Biology - Class: Name: Date: 16 Coordination in humansbio662.dyndns.info/DSE/WS/ws_ch16_e.pdf · 2015-07-02 · New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015
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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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16 Coordination in humans
16.1 The human nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3)
� There are two coordinating systems in humans: the (1) _______________ system (神經系統) and
the (2) _______________ system (內分泌系統).
A The general plan of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3)
� Our nervous system consists of two main parts:
- The (3) _______________ nervous system (CNS) (中樞神經系統), which consists of the
(4) _______________ and the (5) _______________ _______________ (脊髓).
- The (6) _______________ nervous system (PNS) (外圍神經系統), which consists of
(7) _______________ nerves (腦神經) and (8) _______________ nerves (脊髓神經).
B The basic unit of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-4)
� (9) _______________ (神經元) are the basic unit of the nervous system.
1 Structure of a neurone
(10) _____________ _____________ (細胞體):
- contains a nucleus and cytoplasm with other organelles
(11) _______________ (樹突):
- transmits nerve impulses
(12) _____________________
(towards / away from) the cell body
(13) _______________ (軸突):
- transmits nerve impulses
(14) _____________________
(towards / away from) the cell body
nerve fibres (神經纖維)
(15) _____________ _____________ (髓鞘):
- a layer of fatty material surrounding nerve fibres
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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� The myelin sheath protects and (16) _______________ the nerve fibres. This serves to:
- prevent the transmission of nerve impulses to the (17) _______________
- (18) _______________ _______________ the transmission of nerve impulses.
2 Types of neurones
Type of neurone Direction of nerve
impulse transmission Location of cell body
Appearance
(19) ______________
neurone (感覺神經元)
From
(20) _____________
to the
(21) _____________
(22) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has a
(23) ____________
dendron and a
(24) ____________ axon
(25) ______________
neurone (運動神經元)
From the
(26) _____________ to
(27) _____________
(28) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has very
(29) ____________
dendrons and a
(30) ____________ axon
(31) ______________
(中間神經元)
From a
(32) _____________
neurone to a
(33) _____________
neurone or other
interneurones
(34) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has short dendrons and
short axons
C The structure of a nerve (Book 2, p. 16-6)
� A (35) _______________ (神經) is a
bundle of nerve fibres wrapped in
connective tissue.
▲ Structure of a nerve
connective tissue a nerve
a nerve fibre
myelin sheath
blood vessels
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16.2 Transmission of nerve impulses between neurones (Book 2, p. 16-7)
� Nerve impulses are (1) _______________ messages transmitted along nerve fibres at high
speed.
� Nerve impulses are transmitted from the axon of a neurone to the dendron or cell body of the
next neurone across a (2) _______________ (突觸).
▲ Transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse
The importance of the synapses
� They ensure that nerve impulses travel in (8) _______________ direction only.
� They allow a neurone to (9) _______________ with many other neurones.
� The (3) _______________ _______________
(突觸小體) releases (4) _______________
(神經遞質).
dendron
axon
nerve
axon
mitochondria
synaptic knob
synaptic vesicle
containing neurotransmitter
synaptic cleft
cell body or
dendron of next
neurone
� A nerve impulse arrives.
� The neurotransmitter (5) _______________
across the (6) _______________
_______________ (突觸間隙).
� The neurotransmitter stimulates the dendron
to generate a (7) _______________
_______________.
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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16.3 The central nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-9)
A How is the CNS protected? (Book 2, p. 16-9)
� The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. They are protected
by:
- (1) _______________: The brain is enclosed by the (2) _______________ (顱). The spinal
cord is protected by the (3) _______________ _______________ (脊柱).
- (4) _______________: The CNS is covered by three membranes.
- (5) _______________ _______________ (腦脊髓液): This fluid fills the space between the
inner and middle membranes and the (6) _______________ _______________ (中央管) of
the spinal cord.
▲ Structures protecting the brain and the spinal cord
� Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid:
- Provides nutrients and oxygen to the (12) _______________ and removes waste from
them
- Serves as a (13) ______________ ______________
- Provides (14) ______________ support to the brain and the spinal cord.
brain
(7) _______________
three
(8) _______________
spinal cord
central canal
cavity filled with
(9) _______________
_______________
spinal cord central canal
three
(10) _______________
(11) _______________
_______________
spinal nerve
Ventral Dorsal
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B The brain (Book 2, p. 16-10)
� The brain consists of three main parts:
Part of the brain
Structural feature Function
Cerebrum
� Highly (18) _______________ at the
surface to hold more neurones, so
that (19) _______________ can be
more efficient
� Outer layer made up of
(20) ______________ matter (灰質) ;
inner layer made up of
(21) ______________ matter (白質)
� Site of
(22) _______________ (智力)
� Controls
(23) _______________ actions
(隨意動作) e.g. speaking and
writing
Cerebellum
� Highly (24) _______________
� Outer layer made up of
(25) _______________ matter;
inner layer made up of
(26) _______________ matter
� (27) _______________ muscular
movements for maintaining
(28) _______________
_______________ when we move
Medulla
oblongata
� Outer layer made up of
(29) _______________ matter;
inner layer made up of
(30) _______________ matter
� (31) _______________ centre
(反射中樞) for many reflex actions
(反射動作), e.g. saliva secretion,
swallowing and coughing
� Controls other
(32) _______________ actions
(不隨意動作), e.g. breathing and
heart beat
(15) _______________ (大腦)
(16) _______________ (小腦)
(17) _______________ _______________ (延髓)
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� The grey matter consists mainly of the (33) _______________ _______________ of
neurones. Their nuclei give a grey colour to this region. The white matter consists of
(34) _______________ _______________. Their (35) _______________ _______________
give the white colour to this region.
� The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the (36) ______________ ______________ (大腦皮層),
which is divided into different functional areas:
Label Area in cerebral cortex Function
A (37) _______________
area (感覺區)
Receives nerve impulses from receptors to give
(38) _______________
B (39) _______________
area (運動區)
Sends nerve impulses to effectors to produce
(40) _______________
C (41) _______________
area (聯合區)
(42) _______________ information from different
sensory areas, so that the brain can make decisions
before sending nerve impulses to motor areas
� Go to
Practical 16.1 Examination of a human brain model
(Book 2, p. 16-13; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 16-1)
C The spinal cord (Book 2, p. 16-15)
� The outer region of the spinal cord is made up of (43) _______________ matter. The inner
H-shaped region is made up of (44) _______________ matter. At the centre of the grey matter
is the central canal which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
legs, trunk, arms, face, tongue
thinking, judgement
touch, hearing, smell, taste
sight
memory
B C A A B
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▲ Structure of the spinal cord
� Functions of the spinal cord:
- It (51) _______________ nerve impulses between the brain and other parts of the body.
- It is the (52) _______________ centre for many reflex actions involving the trunk and
limbs.
16.4 Reflex action and voluntary action (Book 2, p. 16-18)
A What is a reflex action? (Book 2, p. 16-18)
� A (1) _______________ _______________ is an inborn, rapid and automatic response to a
stimulus. It is also stereotyped (有固定形式的).
� All reflex actions are involuntary because they do not involve the (2) _______________.
� Reflex actions produce (3) _______________ (slow / fast) responses. They protect us from
danger.
Example of reflex action Parts of CNS involved
Withdrawal reflex (退縮反射) and
knee jerk reflex (膝躍反射)
(4) _______________ _______________ and
(5) _______________ _______________
Saliva secretion, swallowing and
coughing (6) _______________ _______________
(45) _______________ matter:
- consists of nerve fibres
(46) _______________ matter:
- consists mainly of the cell bodies of neurones
nerve fibres
(47) _______________
neurone
(48) _______________
(49) _______________
neurone
(50) _______________ _______________
_______________ (背根節):
- contains cell bodies of sensory neurones
central canal
dorsal root
ventral root
spinal nerve
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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B Examples of reflex actions (Book 2, p. 16-19)
1 The withdrawal reflex
Step Description
I a The hand touches a sharp object.
II b The arm muscle (effector) contracts.
III c The hand withdraws to prevent damage.
IV d Nerve impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
V e Pain receptors in the skin are stimulated and they generate nerve impulses.
VI f Nerve impulses travel along the interneurone and the motor neurone to the arm
muscle.
I: (7) __________ II: (8) __________ III: (9) __________
IV: (10) _________ V: (11) _________ VI: (12) _________
� The withdrawal reflex does not involve the (13) _______________, but nerve impulses are
transmitted to the brain via another nervous pathway. Hence, we (14) _______________
(can / cannot) feel the pain.
� The hand has already withdrawn before we can feel the pain. This (15) _______________ the
body from damage.
to brain from brain
I II III
IV
V
VI
dorsal root
ventral root
sensory neurone
interneurone
motor neurone
spinal cord
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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2 The knee jerk reflex
Step Description
I a Nerve impulses travel along the sensory neurone.
II b The tendon just below the knee cap is tapped.
III c The leg kicks.
IV d Stretch receptor in the upper leg muscle is stimulated.
V e Nerve impulses travel along the motor neurone to the leg muscle.
VI f The leg muscle (effector) contracts.
I: (16) __________ II: (17) __________ III: (18) __________
IV: (19) _________ V: (20) _________ VI: (21) _________
� The knee jerk reflex helps maintain (22) _______________ and (23) _______________.
� We can feel the tapping when nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain via another nervous
pathway.
� The nervous pathway that brings about a reflex action is called a (24) _______________
_______________ (反射弧). It involves a sensory neurone, an interneurone (absent in some
reflex arcs) and a motor neurone.
to brain
dorsal root
ventral root
sensory neurone
spinal cord I
II III
motor neurone
IV V
VI
knee cap
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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C What is a voluntary action? (Book 2, p. 16-22)
� A voluntary action is under (25) _______________ control of the cerebrum of the brain.
� Voluntary actions may also be (26) _______________ by the cerebrum directly without
involving any stimuli.
� Nervous pathway of voluntary actions:
- After detecting a stimulus, the (27) _______________ generates nerve impulses which are
transmitted to the (28) _______________. (Some voluntary actions are initiated by the
(29) _______________ without involving any stimuli.)
- The information is processed and (30) _______________ in the cerebrum which then
generates other nerve impulses.
- These nerve impulses are transmitted to the (31) _______________ to produce a response.
16.5 Differences between reflex actions and voluntary actions (Book 2, p. 16-25)
Reflex actions Voluntary actions
Involves the (1) _____________
_____________ or the
(2) _____________ _____________,
but not the cerebrum
Always involves the (3) _______________
Nervous pathway
A receptor is always involved May not involve any (4) _______________ if
the action is initiated by the cerebrum directly
(5) ____________________
(Under / Not under) conscious
control (i.e. (6) ______________)
(7) ____________________
(Under / Not under) conscious control
(8) ____________________
(Inborn / Not inborn)
(9) ____________________
(Inborn / Not inborn) Nature of response
The same stimulus always results in
(10) ______________ (the same /
different) response(s) (i.e. a
(11) _______________ response)
The same stimulus may result in
(12) ______________ (the same / different)
response(s)
Speed of response
Always (13) _______________ May be fast or slow, depending on the
nervous pathway involved and the nature of
response
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16.6 The human endocrine system (Book 2, p. 16-26)
� The endocrine system consists of a number of (1) ______________ _____________ (內分泌腺),
which produce (2) _______________ (激素).
A What is an endocrine gland? (Book 2, p. 16-26)
� Differences between endocrine glands and (3) _______________ ______________ (外分泌腺):
Endocrine gland Exocrine gland
Way of releasing secretions
Diffuse directly into the
(4) _____________ Through (5) _______________
Example and substance produced
Pituitary gland (垂體), thyroid gland
(甲狀腺), adrenal glands (腎上腺),
pancreas, ovaries and testes that
produce various (6) _____________
Salivary glands that produce saliva, and
gastric glands that produce gastric juice
� Hormones are mostly (7) _______________ or (8) _______________ in nature. They are
important for the (9) _______________ of body processes and internal environment.
B How does hormonal coordination work? (Book 2, p. 16-28)
� Hormones serve as chemical messengers. They are produced in very (10) _______________
(large / small) amounts. They diffuse into the blood from their site of production, and then
circulate in the (11) _______________ throughout the body. They will only act on
(12) _______________ organs.
� The action of hormones is (13) _______________. One hormone may affect several target
organs at the same time. Their duration of effect is usually (14) ____________-____________.
secretion is released through a duct
duct
secreting cell
secretion diffuses directly into the blood
secreting cell
inflow of blood
outflow of blood
capillary
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� An example of hormonal coordination:
Step Description
I a Insulin diffuses into the blood.
II b The carbohydrates ingested are broken down into glucose. Glucose is absorbed
into the blood.
III c Cells in the liver (target organ) receive insulin and are stimulated to convert
excess glucose to glycogen (response). The blood glucose level returns to normal.
IV d Receptors in the pancreas detect an increase in blood glucose level (stimulus).
The pancreas (endocrine gland) produces more insulin (hormone).
V e Insulin is transported by blood to all parts of the body.
I: (15) __________ II: (16) __________ III: (17) __________
IV: (18) _________ V: (19) _________
I II
pancreas cell
insulin
capillary
glucose
III IV
V liver cell
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16.7 Comparison between hormonal coordination and nervous coordination (Book 2, p. 16-30)
� Both hormonal coordination and nervous coordination are important for transmitting messages
to (1) _______________ to give proper (2) _______________.
� Differences between hormonal coordination and nervous coordination:
Hormonal coordination Nervous coordination
System involved � (3) _______________ system � (4) _______________ system
Components of the system � Endocrine glands, blood � Neurones, nerves, brain, spinal cord
Nature of message
� (5) _______________
(hormones)
� (6) _______________
(nerve impulses along nerve fibres)
� Chemical
((7) _______________ across
synapses)
Route of transmission � Blood stream � Nerve fibres
Speed of transmission
� (8) _______________
(Rapid / Slow)
� (9) _______________
(Rapid / Slow)
Areas of response
� (10) _______________, one
hormone may affect several target
organs at the same time
� (11) _______________, restricted
to places with nerve supply
Duration of effect
� Usually (12) _______________-
_______________
� (13) _______________-
_______________
Body processes involved
� Reproduction, growth and
development, regulation of internal
environment
(always (14) _______________)
� Voluntary actions, reflex actions
and other involuntary actions
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Answers
Ch 16 Coordination in humans
16.1 1 nervous 2 endocrine 3 central 4 brain 5 spinal cord
6 peripheral 7 cranial 8 spinal 9 Neurones 10 cell body
11 dendron 12 towards 13 axon 14 away from 15 myelin sheath
16 insulates 17 surroundings 18 speed up 19 Sensory 20 receptors
21 CNS 22 Outside 23 long 24 short 25 Motor
26 CNS 27 effectors 28 Inside 29 short 30 long
31 Interneurone 32 sensory 33 motor 34 Inside 35 nerve
16.2 1 electrical 2 synapse 3 synaptic knob 4 neurotransmitter 5 diffuses
6 synaptic cleft 7 nerve impulse 8 one 9 communicate
16.3 1 Bones 2 cranium 3 vertebral column 4 Membranes 5 Cerebrospinal fluid
6 central canal 7 cranium 8 membranes 9 cerebrospinal fluid 10 membranes
11 vertebral column 12 neurones 13 shock absorber 14 mechanical 15 cerebrum
16 cerebellum 17 medulla oblongata 18 folded 19 coordination 20 grey
21 white 22 intelligence 23 voluntary 24 folded 25 grey
26 white 27 Coordinates 28 body balance 29 white 30 grey
31 Reflex 32 involuntary 33 cell bodies 34 nerve fibres 35 myelin sheaths
36 cerebral cortex 37 Sensory 38 sensations 39 Motor 40 responses
41 Association 42 Integrates 43 white 44 grey 45 white
46 grey 47 sensory 48 interneurone 49 motor 50 dorsal root ganglion
51 relays 52 reflex
16.4 1 reflex action 2 cerebrum 3 fast 4 Spinal cord / Spinal nerves
5 spinal nerves / spinal cord 6 Medulla oblongata 7 a 8 e
9 d 10 f 11 b 12 c 13 cerebrum
14 can 15 protects 16 b 17 d 18 a
19 e 20 f 21 c 22 posture / balance 23 balance / posture
24 reflex arc 25 conscious 26 initiated 27 receptor 28 CNS
29 cerebrum 30 integrated 31 effector
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16.5 1 spinal cord / medulla oblongata 2 medulla oblongata / spinal cord 3 cerebrum
4 receptors 5 Not under 6 automatic 7 Under 8 Inborn
9 Not inborn 10 the same 11 stereotyped 12 different 13 fast
16.6 1 endocrine glands 2 hormones 3 exocrine glands 4 blood 5 ducts
6 hormones 7 protein / lipid 8 lipid / protein 9 regulation 10 small
11 blood 12 target 13 widespread 14 long-lasting 15 b
16 d 17 a 18 e 19 c
16.7 1 effectors 2 responses 3 Endocrine 4 Nervous 5 Chemical
6 Electrical 7 neurotransmitter 8 Slow 9 Rapid 10 Widespread
11 Localized 12 long-lasting 13 Short-term 14 involuntary
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