Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. June 2006. Bantul Completely Shattered

Editorial 1Readers' Voice 2Headlines

AMPL Data, Is It Possible To Be Integrated? 3Different Definition, Different Result 5Toward AMPL Data Integration 6Director of People's Welfare Statistics of BPSOur People Are Not Aware of Data 7Head of Sub Directorate of Data and Information, Directorate General ofCipta Karya: Mutual Consensus is Necessary 8

TelescopeBantul, Completely Shattered 9Emergency Sanitation 13

RegulationsGovernment Regulation No. 2 of 2006 14

InterviewExecutive Director of Dana Mitra Lingkungan ( EnvironmentalPartner Fund): Ir. Sri Bebassari, MSc: Solid Waste Master Plan is a Must 15

ReportageAgrotourism Village In The Corner of Jakarta 20

StorySolid Waste Management Under The Style of Rungkut Lor Community 22

StudyEconomic Review on Water Investment Effect against Indonesian Economy 24

ProgramA Glimpse on Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) 27

InnovationEnvironmental-Friendly Incinerator 29

PerspectiveWater Flows from State to Private 31Temporal Mystery of Hydrologic Civilization 33Challenge of Raw Water Supply in Drinking Water Requirement 37Integrated (Upstream) Catchments Management forPeople's Welfare 41

About AMPL 45About WASPOLA 47CD Info 48Book Info 49Website Info 50 Agenda 51AMPL Literature 52

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Supriyanto, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

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Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

In the mid of this year, Indonesiais exposing to number of naturaldisasters. When people between

Yogyakarta and Central Java washaunted by eruption of Merapi vol-canic, they were suddenly stung by 5.9Richter earthquake. About 6,000 peo-ple died and hundreds of thousandslost houses.

While handling impact of disasterwas not finished, another one came.Blowout of hot mud flooded manyareas in Sidoarjo, East Java. Again,people became victim of mishandlingoil exploration. Although it didn't takevictim, people should evacuate fromtheir settlement to avoid stinkingthick flood of mud. About 3,000 peo-ple were evacuated, tens of hectares ofrice fields were inundated and eco-nomic wheel was restricted becausemud blocked the roadways. Mud hasnot been overcome and suddenly newmud came.

Again, we were stabbed by bigflood striking eight regencies in SouthSulawesi. Almost 200 people died and145 others were disappeared.Hundreds of houses were destroyedby flood that suddenly struck whilepeople were sleeping. Wave ofrefugees was running again. It seemsthat government was out of fund forthe disaster.

What happen to our country mayindicate miserable portrait of ourenvironment. In addition, we seethere is no adequate solution for suchcondition whereas we should be pre-pared regarding we are living in thepotentially hazardous region. Asresult, we can only rely on God andhope His Mercy that we will be pro-tected from other next calamities andapologize for all our mischief to Hisearth. On the other side, let's givehand to our brothers!

With regard to this, in this timePercik will take a look to emergencysituation in Bantul aftermath. Theregency lying in the south ofYogyakarta is chosen because this isthe region with severest damage andtaking most tolls. We will certainly seehow water and sanitation condition inthe region is. We hope we could learnfrom the lesson, especially in pre-paring disaster response plan in thewater and sanitation sector.

In interview column, we will pre-sent "the queen of waste", SriBebassari to discuss out current wastecondition and what we will do in thefuture. This issue is importantbecause we are being in the emer-gency situation of waste. Case ofBandung city can be precedent forpoor management of urban waste,and the same may take place in theother cities. It needs much moreattention from the stakeholders, or

otherwise we will be exposed to ahorrible 'ghost' of waste.

In the headline, we invite you tosee discussion about AMPL data. It isfact that we have abundant data in thesame sector. Each institution has itsown data and criteria and this resultsin overlapping. Whose data is right?Nobody knows. Why does it happen?This condition will clearly affectdevelopment planning in the future aswell as accurate assessment of thedevelopment performance.

Dear readers, in the mid of uncer-tain condition, we involve with envi-ronmental exhibition in the JakartaConvention Hall. Alhamdulillah,many visitors welcomed us in PokjaAMPL-WASPOLA booth. Tens of visi-tors subscribed to Percik and dis-cussed about AMPL sector. We hopethis communication will go continu-ously.

Regards.

EDITORIAL

Percik June 2006 1

SOURCE:DORMARINGAN HS

Pokja AMPL-WASPOLA booth was crowded with visitors.

Column of Technology

Thank you for sending us thenewest edition of Percik, April 2006.This journal is good and informative.

I suggest you to highlightreportage about experiences inthe developing countries inline with water and sanitation,either in community or urbanscale. There should be also co-lumn of appropriate technolo-gy application, from the exis-ting technologies taught byour ancestors, for examplewaterwheel in West Sumatera,until advanced ones, and ex-plain how to apply them, res-trictions, and how they areaddressed with the current sci-ence and technology.

Good luck.Max Pohan

Expert Staff of Minister of NationalPlanning and Development

In the field of Development Monitoring

We have always presented co-lumn of technology. Thank you forsuggestion. (Editorial)

Toward Free OpenDefecation

Lembak Sub-district is located inMuara Enim Regency of SouthSumatera Province consisting of 18villages and having population ofabout 29,306 individuals or 7,531families. Many people earn livingfrom rubber plantation. Sanitation isinsufficient. People who have and usefamily latrine are only 2,818 familiesor about 37.41% of total families withlatrine of 2,308 units throughoutLembak Sub-district.

This condition urges Puskesmas

(local clinic) to make a move towardFree Open Defecation by using CLTSmethod. On 4-7 July 2005, CLTStraining was held in Muara Enim Sub-district facilitated by three personnel

including 2 sanitarians and I myself.Then, We organize CLTS training on8-11 February for all Puskesmas avail-able in Lembak. And from the trai-ning, a CLTS team was establishedconsisting of ten personnel and wecall it "Triggering and Drive Team forChange", and this team establishes awork plan to follow up the training.Formerly, we also conduct CLTSsocialization in several events suchsub-district coordinating meetingattended by Head of Sub-district, sub-district staff, heads of institutions, allheads of villages of Lembak sub-dis-trict, and then PKK meeting and vil-lage midwife.

Afterward, we make triggering toall villages of Puskesmas Lembakareas everyday from 22 February2006 - 31 March 2006. And everySaturday, villages that have been trig-gered in that week are invited toattend the meeting held in PuskesmasLembak in order to conclude villageagreement, show movie of CLTS deve-lopment in India, Bangladesh and

Babat Village, a village of LembakSub-district that has been successfullyfree open defecation, in order toenhance their perspective and moti-vate their actions. They have their

own strategy to follow upcommitment made in the vil-lage by establishing smallgroups.

Each village is in the com-petition to declare their vil-lage free open defecate, andeven the small groups estab-lished in the village also fol-low competition to finish la-trine construction that is onthe account of their respec-tive group. Tanjung Tiga vil-lage is even willingly to post-pone the “ngetam” (rice har-

vest) to make latrine, which is realizedfor two weeks. Some villages are evenout of latrine stock in the store.

Since CLTS is implemented for 5weeks, there have been 1,097 units ofadditional latrine with latrine users being1,956 families. Some villages that havejust been triggered for few days haveadded their latrine. From the result of ourmonitoring until 4 April 2006, latrineuser increases from 37.41% to 62.95%.

We usually conduct triggering out-side working hours in the afternoon.Besides, we always make revisit to seetheir progress and record their work.

We hope this writing will be usefulfor readers and motivate us, especial-ly health personnel, to care of peoplein their respective work area. We donot find any difficulties in facilitation;the important thing is strong commit-ment and will.

Drg. P. Agustine SiahaanHead of Puskesmas

Lembak Sub-district of MuaraEnim Regency

South Sumatera Province

READERS' VOICE

Percik June 2006 2

SOURCE:AGUSTINE SIAHAAN

Good developmental gover-nance is indicated by trans-parency, accountability and

community participation. Develop-ment plan is implemented based onbaseline data, development trend, de-mand projection, and resources allo-cation.

Article 31 of Law No. 25 of 2004regarding National Planning Systemstated that development plan should

be based on accurate and accountabledata. As consequence, the need foraccountable data is a must. Use of ac-curate and up to date data willencourage efficient and effectivedevelopment.

In general, data provides threemajor functions, namely as informa-tion source, measuring tool, and com-parative tool. As information source,data can present development

achievement, what has been imple-mented, what has not, which part hasnot covered by the development. Withdata, we can measure how far thedevelopment has achieved the giventarget. As control, data may indicateeffectiveness of an activity.

Besides function, data playsimportant role in the planning untilmeasurement of development achie-vement as decision supporting system

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 3

Water and Sanitation DataIs It Possible

To Be Integrated?

ILLUSTRATION BY www.rudikoz.com

and control to prevent mistake recur-rence and program repetition, andsupport implementation of transpa-rent, accountable and participatorygovernment.

Seeing the role of developmentdata, its availability is the key to suc-cessful development. Imagine how thedecision can be taken without eligiblesupporting data as basis for the deci-sion making. It is sure that the resultwill be different from expectation oreven unsuitable at all.

In the developing countries, deve-lopment database receives importantattention. Data system appliedenables availability of all data asrequired. Such condition will allowefficient and effective implementationof development.

AMPL Data in IndonesiaIndonesia which has been inde-

pendent since 1945 should havedetailed development database.However the fact tells different.Development data system is un-suitable with expectation. Until today,numbers of development data is stilldifficult to access. If any, it is ofteninsufficient. Unsurprisingly, the datacannot be analyzed as basis for deci-sion making.

This fact also covers water andsanitation (AMPL) sector, whereasdevelopment in this sector has existedcomprehensively and systematicallysince PELITA I. However, the deve-lopment of physical facilities is notfollowed by integrated data collection.Many relevant institutions issue theAMPL data. For example, Ministry ofHealth, Ministry of Public Work, orMinistry of Home Affairs has its owndata. As result, there would be diffe-

rent number for the same category ortarget group.

This is understandable consi-dering that each institution will focuson achieving target of developmentimplemented by the relevant institu-tion. Such different data is also causedby different definition, variable cate-gorization, data collection method,and reliability of human resourcesthat process and manage the data.

Such various data cannot certainlybe integrated simply. On the otherside, development data must be avail-able. Solution is by using data issuedby Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS)as the authorized data-issuing agency.This AMPL data is collected based onresult of National Social EconomicSurvey (SUSENAS). The SUSENASdata is used as reference, especially toevaluate MDGs achievement.

Availability of AMPL data in BPSis very limited. Why? Because AMPLdata has not been considered special-ly treated variable comparable toother sectors such as agriculture orrice sale survey. In SUSENAS, scopeof questions for this sector is also li-mited. For example, no BPS dataavailable on how many eligible borewell, minimum 10 meter from septictank. This survey only highlights glo-bal issues.

Unavailability of detailed dataencourages relevant institution out-side BPS to make more particular sur-vey. Therefore, each institutionadopts method considered suitablewith data required.

Unfortunately, during data survey,coordination among institutions andbetween those institutions and BPScompetent surveyor has not beenestablished as expected. Data overlap-

ping is found anywhere. Different de-finition in the institution and commu-nity level continues to occur. Veryoften, AMPL facility is not surveyedaccurately in the community levelbecause it is defined differently.Community perception is differentfrom surveyor's causing the samefacility is put on the different data.Different data also occurs due to dif-ferent technical criteria on facility andinfrastructure.

Future ChallengeUnavailability of standard data re-

flecting real condition of AMPL sectorand as reference for all stakeholders isclearly unbeneficial from developmentand outsider's view. This indicates lack ofgood governance. Therefore, synergyamong stakeholders and between stake-holders and BPS should be established.

Many things can be done togethersuch as making comparative analysis onhow to define, collect and aggregate thecurrent AMPL sector. It is also importantthat the stakeholders re-identify categoryof AMPL data required either in nationalor locals level for synchronization withSUSENAS, which is conducted by BPS,and identify stakeholders' role and res-ponsibility for AMPL data management.

The equally important thing is to bu-ild mutual consensus among AMPL sta-keholders in the classifying, collectingand managing the AMPL data especial-ly for baseline data and MDGs moni-toring. Here, stakeholders should meettogether and discuss the matter. It isideal that local government also partici-pates in the discussion because it is thecentral point of data collection in thelocal level. It is the local governmentwho recognizes AMPL data in its regionand verifies data issued by BPS. MJ

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 4

Definition plays importantrole in the data collection.Different definition will pro-

duce totally different result. The-refore, establishment of the same de-finition will be first and main thing todo before data collection, or other-wise, the result will be different oneanother. This is the thing that goes inthe presentation of water and sanita-tion (AMPL) data in Indonesia so far.

Table 1 presents example of diffe-rent definitions in the water sector todistinguish between good and badcategory according to IndonesianMDGs monitoring report and BPS.

The abovementioned table high-lights the protected water sources,where MDGs considers public hy-drant the protected water sources,while BPS does not. It is possible thatBPS considers hydrant part ofpipeline system because it takes waterfrom the pipeline. Whilst, MDGs con-siders public hydrant an independent

water source because its distributionis totally different although comingfrom the same source. It is more dis-tinct in considering the unprotected

water sources. In this category, BPSincludes river into the unprotectedsource, while MDGs does not and inthe contrary includes water fromhandcart into it.

Definition used by the data sourceis also not suitable with definition ofimproved and unimproved water andsanitation, which is currently used to

monitor MDGs achievement of hou-sing and settlement sector in the glo-bal level. Besides, such different defi-nition also occurs in the communitylevel. Such difference pertains to per-ception between community and sur-veyor. This allows the same facilityput in the different data cluster.

In addition to definition issue,there is a different method used byeach institution according to serviceprovider point of view. Table 2 pre-sents one example of unsynchronizeddata of various institutions.

Data in the table 2 indicatesUNICEF and WHO collecting data fromSUSENAS but with significantly diffe-rent number. Which one is correct?

Certainly all the data is correctbecause it is based on its own argu-mentation. The question, is such dif-ference remaining to be perpetuated?In respect of data, there should beintegration. (MJ/GUS)

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 5

Different Definition,Different Result

DataIssuanceUNICEF

WHO

PublicWorks

PERPAMSIDirectory

BPS (non piping)

Area

UrbanRuralTotalUrbanRuralTotalUrbanRuralTotalUrbanRuralTotalUrban

1994

43,0

1996

89,161,571,454,434,341,5

1997

90,865,775,072,845,255,4

1998

90,867,376,455,235,943,1

36,8

36,862,2

1999

91,767,777,155,535,643,4

2000

90,168,778,2

51,7

51,7

2001

90,667,077,2

2002

91,468,578,761,440,850,0

Source

SUSENAS

SUSENAScalculation forMDG'S DGURD, PU

PERPAMSI

BPS

Table 2 Water Service Coverage according to Different Institution

Table 1Category of clean water according

to different statistical reports

1995

87,357,467,752,630,838,5

63,6

BPS

1. Mineralized water (including refill)

2. Unprotected well3. Unprotected spring4. River5. Others (lake, pond, etc.)

Indonesian MDGsReport

1. Cart2. Mineralized water3. Water from

tank truck4. Unprotected well5. Unprotected spring

BPS

1. Pipeline system2. Bore well3. Protected well4. Protected spring5. Rain water

Indonesian MDGsReport

1. Pipeline system2. Public hydrant 3. Bore well4. Protected well5. Protected spring6. Rain water

PROTECTED CLEAN WATER UNPROTECTED CLEAN WATER

Data integration should beinevitably conducted by allAMPL stakeholders in view

of its urgency. Of course the process isnot so simple. Each stakeholdershould eliminate 'individual', overlap-ping and unorganized data manage-ment.

For more integrated and reliabledata management, there should be anumber of steps such as making com-parative analysis on how to define,collect and aggregate the currentAMPL sector, mainly by BPS and rele-vant institutions. It is also importantthat the stakeholders re-identify cate-gory of AMPL data required either innational or locals level for synchro-nization with SUSENAS, which is con-ducted by BPS, and identify stake-holder's role and responsibility forAMPL data management. The processwill inevitably require participation ofall stakeholders, which aims to buildmutual consensus for the issue.

Besides, Local Government alsohas significant role. It should proac-tively recognize the AMPLdata under its territory.Thereby, AMPL data ma-nagement will become sy-nergic network with goodhorizontal or vertical con-nection. Through the pro-cess, we expect that datamanagement will be effec-tive, efficient, and remainsachievable and reasonable.

First StepDuring period of 2006,

Pokja AMPL (Water andSanitation Working Gro-

up) consisting of AMPL stakeholdersestablishes a program to realize theobjective. This program consists ofvarious components such as:

Proposition of data change inSUSENAS-BPS

This component includes ac-tivities such as serial meeting,workshop, proposition process,implementation of the proposedchange in 2007 SUSENAS-BPSwork; Development of synergic networkin the data management amongAMPL stakeholders

This component includes:Consolidation of data and infor-mation including results of stu-dies conducted by stakeholdersfor compilation, categorization,interchange, and publication(books, CDs, website)Consolidation of AMPL data ma-nagement program from eachstakeholderGrand design of AMPL data ma-nagement, from comparative

analysis in the form of AMPLdata management study in eachTechnical Department

Socialization in the local level re-garding importance of AMPL da-tabase compilation as matter ofMDGs achievement monitoring

This component includes:To communicate importance ofdata management for the regionin each implementation of otherAMPL programsTo monitor and evaluate imple-mentation of AMPL data manage-ment in the local level To facilitate region in the datamanagement

These programs are supported byall parties concerning with AMPLdata development such as Bappenas,BPS, Ministry of Public Work,Ministry of Home Affairs, and StateMinistry for Environment. Interna-tional agencies also participate suchas UNICEF, and AusAID throughWASPOLA program. Upon support ofthese stakeholders, we hope that

AMPL data manage-ment will be imple-mented integrally andholistically but remaineffective and efficient.

Indeed, the result isstill vague. But, fromactivities involving thestakeholders, we areabout to feel atmos-phere toward AMPLdata integration. Wehope that the AMPLdata integration willcome true.

(GUS/MJ)

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 6

Toward AMPL Data Integration

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

1.

2.

3.

H ow is data managementconcept in the National

Statistics System?The concept is to establish an

order consisting of regularly relatedelements to form total statisticalimplementation. As we recognize thatstatistical agencies include CentralBureau of Statistics (BPS) that issuesbaseline statistics, government insti-tution (sectoral) that issues sectoralstatistics and community that issuesspecial-purpose statistics. To createtotality in the statistical implementa-tion, coordination among the threeagencies is necessary in terms of plan-ning, collection, and/or analysis ofstatistical data, which can lead tohomogeneity of concept, definition,classification, and measures in orderto produce complete, accurate, and upto date statistical data as well as avoidduplication.

How can you explain BPS rolein the national statistical datamanagement?

BPS role is to be center for statisti-cal reference. It means that each sta-tistical work made either by govern-ment institution or communityshould be informed of its planning byfollowing recommendation providedby BPS and delivering the result to BPS.In this respect, government institutionor community is allowed to make itsown statistics. However, such as activityshould involve BPS if it is conducted bymeans of census or covering populationin the national level.

How can BPS effectivelyimplement the role and what isrestriction?

The most important thing BPSshould do is to socialize Law No. 16 of1997 regarding Statistics andGovernment Regulation No. 51 of1999 regarding statistical implemen-tation to all statistics-related persons,including community as respondent.Restriction encountered is that peopleare less aware of importance of com-plete, accurate and up to date data sothat it affects quality of data producedfrom statistical work.

Presentation of statisticalnumber is often "overlapping",either issued by technical (sec-toral) department or by BPS.What has BPS done for solution?

For internal BPS, Insya Allah such"overlapping" will not be foundbecause BPS implements one-stop

service for data demand, namelythrough Directorate of StatisticalDissemination in cooperation withrelevant BPS organization unit.Whilst for external BPS, it is recog-nized that there are many things thatmust be done to overcome the "over-lapping" issue. So far, BPS has madeefforts by inviting relevant institu-tions for cooperation prior to statisti-cal work. For example, BPS invitessome relevant institutions in aninterdepartmental meeting to prepareNational Social Economic Survey(SUSENAS) and socializes the resultsthrough seminar, etc. Besides, BPSsends Sectoral Statistical SurveyNotification Form (FS3) to the rele-vant institutions to complete as peravailable questions on statistical workconducted by the institution. BPSthen conducts, scrutinizes and evalu-ates the proposed survey design forrecommendation granted to the rele-vant institution. If recommendation isnot granted, the institution is notallowed to conduct statistical work.

How far is response of sec-toral department to these BPSefforts?

So far, response of relevant institu-tions is good by attending activities heldby BPS. However, Sectoral StatisticalSurvey Notification Form (FS3) is insuf-ficient. Institution that routinelyresponds to BPS efforts is Bank Indo-nesia. Thus, recommendation that BPSalways issues is automatically for BankIndonesia. (GUS/MJ)

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 7

Director of People's Welfare Statistics of BPS, Ahrizal Manaf

Our People Are Not Aware of DataSOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

H ow is data and informationmanagement concept in

the Directorate General of Hu-man Settlement?

Before reestablishment of Direc-torate General of Human Settlement,there were applications of data mana-gement. Organizational structure of,formerly Directorate General of TPTP,was divided into areas and the eacharea was subdivided into sectors.Each directorate referred to datarequired as per work scope by usingdifferent method of data collection,depending on available fund and col-lection time. There was no optimumintegration. Since reestablishment ofDirectorate General of Human Set-tlement in 2005, it has Subdit of Data andInformation under Directorate of Pro-gram Development that holds responsi-ble for data collection and managementas well as progress report of developmentunder Human Settlement. Thank Godthat in the 2005-2009 Strategic Plan ofMinistry of Public Work, Data Ma-nagement and Information Dissemi-nation become priority of development.

What are restrictions encoun-tered in the data management?

If we look back, especially in thelast 1 year, there were so many restric-tions, at least there were four restric-tions: firstly, data. Maintenance of theexisting data is insufficient and rarelybacked up. Procedural bypass is oftenconducted in data retrieval so that thefile will be blown up; secondly, appli-cation. So far, any third party that ma-kes many applications does not deli-ver program and code sources to data

provider. Some applicationscannot be used via networkbecause they have differentplatforms; thirdly, hardware.Hardware procurement isnot coordinated adequately.Hardware upgrading less an-ticipates demand for load,speed, and capacity of datastorage; fourthly, Human Resources.Our human resources have not beenready for change in informationtechnology. IT minded has not beenentrenched in our daily activities.

How to address such restric-tions?

We are preparing Master Plan ofManagement Information System (RISIM). We hope the master plan will beaccomplished in the end of this year andit will be socialized to all stakeholdersabout development plan in the future.

Very often, sectoral data issuedby another institution is different.How do you comment this?

Well, we must see the background.It is like in our work unit. Each insti-tution collects data as per demandand interest. In this case, we will seewhich is the up to date, and whetherthe issuing institution has competen-cy to do so.

What possibly causes suchdifference?

As I told you that it is due to differentinterest and purpose of each institution.Sometimes any institution publishesdata without considering function ofanother competent institution that is

supposed to make it.

What efforts havingbeen taken to bridge thedifference?

There should be consen-sus among relevant institu-tions and who is responsiblefor what data. We have

made this with BAPPENAS and BPSfor AM and PLP data. We meettogether to unite our perception, defi-nition, indicators, variables, and pro-cedure of data collection as per BPSstandard and thus data validity isgranted. BPS is the competent autho-rity for publication of the nationaldata. We, together with BAPPENASand BPS, will conduct tryout this yearand will arrange SUSENAS in 2007.

How far relationship betweenMinistry of Public Work and BPSin this National Statistical System?

Until 2005, we have establishedcooperation with BPS in the settlementdata and information collection. At thetime being, Directorate General of Hou-sing and Settlement was existed. Starting2006, such function is taken over byDirectorate General of Human Settle-ment. Today, rearrangement of questi-ons for SUSENAS 2007 is being conduc-ted pertaining to AM and PLP in coope-ration with BAPPENAS and BPS. Wehope this will continue in the future con-sidering that data collected should betime-series and we are fully recognizethat BPS is highly competent in conduc-ting data survey and management whichwill be reference for us to implementthe prescribed policy. (MJ/GUS)

HEADLINES

Percik June 2006 8

Head of Sub Directorate of Data and Information,Directorate General of Human Settlement, Ministry of Public Work, Dwityo A. Soeranto

Mutual Consensus is NecessarySOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

TELESCOPE

Percik June 2006 9

It was 05.53 hrs local time. ManyYogya people and the vicinity werestill at home having their breakfast

before they left for work. Suddenly, earthshook dreadfully. Earthquake was com-ing. Data from Meteorology andGeophysical Agency indicated 5.9 atRichter scale. People were topsy-turvyrun out of the house to save their life.Some were left hit by collapsed houses.Many of them were dead and injured.

Panic covered the area right afterearthquake because rumor of tsunamiwas blowing up. People run away towardnorth. Roads from Bantul (in south) toYogyakarta were crowded by vehiclesand the running people and in this messy

situation, accident was unavoidable andcaused injury to some people. And fortu-nately rumor of tsunami was not evident.People went back. Some were gratefulbecause their houses only damagedslightly whilst many other should shedtears because they lost some of theirbeloved families and houses.

In day five after disaster, ruins ofhouses still heaped in place. They didn'twant to put aside the ruins first. Most ofthem only thought how to get food,which was not distributed well until aweek after disaster. The remote areaswere very apprehensive because of lackof foods and drugs.

Some excavators coming from vari-

ous regions to clean the ruins were notdoing anything but only parked in theoffice of Cipta Karya Service. Peopledidn't want to have their houses cleanedbecause they heard statement of VicePresident Yusuf Kalla that earthquakevictims will be granted Rp. 10-30 millionper house depending severity. Theywanted to clean the ruins after data sur-vey has finished.

In emergency situation, they referredstaying under emergency tents. Not likein Aceh where refugees were concen-trated in the shelters, Yogya people andthe vicinity referred staying around theirruined houses. They built temporaryshelters by using tents and iron sheeting.Some of them even stayed in the open airupon reason that they wanted to care fortheir goods; moreover rumor of theft wasprevalent. Unsurprisingly, they suspec-ted everyone who visited their locationwithout identity or just to take a look toavailable ruins.

Good Water, Open DefecationGood Water, Open Defecation

NOBODY KNOWS. EVERYTHING GOES SO QUICKLY. HOUSESRUINED IN FEW SECOND. ABOUT 6,000 LIVES WERE DEAD.HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS PEOPLE LOST HOUSES.BANTUL REGENCY WAS THE REGION WITH SEVERESTCONDITION. YOGYAKARTA AND THE VICINITY ARE GRIEVING.

A big pamphlet was saying "Kami bukantontonan" (We're not the object ofwatch), or "Ini bukan daerah wisatagempa" (This is not an earthquake tour).

AMPL ConditionIn general, water in the affected area

is still adequate. People's bore wells areusable although they have to be cleanedfrom ruins. Meanwhile, people changedto bail water from the wells.

Head of RT 8/13 Kanubayan hamlet,Trirenggo village, Bantul Sub-district ofBantul Regency, Karyadi explained thatwater does not matter. However, becauseelectricity was cut off, they should bailwater from the wells, whilst they usuallyused water pump.

It was different in RT. 02 Sawunganhamlet, Sumbermulyo village, Bambang-lipuro Sub-district of Bantul Regency,well water was slightly odor and turbidbut usable. "Not too bad, we can still usethe water", said Sukindro, one of localpeople while pointing wall ruins that fellinto well.

In RW 39 Derman, SumbermulyoVillage of Bambanglipuro Sub-district ofBantul, the damaged houses reached90%. Their 90% well pump didn't work."We have water deficit here," said Headof RW, Suwandi DS.

Water is available for drinking andcooking, but is not sufficient for bathingtwice as usual. "Now we take a bath onlyonce and still have to wait until nightbecause bathing location is unclosed,"said Sukindro.

This water issue has been paid atten-tion. One unit of water treatment truckas result of cooperation between Direc-torate General of Human Settlement,ALPI ITB and Kodam III Siliwangi wasdeployed to produce clean water.Distribution was undertaken by vo-lunteers from the institution of other

regions. Public hydrants were alsodeployed in 25 water-sensitive points.UNICEF was to provide 50 publichydrants and hundreds gallons of water.Water was then sufficient although notmeeting standard.

However, the main problem was sa-nitation. Closets were destroyed coin-

ciding with houses collapse. In Bantularea in particular, bathrooms and closetswere built attaching to houses. Such con-dition has changed people behavior indefecation. They were again to defecateopenly.

River became choice. "By chance,we're close to Winongo and KalisoroRivers. The water is running. It is emer-gency, isn't it? What can we do then withgrounded bathrooms and closets," saidSuwandi. According to him, he and otherpeople understand that sanitation is sub-stantial, but all to do now is rescue."I just think about sanitation after dayeight. But it's just thinking, I don't knowwhether or not it is done," said the for-mer member of Local Parliament.

"Morning becomes a trend; in thedawn people are going to river," saidSukindro. People didn't want to defecatearound the ruins. "People here areashamed of defecation around the house.At least, only children will do it," he said

TELESCOPE

Percik June 2006 10

Bantul 223.117 779.287 4.143 8.673 3.353 71.763 71.372 73.669 236 401 268

Sleman 95.865 364.258 243 689 2.539 19.113 27.687 49.065 2 159 281

Yogyakarta 48.808 205.625 204 245 73 7.186 14.561 21.230 22 144 104

Kln. Progo 19.090 74.976 23 282 1.897 4.527 5.178 8.501 1 20 110 11 177 123 39 57

Gng. Kidul 43.042 179.631 84 1.086 0 12.581 5.950 18.178 307 11 135 280 120

Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Lokasi Victim Kerusakan (Rumah Penduduk) Fasilitas Umum

Family Individual Death Serious Lk Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan Tempat Ibadah Sekolah Bang Pemerintah

Roboh Berat Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan

Total 429.922 1.603.777 4.697 18.837 7.862 115.170 124.748 170.643 1 20 653 282 1.016 1.056 120 39 57

In general,water in the affectedarea is still adequate.

People's bore wells areusable although they have

to be cleanedfrom ruins.

Meanwhile, peoplechanged to bail water

from the wells.

Table of Total Victims and Damage Caused by Earthquake

Yogyakarta Special Region

Source: Yogyakarta Special Region Center News, June 17, 2006

Lokasi Korban Kerusakan (Rumah Penduduk) Fasilitas Umum

KK Jiwa Meninggal Lk Berat Lk Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan Tempat Ibadah Sekolah Bang Pemerintah

Roboh Berat Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan Roboh Berat Ringan

Kab. Klaten 1.045 18.127 29.988 62.979 98.552 46 230 22 76 430 439

Kab. Magelang 1.318 5.108 10 386 386 546 1 20 54 56 36 60

Kab. Boyolali 4 300 307 696 708 2 1

Kab. Sukoharjo 3 67 51 1.808 2.475 27 45 6 14 7

Kab. Wonogiri 0 4 17 12 74 25

Kab. Purworejo 1 4 10 214 780 26 87

Total 1.318 5.108 1.063 18.502 30.759 66.095 103.136 47 303 208 163 482 507

Central Java

Total DIY&Jateng 431.240 1,608.885 5.760 37.339 145.929 190.843 273.779 653 329 1.319 1.264 283 521 564

Bantul Reg.

Sleman Reg.

Yogyakarta City

Kulon Progo Reg.

Gunung Kidul Reg.

Location

1.608.885

SeriousInjury

MinorInjury Collapse

Collapse Mayor Minor Collapse Mayor Minor Collapse Mayor Minor

Mayor Minor Praying Place School Government Bank

Damage (Public Resident)Victim General Facility

Location SeriousInjury

DeathIndividualFamily MinorInjury Collapse

Collapse Mayor Minor Collapse Mayor Minor Collapse Mayor Minor

Mayor Minor Praying Place School Government Bank

Damage (Public Resident)Victim General Facility

while pointing a river ranging about 200m from village.

Besides involuntariness, it wascaused by trauma. This is what felt bypeople in Pajimatan hamlet, Girirejo vil-lage, Imogiri Sub-district of Bantul. "Iencourage people to defecate in the river,because they're still afraid of earthquake.I myself go to the river for that purpose,"said Abdul Gani, LPMD advisor of thevillage. In this area, people also usedpublic bath available in Imogiri bus sta-tion but the capacity is not sufficient.

Such behavior caused problem. Until1 June 2006 (day five after disaster), allhospitals and health coordinating postsreported to have treated diarrheapatients, either adults or children.Diarrhea attack has been predictedbefore. This is most likely to availabledue to poor sanitation and open dumpedwaste that invites the pest. The availablebathing facility is insufficient. Besidesdiarrhea, other predicted diseasesinclude ISPA (respiratory infection) andsmallpox among children.

Emergency closets were not availablealthough they have been initiated. Forexample, Government of DKI Jakartasent several units of public toilet thatwere deployed in the field of Trirenggovillage, Bantul, just in front of Regent'sofficial house as Posko Satkorlak daerah(Local Taskforce Coordinating Post).This quantity was very insufficient com-pared to the affected area.

Solid Waste, in emergency situation,has not been paid attention. It is surethat debris will be abundant. Such debriswas not removed at all because itrequired so many personnel. Some vic-tims' families from outside the area spe-cially came to clean the debris. Amountof houses removed of debris were sosmall. Some people used the ruin torebuild their houses.

Meanwhile, Waste Water TreatmentPlant (IPAL) Yogyakarta located inSewon, Bantul seemed to be safe. Onlyroads around the IPAL were cracked. Itis likely that the crack also took place inthe bottom area of the plant. However, itis difficult to prove because IPAL cannotbe stopped of operation. So far, peopleliving around the plant didn't have anycomplaint of waste water seepage intotheir wells.

In the future, during recovery, recon-

struction and rehabilitation, thereshould be reliable personnel in the fieldof sanitation, surveillance and nutrition.All to do is guiding the people becausethey are willingly to participate. Theyalso have great motivation for revival.Some of them are even committed to befree from subsidy. (Mujiyanto, based onmonitoring on days 4 and 6 after disas-ter).

(Mujiyanto, by virtue of

the 4-6th day review of after disaster)

TELESCOPE

Percik June 2006 11

C an you explain conditionof PDAM Bantul due to

earthquake last Saturday?PDAM Bantul provides 12 water

systems located in several sub-dis-tricts. From the amount, eight sys-tems have been operated on day 5(Wednesday/7/6), while 4 other ha-ve not. There is still a trouble. Thesuspended ones are available inDlingo, Trimulyo, Srandakan, andPlandak. The cause is electricity cutoff.

Have the operating onesbeen normal?

Not maximal, but at least theycan produce again. As I say that it'sdue to electricity cut off, and thesecond factor is interrupted distri-bution. So far, the damaged distri-bution lines are about 10%. Unsur-prisingly, water is still turbid insome locations because there maybe leakage. We are always attemp-ting to fix it.

How many consumer areinterrupted of water distribu-tion?

About 2,000 of 11,500 con-sumers of PDAM Bantul. It shouldbe understood that most of Bantulpeople live in the village and getwater from bore wells and pumps.Water here is so clean and shallow.

How can PDAM anticipatethis emergency condition, es-pecially for the consumers?

We provide public hydrants.Until now we have provided 50 pub-

YUDI INDARTO,Administration Director of PDAM, Bantul Regency

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

TELESCOPE

Percik June 2006 12

C an you explain conditionof health service in

Bantul Regency?Today, whole Puskesmas ser-

vice is collapse. This is becausealmost 65% Puskesmas weredestroyed or damaged so that theycannot be used to serve the peo-ple.

How is the service ren-dered to the affected victims?

Currently we've got medicalaids as much as 500 general prac-titioners and 50 specialists plus1,000 nurses complete with medi-cine. We also receive field hospi-tal. Thank God that RSUD(Emergency Hospital) is still func-tioning. There are three field hos-pitals with capacity 100 beds, res-pectively. The hospitals are avail-able in Dwiwindu field, RS PKUMuhammadiyah, and RS Panem-bahan Senopati. We'll immediate-ly send the ill people to the fieldhospital. All services are free ofcharge, including those in privatehospital. It will be government'saccount.

How long will this emer-gency situation persist?

About 10 days.

What is the next planafterward?

We have anticipated that dis-eases will prevail following thedisaster due to poor sanitation.This possibly happens becausemany sanitary facilities were da-maged so that people defecate inthe open areas. Thus, we'restarting to make spraying for pest(flies) control. We also encouragepeople to be aware of defecation.We keep coordinating with anyrelevant institutions for watersupply to meet people demand.

What diseases have beendetected?

They include respiratory ins-pection (ISPA), dermatitis, diar-rhea, trachoma, and ear-nose-throat (THT) disease.

What actions do you takefollowing emergency situation?

We want Puskesmas operateagain. We want the damagedPuskesmas building rebuilt soon-er. This is very important. Be-sides, we're establishing coopera-tion with Public Work Service toreconstruct sanitary facilities forthe affected persons.

Is there any aid needed?From medical viewpoint, it is

enough for this emergency situation.However, we need sanitarians, sur-veillants and nutritionists. (MJ)

lic hydrants for refuge coordinatingposts. One public hydrant has capacityof 3,000 liters. These are not only forour consumers but also for other peo-ple. The hydrants are supplied fromwater treatment plants (IPA) by using18 units of tank trucks.

Is the available Public Hy-drant adequate?

No, it isn't. Ideally, there should beminimum 150 units of public hy-drants. However, we admit that we ha-ve many weaknesses.

What do you mean?We get no fund for the allocation.

We're still making proposal and we don'tknow when the fund can be disbursed. Onthe other side, we also sustain the inci-dent. Almost 80% of our personnel aresuffering. One of them was dead, Sarjono.The operational is practically disrupted. Itshould be aware of, current operation isconducted by external parties such as per-sonnel of other PDAMs that served asdriver, IPA operators, etc. We have notactually been recovered, but we shouldopen from the morning until 21.00 hrs.

Talking about electricity, isPDAM Bantul not having its ownpower plant?

We have only one unit of mobilegenset so that it cannot be applied be-cause everything needs electric. So, wewait for electric power from PLN.

What is urgent for PDAMBantul?

In such emergency situation, weneed human resources. Besides, weneed tank truck for water distribution.We have only two units of tank trucksso far. (MJ)

dr. SITI NOOR ZAENAB, MKes,Head of Health Service of Bantul Regency

After the earthquake on Satur-day, May 27th 2006 at 5.53am, which destroyed or da-

maged the houses of 200.000 peopleand killed more than 6200 people inthe Yogyakarta and Central Javaregion, emergency aid already arrivedand eased the suffer of most of the vic-tims.

In a next step emergency sanita-tion facilities have to be wiselyplanned and implemented in time inorder to reduce the risks of outbreaksof communicable diseases in the shel-ters. Those shelters, providing spacefor 150-500 persons each, are estab-lished near the destroyed houses ofthe victims. Coordination posts(POSKO) channel the emergency aidto the communities seeking shelter inthose places. First cases of local out-breaks of diarrhea already occur bythis day.

A lesson learned from the Acehexperience is the need to reduce wastewater volume in shelters, as septictanks are not designed to adsorb hugeamounts of water. Capacity ofvacuum trucks for evacuationof wastewater is limited, alsothe capacity of possiblereceiving points for thesludge and wastewater treat-ment. The Waste Water Tre-atment Plant in Sewon, Ban-tul District, experiencedcracks in the pond structure.A continuously operation willcause ground water pollutionin the nearby area.

The concept of the new emergencysanitation application:

Waste Water Reduction by limitingthe amount of water used and sepa-rating grey and blackwaterBlackwater treatment using a modi-fied DEWATS principle, where pre-fabricated water tanks are modifiedand arranged in a way to achieve abaffled anaerobic reactor of 8 stagesSedimentation and surface dis-charge/infiltration of the greywaterand treated blackwaterSeparation of the sub-units (tanks)and connection with flexible joints(silicon) to allow stability against ongoing aftershocks of the earthquake.

The unit includes a water tank forfreshwater. No water pipes areinstalled to the toilet rooms. Usershave to carry water in 8 l buckets tothe toilet. This is to insure a minimumbut effective use of water. A pipingsystem into the toilet rooms would

increase the waste water volume by upto 8 times, shown by the experiencesin Aceh.

An operator is assigned and paid afee of 600.000 Rupiah (equal to 50Euro) per months. This ensures clean-ingness of the facilities.

The applied waste water treatmentby the DEWATS principle will allow areduction of BOD and COD, the indi-cators for organic pollution in theBlackwater by >90%. In order toaccelerate the startup, anaerobicsludge from the existing DEWATSplants in Yogya (there are more than10 DEWATS units operating in thearea) will be injected into the reactorsupon starting up operation of the unit.

Costs for a facility for 200 personsare 32.000.000 Indonesian Rupiah(equal to 3000 Euro), maximumresponse time after identification ofthe location in demand until startingoperation is 5 days.Pe-fabrication ofthe units already started at the prem-ises of BORDA-Yogyakarta office inclose cooperation with the local part-

ner NGO LPTPCurrently locations are

under identification. The ef-forts are tuned with the Water& Sanitation Coordination gro-up chaired by UNICEF.

Source of funding forimplementation of emergencysanitation facilities are privatedonations.

* BORDA RepresentativeIndonesia

TELESCOPE

Percik June 2006 13

by: Frank W. Fladerer *

1.

2.

3.

4.

EmergencySanitation

In the end of January, govern-ment issued a new GovernmentRegulation concerning foreign

loan and/or grant agreement andallocation procedure. This regulationoutlines competent borrower; source,type and conditions of loan; loanplanning and procurement; imple-mentation and management; trans-mission procedure; reporting, moni-toring, evaluation, and supervision;repayment; and transparency andaccountability.

According to this GovernmentRegulation (PP), the competent bor-rower is government via minister,whilst State Ministry/institution/lo-cal government is forbidden to estab-lish any bonds whatsoever that mayincur obligation for loan agreement.

Government can procure foreignloan and/or grant from foreigncountry, multilateral agency, foreignmonetary and non-monetary agencyand non-foreign monetary agency.This loan may be as soft loan, exportcredit, commercial loan, and mixedloan.

Loan proposal is prepared for theperiod of five years based on priority.State Ministry/institution is to submitproposal of priority activities financedby foreign loan and/or grant to Minis-ter of National Planning and Develop-ment. The proposal includes activities

with financing transmitted to localgovernment or as state's capital parti-cipation to State Owned Company(BUMN). Whereas local governmentmay submit proposal of investment toMinister of National Planning andDevelopment for obtaining foreignloan transmission from the centralgovernment. The same can be con-ducted by State Owned Company.

Proposal submitted by StateMinistry/Institution and Local Go-vernment should be enclosed withTerms of Reference and feasibilitystudy document. Specially for localgovernment's proposal, it should beenclosed with approval of Local Hou-se. All proposals will be evaluated byMinister of National Planning andDevelopment pursuant to priority ofdevelopment sector eligible to foreignloan.

Loan allocation is based on realdemand for foreign loan, repaymentcapability, maximum limit of cumula-tive loan, loan absorbability, and loanrisk. If the proposals are approved,there will be negotiation with lenderafter preparedness criteria are ful-filled.

Loan management includesadministration and accounting of fo-reign loan and/or grant. Amount ofloan listed in the Foreign LoanAgreement Document (NPPLN) will

be materialized into budget unit docu-ment for being further materializedinto budget implementation docu-ment. Foreign loan and/or grant with-drawal should be listed in theNational Budget. State Ministry/insti-tution should prioritize provision offund/other rupiah portion as requiredin the NPPLN/NPHLN. The outstan-ding loan will be included into thebudget document of the followingyear.

Loan/grant transmission to localgovernment will be stipulated beforenegotiation with the lender. It isbased on repayment capability, localfiscal capacity and consideration ofMinister of Home Affairs.

Activity report should be preparedquarterly, consisting of goods/servi-ces procurement, realization of loandisbursement, and physical progress.Monitoring is conducted by Minister,Minister of National Planning andDevelopment, and Ministers availableunder State Ministry/Institution.They can accomplish retarded activityor low disbursement, including loancancellation.

For transparency and accountabi-lity, Minister will establish informa-tion publication concerning foreignloan and/or grant consisting of policy,amount and position, source, and typeof foreign loan and/or grant. (MJ)

REGULATIONS

Percik Juni 2006 14

Government Regulation No. 2 of 2006Foreign Loan and/or Grant

Procurement andTransmission Procedure

H ow do you see solid wasteissue in Indonesia?

Waste issue is an inferiority com-pared to other development sectors,whereas this is the cleanliness issue.Cleanliness is as equally importantinvestment as security. If our country issafe and clean, investors will come.Let's say security be number one, butnever let cleanliness in number 100.Otherwise, let's put it in number five,nine or ten, it's OK. The fact, cleanlinessin our country is put in number 100while security is in number 1. Thisresults in financing etc. In order to bewell organized, I always see the prob-lem systematically. Let's view thisproblem at least from five aspects,

namely legal, institutional, financial,social culture and technology. Today,most people only see from its techno-logical aspect and this is not overcomeeventually it's only seen from oneaspect.

Can you explain this problemfrom legal aspect?

Solid Waste law is just a draft thatequals or is higher than academic draft.Now, State Minister for Environmentand Minister of Law are preparingenactment. However, there is a goodnews, that is, Parliament (DPR) is wait-ing. Formerly, Parliament is said tohamper the law and so on, but nowthere is even a request from Parliament

Commission 7. Maybe in this case ourRepresentative goes one step forward.Let's wait. If the draft has been enacted,there will be government regulationsand other lower level regulations as ourlegality.

If we compare to other countriessuch as Japan, don't see their techno-logy only; the country has enforce SolidWaste Law that involved 16 ministersduring enactment and directly chairedby the prime minister. It is seen howtheir government makes priority in thewaste issue. So, we cannot see the prob-lem partially, Japan can do this, can dothat, etc. Their waste law has beenenacted for 20 years ago and this hasbeen followed by other specific laws.There are laws on recycle, extendedproducer responsibility. We're juststarting because three years ago I metwith the former Parliament Com-mission VIII asking State Minister forEnvironment to issue Law concerningSolid Waste. Until now, it is still in theform of draft.

It takes long time to wait suchlegislation; so how can we takeaction in the present?

We have to make effective the exis-ting rules, from RT until national level.Before the issuance of law, we use theexisting rules. But it is not entirely.Many local regulations that have actu-ally expired and the content are partial,such as levy, retribution, penalty andfine. In the RT and household level, re-gulation should be applied. For example,

INTERVIEW

Percik June 2006 15

Executive Director of Dana Mitra Lingkungan(Environmental Partner Fund), Ir. Sri Bebassari, MSc

Solid Waste Master Plan is A MustSolid waste has been

a time bomb that canexplode and take life atanytime. Such explosionhas just been initiated.Landfill (TPA) Leuwigajahin Bandung, for example,has taken tens of lives.The same will possiblyhappen in other citiesconsidering that conditionof the existing landfills is not much different.

On the other side, there is no distinctsolid waste policy in Indonesia. Each institu-tion or local government has its own discre-tion and they even overcome the issue withtheir own style. It does not just make no

solution but also bear newproblem of waste. This prob-lem is likely an entangledthread that is difficult to loose.Can this visible problem beovercome? Percik is givenopportunity to interview Ir. SriBebassari, MSc, ExecutiveDirector of Dana Mitra Ling-kungan (Environmental PartnerFund) which has been involving

in this field for more than 26 years. She waseven entitled "The Queen of Solid Waste" forher dedication and expertise caring for suchdirty thing. Before being executive director,she was researcher in the TechnologicalStudies and Implementation Board (BPPT).

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

there should be duty division betweenfather, mother and children. Childrenshould not litter, and so on.

How do you see solid wasteissue from institutional aspect?

In the national level, such as inJapan, they involved until 16 ministers;we see some institutions involving inthe provincial, regency/city, sub-dis-trict, village, and RT level. This involvesmultidisciplinary and multisectoralfields. So it is not only talking abouttechnology. Now, if we see the case inIndonesia, the highest implementationis only in the agency level. For example,cleaning agency. Everything is on theaccount of this agency, whereas it isonly the executor. It should be designedin the higher level, such as Bappeda,deputy mayor or deputy governor in theprovincial level, etc. They are who canaccommodate the relevant agencies.Cleaning agency cannot involve theagency of the same level. When Iinvolved in Adipura assessment, citiesawarded with Adipura were conductingcleaning activities coordinated bymayor or deputy mayor and so were inthe RT level. What kind of institution tobe established and who is the person incharge. This is institutional develop-ment. In the context of emergency, wepossibly need a provisional institution.If we learn from the successful KB(Family Planning) scheme, it is coordi-nated by a special agency called BKKBN(National Family Planning Board).And only in the year nine, BKKBN hassuccessfully created KB Mandiri (Self-Supported KB). We must also establishsuch provisional agency in the solidwaste sector that can be dissolved atanytime when the condition goes bet-ter. Moreover, if we see landfills thro-ughout Indonesia, all have enteredstage 5. This triggers a time bombbecause landfills available in Indonesiaare still substandard.

Ideally, how is the specialagency supposed to be?

More or less like BKKBN. It is theplace for professionals with strongcommitment. They don't think how toget better title. And this agency will saveour environment because whoever ourpresident is, this agency remains opera-tive. I think many people have suchgood competency. Now we don't havemechanism to accommodate such per-sons.

What do you think aboutfinancing?

We should adopt philosophy thatcleanliness is equally important invest-ment as security. So, there is still costcenter. This is a service industry, not aprofit center. Thus, be careful of “wasteto product” approach because I alsostarted from technology. We should becareful of waste to product because inthe cleaning management, waste pro-ducts such as paper recycling, compost,etc. are only byproducts. The mainproduct is cleanliness. The industry isservice. For example, cleaning serviceof a building is paid for its service. Itmeans to move waste from one point Ato point B. Moreover, it's better if thereis service industry that can reduce and

manage the waste, it should be paid forservice rendered. Whether they makebyproducts such as compost, it is theirbonus. And they will be strong in such abusiness if they are able to compete. Ifwe regard byproducts as the main pro-ducts, we will be entrapped into factoryand calculation of production cost.Finally, compost will lose competitionby other fertilizers.

A business that reduces and mana-ges waste should receive incentivebecause it can reduce landfill and trans-portation costs. So, there are threeincomes the company can get, namelycleanliness, incentives and byproducts.This is not realized by those acting asdecision makers or undertaking thisbusiness. There are so many ineffectiveMoUs established with private compa-nies because they are factory-oriented.However, I also realize that there aresome people who do not receive incen-tive but they can survive from sellingscraps. But selling scraps is differentfrom cleanliness. Whether or not thereis cleanliness, they remain sellingscraps. They are actually well advancedif associated with cleaning service. Thisis a development of extended producerresponsibility whereas producer ma-king household waste should involve in

INTERVIEW

Percik June 2006 16

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

the management of their waste. Forexample, in case of snack waste, bat-tery, etc., the producer should coope-rate with those who manage and collectthe waste. This cooperation is unavail-able now. It is likely that producer doesnot care of their waste. They have toestablish cooperation based on win-winsolution because the main source ofwaste is from producer, including agroindustry.

What do you think of govern-ment budget?

We should also be wise in establish-ing budget, how much should be theNational Budget, Local Budget, andfamily budget for cleaning sector.Urban planning in Indonesia is mostlymaterial-oriented. If we take exampleof a house, our fund is allocated more toliving room or veranda than closet ordustbin. This should be evaluated. It ispossible that budget for closet is moreexpensive than that for living room.Therefore, budget for urban landfillmay be more expensive than that forairport. Today, airports and malls havegone internationally, but the existinglandfills are still primitive. This is astruggle how to put them in balance.So, financing is not as simple as peopletalking about. This should start fromcalculation of national budget. If wecompare to experiences of several coun-tries, their operating cost range Rp.300-500 thousand per ton, startingfrom collection, transport, treatment,and disposal, while investment costranges Rp. 100 million-Rp. 1 billion/-ton/day. Thus, we can calculate howmuch rupiah is expended per house permonth. With sanitary landfill, withoutdeduction, the cost will be Rp. 50-100thousand per month. We should notthink first about low or high cost, buthow much people can pay and howmuch percent should be taken fromsubsidy. The subsidy should be gradu-

ally reduced such as fuel oil subsidy.With improved people awareness, theservice will be better, and people will beready to pay. The fact shows that thehigh income level pays Rp. 50-60 thou-sand/family, but most our people onlypay Rp. 5,000.-. Thus, it's not only tal-king about technology, but also howmuch the cost, how much we can payand how long, for example, collection,transportation, etc., all take cost. Suchcalculation has actually been made, butwe don't care of those competent withthis. For example, we don't buy pre-scription nor listen to physician untilwe get stage 5 disease. If our city isclean and safe, investors will come, wel-fare will improve and economy will bebetter. If someone says that waste com-modity is gold, it's right but only part ofentirety. All I concern with is that thereare some persons who know only littleabout waste but acting as if they knowall so that they make statement that theonly solution is by using this or thattechnology, etc. So, there should be nopartial statement. One who knows tech-nology will say it must be technology.One who knows empowerment will sayit must be community participation. Infact, they're all important and should beinitiated by the government.

What do you think about socialculture?

This is also important. Peopleshould be aware that all of us are wasteproducers. Everyone makes waste.There is averagely half kilogram perperson per day. Therefore, waste pro-duced in DKI Jakarta may be 6,000 tonper day. People must be involved du-ring early planning. Planning, socializa-tion, extension, education about wasteshould be designed by the experts suchas communication experts, sociologists,pedagogist, Islamic scholars and sonon. They have to be involved, not onlyengineering design. If we learn from

TPS Bojong and development of otherlandfills that are under conflict, this isbecause community participation is notprofessional because not designed bythe competent experts. The only avail-able one is technology and investment.It should be calculated that landfill con-struction needs Rp. 100 million, andhuman development should be 10-30percent. This is much more difficult andlonger than constructing the machine.Different city means different behaviorand time. Its design variable is moreand complex. Talking about machinemeans talking about quantitative andthis is easier. Thus, I repeatedly warnthat each planning should not forget the(human) factor, at least 10 percent. Ifwe do not appropriately design thisfrom early, we will have social cost ofmore than 30%.

This social design should also becombined between bottom up andsocial engineering that is designed topdown. Community participation can beengineered with good system. Forexample, if we see Singapore, whichenforces strong legal system, we will beafraid of disposing of waste inappro-priately. We will comply with. We willbe engineered by Singapore waste man-agement system. In Indonesia, we seesome places implementing the same.For example in Ancol recreationalplace, cleaning system is tight. Dustbinis clean, equipped with cleaning per-sonnel. Quantity and distance of landfillis about to meet standard.

We are afraid of disposing of wasteinappropriately. So, we have to be disci-pline. The system influences us. Thequestion is: does it take much cost toget there? Yes, it certainly takes cost butit remains applicable. Actually our peo-ple are ready to pay. Indonesians arecapable as well.

We want our people separate bet-ween dry and wet waste. It runs if thesystem is prepared, for example, waste

INTERVIEW

Percik June 2006 17

cart and truck is separated. We cannotdo anything without that. So, the sys-tem can design community participa-tion.

What do you think of techno-logy?

We have to agree that any techno-logy has advantage and disadvantage sothat they should be integrated. No tech-nology can ever solve a waste problemitself. It must be designed as per localdemand. Metropolitan and small cityare different each other. We should becareful of technology offered by'investors'. Sometimes they come astraders and consider their product thebest. Therefore, we have to design ourown master plan for our home. Likeconstructing a house, we have to designour house by ourselves, maybe uponassistance of an architect. Afterward,we calculate how the extent is and whatit needs and how much does it cost, andthen we seek investor. Don't do con-trary, in which concept is offered byinvestor or trader. Thus, all cities inIndonesia should have waste manage-ment master plan. Never hesitate toexpend money for this master plan. Ifwe follow this carefully, everything canbe done.

The important thing in technolo-gical design is that we should knowwhen mid term, long term and emer-gency will be. In case of emergency, likeill person, it has been treated in theICU. We have to buy a technology,whatever it takes cost. We're not talkingabout low or high cost; we're talkingabout how to solve the problem.Afterward, we'll be talking about regu-lar technology. For example, how toreduce waste in the landfill, or at homeand preferably, reduce waste in pro-ducer. This takes time. Never say thatthe important thing is to reduce wasteat home, or manage waste in the landfill.All is important. But if we talk aboutemergency, we need a technology,whatever costly it is. In DKI Jakarta forexample, we must buy technology for thebig capacity, which may cost trillions. Wedon't possibly have to buy this tech-nology for the following 5 years; we justuse the regular one. For mid term, wecan reduce waste in the landfill, maybeuntil 50%. For long term, we can reducewaste at our homes. For the extra longterm, we can reduce waste in the pro-ducer. It is possible that banana farmers,for example, will not send banana withpeel to Jakarta; they do it in the form ofbanana chips. It's talking about system.

With such a complicated wasteissue as available currently, isthere any priority, for example innational or local level, or whichregion should be prioritized?

We have to agree that we're in wasteemergency. So, we should take actionbased on such situation. We have tomake costly design. We should inte-grate the five aspects. When necessary,we should establish a special emer-gency entity from now on. For example,when banking issues prevailed, the go-vernment established BPPN (NationalBanking Restructuring Agency). Thereshould be Presidential Decree as neces-sary. From legal aspect, we shouldmake local regulation because thenational one will take long process.We'd buy reliable technology. But thefastest technology takes 3 years to beready. For example, incinerator. Thereshould be sanitary landfill with ope-rating cost being Rp. 100 thousand perton. Finally waste emergency costincurs in trillions but transparent.People will only do a little with reduc-tion waste at home. Or otherwise, theyhave to pay Rp 100 thousand. This isemergency, isn't it?

Why has government not putthis as priority?

Because this technology is still rare.

How to make governmentcare of?

Thank God that parliament as poli-tical institution has cared of this. It nowlies on government decision to make itfast or slow. Even parliament makesstatement that if until 2005 this Drafthas not been accomplished. They wouldextend their initiative right. Thus, wecan sound in the national level that thisis important. As this happens, governorand mayor will pay attention. However,they still think about low or high cost.They only want the cheap one, while

INTERVIEW

Percik June 2006 18

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

any closet is in fact more expensive thanthe living room because it requirestechnology. People are still difficult toaccept this fact; it is likely that an air-port should be more expensive than alandfill. Changing this perspective isnot easy. Singapore needs 30 years toimplement waste law enforcementonly, not a culture yet. So it's not as sim-ple as we think.

Why does landfill in Indonesianot meet standard?

During landfill design 10-20 yearsago, this was a government projectunder control of Ministry of PublicWork. They initially proposed a sani-tary landfill. Unfortunately, this wasnot associated with knowledge of sa-nitary landfill cost. Maybe the designwas not complete because a sanitarylandfill costs about trillions rupiahwith operating cost of Rp. 100 thou-sand per ton. Or otherwise, never callit a sanitary landfill. This is prerequi-site. After years of occurrence andbringing impacts, people are justabout to be surprised.

How does regional autonomyaffect waste management?

Regional autonomy is very influen-tial. Ideally, each city has its own land-fill. But one day, it would be efficient tohave collective landfill as government ismaking review that for waste manage-ment corporation in the Jabotabekareas, we possibly need large-scale cor-poration to manage collective landfill.In fact, a city may be difficult to find outland, while the available land belongs toanother local government. Here, coope-ration and coordination are necessary.There should also be sense of together-ness. For example, Jakarta disposes ofwaste in Bekasi, and Bekasi people wor-king in Jakarta also dispose of waste inJakarta.

You have mentioned that thereshould be producer awareness ofwaste reduction. Can you explainthis?

Internationally, some big corpora-tions have involved in extended pro-ducer responsibility, namely theyshould hold fully responsible for wastethey dispose of, either internal wastecalled good housekeeping or externalone. We have no legality yet but somecorporations have started implementa-tion.

What can people do againstthis waste emergency?

People should inevitably reducetheir waste and, if necessary, establishhome waste management. There is asimple technology that can be socia-lized. For example, composting. Peopleshould also accept the fact that theymust pay for technology offered by thegovernment. Anyhow, it would be moreexpensive than managing waste indi-vidually.

How can awareness educationprovided for the people, whatkind of education would it be?

Education should be provided inany way and trial. There should be anexample such as available in Rawasariof Central Jakarta, where the landfill isclean and odorless. This is the samewith closet in the room. People are to

trust if they are given example.Education is thus not by speech. Thereshould be design. Just provide, forexample, one proper landfill, one pro-per dustbin, and one proper transporta-tion truck. Thereby, if we establish alandfill, people will trust. Of course itneeds time because there should be cul-tural change.

How to change material-ori-ented?

It's our collective mistakes. We'realways material-oriented and instanta-neous, while cleanliness, health andeducation are abstract and continuous.That's a matter of anthropology untilsocial culture. For example, wee seeother people from his/her good houseor property other than good faith. Ifthere is a forward-looking local govern-ment, establish functional entity. Who-ever serve as local government, thisentity will perpetuate the system. Wematch this system and bureaucracybecause the decision makers are usual-ly politicians; they're restricted by func-tional term, while the system is not. Wecan see the result.

Is there any other country thatencounters the same problem as In-donesia does and makes solution?

Yes, it is Philippines. Two or threeyears ago this country also encounteredsolid waste problem. Hundreds of peo-ple died for waste collapse. But present-ly, they have laws and implement massaction on solid waste. Government ofMalaysia does not decentralize thesolid waste problem anymore. Landfillin Malaysia is built by the central go-vernment. The local government is onlydeemed small proportion of responsibi-lity. It is like parent and children, one daythere will be a problem that should besolved by the parent. China has rapidlyanticipated this problem. mujiyanto

INTERVIEW

Percik June 2006 19

Ideally, each city has its ownlandfill. But one day, it wouldbe efficient to have collectivelandfill as government is mak-ing review that for waste ma-nagement corporation in theJabotabek areas, we possibly

need large-scale corporation tomanage collective landfill.

Flower vases are arranged or-derly along the road edge. So-me are put on the ground, so-

me other are put on the wall fence,and some other are hanging up. Seve-ral big trees grow in the narrow yardof people's houses. Corners of alleyare decorated with plants.

Amid the housing is football field-like area. Basketball field is in the cen-ter surrounded by mango, palm, co-conut, acacia, carambola and otherhard crops. Under shade of tree is ahut. On the other side, there is an areaof medical herbs, RW office and chil-dren's playground.

In the hot day, children are playing inthe area. Some are sitting while chatting.Some are playing see-saw, some otherare playing football. Intense sunlight isnot a problem. Breezy wind blows. It islikely outside Jakarta.

Unsurprisingly, the area becomesfavorite village of DKI Jakarta be-cause of its success in the environ-mental management. RW 03 RawajatiVillage, Pancoran Sub-district ofSouth Jakarta is an example villageand 'resort' for domestic and multina-tional tourists. They want to learnhow to manage good environment byinvolving all people. "There are evenBangladeshis who don't believe thatall we create is community self-sup-ported," said Supardi, Head of Self-Support Domestication Group (KPS)"Benih Jati" RW 03 who is responsi-ble for plant and waste management

in RW with population of 3,317 indi-vidual (686 Families).

Last year, this RW got Kalpataruwinner of DKI Jakarta and runner upof national competition. Previously,the area with 2/3 people being mili-tary retirees won various competi-tions such as winner of healthy houseof DKI Jakarta (2004) and runner upof environmental competition (2004).Last year, local PKK (Family WelfareEducation) was the winner of DKIJakarta with criteria Special A-plus."It is called 'special' because the PKKmembers are not only women but alsomen," said Supardi.

According to this captain retiree,this achievement was commencedduring substitution of RW manage-ment in 2001. At the time, the elected

Head of RW, H.A. Syamsudi wasinspired to make the area as green-belt. "At the time, he brought picturesof green and clean area of Jl. Su-dirman and said, 'Could we make thispicture come true to our living area',"said Supardi while being reminded ofthe event. Inspiration of the RW'leader' was finally supported by he-ads of RTs and community leaders.However, they're restricted by money."It seems to be difficult."

One week later, heads of 10 RTsavailable and five community leadersof each RT met again. As result, theyagreed to make a try and as follow up,Syamhudi provided two buses for thepeople to visit to Banjarsari in Ci-landak, South Jakarta, which has suc-cessfully greened their area. The same

REPORTAGE

Percik June 2006 20

RW 03, Rawajati Village, Pancoran, South Jakarta

Agrotourism Villagein the Corner of Jakarta

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

visit was conducted to City of Flower,Cibubur, Kampung Daun in Bandungand returned again to Banjarsari.

It seemed that the tour could trig-ger people's spirit to realize their ins-piration. During evaluation meeting,they discussed to determine the nextsteps. They also decided mutual visi-on. Finally the vision was agreed, na-mely: to create clean and healthy RW03 for people's welfare. And their firstaction is training and socializationabout clean environment. Each RThad its turn. The activity was fullysupported by PKK chaired by Hj. Ni-nik Nuryanto, former Head of RW inSurabaya that ever successfully con-ducted environmental management.

As the first step, in 2002 eachhouse was instructed to plant sevendifferent crops. PKK and RW gavestimulation by providing polybags.The program was successfully. Next,compulsory planting was increased byinstruction to plant 10 crops per ho-use. In the end of year, competitionamong RTs was held with appraiserteam coming from the relevant insti-tution. The result was remarkable. Pe-ople planted more than 10 crops perhouse by using refuse cans and thelike. Afterward, they were encouragedto plant 30 unique crops per RT.

People were about to complain.They were difficult to find land forplanting media. Such condition wasused by RW and PKK teams to social-ize selection of household waste. Inthe same time, people were giventhree plastic bags to collect organic,inorganic and glass wastes. Each RTwas encouraged to make compostfrom such wastes. As a media, PKKprovided drums for composting me-dia and people were also trained howto make it. The composting neededone week, and result was sufficient to

compensate shortage of planting media.One year later, in 2003, RW 03

changed totally. It was green andfresh. "We don't suppose that our visi-on comes true only in two years," saidSupardi. However, people were notsatisfied yet. PKK board wanted to bemodel PKK in DKI Jakarta. And theunique one is that PKK member inthis RW also includes men althoughthey don't involve in the organiza-tional structure.

Exactly, the PKK dream came true.RW 03 kept developing. Precisely on18 June 2005, the RW was entitledAgrotourism Village by Governor ofDKI Jakarta, Sutiyoso and eligible torepresent DKI in various nationalcompetitions. Such title broughtbenefit. Governor instructed 17 subservices to assist the RW in the formof road asphalting, plants contribu-tion and other facilities.

Beyond government's attention,the RW is a resort either for domesticor multinational tourists. Again, peo-ple took benefit by serving food andsnack to visitors. "We make rules thatvisitors are forbidden to bring food forwaste prevention and community em-powerment," said Supardi. Each RTprepares special custom-made food.

Besides, people are about to makeself-blended herbs. This is becausethe area has abundant medical herbs.Supardi can even blend anti-cancer

herbs with main ingredient of MahkotaDewa fruit. The product has been sentoutside the region.

Every year, since 2005 ago, this RWhas been arena of Jakarta Culture Fes-tival. On 22 July, there will be a big event,namely Ancient Betawi Festival. Thisevent will be attended by DeputyGovernor of DKI Jakarta, Fauzi Bowo,and people will make attractions.

RestrictionsSupardi admitted that the way to-

ward clean environment is exposingto restrictions, namely natural andhuman restrictions. Naturally, condi-tion of the land in RW 03 is very bad."The land was dry and dusty. Footballfield was dusty during dry season andmuddy during rainy season," he saidwhile being reminded of.

Upon seriousness and tough work,they are attempting to change suchcondition. "We hold principle thatthere is always way to green the land,"he said. Then, the football field is plot-ted for planting according to RT quan-tity. Some people who have cementedtheir house yard are even ready tobreak the cemented yard for plantinghole. The effort brings success.

However, few people do not wantto participate. To anticipate this, RWadopts motto: 'Smile, peace,greeting, clean, happy learning, ti-mely, appreciate and respect'. Thismotto is proven useful to get the un-cared people.

Human resources development isalso undertaken for rubbish pickersand youth. There are 13 rubbish pick-ers being trained. They are given uni-forms and identity cards, while youthare trained to make paper recycling.The development has been going untilnow. Who wants to follow?

mujiyanto

REPORTAGE

Percik June 2006 21

As the first step,in 2002 each house wasinstructed to plant seven

different crops. PKK and RWgave stimulation by provid-ing polybags. The program

was successfully.

"Had all children taughthow to treat solid waste,waste problem can be

solved," said Sumarno, a public figureof RW (Vicinity Unit) 14 Rungkut Lor,Kalirungkut Village Unit, SurabayaMunicipality. The statement came outafter his kampong had succeeded toindependently manage their domesticwaste.

In fact public awareness and empo-werment process is not piece of cake. Itrequires long time. RW 14 consists offour RTs (Neighborhood Unit) for fiveyears since 2001 has just managed tomake two RTs aware of waste. Twoother RTs have been under initial pro-cess.

Muhdi, vice head of RW 14, told usthat at first this solid waste manage-ment is not self-conducted. An NGOPusdakota (Center for Urban Commu-nity Empowerment) is their facilitator.The NGO trained several cadresincluding him to be aware of waste andtaught them how to manage the wasteto have economical value and to pre-serve environment as well. "Then wemoved on," he recalled about.

Cadres which are public figures,PKK (Women association for familywelfare in village level) activists, andthe youth joined in Karang Tarunamoved door-to-door. So did the chil-dren. This future generation sharedtheir knowledge obtained in Pusdako-ta about solid waste to their parents.They are already well-informed how tosort solid waste into organic and non-organic waste, and how to turn outorganic waste into compost throughconvenient manner.

In order to be successful, these ca-dres opened up waste bin within

densely-populated district. "So thatthe community wants to do sorting.Sometimes they are careless in thro-wing solid waste into waste bin.Hence, we opened it up," said Muhdi.In concurrent with that, KarangTaruna activists have been ready withmobile waste cart to pick-up solidwaste in houses. Once in two days thecart consists on two compartmentsnamely organic waste and non-organicwaste. "If more than two days, the solidwaste has been smelly," told Muhdi.

Each day community keeps suchsorted waste in plastic bag or simplewaste bin. This waste bin is put in frontof the house, or let it be left insidehouses. In the afternoon, around04.00 p.m., waste cart comes andapproaches their houses. Residents,particularly women, shout to eachother that waste officer has arrived.

Not all solid waste will be trans-

ported. An-organic waste is that theone to be taken. Currently communityhas been skillful in making compost.Pusdakota facilitated them with"Takakura" composter. This compos-ter is made of plastic with hole in en-tire small holes around its wall. Vo-lume is about 20 kg of compost.

Composter totals to Rp.75 thou-sand have been distributed to the com-munity through compost exchangesystem. The composter have been fur-nished with starter when communityreceived them. They just fill in withorganic solid waste and turn back andforth it everyday. In seven days, thecompost has been a half ripe and readyto be deposited to Pusdakota to beturned into ripe compost. "Each kilo-gram of our waste is valued one thou-sand rupiah," said Mrs. Tutik.

Entire compost from communitycollected in compost house belongs to

STORY

Percik June 2006 22

Solid Waste Management UnderThe Style of Rungkut Lor Community

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

A resident is making compost within container.

Pusdakota. The compost then ripensand later returned to community inform of starter for the next compostmaking. Pusdakota takes 10 percent ofcompost proceeds for development.Besides that, in compost house, com-munity's waste that is not compostedyet will be processed to be compost inmassive way. Solid waste is ripened fortwo days and then being chopped withmachine. These waste chops will bemixed with starter and re-ripened foreight days so that it becomes ripe com-post. Each two days, it is turned backand forth and the container isremoved.

This compost production apparent-ly is able to encourage the communityto utilize the same for their own pur-pose. Within kampong located in thisindustrial district, the community ismotivated to develop domestic medi-cine plants and decorative plants."Wow, our women here now knewmedicine from each kind of diseases. Ifanyone gets sick, just speak up. Theywill explain the medicine fluently,"said Muhdi proudly.

It is actually inseparable from thefacilitation service by Pusdakota. AnNGO that its office located in that dis-trict provides land for community forlearning. "We give responsibility foreach women group to manage theirland and plants in our available land,"told Broto Suwarso, operational ma-nager of Pusdakota.

Now the community has alreadyowned a fairly good awareness. Every-thing is under the control of the com-munity itself. They are also willing topay solid waste retribution. The amountranges around Rp. 1,000 - Rp. 1,500 com-bined into resident's monthly sub-scription totals to Rp. 4,000 per fami-ly. Such amount of money will be uti-lized for management costs includingwaste officer's wage and other person'srelated in this process.

What has been done by RungkutLor community is not finished yet.

They still have to anticipate theirhomework. In fact community of otherRTs around them are still cannot belike them. No wonder whether alongthe alley accessed into RW 14 that suc-cessfully managed solid waste it is stillfound scattered waste. Anotherchallenge comes from newcomers thatfrequently come and go out of the kam-pong. They are still difficult to be takenin such empowerment in spite of thefact that their total is about a half oftotal population in kampong.

However, community's ambition tomake their kampong much progressed

deserves to be appreciated. Now, RWthat has been occupied by 1,197 fami-lies has owned Strategic Plan. It is theresult of Pusdakota's facilitation. Theywant to maintain their achievement as"Environment Friendly Kampong" andrealize RW 14 as the kampong, whichis healthy, orderly regulated, comfort-able, care, environment friendly, fairand prosperous. The vision consists offour aspects namely environmentmanagement, public security andorderliness, kampong facility and in-frastructure and community empower-ment. Wow…. MJ.

STORY

Percik June 2006 23

C enter for Urban CommunityEmpowerment (Pusdakota) isaffiliated with Surabaya Uni-

versity (Ubaya). However, it has inde-pendent management. The NGO domi-ciles in Jl. Rungkut Lor III-87, Sura-baya, has a very representative officewith a quite good meeting hall andbroad yard.

This NGO is established on Novem-ber 1, 2000. Pusdakota has aspirationto transfer value movement throughkampong community. The reason isthat they want to start with what theyhave and with what available now. It isexpected that this NGO may developskillful agents. Their programs are (a)

community's character development;(2) community-based social entrepre-neurship; (c) integrated environmentmanagement; (d) community library;(e) training, development and consul-tation.

As part of Ubaya, Pusdakota per-forms two major functions namelypractical function and scientific func-tion. Practical function of this NGOconstitutes the actualization of ser-vice mission for public and social labo-ratory to resolve public problems. Itsscientific function covers preparationand development of urban communityempowerment. MJ

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

One of Pusdakota's activities is children development.

A Glimpse on Pusdakota

All this time we face the realitythat the investment in drink-ing water sector is still low. It

proves that attention and awarenesson the importance upon drinkingwater development is still low. Thecondition is signaled affected by theperspective that drinking waterinvestment will only waste money. Inreality, in several studies abroad,investment in drinking water sectorwill impact the economic growth.

The reality then encourages theperformance of study upon the impactof drinking water investment againstIndonesian economy. It is expectedthat the output of the study may pro-vide better understanding anddescription about the impact of drink-ing water development against eco-nomic growth in Indonesia.

The study employed Econometricsand Economic Social Balance System.Indicators that will be focus of thestudy are economic growth and in-come distribution of household gro-up. Besides that, it will be viewed fac-torial distribution and distribution bysector due to the existence of drinkingwater investment.

In specific, the study is expected tobe able to give benefit in form of (i)the establishment of an economicmodel about the impact of drinkingwater investment against the econo-my specifically economic growth andincome distribution among varioushousehold groups; (ii) availability ofsimulation equation which may be

used to predict the impact of drinkingwater investment change against eco-nomy; (iii) input for decision-makingrelated with drinking water develop-ment in Indonesia.

MethodologyThe selected methodologies to use

in this study are: (1) EconometricsModel; and (2) Economic SocialBalance System focused on MultiplierMatrix Analysis. Both analysis toolsare used because each other are incomplement to address both prob-lems found in this study.

Econometrics model is used to viewdirection and dimension on the effect ofdrinking water investment availabilityagainst economic growth. In this model,economic growth acts as bound variableand drinking water investment acts asnon-bound variable in unison with othervariables which based upon literature af-fect economic growth. Economic growthin this model is represented with GrowthDomestic Product (GDP) in form of na-tural logarithm. While model that isemployed in this research is as follows:

Where:GDP : Indonesian Growth Domes-

tic Product (GDP)DWI : Drinking water investment

ratio against total invest-ment

TOT : Total investment ratio against GDP

POP : PopulationNE : Net export ratio against

GDPOAM : Oil & gas added value

against GDPDcrisis: dummy crisis

This model estimation is em-ployed using Ordinary least Square(OLS) assuming that all data fromemployed data is stationer. Mean-while stationer means that time seriesdata contains no trend element. Whe-ther data that is used is not stationerthe impact is the obtained regressionoutput is spurious regression.

After estimation process upon ex-isting parameters within the abovemodel, it requires to conduct modelevaluation and validation. There arethree evaluation criteria that are usedin general namely: (1) economic crite-ria (symbol and dimension); (2) sta-tistics criteria (t, F and R2 tests); and3) econometrics criteria (multi-colin-earity, auto-correlation and hetero-scedasticity).

To view income distribution, it isused Economic Social Balance System(ESBS). Methodology that will beused in this analysis tool covers onlyMultiplier Matrix Analysis intendedto provide description on inter-rela-tion among various economic playerswithin economy and to perform eco-nomic analysis about the impact ondrinking water investment againsteconomy, specifically against income

STUDY

Percik June 2006 24

Economical Review on The Impact ofDrinking Water Investment Against

Indonesian Economy

log(PDB) = α0+ α

1log(PDB(-1)) + α

2IAM

+ α3TOT+ α

4log(POP) + α

5NE + α

6NTM +

α6NTM + α

6D

krisis + ε1

among various household groups.

Policy StimulationSeveral policy stimulations con-

ducted through this study are (i) initialstimulation in form of increment innew drinking water investment totalsto 10 (ten) trillion rupiah. It is intendedto view pure impact due to the incre-ment in drinking water investment.Further the fund is simulated with thescenario that partial fund is used forjob creation activity, and/or partialfund is used for non-drinking watersector namely health, education andconstruction, or combined sectors.Therefore the next simulations are (ii)Simulation I in form of investment indrinking water sector, in which 25 per-cent is used for job creation and an-other 75 percent is used for drinkingwater investment; (iii) Stimulation II isin form of overall investment in drink-ing water investment; (iii) SimulationIII is in form of investment in othersectors (non-drinking water sector), inwhich 50 percent is used for educationand health sector and another 50 per-cent is used for construction sector;(iv) Simulation IV is in form of invest-ment in drinking water investmentaccompanied with job-creation totalsto 50 percent and investment in othersectors (education and health sector,construction sector) totals to 50 per-cent; (v) Simulation V is in form ofinvestment i9n drinking water sectoraccompanied with job-creation totalsto 75 percent and investment in othersectors (education and education)totals to 25 percent.

Several Significant FindingsEstimation result showed that po-

pulation (POP) constitutes the biggestinfluence upon Indonesia' GDP com-pared to other variables. It can be said

in view of population increase willboost increment of public consump-tion level, in which consumption con-stitutes the variable that has thelargest contribution upon the estab-lishment of Indonesia's GDP.

Other than population variable,there is only initial income variablewhich has a quite large effect. Me-anwhile, other variables such as drin-king water investment ratio againsttotal investment, total investment ratioagainst GDP, net export against GDPand oil & gas added value ratio againstGDP have relatively small effect.

Drinking water investment ratioagainst total investment has positivesign that indicated that the incrementof drinking water investment wouldincrease GDP though under a notquite large increase. DWI coefficientvalue signals that the increase ofdrinking water investment ration

against total investment totals to 10percent will only increase GDP totalsto 0.0428 percent.

New investment flow will increasedrinking water ratio against total invest-ment (DWI) and total investment ratioagainst GDP (TOT). TOT variable willalso increase due to total investment isdefined as totaling from drinking waterinvestment and other investment. NEand OAM variables will undergodecrease due to its dividing factor name-ly GDP undergoes increment.

Meanwhile, POP variable is assumedconstant. Functioning as comparison, itis used GDP value in 2004 which is thencalled as basic scenario.

Table 1 shows that new investmentflow in drinking water sector totals to 10(ten) trillion rupiah will increase drink-ing water ratio against total investmentinto 19.79 percent (increases totals to19.79 percent compared to basic sce-nario) and total investment ratio againstGDP becomes 29.52 percent (increasestotals to 1.51 percent compared to basicscenario). Final output of the scenarioshows that GDP value is 0.82 percent or3.81 trillion larger than basic scenario.

Combined simulation result showsthat scenario V caused the largest in-crease upon total economy against otherfour scenarios. To be more specific, pro-duction factor and household incomeadded value will undergo the largest out-put increase whether governmentapplies the fifth scenario. Meanwhile,production sector balance income will

STUDY

Percik June 2006 25

Table 1Simulation on The Increase of Drinking Water Investment

totals to 10 trillion rupiah

This study outputprovides clear

description thatinvestment in drinkingwater sector providespositive impact upon

economic growth.

PDBF

463.738,90467.552,50

IAM

13,7019,79

POP

0,220,22

NTM_PDB

37,1636,39

NE_PDB

8,688,50

TOT

28,0229,52

Basic ScenarioDWI Increase 10 T

experience the largest increase whe-ther scenario III is applied.

Combination between drinkingwater investment accompanied withjob creation and investment in healthand education sector (scenario 5) pro-vides the largest increase of produc-tion factor added value compared toother four largest scenarios. Other-wise, increase of the smallest pro-duction factor added value will hap-pen whether overall investment indrinking water sector accompaniedwithout job creation (scenario II).

Based upon combined scenariothat is performed, combinationamong drinking water investment ac-companied with job creation and in-vestment in education and health sec-tor (scenario 5) will give the largesthousehold and company income.Meanwhile, the second scenario im-pacts to the lowest increase comparedto other scenarios against householdand company income.

Investment in Education and He-alth and Construction sectors will ca-use the largest increase in productionsector balance income compared toother four scenarios. Meanwhile, in-vestment in drinking water sector fol-

lowed with job creation will provide thelowest income in production sectors.

Study LimitationThis study limitation can be cate-

gorized into 2 (two) categories, name-ly: First, econometrics method em-ployment for economic analysis inthis research has limitations, namely:(1) such employed model cannot cap-ture investment swap phenomenon,namely investment shift from non-drinking water sector into drinkingwater sector; (ii) DWI variable that isemployed covers all investment con-ducted by the company and non-com-pany so that it cannot be measuredwhich drinking water investment thatsignificantly affects Indonesian GDP;

and (iii) when variables ratio calcula-tion employed against GDP within si-mulation, assuming that IndonesianGDP is only affected by variables cap-tured within model, while other vari-ables outside model is consideredconstant.

Second, SNSE method employ-ment for economic analysis in thisresearch has limitations, namely: (1)such employed method is relativesimple and assumed having no pricechange; (ii) SNSE general publicmodel in this writing has static innature so that it has limitation forlong-term prediction; (iii) SNSE ge-neral balance model assuming there isfixed Leontief technology, whichmeans within the established perioduntil certain period (usually fiveyears) technology is considered notchanging. Total demand and supply intotal is always balance, no priceimpact against input and all condi-tions within model are demand dri-ven, which means there is no obstaclein satisfying supply; and (iv) thismodel considers no further impact.

ConclusionThis study output provides clear

description that investment in drink-ing water sector provides positiveimpact upon economic growth. In-vestment in drinking water sectoraccompanied with job creation activi-ty causes significant impact upon theincrease of poor household income.

Decision-making steps throughthe study will enrich basics of deci-sion-making policy. It is expected thatsuch resulted decision may produceclear, rational and accountable rea-soning.

(Extracted from Study Output ofDirectorate General of Human Settlement,

Ministry of Public Works).

STUDY

Percik June 2006 26

Investment indrinking water sectoraccompanied with job

creation activitycauses significantimpact upon theincrease of poor

household income.

Source: Model estimation output

Increaseunderwent by

Production factoradded valueHousehold andcompany incomeProduction sectorbalance incomeTOTAL

Scenario 1Value and

Percentage15.669,99

(1,14)15.387,54

(1,08)29.112,52

(0,99)60.170,05

(1,05)

Scenario 2Value and

Percentage13.335,81

(0,97)12.869,07

(0,90)29.706,45

(1,01)55.911,33

(0,97)

Scenario 3Value and

Percentage14.922,44

(1,08)14.625,14

(1,02)31.770,77

(1,08)61.318,35

(1,07)

Scenario 4Value and

Percentage15.296,06

(1,11)15.006,41

(1,05)30.435,68

(1,04)60.538,15

(1,05)

Scenario 5Value and

Percentage15.992,02

(1,16)15.742,2

(1,10)30.266,53

(1,03)62.000,75

(1,08)

Table 2Scenario I-V

As part of the prepara-tion for Indonesia Sa-nitation Sector Deve-

lopment Program (ISSDP),Study On Government'sKnowledge, Attitudes AndMotivation On Pro-Poor Sani-tation is started in the begin-ning of this year. The study isintended to evaluate percep-tion on decision-makers innational and regional level onprovision for sanitation ser-vice mainly for poor people.Study is carried out in six ci-ties, namely: Solok, Blitar, Surakarta,Denpasar, Pekalongan, and Goronta-lo.

According to the study, thoughmost of local government in studytarget areas consider that health sec-tor constitutes a very significant sec-tor (second priority of developmentafter education sector), water andsanitation does not obtain sufficientattention. Decision makers in locallevel more focused their attention oncurative health management.

Therefore it requires effort toimprove conceptual and technicalknowledge about sanitation programfor officials of local government andlegislative members, particularly re-lated with waste water managementmethod that is suitable with respec-tive regional condition and cheapsanitation technologies.

As the impact of less knowledgeabout how to manage wastewater,local government considers thatwastewater is not the responsibility ofgovernment but more on responsibili-

ty of public in individual manner.They think that domestic wastewateris sufficiently managed in on-line sa-nitation facility and requires no fur-ther management. Upon such under-standing, local government deemsthat public awareness on the impor-tance of sanitation which is still low asthe major factor of the emergence ofhealth problems related with poorsanitation. Consequently, effort oflocal government is still limited to theprograms to encourage people toprocess waste water in domestic levelthrough on-site sanitation facility.

Role of central government is stillvery important in providing informationand reference for local government. The-refore, it requires public campaign in lo-cal level to increase public awarenessupon the importance of sanitation. Thiseffort is expected to be able to encouragelocal government and legislatives councilto provide larger priority to the sanita-tion sector.

Legislatives members have themost important role in determining

decision in local go-vernment level includ-ing related with sanita-tion program. Centralgovernment also cons-titutes the major factorand may motivate localgovernment to be moreinvolved within sanita-tion programs. Variousexternal programsmainly from centralgovernment may en-courage local go-vernment to conduct

larger investment within sanitationsector.

There is substantial perceptiondifference upon provision for sanita-tion for poor people between centralgovernment and local government.Central government deems that poorpeople should pay for sanitation ser-vice while local government considersthat sanitation service for poor peopleshould be free. Such difference mustbe bridged at once prior to the imple-mentation of sanitation programwhich involves the cooperation oflocal government and central govern-ment.

"Cross subsidy" may become opti-mum solution to overcome debatebetween social or economic approachin managing program for poor peo-ple. Mass media is the main informa-tion source for regional government.Therefore media needs to be involvedto improve the awareness of local go-vernment and the people upon theimportance of better sanitation quali-ty. AK

STUDY

Percik June 2006

Study On Government's Knowledge, AttitudesAnd Motivation On Pro-Poor Sanitation

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

a

SANIMAS (Sanitation by Commu-nity) piloting project was startedin September 2001 and lasts for

two years until 2003. The project cons-titutes an activity of WASPOLA namelya cooperation project of IndonesianGovernment and Australian Govern-ment through AusAid managed by WSPWorld Bank.

This project is aimed to assist com-munity, local government, and local faci-litator in designing, planning and imple-menting community-based sanitationactivity (SBM) which is fully managed bycommunity. In the long-term it is ex-pected that there will be SANIMAS insti-tutionalization as the SBM option in In-donesia.

This pilot project begins in seven loca-tions namely Sidoarjo Regency, Mo-jokerto Municipality, Pamekasan Re-gency, Pasuruan Regency, Blitar Muni-cipality, Kediri Municipality and Den-pasar Municipality. As the series of thepilot project, it is performed a study toidentify and to measure result/output ofSANIMAS intervention with using envi-ronment condition indicators, behaviorchange, participation and sense of be-longing of the community. This study isalso intended to analyze opportunity andobstacle to replicate SANIMAS approachin wider scale in Indonesia.

Study is carried out in 2005 for4 months by in dependent consultant.

FindingsSANIMAS Condition (techno-logy and facility)

Option of SANIMAS technology(Communal, Public Latrine Plus) is ableto provide safe and healthy sanitationfacility requirement service. Communityfeels comfort particularly for women,elderly people and children when theydefecate during the day/night. Then,SANIMAS is able to modify defecationpattern and to improve sanitation envi-

ronment. Waste and feces managementsystem is quite good and cheap in theaspect of short-term maintenance.However, according to the technologyaspect, SANIMAS technology is catego-rized expensive moreover such designedbiogas is not utilized yet.

b. Social EconomySANIMAS is not able yet to improve

significant income though in several loca-tions it may emerge kampong fund so-urce, reduce defecation time, and providework field. However, socially, the projectcapacitates to improve healthy and cleanlife behavior (PHBS), interweave inter-residents relation, expand communitybonds forum, and not feeling ashamedwhen their guests want to defecate.

c. InstitutionalizationThis project institutionalization is

averagely dominated by local public fi-gures and elites. The existence of theinstitution is quite well-known and resi-dents and local government recognizethe legality. Management still runs andusers still abide by rules. However,direction of KPM/BPS is less apparentbecause only active during constructionperiod. While role of facilitator is verylarge, but it is too bad that the composi-tion is less sufficient because much moremales with prominent technical back-ground that therefore females andhealth is less observed. Besides that,capacity building mostly goes through inthe beginning of the project and supportof stakeholders is less optimum.

d. Physical SupportExistence of SANIMAS is able to

support physical improvement for envi-ronment condition. Wells and rivers aresafe from waste and feces pollution.Development of Public Latrine (plusparks) facility and playing field and con-currently improving beauty of the city,

SANIMAS has changed 'dirty' image ofsanitation facility.

e. Approach MethodologyThough this project approach inter-

nalization can be only performed in thebeginning of the project, its applicationconsistency is quite effective. Suchapproach is in fact complicated but itcan be applied for urban community andit is recognized to be able to grow senseof responsibility and sense of belongingof the community against facility.

f. FinancePrice unit of SANIMAS is catego-

rized expensive moreover whether totalusers are limited. Users' subscriptionfees do not suffice for long-term mainte-nance because subscription fee is notdetermined upon actual usage costs(OM costs) despite upon accord andcapacity of community. Besides thatfinancing mechanism when central go-vernment must not provide cash aid toKSM pursuant to Presidential Decree 80has opportunity to reduce fund value.

g. SBM InstitutionalizationSBM approach internalization in go-

vernment level is not optimum yet butopinion about SANIMAS replication isquite high. Coordination team that ispioneered in the initial stage is incre-asingly dimmed and activity intensityreally depends on figure/key personsthat the existence in government cannotbe confirmed in spite of the fact thatSBM institutionalization is very impor-tant to overcome environment problem,particularly in poor districts.

h. ReplicationTechnical dependence upon BORDA

is quite high though existence of thisNGO is very limited. Replication will runwell whether any emergence of manysimilar NGOs. MJ

STUDY

Percik June 2006 b

SANIMAS Outcome Monitoring Study

a.

Minister of Health in 2002 is-sued Decree No.907/Men-kes/SK/VII/2002 regarding

Requirements and Supervisory onDrinking Water Quality. Only the rulemay not be achieved yet by all existingPDAMs (Water Supply Enterprise).Nearly of entire companies are able toproduce clean water, not drinking wa-ter.

Up to now, only three PDAMswhich is able to produce ready-drinkwater-which means without any priortreatment water can be directly safelydrink-namely PDAM Tirtanadi ofMedan Municipality, PDAM Bule-leng Regency, and PDAM MalangMunicipality. The study is intendedto identify the condition of resulteddrinking water quality whether sa-tisfies health requirement ac-cording to Decree of Minister ofHealth No. 907 of 2002.

Study is implemented in De-cember 2006. Operator of the ac-tivity namely officers from PT Su-cofindo, Jakarta facilitated by offi-cers from Minister of Health, Pro-vincial and Regency/Municipalityof Health Agency. Sample is collectedfrom three points namely raw water,water in processing and water in distri-bution points. Other than, it is also ga-thered secondary data from local He-alth Agency. Laboratory examinationis implemented in Jakarta covers qua-lity of water bacteriology, physical,chemical and radioactivity.

Based upon bacteriology examina-tion result, raw material in PDAMTirtanadi and Malang Municipality inwhich its total colliform are respective-ly 800 and 300. The data indicatesthat in both municipalities raw materi-al does not qualify to health require-

ment due to the organic waste conta-mination. However, in three PDAMs itis not found any Escherichia coli with-in raw water that indicates that wateris not contaminated by human feces.In processing and distribution, wateris free from E.coli.

In chemical view, all parametersare qualified except for iron in rawwater and boron in outlets of PDAMTirtanadi. However, in the next net-work the same water has qualified tothe requirements. On the other sides,antimony, benzo(a)pyrene, Aldrine,Dieldrine, chlordane, heptachlore pro-

vides no absolute result, though itshows only < 0.001 or < 1. It is relatedwith measuring detection limit.

Gross Alpha Activity radioactiveparameter does not qualify to the he-alth requirements within raw water ofPDAM Malang Municipality, and dis-tribution network of PDAM Tirtanadiand PDAM Buleleng. However, in thesubsequent network the water hasqualified to the health requirements.

Observation upon processinginstallation found that PDAM Bulelengless observe upon reservoir condition.It is indicated through the finding ofinsects/cockroach. And in PDAM Tir-

tanadi it is found muddy water in dis-tribution network.

Regarding internal supervisory, thestudy found the fact that internalsupervisory on quality does not runwell particularly in PDAM Bulelengand Malang Municipality. It is relatedwith required total and frequencywithin Decree of Minister of Health.Other than, such conducted supervi-sion is not supported yet under infor-mation on observation of processinginstallation and distribution networkcondition.

Meanwhile concerning exter-nal supervisory carried out byHealth Agency of Regency/Muni-cipality it is found that supervisionis sufficiently optimum but themeasure does not yet able to pro-vide complete information relatedwith condition of processinginstallation and distribution net-work condition. Besides thatparameters examined by the agen-cy have deviated either bacteriolo-gy, chemical and physical with aquite not great deviation.

Under such finding result, thestudy provides input inter alia PDAMrequires to the performance of routinemonitoring against the condition of pro-cessing installation and distribution net-work; improvement on socialization ofDecree of Minister of Health 907 of 2002in PDAM and Health Agency; improve-ment on water quality supervisory per-formance either internally and external-ly; improvement on capacity building ofPDAM in order to the performance ofwater quality; requirement on periodicsanitation inspection by PDAM andHealth Agency; and requirement onperiodic technical guidance to improveperformance of PDAM. MJ

STUDY

Percik June 2006 c

Evaluation Study on Drinking Water Qualityof PDAM (Water Supply Enterprise)

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Since 2001, government has ta-ken decision to reduce fuel oilsubsidy (BBM). The policy im-

pacts to the increase of public con-sumption costs due to increasing priceof goods and service price. Specificallyfor poor people, government attemp-ted to reduce their consumption costburden by directly returning fuel oilsubsidy fund through CompensationProgram on Fuel Oil Subsidy Reduc-tion (PKPS-BBM). The program hasbeen carried out in seven sectors na-mely Special Market Operation on Ri-ce, health, education, bus transporta-tion, clean water, financing empower-ment for Public Financial Institution,and coastal community empowerment.

In specific for clean water sector,fund allocation for PKPS-BBM hasbeen distributed through HandlingProgram on Fuel Oil Subsidy Reducti-on Impact for Clean Water Provision(SB-AB Program). The program isaimed to reduce the burden of poor peo-ple or community that is difficult to sa-tisfy their clean water requirement sothat they may get cheaper and/or easi-er clean water compared to previously.The target is poor people within urbanand rural slum area inclusive of fisher-man villages that PDAM does not servethem, clean water vulnerability, waterpurchase with expensive price, distantwater location, drought during dry sea-son. The target covers 1,000 villageunits/villages in 347 district/cities in30 provinces.

The program has taken place for fo-ur years. A study is conducted to evalu-ate the success of target achievement,identification on obstacle, barrier andproblems faced in target achievement.Study is performed through activity re-

port inventory in each province, fieldsurvey and interview conducted byprovincial coordination team and pro-ject leader of P2P and PDAM.

Study ResultAccording to the accessibility, SB-AB

program has enabled community thatbecomes target group may easily obtainwater. It can be viewed from total house-hold users which are quite large, particu-larly for house pipeline facility. Users ofhouse pipeline in average are 246 fami-lies, while for public hydrant and watertank totals to 29.80 families.

There is decrease of total house-hold users of Public Hydrant and Wa-ter Tank from year to year becausethey have been able to provide theirown clean facility. Even many publichydrants are out of order now.

SB-AB program expedites communi-ty to access clean water. The distance toaccess Public Hydrant/Water Tank is 51-74 meters in average. While required timeare 10.16 minutes in average. Upon the

existence of this facility, it enables major-ity of recipient users may satisfy their vitalnecessity such as drinking, cooking,showering and washing. But communityis not satisfied yet with available facili-ties due to inter alia less good waterquality (smelly and tasty).

In economical aspect, communitymay get water with cheaper price. Spen-ding percentage for clean water con-sumption does not achieve five percent oftotal revenue or only five percent of totalhousehold spending. Specifically forhouse pipeline users, their spending evennot less than 0.5 percent of householdrevenue and spending.

According to the aspect of commu-nity empowerment, majority of targetgroup has organization to manage cle-an water facility. In some locations,community participation even existssince the initial planning. Communityhas proven that it has identified andthe utilized their available resource.

Meanwhile according to the projectmanagement aspect, the program hassatisfied "punctual" criteria based onnone of delayed development perfor-mance and "quality fit" due to most ofsuch established facility are undergood condition. However, it emergesquestion in relation with "target fit"criteria in view of community groupthat has become program user is thecommunity group that cannot be cate-gorized as poor people.

Based on such condition, therecommendation that are conveyed areamong others Public Hydrants can becontinued providing that it is stimu-lant and requires appropriateness inselecting project location mainly con-cerning economic factor namely rela-ted with their prosperity level. MJ

STUDY

Percik June 2006 d

Evaluation Study on Clean Water Necessityas The Impact of Fuel Oil Price Hike

SOURCE:KR DEWI

Sanitation sector constitutes apublic service that is closelylinked with poverty alleviation

in Indonesia. Sanitation conditioneither in urban and rural is not goodyet that therefore it as bad impactupon health and environment. Ittakes place until now.

Totals to 47 percent of populationin Indonesia have no access uponbasic sanitation facility and there areonly a few cities that own seweragesystem with total service coverage of14 percent of urban population.Another data from National Agencyon Development Planning (Bappenas)shows that there are only 35 percentof populations in Indonesia has goodaccess into sanitation such as latrineand septic tank. Consequently, diar-rhea becomes the second largest cau-sing factor of under-five childrendeath (46 per 1,000 life birth) and thethird largest causing factor of infantdeath (32 per 1,000 births).

Public investment upon sanitationsector is very low. Total investmentupon urban sanitation (collection andprocessing) reaches only US$ 200million for the latest 20 years ofnecessity projection (for water andsanitation infrastructure) totals toUS$ 1 trillion per annum until 2015.

Anticipating to such matter, Indo-nesian Government designed a pro-gram, Indonesia Sanitation SectorDevelopment program (ISSDP). Theprogram took place in 3-4 years(2006-2009) which constitutes partof Indonesia Water Trust Fund ma-naged by World Bank (WSP-EAP).

Fund made available by donor coun-try (Netherlands Government) in thisprogram totals to ± US$ 8 million.Officially, ISSDP started to commencein April 2006.

In general this program is intend-ed to improve condition of health,environment and economy of Indo-nesian people, particularly poor peo-ple, through sanitation service im-provement and to improve sanitationprofile in Indonesia through (i) awa-reness improvement (government,community, NGO, private) regardingthe importance of good sanitationquality; (ii) strategy establishment onsanitation sector development; (iii)fundraising and fund mobilizationfrom government, private, NGOs, andcommunity.

Meanwhile program objectives areimproving sustainable framework onpro-poor people sanitation servicethrough policy preparation develop-ment and integrated and effectivestrategic planning, institutionalizedcapacity development and clean lifeawareness development. ISSDP isperformed in 6 cities namely Sura-karta, Blitar, Denpasar, Banjarmasin,Jambi, and Payakumbuh.

ISSDP owns six components ofactivity inter alia:

Development for effective sanitati-on sector framework. The compo-nent is intended to improve aware-ness and capacity of decision-ma-kers in national, provincial andmunicipal levels, complete policyand regulation framework, strategyand action plan and require guide-lines for policy operation; and ma-king clarification upon sanitationinstitutionalization framework innational and regional levels.Development for coordinated in-vestment framework. This compo-nent is to develop inter-stakeholderconsensus that covers governmentinstitutions, donor institutions,private sectors and NGOs regar-ding objectives and principles ofinvestment framework for coordi-nated sanitation sector.Development for sanitation andhygiene promotion awarenesscampaign. This component consti-tutes the advocacy and marketingeffort to stimulate and to increasenecessity upon good sanitationservice through activities of nation-scaled sanitation awareness andhygiene promotion campaign.Capacity development for urbanlevel institution and strategy.Through the component, ISSDPteam in unison with municipalitygovernment conducted sanitationmapping and situation assessmentupon sanitation condition, per-formed capacity development anddeveloping strategy and urban levelsanitation action plan.Support for community level sani-

PROGRAM

Percik June 2006 27

A Glimpse on Indonesia Sanitation SectorDevelopment Program (ISSDP)

Total investment uponurban sanitation(collection and

processing) reaches onlyUS$ 200 million forthe latest 20 years

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

tation pilot project. This compo-nent provides accompaniment fundto build community-based sanitationsystem which constitutes priority thathas been designed within strategy andurban level action plan.Support against action plan ofmunicipality government. Thiscomponent provides accompani-ment fund to design and to imple-ment physical, institutional andfinancial solution required to sup-port poor people to integrate com-munity-based sanitation facility

with urban sewer system as identi-fied in urban level sanitation actionplan.Among such six components abo-

ve, component 1-4 have been imple-mented in initial 2 years of ISSDP per-formance (2006-2008) and compo-nent 5-6 will be performed followingeach municipality prepares strategyand sanitation action plan. Relation

among six ISSDP components can beillustrated within the above figure.

Performance of ISSDP activitiesuntil June 2006:

Fast track activityThis fast track constitutes prepa-

ration activity for ISSDP perfor-mance. This fast track collects variousbasic information about sanitationsector development and advocacymaterial preparation that will be fur-ther developed in ISSDP. Fast trackactivity is performed in November2005-March 2006, and divided into

two major parts namely:Study of sanitation in poor urbancommunitiesThis study is intended to illustratesanitation condition in urban poorpeople in Indonesia, performed in 8cities (Bandung, Surabaya, Banjar-masin, Denpasar, Jambi, Surakarta,Blitar, Payakumbuh).The state of sanitation in Indonesia:

This activity is the effort to prepareadvocacy strategy for sanitation sec-tor for regional government andbecomes initial input for ISSDPteam to prepare more comprehen-sive sanitation campaign strategy.This activity is divided upon 3 parts:

Contract A: Study on Govern-ment's Knowledge, Attitude andMotivation towards pro-poorsanitationThis study is intended to assessupon level of knowledge, attitudeand motivation of regional go-vernment and regional govern-ment upon efforts to provide sa-nitation service for poor people.Contract B: The State of Sanita-tion in IndonesiaThis study is the effort to collectrelated facts with general condi-tion of sanitation sector in Indo-nesia and bad impacts whethernone of improvement efforts.Contract C: Communication andadvocacy strategyThis activity constitutes prepara-tion for communication and ad-vocacy strategic document for sa-nitation sector based upon inputfrom two previous study activi-ties (contract A and contract B).

Sanitation MappingThis Sanitation Mapping consti-

tutes part of component 4 (Capacitydevelopment for institution andurban level strategy). Objective of theactivity is to map current condition ofsanitation service in ISSDP's targetcities and identifying related partieswithin sanitation sector developmentin urban level including role andresponsibility division. This activityhas begun in Surakarta, Blitar,Banjarmasin and Denpasar. AK

PROGRAM

Percik June 2006 28

Kerangka kerja sanitasi

Komp. 1 dan 2

Pilot project Komp. 5 dan 6

Peningkatan kebutuhan

layanan sanitasi KOmp. 3

Peningkatan kapasitas untuk menyediakan

layanan sanitasi Komp. 4

Sanitation SectorFramework

Component 1 and 2

SanitationService

DevelopmentComponent 3

CapacityDevelopment to

Support SanitationService

Component 4

Pilot ProjectComponent

5 and 6

6.

Waste problem becomes anissue that consumes atten-tion in large cities. Waste

becomes bigger but land becomes nar-rower. Such so simple management infact produces new problem. Variousefforts conducted to reduce waste pi-ling. One of them is incinerator. Wasteis burned just the way it is. In visiblemanner, its resulted reduction volumeis so promising. But there is invisiblematter that can be chemically provenduring waste incineration process. Alot of very toxicity chemical compoundsare formed during such uncontrolledwaste incineration furthermore whethersuch incinerated waste is heterogeneouswaste. Such most dangerous emissionproduct is the establishment of dioxinand furan compound which is very da-ngerous for human health. Besides thatincinerator constitutes major cause ofhard metal pollutants such as mercury(Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic(As), chromium (Cr) and acid rain estab-lishment gas namely oxide nitrogen(Nox) and sulfur oxide (Sox). Con-sequently incinerator usage is not recom-mended anymore.

Now we have a new tool similar toincinerator but its process is differentat all. The tool is resulted from deve-lopment by PT Hepasin Medika Pra-tama in cooperation with Faculty ofMathematics and Natural Science ofUniversity of Indonesia (FMIPA UI)through series of test. Its name is 'XFlow Rotary Carbonizer'. This finding

is even patented and tested in severalcompanies such as PT Caltex Indone-sia. This tool capacitates to process 25-500 kg waste per hour.

The tool uses Low TemperatureThermal Desorption (LTTD) technolo-gy. The process is similar to incinera-tion but under lower temperature. Un-der such thermal desorption system,material will be dispersed under lowtemperature (< 3000C) with indirectheating and low air pressure condition(vacuum). The process enables mate-rial to be more vaporized compared tothat within air pressure. And whathappened in this system is that physicsprocess despite of chemical processsuch as oxidation reaction. This me-thod is very effective to separate vo-

latile organic compounds/VOCs), se-mi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs), (poly aromatic hydrocar-bon/PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl-/PCB), oil, pesticide and several cad-mium metals, mercury, lead and non-metals such as arsenic, sulfur, chlorand others. Such separated material inform of steam will be easier to be re-collected under condensation, absor-bed using filter, solution or other me-dia so that it does not disperse any-where. Under thermal desorption sys-tem, such dangerous material will beseparated so that it will be easier to behandled whether it will be disposed orre-used, while organic items that aredifficult to vaporize will be carbonizedinto charcoal (figure is overleaf).

INNOVATION

Percik June 2006 29

X Flow Rotary Carbonizer

Environmental-Friendly'Incinerator'

Waste burning produces a very dangerous dioxin for human health

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

The system contains wet scrubberand carbon filter to capture poisonousparticulate and gases that possibly es-tablished during desorption process.The excellence of the system is its qu-ick process and low equipment andoperation cost investment, its unit canbe made into small unit that it can bemade into mobile system. MJ

INNOVATION

Percik June 2006 30

FigureLow TemperatureThermal Desorption (LTTD) Principle

Carboniser Insinerator Non Dioxin Dioxin pada waktu penurunan dan

kenaikan suhu Biaya operasional rendah

- listrik - konsumsi bahan bakar

Biaya operasional tinggi : - listrik - konsumsi bahan bakar

Tidak pakai batu api Batu api sering retak karena opera-sional tidak kontinu (panas/dingin), Batu api mahal sekali

Temperatur rendah (250-350oC) Temperatur tinggi (600-1200oc) Thermolisis tidak langsung Pembakaran langsung Penguapan tekanan rendah Tekanan tinggi untuk pembakaran Proses dekontaminasi pendek (10-65 menit *maksimal)

Proses pembakaran panjang memerlu-kan pemanasan pendahuluan dan pe-nurunan suhu ; 4-6 jam

COMPARISON BETWEENINCINERATOR AND CARBONIZER

SOURCE:PT HEPASIN

Solidwaste Rolling tire Burner

LTTD system

Silver granules

Absorber

Wetscruber Chimney

Freepollutant

wasteSulfide solution

Non-dioxin Dioxin emerges during tempe-rature decrease and increase

Low operational costs-electricity-fuel consumption

High operational costs -electricity-fuel consumption

Short decontamination process(10-65 minutes in maximum)

Long incineration processrequires pre-heating and tem-perature decrease; 4-6 hours

No need to use live coals Live coals frequently cracks due todiscontinued operation (hot/cold),live coals are very expensive

Low temperature (250-3500 C) High temperature (600-12000 C)

Direct incineration

High pressure for incinerationIndirect thermolysis

Low pressure vaporization

On, July 19, 2005, the Consti-tutional Court (MK) passedjudgment to the Judicial Re-

view to Law No. 7 of 2004 regardingWater Resources (Law on WaterResources). In its judgment MKdenied the petition for materialexamination to Law on Water Re-sources. This judgment was really sur-prising since in the judgment to Lawon Power, MK accepted the petitionfor the same case. Indeed, water andpower are equally utilized for publicinterest as set forth in article 33 ofConstitution 45.

In addition, as fundamental rights,water management can not be trans-ferred to private. Implication of domi-nant private role in determining watersupply cost is people's difficulty inconsuming water. The recent experi-ence denoted that private companiesalways determine full cost recovery tomaximize profit and accelerate returnof investment. This principle in prac-tice is contradictory to the people'sright to water, especially the poor.

The next question is, if water isconsidered the most fundamentalhuman rights, can a production rightbe issued to right to water? In short,can the water management be deli-vered to the private?

For further understanding aboutthis case, let's first understand theeconomic right which is nota bene thesub-system of human right. In hisbook Making Sense on Human Right,James W. Nickel (1996) divided eco-

nomic rights into two namely produc-tion right and consumption right. Ifwe talk about economic right in theUnited States, then the liberal groupwill imagine welfare rights, while theconservative group will imagine thebusinessmen's rights (James W.Nickel 1996:213)

Rights concerning production di-rectly relates to person's access inproduction and to role, safety, and fairtreatment for them in productionactivities. If implemented, productionrights not only provide social guaran-tees for the existence of freedom andallowance, but also a firm structure inwhich economic transaction and thenmarket are able to emerge. Produc-tion right ideas providing opportunityfor every person to take part in con-trolling public interest is actually ins-pired by Jhon Locke's concept.

Jhon Locke's concept about pro-prietary right has effectively legit-imized the theft of collective goods inEurope during fencing movement inthe 17th century. If we change condi-tion as nature endows and we aban-don it, then we mix power to it andcombine something from it, then thegoods becomes his property.

But please remember that in exer-cising production right there are atleast restrictions as provided for inInternational Covenant Economy,Social and Culture Right (ICESCR) in1966 already ratified by Indonesia onSeptember 30, 2005. In Article 1 pa-ragraph 2, Covenant states that "Any-one may, for their objectives, freelymanage natural wealth and resourceswithout prejudice to their obligationsarising out from international eco-nomic cooperation on mutually bene-fiting principle and international law.It is absolutely prohibited to seizesomeone's life facility". Therefore eco-nomic right relating to productabsolutely can not be made.

While consumption right coversrights to welfare namely those relat-ing to availability goods for life sur-vival and feasible right. ICESR 1966 inreality does not mention about con-sumers but formulating several normsto protect the community's consump-tion right. First, this Covenant strong-ly condemns discrimination in eco-nomic and other sectors. Second, itresponds to inadequate purchasingpower by formulating everyone's right

INSIGHT

Percik June 2006 31

Water Flowsfrom State to Private

by: Muhamad Zainal Arifin*

However if we seebewildered water

management in Indonesia,will we remain persistent

that responsibility to fulfillthe right to water is left

to the government?Can the management be

left to the private?

to adequate life standard and right tosocial guarantee, medical and educa-tion services.

Therefore, if we use James W.Nickel's concept about economicright, then the right to water is onlyeconomic right relating to consump-tion. It means neither individual norprivate has economic right relating toproduction. The same concept wasever stated by Vandhana Shiva. In hisbook, Water War Privatisasi Polusidan Profit, he argued that as basicright, right to water is usufructuaryrights it being understood that watercan be utilized but can not be pos-sessed.

However if we see bewilderedwater management in Indonesia, willwe remain persistent that responsibi-lity to fulfill the right to water is left tothe government? Can the manage-ment be left to the private by takinginto the fact that urban people servedby water treatment is 40% (about 33million people), rural area people 8%(about 10 million people), and nationalaverage leak degree reaches 40%. Fromabout 306 PDAM, 90% is in conditionnot feasible to operate (Percik Maga-zine Edition May 2005, p. 45).

If we talk about bewildered watermanagement in Indonesia, there areactually three main causes. Firstly, theregulation on Water Supply Enter-prise (PDAM) namely Law No. 5 of1962 is no longer up to date. There aremany articles no longer in accordancewith the era development and theyshould be revised. In addition, it isalso necessary to add provisions co-vering transparence, accountability,professionalism and independence ofthe Regional Company in financialmanagement.

Secondly, corruption in PDAM.Regional Autonomy triggers crazier

corruption in PDAM. Various aidfunds from donor countries andWorld Bank that should have beenallocated to repair water treatmentinfrastructure was corrupted byPDAM person and official in region.Consequently, PDAM's money totallyreached Rp 5.2 trillion and there wasno improvement in water servicequality but conversely exacerbating.

Thirdly, lack of financial inde-pendence due to stronger interventi-on of the regional management. It issomething not surprising if in severalregions PDAM is used as moneymachine in financing political partylife in local level.

By bewildering water managementby the government, we should not beworried about water privatization. Itwill be able to provide new expecta-tion for creation of better water ser-vice. There are two reasons why weshould not be antipathy with waterprivatization.

Firstly, water privatization will notcause shift of monopoly from the go-vernment to private. It is in line witharticles 27 and 28 of Law No. 5 of

1999 regarding Anti Monopoly andUnfair Business Competition Practice,prohibiting businessman to makemerger, amalgamation or taking overof other company's share that mayrender monopoly practice. Therefore,by existence of Law No. 5 of 1999, it isreally not reasonable for person toafraid of water monopoly phenomenaby private.

Secondly, by privatization, there isbusiness competition among competi-tor. The businessmen must make effi-ciency and provide satisfactory ser-vice to the public if desiring to havemany customers. Finally, if there isbusiness competition, water servicecoverage will be wider and water pricewill be more affordable by people.

By water privatization, it is expec-ted that corruption degree in thefuture in water company in variousregions will gradually decrease andwater service to public will increase.Therefore, let the right to water flowfrom state to the private.

* Student of Faculty of Laws Airlangga University, Chief Coordinator of

Legal Political Study Forum (FSPH) FH - Unair

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Percik June 2006 32

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

From various archeological stu-dies, currently human beingcivilization history can be tra-

ced back from 7000 years ago. Es-pecially in waters technology civiliza-tion sector, several archeology find-ings in Middle East region reveal thatthe human being has applied it sinceabout 5000 years ago in line with de-velopment of "cuneiform". Humanbeing civilization in Persia Gulfregion, for example, has applied agri-culture, clean water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation culture since5000 years ago. Even Iraq (ancient)has developed integrated waterresources treatment system (SDA) inTigris and Euphrates River valley in2500s BC.

This article tries to trace back themystery of long tunnel of humanbeing civilization journey in water andenvironmental technology sector thatcan be found in various parts of theearth hemisphere, among others suchas the civilization of (ancient) Egypt,Persia, Yemen, and various ancientcultures in Middle East, Turkey,Greece, Asia, Maya Culture in CentralAmerica and irrigation civilization inthe motherland Indonesia itselftogether with the lesson that cantaken as well as perspective of imple-mentation in the future.

EVIDENCE OF WATER CIVI-LIZATION INHERITANCE

Water Culture in Nil River ValleyRelating to human being civiliza-

tion in water technology, HerodotusHalikamassos who was very popularas Father of Ancient History, a nomadand writer of the Greece, livingbetween 484 and 425 BC, has thou-sands years ago stated that Nil Riveris a valuable gift for the Egypt. Really,by the fact that annual high rainfall inCairo and its surrounding only ra-nging from 20 mm, in fact agriculturein Nil River valley has taken placeabout 5100 BC until about 3000 BCby involving spectacular irrigationtechnology intervention at that time.

Greece Civilization InheritanceGreece technology culture (An-

cient) since long ago until Mycenacanheroism, the Greece has significantlybeen involved in hydraulic engineer-ing since about 1500 BC. For example,development of water regulator damTiryns located about 4 km east ofTiryns town built with main objectiveto prevent flood besides other impor-tant objectives for water supply. Thisdam - made of brick arrangement

with mixture lime and clay - currentlystill in its original shape as its initialconstruction in 1260 BC.

Iran (Persia) Civilization Inheri-tanceAmong 57 world inheritance for

human being culture listed byUNESCO, in Iran there are four an-cient sites recorded, one of them ispolitical and cultural and religion cen-ter of the ancient era known byChogha Zambil Complex, and then,dam in Shushtar town built in thesame period, combining irrigation,clean water and urban sanitation aswell as water wheel power.

Chogha Zambil Complex was built

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Percik June 2006 33

by: A. Hafied A. Gany*

(Part One)

Figure 1.Scheme without scale of water purifierbuilding for Chogha Zambil Complex (Inhe-ritance of 1250 BC).

Mystery of WaterTechnology Civilization

Time Path

in 1250 BC by Elamite King. Thisbuilding was used as political culturaland religion activities center, built atheight of 50 m made of large-sizebrick, equipped with modern watersupply network at the time, which thewater source was from Dur-Untashtown at distance of 50 km.

From source of taking in river, thewater is firstly flowed to temporaryaccommodation dam built speciallyby damming up valley that was able toaccommodate temporarily water atvolume of 350 m3. Water was depo-sited in the dam before flowed toChogha Zambil Complex.

Water irrigation technology at thetime has for long time applied "inter-

connected vessel" law, to flow waterby using closed water channel, follow-ing the contour of earth surface untilcustomer's point of destination at dis-tance of 45 km, at entire pipe length of50 km. Before being consumed, thewater is firstly processed throughpurifier building at end of pipe. (VideFigure 1). Scale-less map of the waterpurifier building represents mecha-nism of water purifier system by usingsediment deposition principle in

depositing pool, and flowed via holewith sand and gravel filter until thewater is quite clean for use.

Figure 2 represents detail of illus-tration of water supply door and inletfrom ancient clean water line (built inabout 3256 years ago) by using inter-connected vessel principle.

It is worth noted that public facili-ty available in this Chogha Zambil Sitecomplex not only emphasizes on thenecessity of clean water distributionnetwork, but also equipped withurban drainage system in terms ofsewage disposal network.

The thing attractive for the writeris the newest finding in form of an-cient sewage line artifact (built in3256 years ago) in Chogha ZambilComplex location, it was found byIran archeological team only in fourdays (21-02-2006) before the writervisits such site (Vide Figure 3).

It supports the assumption thatthere are many things not yet identi-fied by modern human being aboutmystery of the life of their ancestoralong time path of human being civi-lization that are only few of them dis-covered hitherto. It is something notimpossible that Indonesia also has a

lot of mystery, especially in ancientwater technology field, that is stillwaiting for his turn for disclosure byour archeologists.

Integrated Irrigation and SDAIn Khozestan Province, southwest

Iran, Dez, Karkheh, Mzun, Bahman-Shir and Krung rivers network hasbeen used in integrated manner forMonoo (Mian-Ab) irrigation networkwhich the interconnection system isquite complex. The existing artifactmay lead to the conclusion that cur-rently the network which is used inte-gratedly for various life and livingpurposes was very complex in eraBefore Christ in such region.

Inheritance of Turkey Civili-zation

In about 17 BC, Hittites commu-nity established the first Indo-Eu-rope country in the middle of Turkiregion, with Hattusa as capital (Nowis Boazkale Town), about 150 km ineast of Angkara town. At that thetime, a dam with primitive construc-tion was built at location of about 30m in northwest of the capital inGolpunar location. Also, a dam lo-cated nearby Karakuya, about 370km in east of Angkara was built in 13BC. At that time, Turkey had manydams type "hafirs" built in YoungMeroitic era, in which water intakeflowed through sluis gate was usedto irrigate meadow in its surro-unding. In a foot of hill in upstreamof water source, in settlement ofEflatun Pinar located about 260 kmin southwest of Angkara town, thereis a dam of water inundation withsmall cofferdam crossing valley tofulfill the need for water which quite

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Percik June 2006 34

Figure 2.Inlet door artifact inheritance of waterpurifier building in Chogha Zambil Complex(Inheritance of 1250 BC).

Figure 3.The newest archeological finding, namely oneof part of urban drainage line in Chogha ZambilComplex (Inheritance of 1250 BC)

effective for its surrounding area.

Inheritance of Iraq CivilizationDifferent from SDA condition that

has ample potential in Nil river valley,there are two rivers periodically ca-using annual flood in Iraq, namelyTigris and Euphrates rivers. To over-come this problem, development ofboth rivers requires combination bet-ween flood control and regulation ofwater supply for agriculture plant, aswell as the need for water and envi-ronmental preservation. Tigris riverat the time was used fully for supply-ing irrigation water by buildingMardud and Nimrud dams nearbySamarra in period of 2500 BC (about4500 years ago). Such dam is locatedabout 100 km in northwest of Bagh-dad town, and remains legend for de-velopment of water infrastructure forhuman being hitherto. Even it isknown that recently irrigation net-work in Kisrawi, Tamara, Nahrawanhas applied integrated system In-tegrated Water Resources Manage-ment) at that time.

Water Supply Dam Nineveh:Other wonderful physical evidencefrom the effort of Iraq to built watersupply infrastructure under AssyriaKing, Sennacherib (704-68 BC) tosupply water to state capital, Nineveh-at that time, about 355 km in north ofBaghdad. A king child of Assyria king-dom named Urartu was also expert inwater building works, carried out damconstruction water supply for the peo-ple through application of river wateruse integrally.

Inheritance of Civilization in De-sert of Southwest Asia Regions

Along history documentation evi-dence hitherto, the oldest dam in theworld is identified at location about

100 km of southwest of Amman, thecapital of Jordan Kingdom. This damconstitutes comprehensive part ofwater distribution system from JawaTown (with total population about2000 people at that time) alreadyreaching the victory level in 3000 BC.(Vide scheme of water supply systemfor Jawa Town in Figure 4).

It is recently known that JawaTown was built together with cons-truction of Water Distribution SystemNo. 1 in early rainy season, in orderthat the need for water for executiveand colony of animal are able to sur-vive passing the subsequent dry sea-son.

The existing evidence reveals thatJawa Town was not built by the in-digenous living as nomad aroundsuch region. Urban water distributionsystem was possibly built cautiouslyand well-organized by the migrantcommunity from urban settlementarea who had higher civilization.

Dam for irrigation in YemenA spectacular event recorded in

the story of Prophet Solomon in theBible is the event of the visit of QueenBilqis from Saba in Yemen at distanceof about 2000 km from south ofJerusalem town. It is mentioned thatthe Saba capital at that time wasMagrib Town about 120 km fromSana town.

High prosperity level in thatcountry was due to development andmanagement of irrigation for morethan one thousand years. It isrecorded that since 1500 BC, theSaba people were able to dam up themain river in such region namelyDanah River.

Nabatean Community DamIn about the second century Be-

fore Christ, the Nabatean Communityestablished the kingdom with Petra asits capital, about 185 km in south ofAmman. Since the location was lo-

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Percik June 2006 35

Figure 4. Waters supply system schematic map of Jawa Town (ancient) 100 km southwest ofAmman town (now) - Inheritance 300 years ago Before Christ.

cated in valley of tributary in desert,then in the next phase, such towncould only survive by highly relyingon the water building constructed.One of buildings which was veryimportant at that time was to controlsevere flood repeatedly occurring invalley of desert. The dam constructionwas equipped with tunnel at length ofabout 400 m crossing secondary val-ley in its adjacent for water flowingupon flood.

Following several other similarlocations, Nabaten people built checkdam to retain erosion rate and thesediment collected was used cultiva-tion area. Such measures were theearly of "land, water and environmentconservation technology" mostlyknown in the current modern era.

To store water, Nabatean peoplepreferred the closed storage system(underground) that may function asrefrigeration and to decrease loss ofwater due to evaporation, made brickwith mortar being mix of lime andmaterial similar to clay which in factable to exist hitherto.

Inheritance of Chinese Civili-zation

In wet climate context in subtropicalregion area, the SDA infrastructuredevelopment priority in China is catego-rized low, greater concentration wasgiven to construction of embankment atriver bank and control of the river itself,proven by application of water trans-portation engineering developing forlong time to connect civilization centersspread in China.

However, the Chinese remainedrecord a famous dam in its era, namelyAnfengtang or Shao built between 402-221 BC. This dam is recorded as the old-est dam to support agriculture simulta-neously for river navigation in China.

Water storage dams: As notes sinceearly period of Ancient China period,there was development of seven dams,located in center of such country, in westand around Shanghai. The oldest dam asmentioned previously was AfengtangDam built from 589 through 581 BCunder supervision of Sun Shauo, afamous minister of Ting King (606-586BC). Such dam hitherto still operateswell with accommodation capacity aboutof 100 million m3 of water. The similardam used to accommodate irrigationwater was Hongxi dam built in about100 BC around Huai River.

By increase in population rate, itwas then realized that it was very dif-ficult to built dam in Hongxi lowland.As the result, it was dried for settle-ment. In the subsequent constructionphase, the dam construction moved tomountain area generally requiringdam with smaller type. DongquianDam for example, that is still existinghitherto was actually built in the thirdCentury and able to accommodate 40million m3 and constitutes main wa-ter source for surrounding area.

Meso-America Pre-Columbia Ci-vilization Inheritance Era

Climate condition in Meso-Ame-rica region is excluded from UnitedState of America, generally dry amidhighland but humid with tropical con-dition along coast. By rainfall anduneven run-off along year, the tradi-tional farmers community of the pre-vious era (that had existed beforeZapotecs, Toltecs, Maya, Anazasi andAztec cultures) had been able to builtdam to store water during rainy sea-son for use in dry season.

The oldest dam of that type thatwas able to be found hitherto is Damtype soil backfilling of Purron nearbySan Jose' Tilapa in the out most tip of

south of Tehchuacan Valley, about260 km of south of Mexico Town.

Xoxocotlan Dam and Water Sup-ply Monte Alban: A is smaller dambeing inheritance of the seven age BCwas found near Zoxocotlan, in south-west of Oaxaca, about 370 km ofsouthwest of Mexico Town. Suchbuilding was composed of big stonewith lime based mortar as adhesive.

It is worth-noted that land irri-gated by Xoxocotlan Dam does notprovide significant contribution tofood production to culture center inits surrounding but to fulfill the needfor clean water, namely for MonteAlban settlement area. It is alsoknown as center of modern culture inrain water accommodation and sto-rage to fulfill the need for drinkingwater. In its glory era, about 250-650C, the population of Monte Alban wasabout 25 thousand people, alreadyusing closed network made of brick,with double water tank.

Maya Nation in Yukatan, at firstbuilt dams only to supply water todomestic people rather than for sup-ply of water for irrigation purpose foragriculture land, that was indeedrequired in an tropical area. Such damwas developed in Tikal Region,Guatemala, reaching its glory in about600 to 900 C. Meanwhile several damswere built, several regions on the otherhand were inundated by dams with lowcapacity for example with volume ofabout 50,000 m3 for dams locatedaround palace. (continued)

* Widya Iswara Utama of the Ministry ofPublic Works of "Waters Technology and

Management"; Board of Directors,International Networks on Participatory

Irrigation Management;and member of Working Group on

Irrigation and Drainage Historyof the World, ICID, representing

Indonesia.

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Percik June 2006 36

Healthy water for all peopleshould be defined as drink-ing water. Provision on

drinking water, as contained in theGovernment Regulation No. 16/2005regarding Drinking Water Supply Sys-tem Development is domestic drink-ing water through treatment processor without treatment process fulfillinghealth requirements and drinkable di-rectly. Healthy requirement of drink-ing water is according to Decree of theMinister of Health of the Republic ofIndonesia No. 907/MEN-KES/SK/-VII/2002 regarding Requirementsand Supervision of Drinking Water.

Fulfillment of the need for drink-ing water is not only oriented to qua-lity as healthy requirement of drink-ing water but simultaneously relatingto its quantity and continuity. Thegovernment and regional governmentshall settle problem on drinking waterfulfilling provision on quality, quanti-ty and continuity for all people, espe-cially to the people not yet havingaccess to drinking water. On the otherhand, the government takes intoaccount fulfillment of community'saccess to drinking water based onnational and global challenge.

The National challenge of the go-vernment according to GovernmentRegulation No. 16 of 2005 in perfor-ming obligation to fulfill community'saccess to drinking water is orientedto:

Materialization of high qualitydrinking water management andservice at affordable price.

Attainment of balance interest bet-ween the consumers and serviceprovider; andAttainment of increase in drinking wa-ter efficiency and service coverage.

Global challenge in fulfilling drinkingwater is based on declaration of "Millen-nium Development Goals" (MDGs) inWorld Summit for Sustainable Develop-ment in Johannesburg, in 2002. It wasagreed that the attainment of target ofMDGs' agenda is in 2015. One of MGD'sagendas, namely Agenda No. 7: "EnsureEnvironmental Sustainability". Is "redu-ce by halve the proportion of peoplewithout sustainable access to safe drink-ing water". Consequence of the ratificati-on of MDGs Declaration for develop-ment of drinking water supply in Indo-nesia is that by it in 2015 must be able toincrease service to reduce a half of pro-portion of people who are now withoutsustainable access to drinking water.

Starting from current drinkingwater service coverage condition, na-mely just about 39 percent of urbanpeople and 8 percent of rural areaspeople already having sustainableaccess to drinking water, then pur-suant to Declaration of MGDs, in 2015the drinking water service coverage inurban area must become 69.5 percentand in rural areas 54 percent. The tar-get of this attainment should be con-strued that drinking water supply sys-tem development in Indonesia withinperiod of 15 years to come (basis of2000) must be increased respectively

by 30.5 percent of urban people and46 percent for rural people, againstservice coverage currently.

Need for Drinking Water andRaw WaterA. National Need

Oriented to MDGs global issue in2015, it is estimated that total In-donesian people will reach about 250million people. About 53 percent out ofthem will live in urban area or about 150million people and the remainder 47percent or about 100 million people willlive in the rural area. Implication of totalpopulation development in 2015, drink-ing water supply according to MDGs tar-get, it is predicted that the need fordrinking water is totally 285,200 l/sec,covering:

Urban area 235,500 l/secRural area 49,700 l/sec

Basic assumption used for thiscalculation namely drinking waterconsumption in urban area is 200liter/person/day for metropolitantown; 175 liter/person/day for middletown; and 125 liter/person/day forsmall town; while in the rural area 60liter/person/day.

Table 1 presents projected need fornational drinking water in 2015, byprovincial area. To fulfill the need fornational drinking water, it requiresdrinking water nationally (with factor1.2 times production capacity need)by 341,900 l/sec or about 340m3/sec,covering:

Urban area 282,400 l/secRural area 59,500 l/sec

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Percik June 2008 37

Challenge of Raw Water Supply inFulfillment of Need for Drinking Water

by: Poedjastanto Soemardono*

B. Metropolitan's and Big Towns'Need

Meanwhile for metropolitan andbig towns, national economic growthtending to increase from 5.11 percentat end of 2001 to 5.76 percent at endof 2005 will stimulate the increase inthe need for drinking water. The mainproblem in drinking water supply inurban area, especially metropolitanand big towns is more critical rawwater availability. The need for drink-ing water in 2015 for metropolitan

and big towns is estimated 51,700l/sec, covering:

Metropolitan Town : 35,400 l/secBig Town : 16,300 l/secThe metropolitan and big towns

are as presented in Table 2.

Supply ChallengeA. Quantity Perspective

In 2000 with service coverage of39 percent in urban area and 8 per-cent in rural area, capacity progress indrinking water supply system capacity

already attained in urban area was 112m3/second and in rural area 12m3/second thereby totaling 124m3/second. From the projected needuntil 2015 requiring the raw water by340 m3/second, then additional rawwater required is 216 m3/second.This target is very onerous. Thereforethere should be more appropriate rawwater supply approach in order to beable to fulfill the target attainment.Raw water supply should be based onvolume required as well as distancebetween source of raw water and ser-vice region. The existing option ofsupply are regionally or locally. It isnecessary to find out appropriate for-mula for such purpose. By considera-tion above, several profits will be at-tained, namely attainment of supplyefficiency, control to water quantityand quality which is easier, as well asarea preservation in order to be moremanageable.

One of constraints in formulatingpolicy on drinking water supply policynationally namely information systemavailability GIS (Geographic Informa-tion System) is about spread of renew-able raw water availability nationally.The main benefit of such raw waterinformation system is as guideline informulating policy on water resourcesmanagement simultaneously as basisin stipulating policy on utilization aswell as conservation thereof. Therefo-re, the raw water supply should becontained in a map that is very impor-tant for optimizing the existing rawwater resources.

B. Quality PerspectiveThe drinking water must fulfill

quality in Decree of the Minister ofHealth of the Republic of IndonesiaNo.907/MEN-KES/SK/VII/2002.Provision stipulating water classifica-

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Percik June 2006 38

Table 1 Projected Need for National Drinking Water in 2015

(per Province)

REMARKS:Basis of assumption: Factor of the need for raw water: 1.2 of production capacity

No. Province Urban Rural Urban Rural(l/d) (l/d) (l/d) (l/d)

1 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 4.300 1.000 5.200 1.2002 Sumatera Utara 14,200 2.600 17.000 3.1003 Surnatera Barat 4.800 900 5.800 1.1004 Riau 8.500 1.500 10.200 1.8005 Jambi 3.100 600 3.700 7006 Sumatera Selatan 9.100 1.900 10.900 2.3007 Bengkulu 2.100 500 2.500 6008 Lampung 7.300 1.700 8.800 2.0009 Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 1.200 300 1.400 40010 DKI Jakarta 11.500 0 13.800 011 Banten 9.500 1.900 11.400 2.30012 Jawa Barat 41.100 8.600 49.300 10.30013 Jawa Tengah 31.200 8,100 37.400 9.70014 DI Yogyakarta 3.500 800 4.200 1.00015 Jawa Timur 34.200 8.100 41.000 9.70016 Kalimantan Barat 5.000 1.200 6.000 1.40017 Kalimantan Tengah 2.200 600 2.600 70018 Kalimantan Selatan 3.500 700 4.200 80019 Kalimantan Timur 5.500 800 6.600 1.00020 Sulawesi Utara 2.400 400 2.900 50021 Sulawesi Tengah 2.600 600 3,100 70022 Sulawesi Selatan 8.700 2.000 10.400 2.40023 Sulawesi Tenggara 2.400 500 2.900 60024 Gorontalo 900 200 1.100 20025 Maluku 1.200 300 1.400 40026 Maluku Utara 800 200 1.000 20027 Bali 3.200 800 3.800 1.00028 Nusa Tenggara Barat 4.400 1.100 5.300 1.30029 Nusa Tenggara Timur 4.100 1.100 4.900 1.30030 Papua 3.000 700 3.600 800

Indonesia 235.500 49.700 282.400 59.500

RAW WATER NEEDPRODUCTION NEED

tion, currently complies with Govern-ment Regulation No. 82/2001 regar-ding Water Quality Management andWater Pollution Control, althoughLaw No. 7/2004 regarding Water Re-sources in Article 23 Paragraph 4 sti-pulates that "Provision on water qua-lity management and water pollutioncontrol as referred to in paragraph 1,shall be further stipulated by govern-ment regulation", meanwhile Para-graph 1 Article 23 stipulates that "Wa-ter quality management and waterpollution control shall be aimed atmaintaining and recovering water qu-ality entering and found in water re-sources."

Provision on water quality classifi-cation pursuant to Government Re-gulation No. 82/2001 in Article 8paragraph 1 stipulates that the waterquality classification is divided into 4(four) classes namely:

Class one, water designated for rawwater of drinking water and otherdesignation requiring water qualityequal to such function;Class two, water designated waterrecreation infrastructure/facilities,fresh water fish cultivation, animalhusbandry, park, and or other de-signation requiring water qualityequal to such function;Class three, water designated forfresh water fish cultivation, animalhusbandry, park, and or other de-signation requiring water qualityequal to such function;Class four, water designated for flo-wing park, and or other designationrequiring water quality equal tosuch function;

On the other hand, to transformraw water to drinking water accordingto provision on drinking water qualityrequirements, treatment processtechnology is required. The worse raw

water quality, the more complexdrinking water treatment processtechnology will be, that in turn willdetermine the need for drinking waterinvestment.

C. Continuity PerspectiveWater supply as raw water and

drinking water referring to waterquality criteria according to Govern-ment Regulation No. 82/2001 is geo-graphically greatly affected by condi-tion of water resources land use ma-nagement, especially run off. A studyindicates portrait of general problemon raw water utilized by PDAM occur-

ring in several province. The problemmostly occurring is insufficient debit,decrease in water quality, as well asDAS problem (vide Table 3). Suchproblem constitutes problem occur-ring in run-off. Catchment area expe-riences decrease in function due topoor management. This area that sho-uld be conserved in fact has been en-croached and their function is shifted.

Table above also indicates thatquality of the ground water used byPDAM also decreases. It is signalizedthe most serious problem due touncontrolled use for individual inte-rest. Jakarta town, for example within

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Percik June 2006 39

a.

b.

c.

d.

Table 2.Projected Need for Drinking Water in 2015 By Town Category

Basis of Assumption : Raw water need factor: 1.2 of production capacityBasis of classification :1. Metropolitan City : Total population 1-5 million people2. Big City : Total population 500,000 - 1 million people

Data Penduduk Kebutuhan Kebutuhan AirNo. Kota Eksisting Produksi Baku

2003 (l/d) (l/d)(jiwa)

I METROPOLITAN CITY 20.508.539 36.385 42.4621 Bandung City 1.943.018 3.695 4.4342 Bekasi City 1.483.054 2.820 3.3843 DKI Jakarta City 7.374.898 11.498 13.798

Jakarta Barat City 1.567.945 2.446 2.935Jakarta Pusat City 902.151 1.408 1.690Jakarta Selatan City 1.672.808 2.610 3.132Jakarta Timur City 2.063,820 3.220 3.864Jakarta Utara City 1.149.732 1.794 2.153Kepulauan Seribu District 18.442 20 24

4 Makasar City 1.130.343 2.037 2.4445 Medan City 2.177.729 3.857 4.6286 Palembang City 1.302.208 2.562 3.0747 Semarang City 1.330.753 2.264 2.7178 Surabaya City 2.557.646 4.239 5.0879 Tangerang City 1.268.890 2.413 2.896

II. BIG CITY 8.644.436 16.347 19.6161 Bandar Lampung City 732.986 1.278 1.5342 Banjarmasin City 554.806 996 1.1953 Batam City 538.634 1.253 1.5044 Bogor City 748.353 1.423 1.7085 Bontang City 606.270 1.240 1.4886 Depok City 953.121 1.812 2.1747 Yogyakarta City 544.489 904 1.0858 Malang City 757.085 1.255 1.5069 Padang City 774.062 1.273 1.528

10 Pekan Baru City 702.553 1.635 1.96211 Samarinda City 660.000 1.349 1.61912 Surakarta City 549.580 935 1.12213 Tasikmalaya City 522.497 994 1.193

TOTAL 29.212.975 51.732 62.078

Data on ExistingPopulation of

2003(people)

CityNo

ProductionNeed(l/s)

Need for RawWater(l/s)

10 recent years has experienced landsubsidence by 10 cm and sea water in-trusion has penetrated 10 km away(up to Hotel Indonesia) due to vacantground water bags.

PROBLEMRaw water availability by its quantity,

continuity, and quality demands ma-nagement mechanism to maintain theexistence water resources function'scapability, capacity and function. Policyon water resources conservation mustbecome input or consideration in spatiallay out planning thereby building mutualrelation supporting each other.

Highlighted natural resources ex-ploitation activities, as an effort toincrease PAD (regional original income)in one hand is a measure to maintainingand building regional economic. Howe-ver, if such activities are not precededwith integrated exploration activities bytaking into account space and land de-signation, it will damage and decreasecontinuity of raw water availability,which in turn will affect continuity ofdrinking water supply.

An effort to prevent this raw waterscarcity demands wise strategy. Thereis not only short term prevention pro-gram in form of provision of direct aidto community, but requiring longterm handling, in terms of water re-sources conservation as mandated inLaw No. 7 of 2004 regarding WaterResources, that is adjusted to Law No.24 of 1992 regarding Spatial Lay Out(revised) as well as Strategic Plan ofthe Ministry of Public Works (RenstraPU) of 2005-2009).

Formulating formula of good rawwater supply for regional and localneed must be followed by raw waterutilization guarantee in long term.Inter-region commitment should bebuilt to obtain this guarantee. Orien-

tation to technical problem on treat-ment process technology is focused ondrinking water quality safety accor-ding to drinking water quality stan-dard, whether physical, chemical orbacteriological quality. For drinkingwater supply system by using pi-peline, control, selection and determi-nation of treatment process technolo-gy will be determined by class of rawwater to use. Control to maintain theclass of raw water fulfill standard fordrinking water will extend supplycapability, on the other hand decrease

in class may render cessation of ser-vice which in turn must find out newraw water sources.

Sustainable access to the drinkingwater should be construed that commu-nity is able to easily obtain drinking waterwhenever required, or in other word, 24hours access to drinking water in a day.To this end, raw water that is able to gua-rantee quantity, quality and continuity ofraw water is demanded.

* Directorate of Drinking WaterDevelopment, Directorate General of

Human Settlement Ministry ofPublic Works.

INSIGHT

Percik June 2006 40

Table 3.General problem on Raw Water

in PDAM in 23 provinces

No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Province

NAD

Sumatera Utara

Bangka Belitung

Jambi

Sumatera Selatan

Lampung

Jakarta

Jawa Barat

Banten

Jawa Tengah

Jawa Timur

Kalbar

Kalsel

Kaltim

Sulteng

Sulsel

Sultengg

Gorontalo

Maluku

Maluku Utara

NTB

NTT

Bali

Low

Intake

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

Drilling Well

Capacity

decreases

v

v

Intrusion

v

Turbidity,

quality

decreas

es

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

quota,

irriga-

tion

v

v

Utility

conflict

v

DAS

Problem

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

v

In 1999, There was information tothe Pacitan community from theMinistry of Forestry that the

Grindulu River flow area was in criti-cal condition. The critical categorywas in the first rank. It being understood,the bare land was very vast, high erosionand highly po-pulated, as wellas become one ofcauses of sedi-mentation ofGrindulu River inPacitan District/-Town. ThroughGood Gover-nance in WaterResources Mana-gement (GGW-RM) program, itis realized that to carry out successfulDAS management, the following pointsare required:

Land Rehabilitation and LandConservation (RLKT) Directionconstituting reference for imple-mentation of land conservation inentire DAS.5 year Village Land ConservationPlan (RKTD) constitutes elabora-tion of RLKT Direction, expectedlyable to become guideline on landmanagement in every village that isbeneficial sustainable for all rele-vant village people.The role of all communities inentire activities as of the planningthrough implementation and uti-

lization of program result.Government's support to empower-ing capacity and role of the villagecommunity, for sustainable pro-gram. Such support is provided in

terms of limited financial aid formaterial (building material andplantation seed) procurement thatcan not be provided by the commu-nity itself, as well as aid of assistant(community organizer) recruitedfrom the nearest NGO.

Schematically, such definition canbe described in Figure 1.

Responding to such condition andby its awareness, the District Govern-ment of Pacitan took strategic mea-sures as follows:

Increasing community's knowledgein carrying out conservation andmanagement thereof, through eco-logical approach.Performing the same through provi-sion of integrated conservative field

school, accommodating variousaspects as follows: a. culture: learn-ing to increase motivation and buildawareness; b. social: building socialmovement through organization; c.expertise: integrating local habitand Science and Technology inno-

vation; d. willingness:moving the stakeholder tomanage their land conser-vatively.Arranging RKTDImplementing integratedprogram: a. Seedling; b.Introduction of save ener-gy stove technology; c.drinking water supply(rain water accommodati-on building, and run-offcollector network or wa-

ter capturing).

Arrangement of RKTDThere are eight steps of arrange-

ment of RKTD, namely:Introducing concept of RKTD inRW and hamlet levels.Carrying out inventory taking ofproblem usually experienced inconducting agriculture, land ero-sion, domestic economic, socialproblems and stakeholder involve-ment.Carrying out field check collectively.Carrying out problem analysis andalternative of solution.Arranging RKT of hamlet level.Formulating RKTD Draft.

INSIGHT

Percik June 2006 41

Integrated DAS (Upstream)Management for People's Welfare

Case of Nawangan and Bandar Sub districts, Pacitan District

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.6.

4.

Tujuan : Membangun partisipasi melalui teknologi peningkatan stabilitas tanah dan usaha konservasi

Mengendalikan erosi dan aliran permukaan Meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat

Teknologi Biofisik, dan bangunan sipil teknis yang cocok dengan kondisi

Figure 1. Concept of sustainable DAS conservation

by: Imam Anshori *

Controlling erosionand run off Increasing the community's income

Objective: Building participation through technology to increase land stability and conservation program.

Biophysical technology, and technical civil building suitable with the condition

3.4.

Process of finalizing RKTD con-firmed in Decision the Village Head.Duplicating and distributing RKTDto all stakeholders.

Problem Listing Preparation of the first step is col-

lecting data and map on conditionand location of critical land as well associal economic cultural condition ofpeople to identify their welfaredegree. The result is arranged as indi-

cated in Tables 1 and 2.By identifying problem encoun-

tered, the community is requested tohave dialog to settle the problemjointly, then by field checking, it isexpected that RKTD formulation isable to run smoothly.

Formulation of Main ProblemThrough dialog, members addres-

sed various problems they have andinventory taking of the problems ismade, namely:

Lack of water in dry seasonDecrease in soil fertility due to con-tinuous erosion.Plant disease and pestSoil mass accumulation causingdamage and thin columnLimited animal feed during dryseasonDecrease in farmer's purchasingpower for daily staple need.Limited public facilities, such as:

transportation facility (road andbridge)water tendonpublic health facilityeducation facility (school bench;skill facilities)

Social conflict potential relating tonatural resources management, forexample: conflict of the need forwater for household, and for ani-mal feed, shift of land ownership.

Finding out SolutionTo attain the best solution, the far-

mers and stakeholders should addressvarious methods according to theirexperience or knowledge able to solvethe problem they have, whether tradi-tionally or from literature or experi-ence considered already successful inother place including knowledge alre-ady introduced by the experts.

In line with limited resources con-dition they have, they are then requ-ested to analyze conservation techno-logy the most suitable with their de-sire and according to the field conditi-on. From this point, it is then determi-ned options of conservation techniquethe most suitable for each their land.

In general, basic technique of con-servation applied covers:

Covering land with plant or biomass(leaves, and dry branch) to protectthem from being carried and dis-solved by rain water simultaneously

INSIGHT

Percik June 2006 42

Table 2.General Physical Condition of Village

Table 1. Spread of People's Welfare Degree ofNawangan and Bandar Sub-districts

Stakeholder

PoorfarmerMediumfarmerRich farmerNon farmer

PopulationMaleFemaleAltitude(m. asl)VillageAreaCriticalland areaDipRainfall

Soiltype

latosollithosol

mediteran

Mujing

7.1353.5223.613350-800

1518

357.4

35->852300-3000

Nawangan Sub-district Bandar Sub-district

Sempu

5.7242.9332.756600-800

1275.7

310.3

25->852300-3000

Jetis Lor

3.8811.9481.933680-1100

1275.7

562.34

25->85>2700

PetungSinarang5.9072.8703.037

600

1827

442.38

25->852300-3000

Mujing (%)

28,5

50,8

18,32,4

Sempu (%)

46,9

40,6

9,23,9

PetungSinarang (%)

47

42

113

Nawangan Sub-district Bandar Sub-district

Jetis Lor(%)

34,1

42,6

19,7 2

7.

8.

1.2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

a.

b.c.d.

maintaining soil humidity.Increasing land mass resistance dueto lose of soil granular bond. Controlling run off and increasingland catchment capability.

Biophysical and technical civilcomponents from this program con-sists of:

plant of the same season (food crops)perennial grass for animal feed and tostrengthen gulud terracerun-off control system by building:trench, water line and drop struc-tures

rain water intake (PAH), and runoff collector network.

Summary of several alternatives ofland conservative technique and vari-ous considerations are presented inTable 3.

Based on analysis of advantagesand disadvantages as presented inTable 3 above, it was formulated adraft of RKTW (RW level) and theninter RW/Hamlet, Workshop on

RKTD Formulation (village level) wascarried out. Through cross and mutu-al assisting dialog, Village LevelConservation Plan is gained.

Implementation of RKTD ProgramImplementation of this conserva-

tion program is started by learningprocess, covering:

1. Preparation meeting2. Class training 3. Field activities to carry out:

seeds spread preparation of drop struc-tures;

preparation and or repair ofrain drainage;terrace repair.

There are two preparatory activityphases. The first is in farmer group level.Preparation in this level is meeting tobuild agreement confirmed by signing ofcooperation between regional adminis-tration and farmer group in conservationactivities. The objective is to allow con-servation implementation run systema-tically and according to RKTD.

The second preparation activityphase is training in open space (field).It covers training on: 1) conservationtechnique; 2) seedling technique; 3)conservation program managementfocused on arrangement of each andinter group; monitoring and evalu-ation of activities implementation.

Development of Energy Safe Sto-ve and Drinking Water Supply

Plant for conservation will be use-less if finally only fell to fulfill themain need for fire wood. To decreasefire wood consumption, the commu-nity is introduced with energy safestove technology to save consump-tion of fire wood for frying, cook riceand water. This fire wood safe stoveprincipally constitutes revision ofshape and structure of clay madestove they usually make. By shapeand structure of stove revised, theconsumption of fire wood can besaved by 50 percent.

The drinking water supply systemand technology introduced is

INSIGHT

Percik June 2006 43

Table 3.Land Conservative Alternative

SOURCE:IMAM ANSHORI

Rainwater intake

Fence plant

Overburden

Trees Plant

Maintain soilhumidityFor animal feedFor compost seeds

To increase incomeDry branch forfire wood

Requiring a lot offund to purchaseseeds

Labor incentiveRequiring a lot of

For compostFor nutrition complementFor animal feedFor fire woodMaintain soil fertility

Labor incentiveRequiring a lot of seeds

DisadvantagesAdvantagesMethod

Vegetative

a.b.c.

d.

e.

(i)(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Rainwater Intake system as well aswater capturing functioning to catchrun off out from rock fissure ormouth of cave. PAH is very possiblefor this region due to rainfall in ayear may decrease more than 8months (although during dry seasonthe rainfall is very small). Rainwatercaught from building roof (house,school etc.) is flowed via buildinggutter and collected in RainwaterIntake for several adjacent houses.They make Rainwater Intake bythemselves using simple materialand technology.

Water capturing constitutes way tocollect water from run off which isvery small, dropping or dissipatingfrom fissure in hill slopes or cavemouth which are spread from severaldirections. This dissipation flow iscollected by making dam (such as fen-ce). Water collected is then transpor-ted through PVC pipe toward reser-voir located in adjacent to settlementarea. This reservoir was built togetherfrom brick and concrete. The need forcement and concrete iron is assistedby fund from government and othermaterial including full manpowerfrom community. From this reser-voir, water is used by several hou-ses. One reservoir averagely is ableto serve 40 head of households.Utilization of this system was thenmanaged and financed by commu-nity themselves by contribution sys-tem (Rp 2,500.00 per month perHead of Household).

For sustainable benefit of techno-logy introduced, there are severalmanagement steps that must be car-ried out, namely:

Carrying out regular meeting tomonitor and increase supply quality.Appointing farmer or technician onduty to carry out incentive and re-

gular checking of building con-struction.Raising of group's contribution tocover: (i) repair expenses in case ofdamage to building; (ii) incentivefor technician service; (iii) groupcash development that can be usedto stimulate increase in farmer'swelfare.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONBased on observation to imple-

mentation of this activity in Grindulu,it can be concluded:

This activity has positive impacts onconservation farmer group mem-ber. Namely for those already ob-taining learning and information onprocedure of this conservation

application can become informantfor other farmers. This activity develops farmer's mo-tivation in solving daily problemsrelating to water and life limited-ness.Input or supply externally that canbe in form of library, water supplyexpert, seed management expertand conservation engineering ex-pert (civil engineering) relativelyvery small. RKTD can be used as reference informulating policy on village deve-lopment plan.Village Head may stipulate RKTD aslegal product in village level.RKTD can be used as instrument toincrease community's concern innatural resources managementMethodology and appendix used informulating this RKTD can be dis-seminated to other critical DAS forimplementation of GNKPA (Natio-nal Movement on Partnership forWater Salvage) and GNRHL (Natio-nal Movement on Forest and LandRehabilitation).

* ESDM Staff

INSIGHT

Percik Juni 2006 44

RKTD can be used asreference in formulating

policy on villagedevelopment plan andincrease community's

concern in naturalresources management.

SOURCE:IMAM ANSHORI

Water capturing functions to catch run-off

a.

b.

c.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The Minister of Health Dr.dr. Siti Fadilah SP.JP onJune 13, 2006 made Inau-

guration of National Movementon Community Based TotalSanitation and Hand Washing byusing Soap located in Sei Lun-dang Village, Pesisir Selatan Dis-trict, West Sumatera Province.The program was attended byGovernor of West Sumatera, andalso several district heads in WestSumatera Provinces.

Inauguration of this movement isexpectedly able to accelerate commu-nity's health degree increase programthrough community's direct involve-ment. In such chance, WSLIC 2 pro-ject located in West Sumatera Provin-

ce held WSLIC 2 Attainment Exhibi-tion.

Meanwhile in relation to NationalHealth Weak, the Ministry of Healthcarried out Health EnvironmentalProgram Meeting attended by allhealth agency levels entire Indonesia

in Padang. One of forms of ac-tivities namely hearing expla-nation on Sanitation Movementby the Community (Total LedCommunity Sanitation - CLTS)by Director of Settlement andHousing of Bappenas BasahHernowo and explanation ofSANIMAS (Sanitation by theCommunity) and Pamsimas(Community Based Drinking Wa-ter Supply and Sanitation) pro-

jects by Director of Settlement Envi-ronment Sanitation of the Ministry ofPublic Works Umum Susmono. Thethree activities will expectedly becomeone of activities that able to supportattainment of MDGs drinking water andbasic sanitation target in 2015. OM

Fo r m e r Minister of PublicWorks Ir. Suyono Sosrodarso-no stated that Indonesia must

carry out water management effecti-vely, including cautious planning towater, water source and water powercontained therein. "Even there shouldbe marks on safety act followed withsanction to those endangering public in-terest," he confirmed when providingdirection in Indonesian Water Forum inJakarta, last Wednesday (3/5).

Before about 200 participants, heemphasized the importance of invento-ry taking of data on water. These datashould be arranged systematically andprepared as hydrology information sys-tem. "Without availability of accurateand the newest data on hydrology, it isimpossible for us to prepare water uti-lization planning cautiously, efficiently

as well as water provision proportional-ly in various sectors requiring water andmaking operation of water source effec-tively," he said.

According to him, priority must begiven to availability of data on hydro-logy. In addition, there should also bedata on rainfall in river flow area(DAS). This data will be useful to cal-culate water quantity flowing todownstream through river and tribu-tary for more cautious planning.

Previously, the Minister of PublicWorks, Djoko Kirmanto expects thatthis forum will produce a clear andcan be implemented formulation forpolicy and strategy of water resourcesmanagement required. He also con-firmed the importance of agreementon integrity since preparation of pro-gram and planning as well as synchro-

nization of implementation at fieldinter relevant development sector. Healso supported real implementation ofNational Movement for WaterSalvation Partnership (GN-KPA) al-ready inaugurated by President SBYon the last April 28.

This Indonesian Water Forum isfilled with group dialog. There werethree dialog groups discussing dif-ferent problems namely (i) NaturalDisaster Control; (ii) Water for Food;and (iii) Raw Water Availability. Eachdialog presented 3-5 speakers.

This dialog took place for 1.5hours. Every speaker described hispaper and then followed by questionand answer. Then group conclusionwas attained. By limited time, whatoccurred was one way speech frompresenter. There was no dialog. MJ

ABOUT AMPL

Percik June 2006 45

Inauguration of Community Based Total Sanitation Movement

Indonesian Water Forum

Effective Water Management is Required

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Water Supply and SanitationWorking Group (PokjaAMPL) and WASPOLA

again took part in exhibition. At thetime, the exhibition was to commemo-rate Environment Day falling on June5. It was held from June 15-18, 2006 inJakarta Convention Center Senayan.

The Indonesian EnvironmentWeek Program 2006 was opened bythe Vice President Jusuf Kalla com-panied by the Minister of EnvironmentRachmat Witoelar and Vice Governor ofDKI Fauzi Bowo, together with environ-mental activist such as Erna Witoelar andUlly Sigar Rusady. The opening programwas also attended by ambassador of theother partner countries, directors of stateowned and private companies as well asCentral and Regional Government offi-cials. After opening Indonesian Environ-ment Week 2006, the Vice President Ju-suf Kalla visited exhibition stand.

Material exhibited in the stand ofAMPL-WASPOLA was from Pokja AMPL

(Secretariat, the Ministry of Public Works,the Ministry of Health, WSS WorkingGroup of Banten, WSS Working Group ofWest Sumatera), WASPOLA and PlanInternational. From secretariat amongothers CD clipping, CD Percik magazine,CD data, CD Regulation, Percik maga-zine, and several leaflets as well as poster.WASPOLA presented poster and leaflet onpolicy. While others presented books,poster, strategic plan as well as leaflet.

During exhibition, it is recorded therewere 571 visitors of Pokja AMPL-WASPOLA stand. They were from go-

vernment agency (102 persons), pri-vate (83 persons), NGO (36 persons),student (101 persons) and others (249persons). In addition, 88 personsrecorded desiring to become new sub-scribers of Percik Magazine.

Exhibition taking place in series ofactivities of this IndonesianEnvironment Week 2006 comprised70 stands attended by RegionalAdministration, BUMN (State OwnedCompany), National and Multi

National Private Companies, NGO as wellas university. The participants from suchexhibition among others Pertamina, BPMigas, ANTAM, INCO, Bakrie Brothers,Unilever, PLN, WALHI, WWF, TunasHijau, Yayasan Lestari, Garuda Indo-nesia, the Ministry of Social, theMinistry of KLH Transportation,ASTRA, Regional administration ofEast Kalimantan, Regional administra-tion of Papua, Regional administrationof West Java, Regional administrationof DKI Jakarta. RIE/MJ

Four cities are awarded with thedirtiest city predicate in Indo-nesia. There are Bandung and

Bekasi for category metropolitan city,as well as Banjarmasin and Tangerangfor category big city. This predicatewas awarded by the Ministry ofEnvironment in Environment Daycommemoration.

At the same time, the government alsoannounced the cleanest city. Reward forthe cleanest park was granted to CentralJakarta and Padang. The cleanest marketfor Medan and Pekanbaru. The cleanestroad for Central Jakarta and Denpasar.The cleanest terminal for South Jakartaand Yogyakarta. The cleanest school for

Central Jakarta and Surakarta.In addition, the government

announced 12 cities entitled to obtainAdipura Award. They were Tarakan,Tulungagung, Bangil, Singaparna,Garut, Pemekasan, Bangkalan, Indra-mayu, Purwakarta, Kotabumi, Boyo-lali, and Kalianda.

In Adipura Environmental AwardNight held on Monday (12/6), the VicePresident Jusuf Kalla said that environ-mental improvement program must beappreciated. On the other hand, notmaximum program must be encouragedto be better, while laughed at. "Imagineplease how a member of not clean citysuffers from inconvenience. How great

the expenses for health and varioushandicaps occurring due to scatteredgarbage," he said.

According to the Minister of Envi-ronment Rachmat Witoelar, announ-cement on the cleanest and the dir-tiest cities is a form of reward andpunishment to the city organizer andtheir community in maintaining andmanaging their environment.

As usual, this year, the governmentalso provided reward to those having me-rit to environment. They were awardedwith Kalpataru. They were three environ-ment pioneers, two environment dedica-tors, three environment salvation groups,and three environment builders. MJ

ABOUT AMPL

Percik June 2006 46

Indonesian Environment Week Exhibition 2006

Four Cities are awarded with the Dirtiest City Predicate

SOURCE: DORMARINGAN HS

For three days, April 25-27,2006, Water Supply and Sani-tation Working Group and

WASPOLA held workshop on disse-mination of national policy on Com-munity Based AMPL Development inSurabaya. This program was attendedby 60 participants from the provin-ces/districts being executive of natio-nal policy on CB AMPL and benefi-ciary of CWSH project.

The workshop was opened by GarySwisher from WASPOLA. The newteam leader of WASPOLA expectedthat this workshop can become valuablelesson for himself and the participants.The key note speaker of ceremony wasDirector for Housing and Settlement ofBappenas, Basah Hernowo.

To the participants who weremostly for the first time attending thisprogram, he explained that this dis-semination constituted activities li-mited to technical assistance, notphysical project. He expected that theprovincial Working Group (Pokja) inthe future plays role as main actor indissemination process. At the same ti-me, he also emphasized the importan-ce of Bappeda's commitment to coor-dinate all activities implementation inregion. In addition, he expected basicprinciples of AMPL policy can be ap-plied in planning and operation ofAMPL development in region.

He stated that Indonesia requiresvery considerable amount of fund tobuild AMPL. He mentioned the figure

4-5 trillion rupiah per annum. Actu-ally the fund available was only about2 trillion rupiah. As alternative, heprovide solution to empower the com-munity in AMPL development.

In the dissemination there was alsospeech on national policy on AMPL deve-lopment by Bambang Purwanto from theMinistry of Public Works. The partici-pants were asked to discuss AMPL prob-lem in their respective region by partici-patory method simultaneously makingannual work plan of 2006. WASPOLA of-fers various programs that can be takenby the region. At the end of workshop,the participants were requested to field tosee the success of AMPL development inPasuruan (SANIMAS), Malang (WSLIC)and Surabaya (Solid Waste). MJ

ABOUT WASPOLA

Percik June 2006 47

Workshop on Dissemination of National Policyon Community Based AMPL Development

To identify and measure quali-ty/output of SANIMAS inter-vention, a study conducted in

seven districts/cities. The result ofstudy, Wednesday (17/5) was pre-sented in Workshop in Jakarta.

The workshop was opened byNugroho Tri Utama representing Di-rector of Housing and Settlement. Hestated that the poor sanitation may harmeconomic significantly. Based on calcula-tion, the loss is Rp 42.3 trillion rupiahper annum or equal to 2 percent of GDP?While every increase in concentration ofBOD pollution by 1mg/liter at riverincreasing drinking water productioncost by about 9.17/square meter. "Itcauses increase in production cost ofPDAM by 25.22% of national water rateaverage," he explained.

He also highlighted sanitation condi-tion in Indonesia. Currently, accordingto him, there is frequently no attention tothe suburban community, especially dueto legality problem, very low increase inservice coverage, the sharp increase inthe need for investment, the communi-ty's role tends to increase, previously:more to government's initiative.

He expected that these study findingand workshop are able to provide inputto the study finding for the subsequentsyntheses, understanding the thinkingframework of Pemda in supporting con-tinuity of SANIMAS and development ofurban sanitation, NGO strategy and par-ticipatory model development, commu-nity's choice and option to SANIMAS, aswell as follow up and recommendationfor replication of SANIMAS.

Meanwhile, based on SANIMASstudy, finding at field indicates thatSANIMAS constitutes solution of wastewater disposal problem for urban poorand small city. SANIMAS can be repli-cated elsewhere. But there is doubtwhether this program is able to beapplied for wider scale with very limitedhuman resources capability.

Community Based Sanitation (SBM)such as SANIMAS was choice for urbanand small cities in Indonesia, sinceinvolvement of parties proportionally inSBM project is very positive.

This study was also reveals theimportance of institution providingeffective social institutional and tech-nical support to the community. It is noteasy to obtain self-support NGO organi-zation providing support. MJ

Workshop on Sanimas Outcome Monitoring Study

As one of drinking water manage-ment in region, Water SupplyEnterprise (PDAM) is demand-

ed to have good service performance tothe community. This performance will bebetter if supported by stakeholder. The-refore effective communication should bebuilt to attain such expectation.

Currently, PDAM is considered stillapplying communication strategy not yetoriented to stakeholder. It being under-stood not taking into account the stake-holder's need. The communication mo-del is still in form of organization alter-native. Consequently, misunderstandingor miscommunication between stake-holder and PDAM frequently occur ren-dering non favorable impact for theregional company.

Actually, they unnecessarily takeplace if PDAM have performance based

communication strategy oriented tostakeholder. This CD materializes theobjective. It contains guideline on PDAMperformance information addressed tostakeholder namely Regional govern-ment as PDAM owner, DPRD and com-munity. This guideline constitutes resultof workshop conducted last year.

For example, guideline on informa-tion for customers shall cover fouraspects namely finance in form of the

existing condition information directlyrelating to water rate, general descripti-on on operational financing and allocati-on thereof; customer's aspect namely ge-neral information on the existing con-dition and customers service develop-ment; operational aspect namely infor-mation on the existing condition and de-velopment of technical operational acti-vities process of PDAM in performing itsmain task to serve better drinking water;personnel aspect namely Human Re-sources support.

This guideline has been arranged inform of matrix. PDAM just fills accord-ing to their respective condition. Suchinformation is then able to be publicizedfor example through newspaper, inter-net, attached or broadcasted throughelectronic media in region with certainfrequency. MJ

Indonesia has a lot of legislations,including drinking water and envi-ronment sanitation sector. The

legislations are spread in various agen-cies and regions. This fact is also favor-able for this sector development sinceexistence of the regulation is greatlyrequired as foot step basis from imple-mentation of activities at field. Based onfact above, the Central Water Supplyand Sanitation Working Group (PokjaAMPL) has initiative to collect the regu-lation in a CD. It is expected that exis-tence of this compilation will facilitatethe AMPL stakeholder to understandthe prevailing legislation simultaneous-ly developing legislation not yet stipulat-ed in the long term.

This CD contains 11 terms of legisla-tion namely Law (UU), GovernmentRegulation in Lieu of Law (PERPU),Government Regulation (PP), PresidentRegulation (Perpres), Decree of thePresident (Keppres), Instruction of

President (Inpres), Regulation ofMinister (Permen), Decree of theMinister (Kepmen), Instruction ofMinister (Inmen), Regional Regulation(Perda) and other decisions. The con-tent is not only problem relating toAMPL, but also relevant sector. Alldrafts of legislation is presented in PDFFile format thereby can be printed.

This CD is the newest product ofSecretariat of Central Pokja AMPLgroup. Previously, it also launched CDon Data on Drinking Water, CD onNews Clipping, CD on Percik, CD onKatalog. As resource center, Secretariatof Central Pokja AMPL will produceother product to fulfill the need ofAMPL stakeholder. MJ

CD INFO

Percik June 2006 48

Guideline on Performance Based Information forPDAM Oriented to Stakeholder

AMPL Legislation Collection

Participation is easy to say butdifficult to materialize. Thisconcept has been widely used

in the recent 20 years in developmentcontext. Various activities refer to thisconcept, but ideal participationexpected in every program is still farfrom expectation.

Now, the participation concept ismore frequently correlated to therights of democratic citizen and go-vernment. It also relates to gover-nance decentralization concept cur-rently being trend in several coun-tries. But there are questions what isactually the participatory concept andwhat is the strategy to attain it.

This book requested the readers todiscuss about difference of participatoryconcept and its appropriateness confor-mance, constraint of participation in

regional governance, and explore vari-ous new initiatives and strategies toovercome various constraints.

Exactly, this book provides theattractive lesson about 21 techniquesto materialize the community's parti-cipation. Such technique is origina-ting from various community groups -

mainly in England. This participatorytechnique has been tried by more thana half million people.

It is very easy to read and enjoyable.The existing guidelines are very simpleand easy to implement. The par-ticipatory technique with quantity of 21,among others about: planning act,method of selecting, people's jury co-uncil, community's indicator, futuresearching, local supporting power me-thod, environmental map, participatorystrategic planning, round table work-shop, social audit, and team integration.

Every technique is equipped withits instrument such as: resourcesrequired and implementation phasesas well as case study. In addition, thisguideline also equipped with contact-ed competent institution and trainingthat can be attended. MJ

Earth Summit in June 1992 inRio De Janeiro announcedRio Declaration stating that

national development in a country inany form must incorporate environ-mental dimension integratedly andcomprehensively. Indonesia is one ofcontracting parties of the declarationknown as Agenda 21.

From fact point of view, waterresources condition in Indonesia isvery apprehensible. Based on hydro-logical cycles globally, total water thatcan be utilized by human being hasnot change. But the need continuous-ly increases as the consequence ofpopulation development and econo-mic growth. This fact will producecompetition and potentially renderingconflict. Therefore, there should be

and must be water resources manage-ment in integrated manner and com-prehensively.

Integrated water resources manage-ment is an integral handling directing usfrom sub sector water management tocross sector or a process promoting coor-dination of water, land and relevant

resources development and manage-ment to optimize economic resultantand social welfare in suitable/ appropri-ate attitude without disturbing stabilityof the significant ecosystems. This ma-nagement involves various stakeholdersand science disciplines, cross borderinter resources, inter location and intercondition holistically and sustainably.

This approach model is actuallyfrequently introduced but many peo-ple do not know how to implementthem at field. This book explains itstarting from hydrology cycles of bothrun off and ground water up to pro-blem on water resources manage-ment. In addition this book also des-cribed water infrastructure systemand integrated water resources mana-gement concept. MJ

BOOK INFO

Percik June 2006 49

Integrated Water Resources Management

Materializing Participation

TITLE :

PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR TERPADU

AUTHOR :

ROBERT J KODOATIE, PH.D DAN

ROESTAM SJARIEF, PH.D

PUBLISHER : PENERBIT ANDI

EDITION : 2005

PAGES : XIII + 357 PP

TITLE :

MEWUJUDKANPARTISIPASI.

21 TEKNIK PARTISIPASIMASYARAKAT UNTUK

ABAD 21AUTHOR : YAHYA ALEXANDER DKK

PUBLISHER : THE BRITISH COUNCIL

EDITION : 2001

PAGES : IX + 92 PP

Water Supplyand Urban Sanitation

http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/urban.html

D espite significant investment indrinking water and sanitation

sectors in 80-90s, total people with-out access to drinking water and basicsanitation service in urban and ruralareas continuously increased. On theother hand, repair of drinking waterfacilities and private investment werealso difficult. There was problem onrate, limitedness of competition level,slow long term return of investment,not stabile currency, making the fo-reign investment were reluctant toinvestment their capital in this sector.

This site provides description ofvarious steps that can be taken byprospective investors and policy ma-kers in dealing with various problems.It presents various learning ever oc-curring in several countries. Sitesowned by the World Bank containsamong other about water and sanita-tion from economic, financing andrate, private sector participation,service to the poor urban people, fi-nancial function, as well as operatio-

nal and maintenance function point ofviews. MJ

Urban Water:Tools and Resources

http://www.urbanwater.info/

E conomic condition decreaseswithin the recent 100 years. Then

there should be a method to handlethe problem especially relating to wa-ter in urban in which the environmen-tal quality decrease is quite signifi-cant. This site mentions the handlingpattern uses a design. This pattern istaken based on field experience. Va-rious documents on water manage-ment can be found here.

This site in quite complete waydiscusses about funding and finance,organization. Several special wares tosupport decision are also available,for example to analyze stakeholder,management design, etc. The interes-ting thing is this site provide thetoolkits to design and maintain urbanarea, monitoring, environmentalmanagement, organization and com-munication.

Practical matters in community'sempowerment sector are also avail-able. For example in organizationmenu, there is capacity building, com-

munity development, including howto negotiate with fund provider agen-cies, and environmental and socialeconomic analysis. MJ

Urban Water Journal

http://www.urbanwater.net

U rban Water Journal provides aforum for researchers and pro-

fessional community to discuss watersupply system in urban environmentin continuous discussion. The discus-sion is emphasized on analysis of cor-relation and interaction between indi-vidual water supply system, water andenvironment use system. It uses inte-grated approach in solving severalproblems relating to continues urbanwater supply management.

This journal content among othersrelates to water and facilities in urbanarea, supply and distribution of drink-ing water, sewerage, and drainage.Special topics are also available suchas management network, operationaland rehabilitation, management ofrequest and service level, water re-cycle and water source control in va-rious scales, drinking water and wastewater management. Article in thisjournal is as the result of expertiseand practitioner works from variouscountries. MJ

SITE INFORMATION

Percik June 2006 50

Percik June 2006 51

Date Month Activity

11 Mei Coordination Meeting of Pokja AMPL 2006

12 Mei Wrap-Up Meeting of WSLIC 2 Project

17 Mei SANIMAS Study Workshop

23 Mei Workshop on Increase in Community's Participation in SNI Development

24 Mei Coordination Meeting of Pokja AMPL Relating to CLTS Program

30-31 Mei Workshop on Operation of National Policy for Regional Pokja AMPL, West Area in Anyer and

East Area in Surabaya

31 Mei Serial Meeting of Data Management of Drinking Water Development &

Indonesian Environment Sanitation

6 Juni Kick Off Hand Washing Initiative, ISSDP

8 Juni Coordination Meeting of Pokja AMPL Activities

9 Juni Meeting to Discuss Management of AMPL Data

(Study on Questioner Instrument Try out of Susenas 2007)

13-14 Juni Field visit of the Minister of Health to WSLIC-2 project in Pesisir Selatan District, West Sumatera.

15-18 Juni Indonesian Environment Exhibition

15 Juni Meeting to discuss Framework of Cooperation between Indonesia - UNICEF

16 Juni CLTS Training Preparation Meeting

20 Juni Presentation and Discussion on Sanitation Sector Assessment

21 Juni Coordination Meeting of Pokja AMPL

26-27 Juni Workshop on AMPL Communication Orientation in Banten Province

27 Juni Road Show of Implementation of National Policy on AMPL-BM in Serang

Revision Meeting of CLTS Training Module Draft

27-29 Juni National Workshop on Increase in Sanitation Framework

27-30 Juni Workshop on Mastering of Policy and Training on Formulation of Community Based

AMPL Strategic Plan for Regional CWSHP Team in Bandung

28 Juni Road Show of AMPL-BM National Policy Implementation in Tangerang

Presentation of Result of CLTS Try Out Field Visit

Workshop on Implementation of Policy in Southeast Sulawesi Province (Kendari) Area

29 Juni Workshop on "Finding & Recommendations on Donor Harmonization in the

Community Based Water and Environmental Sanitation"

29-30 Juni Workshop on AMPL Communication Orientation in Southeast Sulawesi

30 Juni Meeting of Small Team of Data

Meeting to Discuss Final Draft of Facilitation Basic Skill Module

AGENDA

P R O S I D I N GCOLLECTION OF PAPERS WITH THEMEWATER AND CULTURE IN NATIONALSEMINAR ON 14TH WORLD WATER DAY,IN 2006.(IN BAHASA)Jakarta, 25 April 2006 Sapta TarunaDPU Building.

PLANS APPROACH TO WATER ANDENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, Publisher: Plan, 2004

MATERIAL OF DISSEMINATION ON PROCEDUREOF DRINKING WATER RATE CALCULATION.(IN BAHASA)Jakarta December 7-8, 2005,Publisher: DPU, Ditjen Cipta Karya.

PROSIDING OF NATIONAL POLICY OPERATIONALIZATIONACTIVITIES OF DRINKING WATER AND COMMUNITY BASEDENVIRONMENT SANITATION IN BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDPROVINCE. (IN BAHASA)Publisher: Task Force of APML Bangka Belitung

S T A T I S T I C SREPORT ON INDONESIAN ECONOMIC OF 2004(IN BAHASA)Publisher: BPSGORONTALO IN FIGURE 2005.(IN BAHASA)Publisher: BPS and Bappeda Gorontalo

G U I D E L I N EGUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPERS SEWEGE TREATMENTPLANT (VOL.4)Publisher: Malaysia Water Association, Ministry Housing andLocal Government, Agustus 1998

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPERS SEWEGE POLICYFOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS. (VOL.1)Publisher: Malaysia Water Association, Ministry Housing andLocal Government, Agustus 1999

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPERS SEPTIC TANKS.(VOL.5)Publisher: Malaysia Water Association, Ministry

Housing and Local Government, Agustus 2000

MALAYSIA: WATER INDUSTRY GUIDE 2005Publisher: The Malaysia Water Accociation andMinistry of Energy, Water and CommunicationsMalaysia

MARINE MANAGEMENT, LAND OREDERLINESS: GUIDELINETO DECREASE LAND BASED WASTE TO PROTECT SEA(Care for sea starts from the land, manual to reduce landbased waste to protect the sea)Publisher: UNESCO 2002

ARRANGEMENT OF CLEAN WATER DATA-BASE AND ENVIRONMENT SANITATION(ABPL) ORIENTATED TO COMMUNITYEMPOWERMENT BY USING PHAST/MPAMETHOD FOR TECHNICAL TEAM OF DIS-TRICT AND PROVINCE.(IN BAHASA)Publisher: Ditjen PMD, Depdagri

G E N E R A LSTRATEGIC PLAN AND MEDIUM LONGTERM PROGRAM OF PU-CIPTA KARYA(EQUIPPED WITH INFORMATION ON RESULT OFDEVELOPMENT 2005 AND DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCETARGET, 2006.(IN BAHASA)Publisher: DPU Ditjen Cipta Karya.

ENVIRONMENT CHEMISTRY. (IN BAHASA)(DR. RUKAESIH ACHMAD, M.SI), Publisher: Andi Yogyakarta, 2004

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM INPACITAN DISTRICT, SPAM DEVELOPMENTIN PRINGKUKU SUB DISTRICT.(IN BAHASA)Publisher: Dit.PAM. Ditjen Cipta Karya,DPU 2006

THE PARTNERSHIP PAPERCHASE STRUCTURING PARTNER-SHIP AGREEMENTS IN WATER AND SANITATIONIN LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES.(Barbara Evans, Joe McMahon and Ken Caplan, 2004)

M A G A Z I N E / J U R N A L

DAMPAK,ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL OFANDALAS UNIVERSITY.(IN BAHASA)Volume 2, Number 2, July 2005

DRINKING WATER MAGAZINE. (in Bahasa)Edition 127, April 2006Perpamsi

AMPL LITERATURE

Percik June 2006 52

Oligotropich lakesLake or clear water inundation not containing nutrient such as mountain (cool) water inundation, spring, waterinundation with plantation of which the development is limited or inundation in which there is fish not developing well.

One pipe systemPlumbing system for sewage (sullage), sewage and soil waste flowed to one pipe via waste water pipe directly towardlocal treatment system or urban waste water network.

On-site Sanitation SystemLocal sanitation system - human being feces handling system of which the accommodation and treatment, partly orentirely made in house/parcel. For example, traditional toilet (cubluk), septic tank.

On-site waste water management systemLocal waste water management system - waste water management system made at waste water source/pointof emerging.

Open channel Channel with flow only relying on elevation potential difference between up stream and downstream of the line (relyingon gravitation force). It is selected due to relatively cheaper and not requiring artificial pressure source (pump).

Open dumpingThe simplest method of final solid waste dumping namely by accommodating the solid waste in open area.

Open wellwater wells built by open excavation method that may reach depth until 30 meters, if using casing, or maximum 5 meters(depending on type of soil) if without casing.

Orifice plate (Pelat berlobang)Simple equipment in clean water/waste water treatment plant that can be used as regulator, distribution and rectifierof influent..

Orthotolidin testOne of method/testing period of existence of chlor (Cl) element in processed water sample. One (1) ml of Orthotolidinis added to 100 ml of water sample. The existence of rest of chlor an be observed/identified through the change of colorin the water sample after interval of 10 minutes later.

OsmosisProcess of movement of thin liquid (low concentration) toward thick liquid (high concentration) through membranethereby reaching concentration balance/equality between both liquids.

OutfallMouth/outlet of a drainage line network system or waste water toward final disposal point.

OutflowFlow emitting from a building

OverflowOpening, with or without distributor pipe, made available on water building wall, at free board position.Functioning to distribute/emit water excess passing the free board threshold.

GLOSSARY

Quoted from Dictionary of Foreign Terminology and Abbreviation of Sanitation and Environmental Technique.Publisher: Trisakti University