Chapter 11 Ladle Refining and Vacuum Degassing G. J. W. Kor, Scientist, The Timken Co. (Retired) P. C. Glaws, Senior Research Specialist, The Timken Co. The treatment of…

Chapter 10 Electric Furnace Steelmaking J.A.T. Jones, Consultant B. Bowman, Senior Corporate Fellow, UCAR Carbon Co. P Lefrank, Director, Applications Technology, SGL Carbon…

About the Authors Keith J. Barker is Manager of Technology—Steelmaking and Continuous Casting for USX Engineers and Consultants, Inc., a subsidiary of U.S. Steel Corp.,…

O xyge Steelm akin Processes n g 1 Introduction 1.1 Proces Descriptio and Events s n The oxygen steelmaking process rapidly refines a charge of molten pig iron and ambient…

Chapter 1 Historical Aspects and Key Technologies Manfred M. Wolf, Consultant, Wolftechnology Continuous casting (CC) of steel, as an industrialized method of solidification…

Chapter 20 Instrumentation Mustafa R. Ozgu, Senior Research Consultant, Bethlehem Steel Corp. 20.1 Introduction Instruments have been used on casters since the early days…

About the Authors Keith J. Barker is Manager of Technology—Steelmaking and Continuous Casting for USX Engineers and Consultants, Inc., a subsidiary of U.S. Steel Corp.,…

1. Iron Ore and Steel 2. A.) MiningIron Ore 1.) Drill and blast Hematite…

11.1 Introduction During the past century, many efforts were made to develop processes for producing iron for steelmaking that could serve as alternatives and/or supplements…

3.1 Classification of Refractories Refractories are the primary materials used by the steel industry in the internal linings of furnaces for making iron and steel, in vessels…