23PercikAugust 2007

Children Festival in SurabayaRIVER FOR OUR FUTURE

Created by Rudi Kosasih

Although Indonesia is blessed with abundant water at a

relatively high precipitation rate, yet water scarcity is

common phenomenon in some areas. Many communi-

ties have difficulty in access to water. Clean water is a basic

necessity inseparable from human life. In areas where water is

difficult to get, dispute over water quite often happens. One of

such areas is Kecamatan Karanglewas, Banyumas, C. Java, loca-

ted south of Mount Selamet. This dispute comes from the fact

that the reservoir that retains water from a spring is not enough

to supply the demand of the whole community, or to be exact

there is an uneven water distribution among the families. It is

unsurprisingly that when there was a dispute it was almost cer-

tain that the main cause was water, and thus the term "noisy

water" was coined.

Until some time a few years ago a somebody named Mujamil,

from Singosari village came forward to pacify it through his

invention in water distribution device. The 52 year old Mujamil

is not a technician. Far from it. He is a teacher in Islamic reli-

gion from the local primary school.

Simple technology

Previously, the community where Mujamil live obtained

water from traditional reservoir, i.e. water is drawn from a

source and is collected in a reservoir for distribution to indivi-

dual families through a pipe or plastic hose.

According to Mujamil, the system has many weaknesses.

"Beside insufficient water discharge to reach all the houses the

system can easily be disrupted or tinkered," he said. He cited an

example, someone pushed his pipe deeper into the reservoir to

get bigger flow or damage the main network in order to get a dif-

ferent water flow. This was what used to cause the problem.

Mujamil pondered. "How to create a device that can distri-

bute water evenly among the households." Based on his expe-

rience from two years working in Pertamina refinery in Cilacap

plus a lot of thinking, the father of four children ventured to

develop water distribution device. Assisted by several members

of the community Mujamil started with his work after obtaining

financial assistance from a community organization. He deve-

loped a tube distribution system based on the principle of con-

necting vessel. Mujamil designed it in such a way so that the sys-

tem produced a small discharge but with even flow rate and is

protected from tinkers. Through the application of connecting

vessel theory the distribution was developed.

Inside the tube a distributor is designed to make an equal

INSPIRATION

THE WATER "PAWANG"*

* Pawang = someone gifted with specific skill such as snake charmer, prospecting for water, etc.

discharge for each consumer. To solve the problem faced by tail

consumers living at lower end a T shaped tube is attached for air

circulation and water pressure regulator, just like a pump. To

prevent damage and leakage, the tube is sealed in concrete struc-

ture that makes it look like a tomb. "With this it is no more ne-

cessary to build a reservoir," he said.

Challenge

The tubular water distribution system was developed by

Mujamil in 1987. It was first introduced in his village where

water dispute and network sabotage was a common affair.

Mujamil's invention did not work smoothly in the beginning.

There were many shortcomings here and there. But he was quite

optimistic and continuously thinking and the shortcomings and

weaknesses were solved one by one. Even the local government

did not acknowledge his invention. In spite of a trial test was

successfully undertaken. "Even when Singasari village intended

to add more water distribution system funded under P3DT pro-

gram, an agreement did not occur," Mujamil said. Only after a

consultant team from the province came over to take a look, then

they agreed and fully supported Mujamil's connecting vessel

system. The system was made more solid after a trial test con-

ducted by Cipta Karya and Bina Marga consultant team.

Request from neighbouring village

After successfully resolving the "noisy water" problem into

real clean water that is easily and equally accessible to all fami-

lies of his community, requests from neighbouring villages with

the same problem came requesting him to build similar tubular

water distribution system for them. He built a network of water

distribution system in Grumbul Rabuk of Baseh village. The

same was Kedung Banteng. While in Beji, due to financial short-

age they are still using the old system.

Not less interesting is Panembangan village built a distribu-

tion system connected to water meter almost like PDAM, and

more than that this village is making an additional income from

the neighbouring community.

It has been years now the tubular system and the meter

devices are in application. According to Mujamil, there is no

major problem and they are relatively safe. "I can guarantee that

the water that once was the source of dispute will no longer

"noisy". For the families who used to depend on water reservoir

have changed it with PVC pipes buried 70 cm deep under-

ground. The continuous water flowing for hundreds of meter

within the conveyance pipe is the supply to satisfy the con-

sumers' demand.

The spirit to try new ideas combined with creativity has

enabled him to change and solve intricate problems related to

water supply. And Mujamil who is Islamic Religion High School

graduate is capable of taking the community into a better water

supply provision system. Mujamil is a hero without decoration

and in fact he does not need such symbolism. "What I have been

doing is only for the sake of the community," he said. It is a

pride and satisfaction for Mujamil if he could provide something

useful to the community. Yet Mujamil's hard work will be in

vain unless it is fully supported by the community. And the

communal work is prerequisite for the whole community to

work toward self reliance. Through communal work a hard work

will become light and easy. Bowo Leksono

25PercikAugust 2007

INSPIRATION

The community water distribution system. Photo Bowo Leksono

Water regulator tomb stands at a corner of a village. Photo: Bowo Leksono

It seems that the interest in environmental sustainability is

not limited within the mind of adults but it has also touched

the younger generation especially students. One of them is

high school students of SMU N 34 at Pondok Labu, South

Jakarta. This school once won the second place in Toyota Eco

Youth competition and first place for the best presentation in the

same competition.

Toyota Eco Youth is an environmental improvement contest

among schools initiated

by Toyota Astra. In

the Toyota Eco

Youth the highest

mark is obtained

from school capa-

city in involving all

components in envi-

ronmental

jects run by the school. The achievement made by SMU N 34

Jakarta can never be made without the effort of all elements of

the school, from the guiding teachers and all the students.

One of the individuals with highest dedication and commit-

ment to environmental improvement in the school is Ms.

Endang Wardiningsih, Chemistry teacher and concurrently

counsellor for KIR (Kelompok Ilmiah Remaja, Youth Science

Club) as the initial vehicle for environmental education of the

school.

Endang's interest in this field was initially developed from

her participation in a UNESCO workshop on coral reef in 1996.

"One of the subject matters discussed in a session was on solid

waste management," she said.

Upon completion of the workshop Endang was motivated to

put the experience from the workshop into application under the

school environment. For the implementation she would use the

KIR as vehicle. In the beginning Endang taught the KIR mem-

bers how to do solid waste separation and solid waste manage-

ment through 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle and recover) principle.

The students became so enthusiastic because from here they

gained new experience," she said.

As it progresses the school sees that the activities are be-

neficial to the school. In this connection in 2002 the school

dedicated a plot within the school compound especially

for the activities on which Recycle House was built with

Endang as a leader.

Together with Biology teacher they work

hand in hand in various environmentally

related activities and improved com-

munity care to environment.

"One way of doing it is

making the

Recycle House

which is built at a

OUR GUEST

E n d a n g W a r d i n i n g s i h

PERSEVERANCE IN TEACHINGSTUDENTS TO AWARE OF THE

ENVIRONMENT

27PercikAugust 2007

corner of the school compound really look alive.

The activities undertaken in the Recycle House consist of

among others composting and treatment worm to produce recy-

cle paper and handicraft from used paper and cartons, produc-

tion of liquid fertilizer (IM4), herbal and hydroponics plant cul-

tivation and maintenance of the 8,700 square meter (m2) school

compound. The handicraft produced is sold to fellow students

and the rest is displayed in the Recycle House. "This activity

serves as examples for classmates and other students outside

KIR group," said Endang. She further mentioned that members

of KIR group do their activity on Saturdays that are specially

allocated for extracurricular activities and weekdays after school

hours.

In performing its activities the Recycle House is financially

supported by the school. "The fund is used for production acti-

vity of the House," she said. In addition, there is also an income

collec ted from KIR members and proceed from sales of recycle

paper which is obtained from a bazaar sale.

Local contents

Presently the activities related the conservation of the school

compound's surrounding environment has been included as

local content of SMU N 34 curriculum called Environmental

Education. This achievement is inseparable from the perseve-

rance of Endang Wardiningsih and all the teachers, staff and the

students who actively contribute to KIR extracurricular activi-

Subject matter on Environment is given to 10th and 11th year

students. In this class Endang and several other teachers

attempt to increase the students' care to the actual environmen-

tal problems of today.

In order to obtain the latest information about environment

and the applied technology, Endang diligently look for informa-

tion from various sources, internet, mass media, or direct visit to

an expert. "All this is intended to obtain the most recent infor-

mation to be introduced to the students," she says.

Endang does not hesitate to take the students to pay a visit to

an environmental expert in order to learn something from him.

It is hoped that this kind of activity can increase the students'

interest to learn more about environment. Presently SMU N 34

has been named environmentally sensitive school by the Agency

for Education of Jakarta Provincial Government.

The implementation of environmental sustainability pro-

gram in SMU N 34 hasn't been without constraint and difficulty,

such as lack of cooperation on the part of the personnel of the

school, the students as well as the staff. "This can be seen from

many of them still carelessly throw away waste to places other

than the garbage bins". To overcome such problem, Endang

together with all KIR members remind them again and again to

make the school community aware of hygiene behaviour.

The individual persistence and strong commitment of

Endang Wardiningsih must be disseminated extensively if we

want our future generation aware and care about environmental

sustainability. And if we don't start it right now, when will it be?

Astri Handayani

Rumah hijau di SMU Negeri 34 Jakarta sebagai pusattanaman hidroponik. Foto-foto: Bowo Leksono.

What would one say when

speaking about Jakarta? In

addition to "hot", "traffic

jam", pollution"? It is "slum". Yes,

Jakarta as metropolitan and capital city

has long been identical to each of those

terms. It seems that the slums of Jakarta

will never disappear. They are even

expanding. Into every corner, riverbanks,

along the railroads, and other thickly

populated areas. An eternally apprehen-

sive condition. Fortunately, though there

are places that contribute comfort to the

city, as does RW 08 Petojo Utara Village,

Central Jakarta.

This place used to be a poor and dirty

looking area, the community defecated in

the open and disposed their garbage any-

where they like. The ditches were always

full of wastes," said Irwansyah the RW08

chairman and motivator of the change.

Today, Petojo stands forward and is fit to

become an example for big cities of

Indonesia. For all of those the communi-

ty must be motivated, willing to con-

tribute and conscience. Irwan says that

some 30 percent of his community has no

bathroom. "The space is limited. You can

imagine how a family could live in a 2 m

by 2 m land area", he explained. Almost

50 percent of the houses still depend on

public MCK. In this RW 08 there are 5

MCKs all of them without a technically

appropriate septic tank. While those

houses with private latrine flush their

excrement directly into the river.

In the meantime, access to water sup-

ply has always been a major problem

because groundwater in Petojo is either

contaminated by faecal bacteria or it is

brackish. PDAM that can only cover 40

percent of the community is facing prob-

lem with continuity of supply and method

of channelling. Water supply for the fam-

ilies is obtained from a combination se-

veral different sources, such as shallow

and deep wells, PDAM connection, and

bottled water from various providers and

for different purposes.

Collaborative Program

Since the introduction of ESP

(Environmental Service Program), Mercy

Corps, Health Service Program (HSP)

and Safe Water System (SWS) in May last

year, the area around the banks of Krukut

River and inhabited by 750 families has

been changing and is becoming more

comfortable. Various programs are intro-

duced and the community happily wel-

come them. Green village program,

MCK++ development, wash hands with

soap (WHWS), composting, posyandu,

AROUND ISSDP

MCK ++ di RW 08 Petojo Utara, Jakarta Pusat.Foto: Bowo Leksono

RW 08 Petojo Utara

A Portrait of Clean Environmentwithin a City

AROUND ISSDP

29PercikAugust 2007

senior citizen posyandu, clean Friday,

gymnastics, mosquito fogging, RW alert,

and so on. Modern MCK++ technology is

relatively new and this is the first of its

kind in Jakarta, was built at a cost of Rp

360 million purely grant fund provided by

USAID. MCK++ consists of 12 rooms, 4

bathrooms and 6 WCs, one bathroom and

mother and child, and one posyandu

room. Somewhere around 300 people

use it every day. This facility employs a

technology that can process all waste-

water into environmentally friendly

water.

Separation of Waste

Krukut River flows through Petojo

area making it a place where domestic li-

quid and solid wastes converge and accu-

mulate. The community still consider

river as the most convenient means to dis-

pose their wastes.

"We have clean river program once in

a month," says Irwansyah. But, the river

will again become full of waste deposited

from upstream. "We keep on persuading

the neighbouring areas to join in main-

taining Krukut River's cleanliness," says

Irwansyah.

In Petojo, waste separation and wash

hands with soap (WHWS) is collabora-

tively supported by ESP, SWS and Mercy

Corps. This program started from with

greening and composting. In the begin-

ning the community was provided with

extension and motivation to separation of

domestic wastes. Inorganic materials are

gathered for the scavengers, while organic

waste is transported to compost maker.

Compost is used for re-greening activity.

Through continuous campaign and exten-

sion efforts the community of RW 08

Petojo is now aware of the importance of

clean and green environment. At routine

intervals they work for environmental

cleanliness, including the river (called

clean river program).

Wash hands with soap

A program not less interesting is wash

hands with soap (WHWS) now being

intensively promoted by the government.

In RW 08 of Petojo, all houses have had a

wash basin facility built in from of the

house. A conscience based on cohesive-

ness is what makes the program works.

The wash basin facility made from used

paint pails are not merely decoration,

they are really being used. "What is

important is that parents teach their chil-

dren to wash hands," says Irwansyah.

Petojo is changing toward betterment.

In terms of sanitation, water supply,

nutrition of children under five, and

infrastructure. Let's hope this condition

will continuously decorate Petojo Utara

and other places as well. Bowo Leksono

Two Diarrhoeal Outbursts

Closing a Factory is Not EnoughWhat is Needed is Mutual

It's shocking again, just take a look at

the second diarrhoeal prevalence in two

years in the sub-districts of Sepatan,

Pakuhaji, Mauk and Sukadiri of

Tangerang District, to a community who

are mostly without household latrine,

who discharge excrement anywhere in the

open, in the river, rice field, garden or a

ditch. It is no wonder then that diar-

rhoeal epidemic is spreading to a level

called "Extraordinary Case". This case

provides a harsh slap to the officials of

Tangerang District with the repetition of

the same epidemic in the same month

exactly two years ago. And, what is more

is that the basic problem has never been

touched. Tangerang District, a region

located in the vicinity of the capital city,

about 1.5 hours on land or about 40 km

from the Presidential Palace. Up to 16

July 2007 the record says that the victims

of the epidemic are coming from sub-dis-

Adjusting to wash hand with soap behaviour by providing wash basin in front of the house.Photo: Bowo Leksono

tricts of Sepatan, Pakuhaji, Mauk, and

Sukadiri.

On 15 July 2007 469 patients were

brought for treatment at Puskesmas and

hospitals, three of them died. The same

case two years ago took the life of 17 peo-

ple. Diarrhoea and vomiting arise

because the community never learn from

experience how to keep food and the

environment clean. A Health Agency offi-

cer felt so ashamed for the number of toll

from diarrhoea. "There shouldn't be any

more case like this because it relates to

the very basic requirement, hygiene. In

this modern world, where we have satel-

lite, internet, yet we have diarrhoea and

vomiting cases right here in Tangerang,

buffer zone of the Capital City", said one

doctor of Tangerang.

This condition has its connection with

sanitation related problems, including water

supply, wastewater, drainage, and solid

waste. Why? The more the population live

in hygienically and environmentally poor

condition the more is the extent of sanitation

problem. Whereas, in reality the present

level of health condition of Indonesian po-

pulation is seriously threatened. From the

series of cases that are winding and inter-

meshing with new problems that keep on

coming in addition to the poor sanitation

condition of Indonesia all this has brought

economic consequences through loss of Rp

65 trillion of economic growth within one

FY. This figure equals to 2.4 percent of total

national budget, an amount big enough to

provide millions of job for the currently

unemployed.

To quote the statement made by dr.

Yuliah Iskandar, Head of Disease

Prevention and Control of the Regional

Health Agency, there are apparently four

reasons for the prevalence of diarrhoeal

disease in Tangerang, i.e. poor environ-

mental condition contributes 45 percent,

poor hygiene habit 35 percent, health and

medicare 15 percent and population den-

sity 5 percent. Further the Health Agency

extension officer, Dadang Iskandar said:

"We should have learned from what hap-

pened two years ago, but the community

of Tangerang hasn't changed a bit. They

keep on defecating in the river in which

they also bathe, wash, and take water for

cooking. Somewhere around 70 percent

of population in the sub-districts of

Sepatan and Pakuhaji go to the river or

drainage ditch to defecate, they actually

have a bathroom and pit well but unfortu-

nately no toilet".

Although this week the prevalence is

beginning to subside it remains necessary

to undertake community empowerment

in order to persuade them to change

habit. "Several approaches could be

selected for application to hygiene beha-

viour such as inserting hygiene into school

education (primary up to senior high

school) for 1-2 hours a week and involve-

ment of local university and community

leaders in hygiene behaviour campaign".

Community Led Total Led Sanitation

(CLTS) introduces facilitation method for

community participation to do away with

the habit of defecation in the open and

has been successfully introduced to com-

munities with similar condition in many

countries can also be applied through

establishment of sub-district level WSS-

WG in Tangerang District. This is already

summarized in WSS-WG meeting of

Banten province, 17 July 2007. An active

community participation and real action

is what is needed because diarrhoea con-

tamination spread very rapidly and keeps

on repeating if not dealt with right from

its source. It is not enough through clos-

ing two Orson syrup factories by the local

police. It was believed that the disease

was spread by the syrup because it was

found to contain e-coli and vibrio cholera

bacteria, and as a result two of the syrup

factories were closed down by the local

police.

Ahmad Rukny AssegaffCommunication Advocacy ISSDP

AROUND ISSDP

Poor community habit is one of the reasons for diarrhoeal disease contaminationPhoto: Bowo Leksono

AROUND ISSDP

31PercikAugust 2007

It might be that Noviana, a 2.5 year old girl,

never knew why her stomach continuously

ached despite she had defecated several

times. Like children her age, Noviana was unable

to describe her stomach's condition, though it

was getting worse, her condition was considered

usual by her own folks. To them it was enough

for her to be treated "as usual" and she would

recover by herself. Until finally Noviana passed

away. It is said that she was taken to re-hydra-

tion centre but it was too late and she was dead

before any treatment be applied to her. It may

sound stereotype, but that's what happened.

Many were submissive and inclined to accept the

explanation. Many others were getting dizzy and

began asking if that was the beginning of the problem. No one

Although the toll number of this Tangerang case is below 1

percent, below the rate tolerated by WHO, yet it doesn't mean

this case may be ignored. Since after it was declared an extra-

ordinary case the Dept. Health has taken immediate measures to

the water source believed to be the source of the contamination.

In addition, mobile latrine together with high capacity water

purifier unit was made available at Sepatan Puskesmas. As a

result, the number of infected persons was gradually decreasing.

But curative method doesn't seem to resolve the root cause of

diarrhoeal problem, as this was not the first of similar incidence

in the area. The same incidence happened in 2005 even worse

than the present. Somewhere around 600 were treated in

Puskesmas and 17 (some say 19) of them died. Further regard-

ing the case, Republika of 14 July 2007 reported that Bupati of

Tangerang, Ismet Iskandar, was quoted as saying that diarrhoea

outbreak will happen again in the 3 sub-districts because the

community is still in disregard of living hygienically.

According to Ismet, his institution has launched socialization

to improve community awareness on living hygienically. In

reality there still many of them go to the river to defecate where

they also take water for bathing, washing and cooking and drink-

ing. The local government has also provided them with MCK

(bathing, washing and defecating) facility.

What is the problem, then? It shouldn't be difficult to ask the

community not to (sorry to say!) "eat human excrement", inten-

tionally or unintentionally, directly or indirectly. It shouldn't be

difficult to ask man not to swallow bacteria that make him sick!

It shouldn't be difficult to ask men to defecate in a clean and

sheltered place.

Or is there anything wrong that the facility made available to

them is not used and maintained properly? And

the socialization made to them is not effective to

change community behaviour? Or socialization is

something that must be repeated again and again

in order to keep on reminding? Whatever the

answer might be, the same mistake has happened

again.

Taking the community demand for water sup-

ply and environmental sanitation facility as point

of departure, there is today at our disposal a pro-

motion/socialization/campaign method that is

not only good to improve sense of belongingness

to the sanitation facility, but also capable of moti-

vating the community to resolve its own problem.

Based on observation, there are at least 3 well

known approaches for changing community behaviour that are

applicable not only for Indonesian setting but also internation-

ally. The three approaches are Community Led Total Sanitation

(CLTS), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), and Participatory

Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST). The three

approaches have been tried in many places in Indonesia. It

would be commendable though to start the application of beha-

vioural change approach for sanitation development in

Tangerang. So that the hope that there weren't any Noviana in

the future is not a mere dream. Hony Irawan

1. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) was first tried inBangladesh in 1999 then it was introduced to several other coun-tries such as Bolivia, Cambodia, China, Ethiopia, India, Nepal,Pakistan and Western Africa and also Indonesia. CLTS characteris-tics are noted from changing community habit through participa-tory facilitation, without subsidy for hard ware (household latrine)construction and do not decide what type of latrine the communi-ty will build. CLTS is intended to reduce/remove the habit ofdefecation in the open.

2. Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was developed in the province ofMaharashtra (India) adopting CLTS approach into a massive pro-gram by the Indian government. Several other nations likeCambodia, Africa, Nepal, and Mongolia have applied it in a smal-ler portion. Different from CLTS, TSC permits technology choicein latrine development.

3. Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) is anadaptation of SARAR (Self-Esteem, Associative Strengths,Resourcefulness, Action-planning, and Responsibility) a participa-tory learning method in building awareness so that the communi-ty can solve its own problem. PHAST scope is larger, that is anapproach to promote hygiene, sanitation and management of com-munity water supply sanitation facility. PHAST have been intro-duced to Africa, India, and US.

When Diarrhoea "Picks" Noviana

A GLIMPSE OF SEVERAL BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE APPROACHES

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Diarrhoea is still the world num-

ber one cause for children mor-

tality rate. According to

UNICEF each second one child dies of

diarrhoea. In Indonesia, somewhere

around 162 thousand children die of diar-

rhoea in a year, or 460 every day.

I Nyoman Kandun, DG for Disease

Prevention and Environmental Sanita-

tion said that one of the reasons for such

a high mortality rate from diarrhoea is

lack of community knowledge in the

application of hygiene behaviour.

"Diarrhoea prevention is not a diffi-

cult thing to do. The habit of washing

hands with soap can prevent diarrhoea

incidence by 47 percent," said Nyoman

Kandun in a press conference "Public-

Government Partnership Initiative in

Wash Hands with Soap," Monday 27

August in Jakarta.

In 2006 a survey conducted by health

service program on community percep-

tion and habit of washing hands revealed

that soap has entered almost every house-

hold in Indonesia. How-

ever, only 3 percent of the

population use soap for

washing hands. In general

soap is only used for

bathing. Respondent habit

as regard to the five (5) crit-

ical times for washing

hands is as the following: 12

percent wash hands after

defecation, 9 percent after

cleansing baby, 14 percent

before eating, 7 percent

before feeding a baby, and 6 percent

before preparing food.

Based on the above findings an initia-

tive was taken to establish a Public-

Government Partnership in Wash Hands

With Soap as means to promote beha-

vioural change, a deviation from the usual

infrastructure development and curative

services, whereas in reality the preventive

aspect is more important for health

improvement," according to Nyoman

Kandun. BW

AROUND ISSDP

An Initiative to Building Public-PrivatePartnership in Wash Hands Soap

(WHWS)

T he community access to acceptable

sanitation in Indonesia is very low,

less that 50 percent. This figure is way

below the MDGs target for 2015, which is

at 72,5 percent. This condition is the

cumulative result of many factors among

others community habit that requires

improvement and sanitation technology

that is unreachable by the community.

The issue is made a topic in a talk

show: "It's Time to Act" as live broadcast in

TVRI on 29 August 2007 from 18.00-19.00

hrs WIB. The program invited Dr. I Nyoman

Kandun, DG for Disease Prevention and

Environmental Sanitation, Dept. Health

and Ir. Susmono, Director of Housing

Sanitation, DG Cipta Karya, Dept. Public

Works.

In this event Nyoman emphasized the

importance of hygiene behaviour to

improve community health, among others

through Wash Hands With Soap to prevent

diarrhoeal contamination. According to

Nyoman sanitation development is the

responsibility of all segments of the com-

munity. "The private sector is also respon-

sible and can take an active role

through CSR (Corporate Social

Responsibility) program," he added.

As for the appropriate sanitation

technology for the community

Susmono provided a tip that actually

sanitation technology can be very

cheap without sacrificing the techni-

cal aspect. "In principle, one that

can prevent a direct contact

between excrement with the sur-

rounding environment is considered

sufficient," he said. ISSDP Team

Talk show "It's time to act"Hygiene Behaviour and Feasible

Sanitation Technology

WASPOLA office in Jl. Cianjur 4 has been practicallyempty during the last three months. Almost every-one is concentrating to maximizing facilitation in the

regions, either for strategy plan, capacity development training,implementation of communication strategy or several otherimportant activities such national coordination meeting(Rakornas) in relation to monitoring of policy implementationprogress of the old as well as the newly facilitated regions. ForWASPOLA this is an important year in laying the foundation ofWSS National Policy for the years to come because in 2008WASPOLA is phasing out. This has developed into a serious anddynamic discussion topic in the team internal workshop inBatam last July.

On the other side, to expand the reaches of the policy imple-mentation WASPOLA also actively helps WSS-WG in the prepa-ration of Community Based Water Supply Provision andEnvironmental Sanitation Development in the eastern part ofIndonesia, a GOI program in with UNICEF and funded by theDutch Government. At the central level coordination WASPOLAhas been actively facilitating the establishment of National WSSNetwork.

Variation in Regional Strategy PlanRegional level WSS strategy plan is selected as the main

agenda for the implementation team to analyse from bothangles, structure and substance. What's unique is that regionalstrategy plans do differ from one region to the other dependingon the specific regional condition and its demand. The strategyplan `a la region, the term was coined in Bali Rakornas in

August 2007, during which each region presented its plan in adifferent way.

According to the initial plan, the workshop for strategy planformulation must have been completed by all the regions in June2007. In reality however, there are still 3 districts not completedyet, they are Districts of Dompu, Bima, and Cilegon city. Theregions that are lagging behind may be considered as having nodemand to the activity, as is obvious with Cilegon city.

Speaking about follow up workshop for strategy plan formu-lation it has been conducted in many regions, among others inKonawe District, Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Central LombokDistrict, NTB Province, Jeneponto District, South SulawesiProvince, and Cilacap District, Central Java Province.

National Coordination Meeting (Rakornas)Monitoring and evaluation of regional level policy imple-

mentation has been a routine annual agenda for WASPOLA.The meeting for eastern region of Indonesia took place on 30July-1 August 2007 at Hotel Queen City Makassar, specificallyfor areas facilitated in 2006. It was attended by 35 participantsfrom Gorontalo City, District of Bone Bolango , Gowa,Jeneponto, Wajo, Soppeng, Bima, Dompu, C. Lombok, Konawe,S. Konawe, South Timor Tengah. This meeting was opened bySofyan Bakar, Director of Environmental Facilitation andSpatial Planning, Dept. Home Affairs. He stressed that regionalstrategy plan must be translated into concrete program forimplementation. "If necessary, Dept. Home Affairs will issue acircular as a support to make Strategy Plan a reality," he said.

An interesting note is that the regions demand a synergy ofcentral and regional WSS-WG in policy implementation so thatstrategy plan could be positioned in the mainstream of theregional plan. The central WSS-WG responded it by citing thatcooperation is being initiated with UNICEF in the framework ofoperationalization of policy. Implementation starts from strate-gy plan formulation. For those regions that have developedWSS-WG and strategy plan can move towards the next phase.

There are several WSS development related issues currentlybeing faced by the government, among others are WSS assetmanagement, data management, and communication strategy.What is often considered a burden is transfer of employees tosome other position can adversely influence the regional WSS-WG performance that may even end up in failure of sustainingthe WSS program. There is a need for another strategy directedto socialization of a more extensive stakeholders' approach.

AROUND WASPOLA

33PercikAugust 2007

Regional Facilitation MAXIMUMCentral Coordination OPTIMUM

In the Rakornas a question was raisedregarding the central government com-mitment to guarantee the sustainabilityof post WASPOLA policy implementationfacilitation. Several commitments werediscussed by the central WSS-WG, amongothers the central WSS-WG will providesome form of capacity improvement (nonphysical) such as facilitating donor part-nership, participation in DAK (SpecificBudget Allocation) for community basedwater supply implementation guidelines,and facilitation in the expansion of infor-mation access for regional WSS-WGs.

The next Rakornas for the first batchof facilitated regions was scheduled for28-31 August 2007 to be attended by 6provinces namely Bangka Belitung, S.Sulawesi, NTB, C. Java, Banten and W.Sumatra, together with the respective 15districts/cities including S. Bangka, W.Bangka, Pangkalpinang city, Takalar,Pangkep, Selayar, W. Lombok, E. Lom-bok, Grobogan, Pekalongan, Pandeglang,and Lebak. The issues discussed in themeeting consisted of the need for alterna-tive funding source for WSS sector andthe importance of marketing strategy sothat the regions will be capable of deve-loping their own fund raising strategy.The participants also noted the impor-tance of corporate based financial ma-nagement in order to initiate partnershipwith the private sector.

On the other side it's time for theLocal Government to start with assetmanagement because such thing isdeemed necessary to measure Pemda'scapacity in achieving a planning target. Itwas made known the technical guide-line for Village Budget Allocation(Permendagri No. 37/2007 on VillageBudget Allocation) will be issued soon inwhich also includes WSS sector. This canserve as an alternative source of fundingfor WSS sector implementation.

WSS Communication Strategy be-ing applied in the regions

There is one result obtained from thetraining in Bangka Belitung (for more

information please visit AMPL website).This workshop was attended by 32 parti-cipants produced a draft of WSS develop-ment communication strategy plan forprovincial and 5 districts levels in BangkaBelitung for FY 2008. One of the strate-gies is aimed at the effort for the recoveryof the deteriorated raw water source bybuilding the community awareness tobecome "the master fighter in environ-mental improvement". The budget forimplementation of this effort will be co-vered from FY 2008 Additional Budget.

Another interesting issue arising froma discussion is "media relationship". It isrevealed just now that all this time thereis a "prejudice" between the governmentand mass media because there has neverbeen any open communication regardingWSS development. After coming to acommon point the two parties finallydeclare a synergy effort to push aheadwith the WSS development.

Dody Handriyanto, the news coveragemanager of Bangka Pos said that massmedia is basically open to cooperationand not only looking for negative story ofthe government. It was also mentionedabout the tips and strategies in coopera-tion with media in order to become sus-tainable.

Strengthening the CapacityIn June and July 2007 WASPOLA

team held a series of training activities,MPA/PHAST in Makassar, CLTS inUntirta (University of Sultan AgengTirtayasa) in Banten, and in collaborationwith DG PMD facilitating BasicFacilitation Orientation in Yogyakartaand Mataram for PAMSIMAS projectarea. Another activity is facilitating aworkshop on participatory monitoring ofprovincial level WSS-WG performanceheld in Tanah Datar, West Sumatra.

PDAM NAMPA (National AssetManagement Program) activities werebeginning to take place during thisreporting period. In the beginning, thestudy team made a visit to PDAM ofTangerang District to identify asset ma-nagement issues in PDAM and at the sametime to discuss the trial of NAMPA applica-tion in the region. The NAMPA study isconducted by GHD a consultant firm.

Let's continue to take action, to con-tinuously developing the spirit of WSSdevelopment through the 11 policy princi-ples so that anyone who has never beeninvolved will be attracted to take an activeparticipation and the poor families whoused to be marginalised could be betterserved. WH

AROUND WASPOLA

ARROUND WASPOLA

35PercikAugust 2007

In responding a common challengeand problem, working together isbetter than to do it individually.

This statement was pronounced by someparticipants when they enthusiasticallyclapped their hands as Basah Hernowo,Director of Housing and Settlement,Bappenas concluded his welcome speechat the third WSS Network Meeting on 21August. Basah Hernowo stressed that itis already time that WSS is implementedin a better coordination and synergy toobtain a stronger echo and a widespreadimpact to improve WSS sector develop-ment. It was also emphasized that hereand there the government has its short-comings. "Synergy with all stakeholdersis the best alternative," he said.

The welcome speech seemed to gene-rate enthusiasm among the 60 partici-pants occupying Hall FG5 in Bappenas.The spirit was quite obvious when theywere beginning a group discussion todetermine where the WSS Network is tobe directed. The unique is, when nomi-nating formulation team, many new insti-tutions that were coming for the first timenominate themselves to sit in the team sothat all make up to 20 candidates.Finally, based on majority votes 6 institu-tions were elected; they are WSS-WG,WASPOLA, ISSDP, FAS, Europromocap,IWAT, KAI, and a special member IHEIndonesia.

There were several new participantsattending such as UNICEF, ToiletAssociation of Indonesia, Directorate ofCommunity Education of Dept ofNational Education, Central PKKMotivation Team, National Headquartersof Indonesian Scout Movement,Environmental Engineering of ITS,STIKES Bandung, Technical Faculty

Univ. Indonesia, Tirta Dharma TrainingFoundation, PD PAL Jaya, PDAM Bekasi,Water Partnership Indonesia, and MercyCorps. In spite of their new involvementnone of them feel awkward in taking anactive part, thus making the discussionreally alive.

The meeting that was organized byEuropromocap in collaboration withWSS-WG being the follow-up of the firsttwo meetings has produced a draft con-cept note of WSS CommunicationNetwork covering the identity, organiza-tion and program of work. In this thirdmeeting all members were actively parti-cipating in the completion of the networkconcept and strategy toward the future.

With facilitation from WASPOLA,IHE Indonesia and Plan Indonesia, eachof the three groups presented their draftof network concept to be discussed andconcluded in the plenum. For the timebeing the stakeholders association iscalled Jejaring AMPL (WSS Network),the acronym is left to the formulationteam to work out.

The network vision is an umbrellaorganization for WSS information andcommunication to effectively support thestakeholders (government, private sectorand community) in national developmentin Indonesia. The organization will be

open, formal and inclusive. The missionis partnership principle, cooperation,capacity improvement, and fund raisingin WSS sector.

The membership consists of indivi-dual professional, government, universi-ty, research institute, NGO, donor orga-nization, professional association, WSSoperator, mass media, consultant, con-tractor, and community organization. Aninteresting idea came out from the parti-cipants is member gets member into thenetwork to expand information availabi-lity and dissemination faster. The workprogram consists of database compila-tion, increase concern, training/work-shop, and partnership with media.Another agenda from the meeting is par-ticipation in NSC (National SanitationConference), in which WSS network willbe involved in panel discussion, and inexhibition.

A formulation team has been nomi-nated and for the next three months itwill have to formulate the conceptual andfuture direction of WSS Network involv-ing various stakeholders such as the uni-versity, mass media and communityorganization in small teams for finalizingworks. In addition the team will have toprepare the Network participation byinvolving other network members in theNational Sanitation Conference (NSC)scheduled for October.

We hope this work plan could be com-pleted soon, we are ready to get involved,"said Rosi, a participant from TrisaktiUniversity. "Come, this is the time wework together!" said Eny from ToiletAssociation. Good luck for the estab-lishment of National Level WSS Net-work. Come, let's build a commonpower! WH

WSS Network Formulation TeamElected

For the time being thestakeholders association is

called Jejaring AMPL(WSS Network),

the acronym is left to theformulation team to work

ARROUND WASPOLA

WSS IS IN THEIR MINDWhat comes into the mind of these heads of region regarding WSS?

The following is the summary.

Gusmal Dt. Rj. Lelo, the Bupati of Solok

"W ater determines human life, but is not any water, it must be clean and drink-able water. What is more important is that not all of the clean water is govern-

ment provided, it can be handled by the community itself. Therefore, clean water pro-gram, or whatever it is called, WSLIC, WSS will be guaranteed of my support, I willsee to it that this will included in the three central issues and will be included in medi-um term development plan and will be made official through regional governmentregulation (Perda) so that it will not be rejected by DPRD".

(This statement was made while interviewing Bupati with WASPOLA inassessing the WSS communication strategy implementation in West Sumatera,June 2007 )

David Bobihoe Akib, Bupati Gorontalo

"WSS is now a demand by the community, thus it is now impossible for theregional government to neglect it. This is a basic need! Now, the communi-

ty participation becomes very important to improve awareness and sense of belong-ingness to this program".

(This statement was made while receiving WASPOLA and Kabupaten Gorontalo WSS-WG in March 2007)

Siti Komariyah, Bupati Pekalongan

"This is a pro-people program and since we are giving priority to the people'sinterest we are in full support of the DAK (Specific Budget Allocation) through

community preparation. In the future the DAK from the central government will beused base on community based approach".

(This statement was made while receiving site visit of National PolicyConsolidation Workshop participant in February 2007) )

ARROUND WASPOLA

37PercikAugust 2007

Radjamilo, Bupati Kabupaten Jeneponto

"Public MCK is not quite appropriate therefore it is not used, I have requestedPublic Works to restudy the program. It would be better if the Rp26 million

budget is used for household latrine development, there will be at least 13 families,and they will be used.”

(It is stated in front of sanitarian, village nurses, Head of Sub-district, Head ofLocal Agency, and Local WSS-WG on Workshop Opening of WSS National PolicyAssessment and Issue Identification, December 2006)

H. Ahmad Dimyati, Bupati Pandeglang

"The MURI acknowledgement for household latrine development should be con-sidered as an impetus for us to continue with this program in other regions and

villages. It should not stop at the acknowledgement, we will continue with the imple-mentation."

(This statement was made when interviewed on press conference of ReceivingMURI Award to Kabupaten Pandeglang for developing latrines (2000 latrines) inone year with community participation).

"Tirtayasa University asscientific reference in

Banten has made a break-through by using basic sani-tation as the Actual FieldPractice by the students inthe context of communityempowerment. I will strong-ly back this up and hopefullyit will be replicated by otheruniversities".

(This statement was made at the opening ofCLTS Preliminary Meeting for students andInstructors Tirtayasa University, June 2007).

Masduki, Vice Governor of Banten

"For Bukittinggi thehighest priority is

water supply because of lackof coordination with otherdistrict we have very limitedwater resource. "

(It is stated on WSSStrategic Planning Work-shop in October 2006)

M. Jufri, Mayor of Bukitinggi

D epartment of Home Affairs in col-laboration with Perpamsi held a

workshop on Socialization of Per-mendagri No. 23 on Technical Guidelineand PDAM Tariff Calculation Method,"Thursday 5 July in Jakarta. This Per-mendagri (Home Affairs Ministerial Re-gulation) serves as implementationguidance of Article 60 (8) GovernmentRegulation (PP) No. 16/2005 on WaterSupply System Development.

In connection with the lack of interestfrom the investor, the party who in ge-neral persuades PDAM to raise its tariff,the representative of DG Treasury ofDept. Finance explains the mechanism inchannelling of central government fo-reign exchange loan to the regional go-vernment. "Based on PP No. 2/2006 theregional government is not authorized toseek a direct loan from foreign sources.Especially if a particular PDAM is merely

an operator, then the responsibility forfinancial matters is in the hands of thePemda (local government).

A PDAM in need for capital loan mustsubmit a request through the Pemda(Local Government) to be forwarded toBappenas and finally to Minister ofFinance. Then later the Finance Ministerissues an instruction to Pemda to submitloan request to Finance Minister.

In relation to this new Permendagrion PDAM tariff, Agus Wijanarko the DGCipta Karya of Dept. Public Works citedthat water supply development policy isformulated based on Government Regu-lation (PP) No. 16/2005 as umbrellaunder which the current Permendagristands.

Regarding the tariff guideline as pro-vided by Permendagri No 23 Eko Subowofrom DG Regional Autonomy of Dept.Home Affairs explained: "The most

important in this discussion is the expla-nation regarding the basic company costupon which PDAM tariff is calculated," hesaid. As it relates to PDAM tariff adjust-ment, most important of all is theaccountability from the part of PDAMitself so that PDAM could convince thestakeholders, and tariff adjustment mayfollow by itself. FN

AROUND WSS

Socialization of Permendagri No 23 of 2006 on TechnicalGuidelines and PDAM Water Tariff Calculation Method

W ash Hand with Soap (WHWS)

Program is a global initiative to

promote a statement that the habit of

washing hands with soap can reduce diar-

rhoeal contamination, a disease that

causes most of infant mortality in various

nations of the world today. To strengthen

the pavement toward achievement of the

objective, this program is wrapped in a

public private partnership (PPP) effort.

For this purpose the DG Disease Control

and Environmental Sanitation (PP&PL)

Dept. Health held an "Open Partnership

Meeting: Wash Hands with Soap

Program" on Monday 9 July. This event

was opened by Tri Nugroho, Bappenas

representative in water supply and waste-

water development and ISSDP (Indo-

nesia Sanitation Sector Development

Program). In his opening speech he

stressed that it is of prime importance

each stakeholder should cooperate in

equitable manner based on each other's

capacity.

Suharman Noerman the representa-

tive of Corporate Forum for Community

Development (CFCD) discussed the social

investment strategy from the corporate

viewpoint as it relates to WHWS. "The

collaboration in WHWS can increase cor-

porate social benefit through brand

image sustainable profit which eventually

will end up in financial profit of a partic-

ular company," he said.

From CFCD viewpoint, the govern-

ment in this case Department of Health

should take a serious effort to sit together

with corporate CEOs so that sanitation

programs such as WHWS could be

included in corporate social responsibili-

ty (CSR) programs in the future. FN

Open Partnership Meeting on WHWS Program

A s follow up to the first meeting on

Thursday 12 July WSS-WG and

WASPOLA in collaboration with Plan

Indonesia and IHE held the second

meeting on WSS Communication

Network at the Sapta Taruna Hall, Dept.

Public Works. In his welcome greeting,

Handi B. Legowo from the Directorate

of Environmental and Housing

Sanitation, Public Works made mention

that the first meeting on WSS network

has come to a preliminary which is still

short of effective communication strategy among the involved

parties. "And additionally, the cooperation and collaboration

among the parties are still vague," he said.

The agenda was focused on strengthening the network. The

participants consisting of representatives from the central go-

vernment, NGO, academician, mass media were divided into

three groups each to formulate the identity, the management

and the program. Each group was to discuss among themselves

and the result was presented in a pleno.

The deliberations of the first group

came to conclusion on the vision and

mission of the network. The vision is

establishment of WSS issues in policy

mainstream. The second group was

tasked to determine the management of

the network in the future, proposing

who will take care of the demand of the

network in the future through a formal

and independent secretariat. However,

based on an investigation by the third

group, the consequence is that each ele-

ment of the network should contribute some resource, e.g. fund-

ing to help WSS-WG secretariat to serve as the network coordi-

nating office.

Another agenda is to investigate to determine the steering

committee (SC) of the network. In the beginning the SC will

consist of representatives from five selected institutions based

on majority votes. But later it was agreed that SC will consist of

each element in order to obtain representativeness. FN

AROUND WSS

39PercikAugust 2007

Second WSS Network Meeting

T o improve the capacity in planning,

monitoring, and evaluation of WSS

development the Agency for Deve-

lopment Planning (Bappenas) held

"Training on WSS Data Management"

The training was held for 3 days, 18-20

July 2007 at the Bappenas Building,

Jakarta. The first part of the train-

ing was used to introduce the parti-

cipants with data collection. The

first day session was an introduction

to basic research methods. The

trainer for this is a statistician from

the National Bureau of Statistics

(BPS).

In the second and third days as

the main part of the training was

used to educate the participants on

how to better manage data. One way is

through an introduction of DevInfo data-

base software with the help of a UNICEF

facilitator.

DevInfo is database software for the

management and presentation of social

development data and indicators in inte-

grated manner, cross-sectoral, cross geo-

graphical border and group, regardless of

timeframe and source of data. Through

DevInfo, data and indicators can be inter-

connected for various development pur-

poses and objectives, conven-

tion and program log frame. It

is hoped that this training could

be expanded and used in wider

scale data management in the

fields other than WSS. Further,

after seeing the benefit of the

software one of the participants

mentioned that next time

DevInfo training is budgeted in

the regional activity including

WSS development. FN

Training on WSS Data Management

T he Directorate General (DG) for Community Empo-

werment and Rural Development (PMD) Dept. Home

Affairs held a "Training on Basic Facilitation Skill" held on 23-27

July 2007 in Yogyakarta. In his opening speech Johan

Susmono, the Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate

Technology described the purpose of the training was to

improve knowledge and skill of the participants to understand,

develop, and use facilitation media to motivate and provide

impetus to the community. "This is done to make community

capable of taking an active role in development process," he said.

The training was attended by 32 participants from various

central and local level government officials, especially Bappenas,

Public Works, Bappeda, Regional Public Works, Health Agency,

and Regional Office for Community Empowerment.

In the training the participants were introduced with basic

skill in facilitation including communication in facilitation,

group dynamic, facilitation method, selection, preparation and

use of facilitation media. The participants were given opportu-

nity to join a practical experience in preparing facilitation media

in PUSKAT Audiovisual Study, Yogyakarta.

As follow up the participants request for an opportunity to

attend a specific training in communication media preparation

for application with the community especially in water supply

and environmental sanitation. RDD

AROUND WSS

Training on Basic Skill of Facilitation

A number of participants are dis-cussing to formulate the key mes-

sage to generate concern to the restora-tion of the deteriorating Bangka-Belitungenvironment. The deterioration is con-sidered as the cumulative result ofimproper mining practice, poor sanita-tion habit of the community, insufficientgovernment support to WSS develop-ment and lack of DPRD atten-tion to this sector's development.As the problem was finally iden-tified and was wrapped into amessage for communication abrilliant idea suddenly came up"An environmental master fight-er is in great demand, save ourregion right now!" The groupmembers consisting of provin-cial level WSS-WG, mass media,and academician became soenthusiastic to develop the ideainto a practical communication

strategy. The plan is to be implementedthrough FY 2008 budget.

The discussion represents one of thesessions in "Workshop for WSSCommunication Strategy Planning" inBangka Belitung Province held on 25-26July 2007 by the Provincial WSS-WG.The event was opened by Drs. Rasyimin,Head of Bureau for Organization of

Bangka Belitung Provincial Government,on behalf of the Governor. In his wel-come speech the Governor stresses thatWSS development can proceed betterconsidering the high demand for WSSservice and the present service is stillbelow the demand. "DPRD has also pro-vided its support to this program," he saidfirmly.

Facilitated by WASPO-LA team the two-day work-shop was not only a trans-fer of practical communi-cation knowledge but alsoin effective application ofcommunication principleof "listening, seeing anddoing". This learning bydoing method provides theparticipants with the prac-tical ways in formulatingwell targeted communica-tion strategies. WH

Workshop on Communication Strategy Planning for WSS Development

"Our home town is now clean-er, the river is becomingclearer. No more we go ri-

ver to defecate. It's comfortable indeed,believe me," says Yayah (36) of KampungWangkal, Kalijaya village, Bekasi. Thiscondition is the result of activities sup-ported by Love Water Program initiatedby Coca Cola Foundation Indonesia(CCFI) and USAID/Indonesia.

One of the peak events was Love Wa-ter Festival held at Taman Menteng(Menteng Park), Central Jakarta, Mon-day August 5th. The community of Kam-pung Wangkal, the pupils of Sukadanauprimary school, and four (4) high schoolstudents of Bekasi, namely SMU 2, SMUNegeri 6, SMU YPI 45, and SMU Al AzharKemang Pratama were involved.

There were many activities in theagenda. The students from Go GreenSchools held a visual display on soil ero-sion, composting, simulation on waterinfiltration, and recycled paper. While onthe stage the community of KampungWangkal together with primary school-children from Sukadana shared experi-ence through "lenong" -- a traditionalplay.

Triyono Priyosusilo the Deputy ChiefExecutive of CCFI said that the festival ispart of Love Water Program to serve asmeans to show the example of communi-ty participation in water source protec-tion to improve living condition. "Thisprogram has been on-going for one year.It is planned to be completed nextAugust. We are still working out a planand selection which school is to receiveour guidance next," he revealed.

According to Triyono, the selection ofTaman Menteng as the place of the festi-val was intended to provide the generalcommunity, especially Jakarta inhabi-tants a means to gain knowledge aboutwater source protection and improve-

ment of the quality of life. "This park isimportant for Jakarta citizens as waterinfiltration and open green space," heconcluded.

As part of the festival the surroundingcommunity and spectators were invitedto join in the decorating garbage bin con-test and creating useful product from

waste materials. Also it was not forgottenan event in planting tree seedlings tosymbolize the necessary intervention forwater resources conservation and at thesame time a symbol of oxygen tributefrom Bekasi community for Jakartainhabitants. Bowo Leksono

AROUND WSS

41PercikAugust 2007

Love Water FestivalTeaching Water Resource Conservation

B efore it was named a city park thisplace was a stadium that could

seat 10.000 spectators. This stadiumwas the Persija Headquarters, a foot-ball club established in 1921 under thename Voetbalbond InsdischeOmstrekken Sport (Viosveld). The sta-dium itself was designed by Dutcharchitects F.J.kubatz and P.A.J.Moojen and was originally intended forsport ground of the Dutch colonials.Later in its progress since 1961 untilshortly before its conversion intoMenteng Park the stadium was used asPersija training and competitionground. The historic Persija stadium

became the pride of Jakarta and thenational football organization. In 1975the Governor of Jakarta issued adecree designating the stadium a cul-tural inheritance and therefore mustbe preserved.

However, when Sutiyoso wasappointed governor the 84 year oldstadium was brought down and thespace converted into city park. Therewere protests and tremors in thebeginning, but soon the protestorscame to a standstill. Perhaps gra-dually the community was beginning tofeel the benefit from the existence ofthe park. BW

H I S T O R Y O F T A M A N M E N T E N G

Lively atmosphere at the Water Love Festival involving students and the community of Bekasi. Photo: Bowo Leksono.

T he cute fingers of the children are showered with waterfrom a row of taps. Then they apply some soap and cleanse

them. After they feel clean a smalltowel is used to dry their hands. Thiswas the wash hands with soap(WHWS) competition participated bychildren of poor families of RW 09Kali Angke Village, West Jakarta onWednesday 13 August. The eventconsisting of healthy infant competi-tion, colouring, arrangement of foodpyramid, and variation of healthyfoods, was sponsored by an NGOcalled Mercy Corps.

The participants were not limitedfrom RW 09, other children from theneighbouring RWs were also welcometo join the event. Spectators seemedto enjoy themselves standing alongthe banks of Kali Item. The event thatwas intended as behavioural change campaign promoted byMercy Corps under the Senyum (Sehat dan Nyaman untukMasyarakat, healthy and comfortable for the community) pro-gram was organized as part of the commemoration of theIndependence Day on August 17. Fadillah Effendi, Coordinator

of Senyum program told Percik that this program was intendedto reduce malnutrition in children below five years old from the

poor families. "The lack of proper childcare is highly influential to the health ofchildren below five," he said.

From a study by this institution inOctober 2005 there were 17 kelurahans(villages) in W., C and N. Jakarta it wasfound that the quality of child care byparents is very poor. The findings men-tion that defecation in a toilet is 44,5percent, advanced breast feeding (6-24months) 65,2 percent, posyandu atten-dance 1,94 percent, varied feeding (rice,vegetables, and other side dish) for chil-dren of 6-24 months stands at 25,5 per-cent.

For the above, since a year agoMercy Corps has been promoting 7practices of hygiene behaviour consist-

ing of wash hands before eating, wash hands after defecation,breast feeding up to 2 years, provision of varied foodstuff,healthy snacks, defecation in the toilet, and posyandu visit everymonth. BW

AROUND WSS

Promotion of 7 Hygiene Behaviours

W ater crisis has been a common

phenomenon in some areas of

Indonesia. The rapid population growth,

housing, agriculture and industrial deve-

lopment have increased water demands,

all that leads to water shortage. That was

revealed in Integrated Water Resources

Management seminar with a theme

"Water and Sustainable Environment"

held by Water Partnership Indonesia and

Global Water Partnership (GWP),

Thursday 6 September 2007 at the office

of Dept. Public Works, Jakarta.

The chairwoman of Garuda Nu-

santara Foundation, Ully Hary Rusady,

one of the speakers made mention that

the availability of raw water never

increases while the demand tends to grow

along with the population growth and the

development.

"In order to sustain water supply it is

deemed necessary for reasonable ma-

nagement efforts including a regulation

to sustain, use, distribution of the avail-

able potential and institutional develop-

ment," says the singer cum environmen-

talist Ully.

Ully added that it is necessary for a

community movement to take real action

in water and environmental sustainabili-

ty of the upper watershed/mountain

regions from where water flows down to

the lower areas.

The increase in water demand is also

stated by I Gede Wenten from the

Chemistry Department of ITB. According

to him, beside domestic demand water is

also need for industry. "To satisfy water

demand by the industries water sources

reclamation technology is a recommend-

ed alternative in addition to wastewater

treatment based on reuse technology

principle," he said. BW

Seminar on "Water and Sustainable Environment"

A s a follow-up of MPA/PHAST

Orientation meeting in Makassar

and to support the Pamsimas program,

DG PMD of Dept. Home Affairs held

training on Basic Facilitation Skill in

Lombok from 29 August-2 September.

Johan Susmono, Director of SDA

& TTG Dept. Home Affairs

revealed that this training was

conducted based on the findings

of the government weakness in

communicating the WSS deve-

lopment that ends up in non sus-

taining facility.

The training was divided into

two parts, in classroom and in the

field. In the classroom the parti-

cipants were introduced on the principles

of adult education, ethics of a facilitator,

communication methods for effective

facilitation, group dynamic, facilitation

method and communication media, and

CLTS approach as part of field scenario.

From field observation it was found

there arises some concern of CLTS might

cause underground water pollution from

latrines built carelessly in absence of any

sort of supervision. A facilitator must

know the economic condition of the com-

munity to be triggered through

CLTS. The triggering process

for latrine development should

take into consideration the local

economic condition. A facilita-

tor should keep in his mind the

general condition of the area for

reference to the type of latrine

applicable in the triggering

area. FN

AROUND WSS

Roadshow on WSS Program in the EasternRegion of Indonesia

Training on Basic Facilitation Skill for Eastern

43PercikAugust 2007

The workshop for the selection Districts of the Eastern

Region of Indonesia for CB-WSS program implementa-

tion was held on 8-9 August 2007. This activity is a part

of cooperation between RI and UNICEF. To this end, Bappenas

in coordination with the involved technical departments (Public

Works, Health, Home Affairs, and National Education) are

preparing a water supply and environmental sanitation program

for the eastern end of the country. The program will be funded

from grant fund provided by Swedish and Netherlands govern-

ments.

The aim of the program is to improve community health and

welfare through improved hygiene and access to water supply

and environmental sanitation. The program will be implement-

ed based participatory approach consists of 3 components, (i)

water supply, (ii) improved sanitation and hygiene development

in rural villages and slum areas of the urban, and (iii) school

education especially for low income communities.

It is agreed that the program will be implemented in 6

provinces, NTB, NTT, S. Sulawesi, Maluku, W. Papua and

Papua. Twenty five (25) districts covering 180 villages and

serves 320 thousand people will be selected as the site of the

implementation. The result of the WS is a long list of candidate

district for UNICEF-WES (Water and Environmental

Sanitation) program. The Districts in the long list will be invit-

ed in Roadshow in the respective provincial capital to be offered

with the program on condition that the participant shall have to

provide a certain amount of contribution as a precondition of

being the owner of the program. GT

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Photo: Afif Nu’man

Extracurricular activity is a means

to channel the students' hobby.

Sport and art are two areas most

students are interested in. Other acti-

vates are usually considered as "second

rate". Cleanliness and environmental

sanitation is way from being preferred.

This activity is not a mere hobby but it

demands interest, awareness and sinceri-

ty. And for sure there are only few

schools that maintain this activity. But

for SMK Negeri 1 which is located at

Wonokromo in the city of Surabaya,

cleanliness and health are given top rate

extracurricular activities. The activities

do not only draw the attention of the stu-

dents but all members of the school in

general. "In this school we select envi-

ronmental cadres through a tight selec-

tion process, and for this we are fully

supported by the internal student associ-

ation," said Suharto, deputy headmaster

responsible for student affairs, an interview

with Percik at his office some time ago.

At present the SMK with 2405 stu-

dents has 120 student environment

cadres to serve as motivator and provide

examples to the student body. "Scouting

for interest is conducted during student

initiation at the beginning of academic

year," says Suharto. Once identified the

cadre candidates are given guidance from

the teachers who have been trained in

environmental subjects. What is unique

is that these activities are not named

extra-curriculum, but the headmaster

officially names it working group (WG).

There are three WGs: greening, cleanli-

ness, and health. In performing its tasks

each WG is inter-related one another.

Each WG is managed by a committee

consisting of 8 officers.

Constraint

SMK consists of 8 divisions, namely

secretary, accounting, salesmanship,

multimedia, TV, animation, software, and

telecommunication (which is combina-

tion of SMEA, Economics High School

and Technical High School) has been

accustomed to spend one hour for com-

munal work weekly on Fridays.

According to Suharto, it was difficult

to find cadres to join the working groups

to make the 2 hectare schoolyard clean

and green. "Since in the Junior High

School the students were not used to this

kind of activities and therefore they were

PROGRAM

SMK Negeri 1 Surabaya

TowardsEnvironmentally-

Based School

A corner of the schoolyard is used to place Wind Triangle waste treatment modelPhoto: Bowo Leksono

not interested,' he reveals. Not only that,

the schoolyard which is located in a

depression and is suffering from recur-

rent flood is itself a constraint. "Each

time there is a cleanliness competition,

we are always being confronted with

flood problem. Especially when the valu-

ation is made during flood season, where-

as we have spent a lot of money to pre-

pare for the competition," said Suharto.

School achievement

SMK N1 of Surabaya has won prizes

several East Java provincial level clean

environment competitions, such as

school health unit (UKS) competition and

Toyota Eco Youth. Unfortunately to

move further to national level this school

is constrained with the fact that it is locat-

ed in a recurrent flood area.

The fund for working group activities

is specially allocated by the school plus a

contribution from the students collected

at the beginning of academic year. "New

students are required to pay Rp 3.000

during student initiation, each student

group are required to bring with them

medicinal herb, flower, fruit tree, and

shade plant seedlings," said Suharto.

Devi Permatasari, one of the school's

environmental cadres who is also vice

chairman of cleanliness group says that

she is quite happy for being member of

the group. "I learn to discipline myself

and now I know how to make compost,"

she said.

Through teachers' guidance the stu-

dents learn how to make compost follow-

ing the so-called "wind triangle" as well as

the manual method for use within the

school and for the neighbourhood. This

school has implemented the principle of

environmentally-based school as a

requirement for 'international pioneer

school'. Bowo Leksono

PROGRAM

45PercikAugust 2007

Cleanliness and environmental sanitation becomes a favourite extra curriculum in this schoolPhoto: Bowo Leksono

A notice of smoke free area is engraved in a post at the school entrancePhoto: Bowo Leksono

Alternating Upflow Anaerobic

Double Filtration (AUAF) is

basically a hybrid of upflow

anaerobic filtration (UAF) treatment sys-

tem. The filter is made from ring form

ceramic material at a not more than 0,8

cm external diameter and not more than

0,6 cm inner diameter. Because it is

made of ceramic the attached micro

organisms (especially from bacteria

group) are growing faster and thus may

cut down the start-up time of the reactor

(installation). The ringlike form of not

more that 0,8 cm long provides more

room for bacteria to grow. This type of

cavity also provides suspended group

bacteria to grow. Therefore, this kind of

UAF is a combination between suspended

and attached growth systems.

By placing the filter only at the upper

part, only a part of the reactor is filled

with ceramic filter, the lower part is filled

with the growth of suspended bacteria as

is the case in the upflow anaerobic sludge

blanket (UASB) which perhaps more

commonly known in Indonesia. The UAF

with only half filter is actually a combina-

tion of UAF and UASB which basically is

an overall combination of attached and

suspended growth systems. This system

becomes superior because it combines

the existing anaerobic treatment systems.

Because of the double filtration there

2 reactors, in which the effluent from the

first reactor flows into the second. This

separation provides a more dominant

condition for hydrolysis process in the

first reactor and methanogenesis in the

second. Therefore the UAF performance

can be increased further.

A change of flow where the first reac-

tor takes the place of the second at a time

when the whole system records, for seve-

ral reasons, a decreasing performance

(especially because of clogging), can in-

deed improve reactor performance back

to its former condition in a short time.

This indicates that a change of process

from hydrolysis to methanogenesis and

vice versa works easily, in spite that this

happens in anaerobic reactor that is

believed to have a much lower kinetic

compared to aerobic reactor.

Because AUAF uses domestic waste at

approximately 5 hour retention time, this

indicates that anaerobic system is also

applicable to treat low COD (± 300 mg/l)

organic wastes at a relatively short time.

It appears that for the duration of almost

300 days this reactor being operated at a

variety of shock loading the CO2 content

in the biogas produced does not exceed

20 percent.

Condensed from a dissertation by Eddy SetiadiSoedjono at Birmingham University, England.

Eddy Setiadi Soedjono is a senior lecturer at the Environmental Engineering Dept. of Surabaya

Institute of Technology, concurrently Secretary ofDevelopment Study of Regional Potential

- a Research and Community Dedication Institution.

ABSTRACTION

STUDY ON ALTERNATING UPFLOWANAEROBIC DOUBLE FITRATION (AUAF)

FOR DOMESTICWASTEWATER TREATMENT

There are many households who still dump domestic wastes into the river. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Wastewater

Question:Recently, long after I bought the house that we are now living

in I came to realise that we have no domestic wastewater treat-

ment (every drop of our wastewater flows down into an external

drainage system). Since we have only very limited land area and

it seems unlikely for us to build a septic tank. But I have in mind

to build a retaining tank for chlorine (Ca(ClO)2) treatment

before the wastewater is released into the drain. My question is

whether this method feasible?

Eng Tat,

Answer:Disinfectant addition method is usually applied in oxidation

process, especially in wastewater containing pathogenic com-

pounds and microbes. However, this method (chemical process)

is more expensive compared to the generally applied biological

wastewater treatment. The biological wastewater treatment is

intended to significantly reduce the amount of organic com-

pounds, so that at the end of the process only a small amount of

disinfectant is necessary to make the entire process complete. In

other words, disinfecting process is an additional process (as a

polishing process) to make the previous process complete, thus

reduces the total cost. Through an entirely chemical process

(such as what you have in mind), the total amount of disinfec-

tant needed would be too much just to treat the same amount of

wastewater compared to that is needed for a biologically pre-

treated process. Besides, there is a possibility for an excessive

development of carcinogenic compound (one that initiates can-

cer) called Tri Halo Methane (THM) as a result of a reaction

between high concentrations of organic compound with chlo-

rine. This could be very dangerous, because THM may flow into

community drainage system then to the river and finally is

extracted as raw water for PDAM.

To resolve the problem in your house, a septic tank remains

a necessity. But you could work it out through building commu-

nal facility (septic tank) together with several families with the

same problem in the neighbourhood. The management is of

course lies with the users of the facility.

Waste material management

Question:Presently I am processing our own domestic waste into com-

post. Because of distance and limited fund required for labora-

tory analysis it is difficult for me to know if my compost is

already mature enough. My question is whether there is any

simple and non costly visual method to determine if a compost

product is sufficiently mature?

Simandjuntak,

Pematang Siantar

Answer:To determine compost maturity through visual observation,

without the help of laboratory analysis - though less accurate -

can be done in several different ways. In general, the tempera-

ture of mature compost is close to the surrounding temperature

(from a relatively high in the previous days), the material is less

odorous (because the organic materials have been oxidized into

inorganic compounds), there is no more larvae or swarming

insects such as flies and roaches (because the organic materials

on which the insects thrive have been broken down into inorgan-

ic compounds), and there is a noticeable growth of greyish white

specks on the compost (it is Actinomycetes sp. fungus thriving

on nitrates as a result of decomposition of amino compounds).

A more accurate method is of course through laboratory

analysis, including the examination of the decrease in chemical

oxygen demand (COD), decrease in volatile suspended solids

(VSS), decrease in C/N ratio, decrease in NH4+ and increase in

NO3- compounds.

IATPI CLINIC

Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column.This column deals with question and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.

Question can be forwarded through Percik magazineContributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com), Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Foto: Bowo Leksono

47PercikAugust 2007

E nvironmental issue is our com-

mon concern. It is only

through our common concern and

serious efforts that we may expect

nature and its resources can be

saved from degradation. It is here

that schools are expected to play key

role, to generate environmental sen-

sitiveness within the young genera-

tion upon whose hands the decision

making will rest in the future.

To help schools of Indonesia

move towards Green School and to

promote school initiated environ-

mentally friendly habit the Go Green

School is conceived and put into action.

This program is intended for school in

urban areas considering that the commu-

nities of such areas are growing fast.

Green School is a school committed

and systematically develop programs to

inclusion of environmentally related va-

lues in all school activities. The

green school concept developed by

GGS Program can be found in this

The 16 pages-book discusses

the green school concept and pro-

gram framework (indicator and

development phases) including an

example of a green school and its

activities. It is hoped that with this

book the school applying GGS pro-

gram will become an environmen-

tally-based school and the sur-

rounding population will care to

and put environmentally sensitive beha-

viour to practice toward improvement of

the quality of life. BW

T he book entitled

"GREEN's JOURNEY"

written as a module for pri-

mary schoolchildren con-

tains drawings and informa-

tion related to wastes. The

module tells interesting sto-

ries in colourful illustrations

is intended for grades 5 and

6, to guide the young mind

to identify local contents for

Primary School in the

District of Thousand Islands of Jakarta.

Therefore, the story and illustrations are

based on sea and coastal area.

However, this does not mean that this

book is limited to schools within the

coastal regions. The discussion about

waste is given universally and simple

enough for the young mind to grasp. It

consists of 7 chapters describing about

wastes. It is opened with introductory

greetings and enters the chapter that

invites the children to wade across a river

and sail on the sea. In chapter 2 the chil-

dren arrive at Kelapa Island and then play

the role of saving the island game in chap-

ter 3. The children meet

with Pak Jain in chapter 4

and learn about waste ma-

nagement until they can make

compost to fertilize the local

soil in chapter 5 and handicraft

making from waste material in

chapter 6. All these are

brought to an exhibition for

mutual benefit in chapter 7.

This module type book

would not be of any use

unless it is taught and practised together

with children. What is interesting, in the

District of Thousand Islands waste mate-

rial is selected as the local content subject

matter. It is commendable that similar

activity be followed in other places in

Indonesia. BW

BOOK INFO

TitleGO GREEN SCHOOL:

TOWARDS GREEN SCHOOLAuthor:

Go Green School (GGS)Concept Formulation Team

Publisher:Jakarta, KEHATI, 2006

Pages:16 pages

(revised, 2nd edition)

TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTALLY-BASED SCHOOL

Learning About Solid Waste Since Early AgeTitle

GREEN'S JOURNEYAuthor:

"Green's Journey"Module Team

Publisher:Jakarta, KEHATI Foundation

Pages:36 pages

Green Bud Clubhttp://www.tunashijau.org/

This site contains a wide variety ofinformation related to environment

involving children. It is provided througha series of menu such as program activity,photo gallery, poster, comic, song, greenschool network, and others. This site ismaintained by Klub Tunas Hijau (KTH,or Green Bud Club) a Surabaya based nonprofit organization specializing in envi-ronment and is growing through the workof young people. KTH was initiated fromthe visit made by 5 young scout membersfrom East Java to Australia. Since thenKTH is consistently doing real efforts tohelp to a better the environment. KTHalways involve private organization inimplementing its programs. Based on theprinciple of mutual benefit collaborationwith other parties are continuously deve-loping. KTH is routinely conductingactivities with schools and other placesoutside Surabaya.

PPLH Balihttp://www.pplhbali.or.id

W elcome to the environment train-ing centre. Thus reads the greet-

ings of the website maintained by BaliEnvironment Training Centre or betterknown as PPLH Bali. It is a non-profitnon-government organization focusingon environmental education and commu-nity facilitation. The programs run byPPLH Bali are directed towards the com-

munity at large, adults as well as children.PPLH Bali works in collaboration with allsegments of the community includingstudents, teachers, government as well asnon-government institution, and indivi-duals with inclination to environmentand community empowerment.

Various program info, activities, envi-ronmentally related info, and most inter-esting of all is environmentally relatedbibliography can be obtained from thiswebsite.

Established in 14 June 1997, PPLHBali works in close cooperation with go-vernment and non-government institu-tions, and local and international com-munities. The core of the program lieswith environmental education and com-munity facilitation.

KEHATI Foundationhttp://www.kehati.or.id/GGS

I nformation on green school is pre-sented in this website. This web is ma-

intained by KEHATI (Keragaman Hayati,or Biodiversity) Foundation, an auto-nomous non profit funding organizationintended to sustainable benefit, fair andequitable biodiversity conservation inIndonesia.

The Kehati Foundation, The Centrefor Betterment of Education (CBE) andCoca Cola Foundation Indonesia (CCFI)collaboratively are working on Go GreenSchool (GGS) Program especially for se-nior high schools.

Association of GreenSchools

http://www.greenschools.net

E stablished in 2004 this website ismaintained by the Association of

Green Schools by parents who are con-cerned with the environment in whichtheir children would live in the future.They collectively proposed that eachschool in the US must be made intohealthy school. Various information andnews about green school can be obtainedhere. BW

WEBSITE INFO

49PercikAugust 2007

"I n a long dry season like this

water is hard to get, we have to

walk long distances to get water," says

one housewife from Sumberharjo of

Wonogiri District, C. Java in the midst

of the dry season. In this village as

well as in several others water source

is located far away, and it is the only

one upon which all the people depend.

Whereas, in terms of quality the water

does not meet the requirement for

healthy human life. Imagine, all water

related activities take place around the

well, even washing animals.

The real picture is recorded in a

documentary video that illustrates water

crisis in Wonogiri District. The video

produced by the DG (Directorate

General) for Regional Development Dept.

Home Affairs also reveals the tragedies

related to water scarcity. The people have

to walk long distances during the night

for a pail of water from a cave.

The crisis is a tragedy that brings

human to be close to God the Creator.

God Bless man with rainfall man is so

thankful for the relief of the long sad-

ness. Rain is falling. The people take

the best benefit out of the blessing,

take benefit from each drop for their

life. The rain has brought them back to

life. However, a continuous water sup-

ply cannot depend on rainfall alone.

The people have to immediately find

other sources in order to sustain life.

This documentary video is the

product of the Water Supply and

Sanitation for Low Income

Communities Project, funded by the

World Bank, Government of Indonesia

and the participation of the communities

to help to make clean water supply avail-

able. BW

In the last few years the drought

has brought with it several disas-

ters. Drought is everywhere,

especially on Java. Thousands of hec-

tares of rice fields are without water.

Thousands of the population are always

in want of water. Wells and other water

sources are drying. The population

turn to rivers and lakes for water. Some

of them have even been used to depend

on these sources for their water supply.

Unfortunately, water supply in the

rivers and lakes is also getting less and

less. To sustain life the people continu-

ously look for other sources although they have to walk for miles

from home. While others buy water from a vendor or just wait

for water subsidy from the government.

Many experts blame this climatic change to the global war-

ming phenomenon. Long dry season,

such as that of the recent years, lasts

longer. In Indonesia, as if a custom-

ary, the dry season as it is the rainy

season is equally disastrous. This is

unmistakably the consequence of

man's failure to sustaining nature and

environment that leads to a disaster to

his own life.

This is the phenomenon that is

presented in a short documentary film

by the Cinema Lovers Community.

The film with water scarcity back-

ground tells us the testimony of the

men who suffer from drought. It was filmed at Purbalingga of C.

Java and Gunung Kidul of DIY both the sites of the dry areas. It

is planned that the ten minute film is to take part in some inde-

pendent environmentally based film festival. BW

CD INFO

Water Tempest

Water for Life

R E P O R TFINAL REPORT STUDY ON GOVERN-MENT'S KNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATIONS ONPRO-POOR SANITATION

Publisher: Indonesia Sanita-tion Sector Development(ISSDP). The World Bank,Jakarta February 2006

STUDY ON SANITATION INLOW INCOME URBAN COMMU-NITIES IN BLITAR CITY: FASTTRACK ACTIVITIESPublisher: ISSDP-WSP (Water andSanitation Program). The WorldBank, Jakarta February 2006

REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK EVALUATION INBANJARMASIN CITYPublisher: Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development (ISSDP).The World Bank, JakartaApril 2006 - In Bahasa

REGIONAL REPORT ON SEMIANNUAL IMPLEMENTATIONPROGRESS 2007Publisher: DG forRegional Develop-ment, Dept. HomeAffairs. Jakarta2007. In Bahasa

REPORT ON DRINKINGWATER AND SANITA-TION PLANNINGMEETINGPublisher: DG for Re-gional Development,Dept. Home Affairs.Jakarta 2007. In Bahasa

R E G U L A T I O NPERMENDAGRI NOMOR 7 TAHUN 1998TENTANG KEPENGURUSAN PDAM

HOME AFFAIRS MINISTER REGULATION NO. 7 OF 1998 ONPDAM MANAGEMENT (in Bahasa)

COMPILATION OF KABUPATEN TANGERANGREGIONAL REGULATION NUMBERS 11, 12, 13 OF 2002(in Bahasa/English)

B O O KHEALTHY WATER FOR LIFE(HEALTHY LIFESTYLE SERIES)Publisher: Tabloid Gaya Hidup Sehat,Jakarta 2007 (In Bahasa)

THE ULTIMATE WATERRESOURCE GUIDEPublisher: Benson MediaGroup, Singapore, 2007

SANITATION ANDHYGIENE PROMO-TION - PROGRAM-MING GUIDANCEPublisher: WaterSupply and SanitationCollaborative Council(WSSCC) and WorldHealth Organization(WHO), Swiss, 2005

MY EARTH IS COVERED WITH FOG(ENVIRONMENT CARE SERIES)Publisher: Bejis Project (BAPEDAL EastJava Institutional Strengthening Project)AusAID, Surabaya, June 2005(In Bahasa)

M A G A Z I N EAIR BELANDA INDONESIA(Dutch Indonesia Water)Special Edition, June 2007(in Bahasa)

WATER &WASTEWATER ASIAMay/June Edition 2007

AIR MINUM(Drinking Water)Edition 142, July 2007(in Bahasa)

PERCIKEdition 18, April 2007English Version

PERCIK JUNIOREdition 03, August 2007

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY

51PercikAugust 2007

NO T I M E A C T I V I T I E S1 04-05 July 2007 WS for Finalising of CB-WSS Strategy Plan Kab. South Timor Tengah, NTT by WASPOLA

2 05 July 2007 Water Dialogue: Review of Sanitation White Book, at WSS-WG secretariat by ISSDP

3 09 July 2007 Open Partnership Meeting WHWS Program at Dept. Health

4 10-13 July 2007 WS on Formulation of CB-WSS Policy for Kab. Konawe Selatan, N. Sulawesi by WASPOLA

5 12 July 2007 WSS Communication Network Meeting, Jakarta by WSS-WG, WASPOLA, Plan Indonesia, IHE Indonesia

6 16 July 2007 Review of Findings: "Small Scale Water Provider (SSWP) Study" at Bappenas by WASPOLA

7 23-27 July 2007 WS on Basic Facilitation Skill in Yogyakarta by DG PMD, Home Affairs

8 23-24 July 2007 WS on Formulation of CB-WSS Policy for Kab. Bangka by WASPOLA

9 25-26 July 2007 WS on Formulation of CB-WSS Policy for Kab. Jeneponto S. Sulawesi and Bone Bolango, Gorontalo by WASPOLA

10 25-26 July 2007 WS on Strengthening of CB-WSS Communication Strategy for Bangka Belitung Province by WASPOLA

11 30 Jul - 01 Aug '07 Coordination Meeting on CB-WSS National Policy Implementation for Eastern Region Indonesia in Makassar

by Dept. Home Affairs

12 31 July 2007 Talkshow: Optimising stakeholders role to accelerate sanitation development at MetroTV by ISSDP

13 05 August 2007 Water Love Festival, Taman Menteng Jakarta held by CCFI and USAID

14 06 August 2007 Hospitality meeting with mass media, Socialization of National Sanitation Conference, held in Jakarta by ISSDP

15 07-08 August 2007 Coordination Meeting on CB-WSS National Policy Implementation with provincial WSS-WG is W. Sumatra,

Bangka Belitung, Banten and C. Java held in Bandung by Dept. Home Affairs

16 07 August 2007 Meeting of WSS-WG Province Banten held by WSS-WG Prov. Banten

17 08-10 August 2007 WS on Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation and Environmental Sanitation, a cooperation between

GOI-UNICEF in Jakarta, held by WSS-WG and UNICEF

18 13-15 August 2007 WS for Socialization of CB-WSS National Policy held at East Sumba by WASPOLA

19 13-15 August 2007 WSS to finalise CB-WSS Devl Strategy held at Gowa, S. Sulawesi by WASPOLA

20 15 August 2007 National Asset Management Program Assessment (NAMPA) held by GHD in Jakarta

21 20-25 August 2007 WS on Basic Facilitation held at Makassar, by DG PMD, Home Affairs.

22 23 August 2207 WSS to finalise CB-WSS Devl Strategy held at Tanah Datar, W. Sumatra by WASPOLA

23 21 August 2007 Third Meeting of WSS Communication Network held at Bappenas by WSS-WG, WASPOLA and Europromocap IWAT

24 21 August 2007 Press Conference: "Portrait of Success in Urban Sanitation Improvement" at Petojo by ISSDP

25 22-24 August 2007 WS on CB-WSS Devl Strategy Plan Formulation at Sumba Timur, NTT by WASPOLA

26 22-24 August 2007 WS on CB-WSS Devl Strategy Plan Formulation at Jeneponto, S.Sulawesi by WASPOLA

27 23-24 August 2007 WS on CB-WSS Devl Strategy Plan Formulation at Kab. Bangka, Bangka Belitung by WASPOLA

28 27 August 2007 Press Conference: Government Call for Hygiene Life held by ISSDP in Jakarta

29 27-28 August 2007 Preparatory Meeting on Kabupaten level WSS-WG Communication Strategy Implementation and Visit

of Kecamatan level Communication Forum, held by WASPOLA at Kebumen, C. Java

30 28-31 August 2007 National Coordination Meeting on Achievement of Operationalization of Regional Policy Facilitation 204-05 held

at Denpasar, Bali by WASPOLA

31 29 August 2007 Talkshow: Hygiene Behaviour and Feasible Sanitation Technology held by TVRI and ISSDP

32 29-31 August 2007 WS on Basic Facilitation held in Mataram, NTB by DG PMD Home Affairs

AGENDA

Pressure relief valveAlso called Safety Valve - an automatic pressure release when internal pressure of a pipe exceeds beyond a certain limit

Pressure sewersAlso called pressurized sewer system - a sewer system in which wastewater flow to treatment facility is entirely or partially driv-en by a pump

Pre-treatmentProcess for removal of sediment and floating materials in a water treatment.

Primary channelPart of main drainage system that leads to final discharge (recipient water body).

Primary sedimentation tanks Main sedimentation tanks - The tanks where primary (main) of a series of sedimentation processes takes place.

Primary mainsAlso called arterial mains, primary distribution main - Water distribution pipe conveying water from distribution source/instal-lation/reservoir to distribution network (secondary, tertiary) in service areas.

Primary treatmentTreatment stage to make a major (dominant) change to the treated material

Primary (water/wastewater) treatmentThe first stage in water/wastewater treatment - Water/wastewater treatment intended to remove dispersed solid (pollutant)through sedimentation or floating process.

PrivyVery simple communal or individual sanitation facility used for defecation.

ProbabilityAlso called opportunity, possibility, guess.

Process oxidator A package processing unit which combines pre-aeration and sedimentation processes.

PromethiumAn element with atom number 61 and mass weight 144.9128

PropellerRotating component producing turbulence of material (fluid, gas) that comes close to it.

Proper pipe materialOne of preventive measures against pipe corrosion through selection of the most suitable pipe material for the local soil con-dition

Quoted from Dictionary of Foreign of terms and abbreviations of Environmental and Health EngineeringPublisher : Trisakti University

GLOSSARY

Green School. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2007

sandhi eko bramono

south timor tengah

dewi utama faizah

national economic growth

bonto kadatto village

school health unit

hygiene behaviour campaign

total sanitation campaign

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