7} z a % c 4
H enr y L ansdell’
s
,,R u ssi sch C entral-A si en“
sent slob z usammen
in der broschiorten Ausgabe ans 3 Bi ndon,
(Preis : 20 I .)
in dor gebundonon Ausgabe ans 2 Bi ndon,
(Preis: 25
sowi e ans vorlieg endem
einz eln kfiufl ichen, wissonschaftlichen Anhang ,
(Preis: Brosch iert J .)
Vorbemerkung der Verleg er .
Wenn wir z n der ausserg ewohnlichen Massreg el g eg r ifl'
en haben,
dem‘
dentschenPublikum diesen st r eng w i ssenschaft l i ch enAnhang
z n dem umfassenden Werke L ansdells in der Fassung des eng lischen
Ori g inals z u bieten,so ist dies ans z wei Grunden g eschehen , die
wohl allg emeine Billigung finden diirften.
E r s t e n s hat dieser Anhang nur Interesse fi i r die g elehrte Welt ;
er wnrde das H auptwerk nnr verteuert haben fi ir den g rossen Kreis
von Interessenten, den dasselbe z u erwarten hatte 11nd auch g leich
bei E rscheinen g efunden hat .
Zw e i t en s ersch loss nns die di rekte Benutz ung des eng lischen
Satz es die Mog lichkeit, den Anhang ,der ja in mehreren Sprachen
abg efasst sein musste, z u einem sehr massig en Preis z u g eben ; die
wenig en eng lischen Satz e nndW orte versteh en aber wohl alle Wissen
schaftlich Gebildeten,sicherlich aber diejenig en , fi i r welche der
vorlieg ende Anhang W ichtig keit hat. E s wird in demselben otters
anf die S eitenz ahlen der en g l i sch en A usgabe des ganz en Werkes
verwiesen ; da eine Abandernng dieser Zahlen anf den eng li schen
8
Flatten nicht woh l thnnlich war , ist, um dem L eser lang es S uchen z n
ersparen , folgende Tabelle eingefilgt warden W . A . W issen
schaftlicher Anhang )
S . 1 1 (IceW.A . wi rdverwiesenanf eng l. B. I, p. 247 deutsch B. I , S . 18 1 f.
s. 12 u , p. 243 lIl,S . 748 .
s 20 I, p. 245 = I,
I 8 107
Sch li esslich bemerken Wi r noch , um etwai g en Irrtiimern vor
znbeng en, dass der Anhang einz eln kanflich i st,nnd ersuchen nber
den Preis desselben und die Organi sati on des LansdellschenW erkes
selbst die R i icksei te des T i tels einz usehen.
Ferdinand fl i rt Sohn.
Ubersicht des Inhalts.
A. Die Fauna dos rnssischena kestan.
Vorrede. Spheg idae (Wespen) .Mammalia (Sang etiere) . Scoli idae (Schlang en) .Aves (Vog el). Muti lli dae (Bienenameisen).R epti lia (R epti li en) . Fo rmicidae (AmeisemAmph ibia (Amph i bien) . C h rysidifo rmes (Raupen) .Pisces (Fi sche) . L efi doptera (Schmetterling e) .Pi sces (Fische). L epidoptera in Kuldscha.
Mollnsca (Mollusken) . N europtera (N etz fli i g ler) .A raneae (Spinnen) . N europtera Odonata (N etz fl li g ler) .C rnstacea (Krustentiere). Orth optera (Geradflfi g ler).C oleoptera (Kfifer) . Vermes (Wli rmer) .Melli fera. (Bienen) .
B. Die Flora dos rnssischena testan.
Vorrede. L i ste der Speci es.
c. Bibliograph icdos rnssischen Central-Asian.
Vo rrede. Kuldscha.
C entral-Asi en im allg emeinen. West-S i bi rien.
Buchara. a kestan.
C hiwa. a kmenien.
Kokan. Karten von C entral-A sien.
Alphabetische Liste der Autoren.
A PPE N DIX A .
T H E FA UN A OF R U S S IA N T UR KI S TA N .
A M co nscio us o f acting so mewhat rash ly in attempting
to put to g eth er th e info rmatio n I have gathered respecting th e fauna and flo ra o f R ussian C entral A sia, because Iknow that to do i t pro perly req u i res a larg er amo unt o f
scientific kno wledg e than I po ssess. M y case, h owever , is
th is. Befo re I had q u ite decided wh eth er to make th e
present wo rk a chatty bo o k o f travel, o r to attempt some
th ing mo re so lid , I went to the Br itish Museum to ask what
info rmatio n th ey po ssessed o f the z o o lo gy o f T u rk istan. A
p i le o f Fedchenk o’
s bo o ks was sh own me, said to be full o f
valuable info rmation, but lo st to the majo r part o f the scien
t ificwo rld,because written in R ussian. T hat the bo o ks were
beautifu lly i llustrated only made the matter mo re tantali z ingbut as the names o f the species, and in some cases th ei r
descr iptio ns, were in L atin, I began to exam ine them .
j ust abo ut th is time I chanced to meet M r. W . H . C rom ie,
wh o has translated several articles from th e R ussian fo r
per i odical literature, and wh o k ind ly vo lunteered to help me.
A t first I th o ug ht to avail myself o f h is serv ices o nly to the
extent o f one o r two intro ductio ns in Fedchenk o ’
s wo rk,wh ich
,
wh en put into E ng lish , prom ised to furnish g eneral data fo r
embod iment in my text. T he translation, h owever, sped so
well, that ere lo ng the majo r i ty o f th e intro ductions were do ne,wh en i t occurred to me that i t m ig h t be o f serv ice to addthem , with th ei r accompany ing lists o f species, as append ices.
O nco nsulting Pro fesso r N ewto n,o fC ambr idg e, Dr .G ii nther,
o f th e Br itish Museum , Dr. S clater, o f the Zo o lo g ical S ociety,
A PPE N DIX A .—PR E PA C E T O TH E FA UN A . 1 1
M r. Dresser, F .Z.S M r . M acL ach lan, F.R .S and o ther
naturalists, th ey all commended th e idea, and, what was
better, several vo lunteered assistance. T hus enco urag ed by
th ei r sympathy, and furth er h elped by M r. C rom ie, the wo rk
was continued , and o th er natu ralists communicated wi th .
T h e result is that I am able to place befo re the reader in a
narrow compass a certain amo unt o f info rmation upo n the
fauna and flo ra o f the co untry I travelled th ro ug h , wh ich .
may perhaps be o fsome little use, unti l better is fo rthcom ing .
I have also been careful to ind icate, wh en po ssible, wh ere
mo re and fuller info rmation may be fo und .
U nti l w i th in the last th irty years, i t w i ll be remembered,
T urk istan was all but unknown to science, and auto ptic
wr iters upon its fauna and flo ra even now may be co untedo n o ne
’
s fing ers. A mong z o o lo g ical wr iters we have
Prjevalsky ,S evertso ff, Fedch enk o , A lpheraky, F insch
,
O shanin, and Bo gdano fl'
and we w i ll speak o f th ese first.I f we approach th e co untry ,
as th e R ussians entered i t,from
th e no rth -east, th en o f th e latest naturalists we have Dr. O tto
Finsch ,wh o jo u rneyed up the I rtish , and co ntinued so uthwards
to A la-Kul. A lth o ug h h is bo o k is no t strictly z o o lo g ical,
he to uch es a g o o d deal upon'
the fo rms o f_
animal life he
met w ith ,and I have embod ied much o f h is info rmatio n
,
when i t co ncerns my own ro ute.
Proceed ing so uth to th e Ku ldja d istr ict, and th e surro unding m o untains, we h ave C o lo nel Prjevalsky
’
s j o urney fromKu ldja to L ob-N o r , wh ere in occu r several i tems o f z o o lo g ical
info rmatio n, but th ey are no t tabulated . In the case o f
M . A lpheraky we are mo re fo rtunate. T h is g entleman
penetrated to th e Y uldus plateau to study the L ep ido ptera o f
th e reg io n, and captu red specimens. H e has been
g o o d eno ug h to send me in manuscr ipt h is list o f 37 7 species,wh ich is g iven fu rth ur on.
"b
Proceed ing westwards, we come to th e reg io ns travelledby a famo us natu ralist, M . N . A . S evertso fl
'
,wh o , in 1 867 ,
Fo r alist o f Vertebrate observed by h im , as well as fu rth er remark s upon h ise ido ptera, see v .0 1 i . , 24 7, o f “
)R us.sian C entral A sia. including Ki ldja,
o hara, Kh iva, and M erv,
’
first editio n, nh ich is th e wo rk referred to in
subsequent fo o t no tes.
12 R U S S IA JV CA‘
JVI R ‘4 L A S IA
explo red the T h ian S han as far as th e so urces o f the N ar in,
and afterwards published h is Vertical and H o ri z o ntal Distr i
h utien o f T urk istan A nimals. T he po rti o ns relating to the
Mammals and Birds were translated , the fo rmer into E ng lishin the A nnals and M ag az ine of N atu ral H istory ,
and the
latter into German in C abanis’
j ournal j i tr O rni t/zolog ie.
M r . Dresser also publish ed some no tes o n S evertso ffs bi rdsin the Ibi s. In October and N o vember, 1 87 7 , and from Julyto S eptember, 1 8 7 8 , S evertso fl
'
investigated o n th e spo t th e
z o o lo g y o f the Pam ir and the A lai . A n acco unt is g iven
in th e [dis o f h is Bi rds o f the Pam ir R ang e,”the species o f
wh ich are added to th e list g iven hereafter . H e likew ise published,
at T ashkend two papers in R ussian o n N ew S pecieso f T urk istan B i rds, and
“
C haracter istics o f th e VertebrateFauna o f the Pam i r in the N otes of t/ze T nr k istan S ecti on oft/ze Imper ial S ociety of Fr iends of N atu ral H istory ,
A nt/z r o
pology , ana’E tl mog rapfiy . I sent to th is em inent natu ralist
my pro o f-sheets wh ich bear h is name in th is append ix ,
but, befo re receiv ing h is reply ,news reach ed me from R ussia,
that in February last he lo st h is life th ro ug h th e break ing o f
the ice when cro ssing the Don.
T h ere remain to be mentio ned th ree names o f z o o lo g ical
writers. F irst,that o f M . B. O shanin, wh o sh owed me h is
fine co llection o f H em iptera, and wh o has publish ed a
paper o f 64 pag es o n the H em iptero us fauna o f T u i k'
stan,
also in th e N otes of tlte Imper ial S ociety of Fr iends ofN atural H istory ,
etc,at T ash kend . T hen fo llows that o f
M . N . Bo g dano ff, wh o se“ A cco unt o f th e Fauna and Flo ra
o f the Kh ivan Oasis and the K i z i l-K um Desert had been
publish ed in R ussian at T ashkend a mo nth o r two befo re my
arr ival. I am indebted to th is auth o r fo r my info rmatio n
co ncerning the Scaph irhynch us.
“
I have reserved , h oweve r, to th e last the g reatest auth o r
o n the faunao f T u rk istan, namely ,Pro fesso r A . P. Fedch enko .
wh o was sent to T urk istan as ch ief o f a scientific exped i tio n
by th e Imper ial S ociety of F r iends of N atu ral H istory ,
A nth r opology ,and E thnog raplz o f Mo scow. T h is society
S te Vo l. p. 24 3.
A PI ’E A'
D IX A .—PR E PA C E T 0 T1115 FA UN A .
drew up“ Instructions fo r the E xped i tion, the preface to
wh ich sets fo rth the o ri g in o f the wo rk, by wh om to be do ne, at
what co st, and o n what po ints var io us societies and specialists
o fl'
ered sug g esti ons o r asked info rmation. T here were alsoenumerated lists o f such fauna and flo ra as were kno wn to
exist in th e reg io n, w ith catalo g ues o f bo o ks pertaining
th ereto , as well as th o se o n i ts g eo lo g y and ethno g raphy .
Fedchenk o’
s travels extended at intervals fro m 1 868 to
1 8 7 1 . In h is first jo urney h e and Madame O lga Fedch enkoarr ived at S amarkand , in January , 1 869 , and by A pr i l had
co llected z o o lo g ical specimens o f d i fferentspecies. H is explo rations were o n that occasio n co nfined ,
fo r the mo st part, to th e Zarafshan valley, whence, in th e
fo llowing Octo ber, he returned to Mo scow.
In the spring o f 1 8 7 0 h e started again, acco mpanied byMadame O lga Fedch enko ,
and jo ined the m ilitary scien
tific exped i tio n to th e upper waters o f the Zarafshan,and to
L ake Iskander-Kul. R eturning in S eptember to S amarkand,be commenced w inter wo rk , and in October completed h isco llection o f fishes, h is g reat pr i z e being a specimen o f the
S caplti r/zync/ms. In the spr ing o f 1 8 7 1 he made a to u r intothe K i z i l-Kum desert, and then prepared fo r h is g reatestjo urney,
th ro ug h the khanate o f K h o kand, where h e passedalong the A lai rang e , tak ing a g eneral survey o f the co untrytraversed , and mak ing an entom o lo g ical co llectio n, wh i lstMadame Fedch enko devo ted h erself to gath er ing bo tanical
specimens. H e th en returned to Mo scow,hav ing co llected
dur ing h is travels mo re than specimens, includ ingmo re than species o f animals. H is ro utes are wellind icated o n a map in Petermann’
s M i tt/zei ln en fo r 1 874 ,
and among th e early fru its o f th ese jo urneys appeared , inth e T urk istan A nnual fo r 1 8 73 , h is
“ R emarks on th e Fauna
and Flo ra o f th e Zarafshan Valley .
”
A mo ng the vertebrates h e co llected was a species o f
mo untain sh eep (Oo is vignei , Blyth ) , no t previo usly fo und in
T urk istan.
In the steppe, between S amarkand and Katte-Kurgan,
h e fo und a fine specimen o f E ryx j aculus, Dav id , a serpent.
R U S S IA N C ALVI R A L A S I A .
descr ibed by L ich tenstein under the name o f Ban tartar i ca .
A lmo st all th e serpents fo und by Fedchenko were non-v e nom o us, except a species the natives call “
C /zagy r i -g i lian ,
”o f
the fam i ly o f Pi t-v ipers (T r ig onocep/talns Italys) , from th e
neig hbo u rh o od o fKasalinsk , and t he comm o nadder o f E u r o p e
(t era oer us) , wh ich he fo und o nly o nce, near T ashk e nd .
O f L i z ards he fo und in the m o untains o f S hah r- i-sab z
S telli o L e/zmanni , S trauch (as ) , A blep/zarns B randti i , S trauch .
o bserved prev io usly by L ehmann dur ing h is sh o rt excurs i o n
to Western A sia. J. J. S k o rniak o fl'
fo und ano th er li z ardin the m o untains so uth o f S amarkand , wh ich is extreme ly
interesting and li ttle kno wn. It seems to be E uprepis pr i n
ceps, fo und in the T rans-C aucasus, and descr ibed by E ichwald .
T h e fish es o f the Zarafshan are especially no ticeable. I t
appears that o f fifteen species fo und th ere in,no t less than five
,
and th o se amo ng the mo st freq uently recurr ing , belo ng to th e
g enera S c/tis'
ot/torar and Or einns,wh ich are met w i th in
numbers in Kabul, Kashm ir, N epaul, and in th e r ivers o f th e
H imalayas. T o the g enus S cl n'
z ot/tor ox also belo ng s th e“M ar inka,
”remarkable fo r i ts po isono us eg g s.
A mo ng the invertebrates were fo und many mo re new
fo rms,constituting 50 per cent. in some o f the g ro ups o f
insects. Judg ing by compar iso n w i th known species, th ere
appears in Fedchenk o’
s co llectio n a predo m inance o f th e
fo rms,w ith certain deviatio ns, o f S o uth ern E uro pe, A sia
M ino r , and parts o f A fr ica.
A mo ng the remarkable rep resentatives o f C oleoptera may
be mentio ned th e beetle C opr is tumulus, th e larg est specimen
o f wh ich is an inch and th ree q uarters long .
S awfl ies are no t numero us in th e Zarafshan valley ; but
some o f th em are interesting because o f th ei r extreme like»
ness to the E u ro pean species, th o ug h , com pared w ith th e
typ ical fo rms,they are d i fferent in co lo uring . O ne fo rm is
particularly remarkable. W ith a no rmal male, related to
the g ro up S elandr i ida’, is a female with o ut traces o f w ing s.
A ffected by th is absence o f w ing s, the th o rax underg o es
impo rtant chang es, and appears g reatly swo llen, and all th e
females g enerally have the appearance o f little bag s. Its
A PPE JVD IX A .—PR E 1"A C E T O TH E FA UN A .
relation to th is fam i ly is asto und ing , as th is is the o nly knownexample o f the W ing less fo rm in the wh o le fam i ly o f saw
fl ies. A ll the o th er specialities o f structu re, h owever, as well
as the wing s o f the male, co nfirm i t.
A mong the Or t/zoptera m ust be mentio ned two L ocusts
(Pac/zypti lns m igr ator ias and P . cinerascens) , and ano th er called“P r ns
”
(Caloptenus i talicns) . R avag es o f the locust are com
plained o f in the neig hbo urh o od o f Pero vsk, and o f th e Prns
in the Zarafshan valley , where the latter is known to the T aj iksunder the name o f “M a/ag o , and to th e U z beg s as C /tanr tke.
”
O f A racl mia'a, a class very r ich in representatives, the
Tarantula (Lycosa si ng or iensis, L ackm .) are remarkable fro mthe fact that in d ifferent places in the valley Fedch enkofo und fo rms, wh ich in E uro pe are met w i th in co untr ies far
apart from each o ther , and have been reckoned as d ifferentspecies. T he mo st widely-d istr ibuted fo rm is that with the
lo wer part o f the abdomen q u ite black ; next co mes th e
fo rm w ith co lo ured edg es, and finally that w ith th e lower
part almo st enti rely o rang e.
T he S co rpio ns are identical w ith th o se met w ith in T rans
C aucas ia (A na’
roctonns caucasicus,N Galeodidae are
represented by two very well-defined species (S olpug aaraneo ides
,Pall.
,and S . intrep ida, T he d istr ibution o f
the latter is remarkable. Fi rst fo und in S pain,i t was seen
later by Wag ner o n th e Indersk m o untains, o n th e U rals,
and afterwards by Fedchenko in the Zarafshan valley.
besides wh ich , specimens o f th is H arvestman are fo und in
the co llection o f insects sent by General Ko lpak o vsky from
V ierny. T h e animal is reckoned po iso no us, and i ts bite hasin certain cases been fo llowed by death , alth o ug h no th ing
is yet known o f its po iso n apparatus.
T he Karak ur t (L atroa’
ectes lng nbr i s) do es no t live in the
Zarafshan valley ,and is known o nly in a few localities o f
S em i rech ia. T h ere is also a fo rm o f fi /Iy r i opoa'
a reckonedvenomo us
,v i z ., a S colopendra, co nstituting a new species.
A mo ng the invertebrate animals subjected to specialinvest igatio n were the r i slz ta“ and the si lk-wo rm . W i th
Fo r some acco unt o f h is investigations on the r isk ta, see Vo l. p. 148.
16 R U S S IA N C E A'
TR A L A S IA
respect to the d isease o f the latter , Fedch enko sh o wed tl
presence th erein o f small particles called after th ei r d isco vererC or nalia,
causing a d isease termed pe‘br ine. T h ese part icleswere fo und by h im in the eg g s, larva , and mo th s bro ug h t
from S amarkand . T he r i slz ta,o r g u inea-wo rm (Fi lan
'
a
Inediuensis) , is fo und in o th er places : in E gypt, A rab ia, and
Ind ia; but in C entral A sia it occu rs much farth er no rth .
Fedch enk o’
s investigatio ns showed that the g erms w ith
wh ich the wh o le bo dy o f a ri sh ta (taken o ut o f a man) isfilled , hav ing fallen into water , enter into small crustaceans o f
the g enus Cyclops, live in them a lo ng time (mo re than a
m o nth ) , lo se th ei r co lo ur, chang e th ei r external fo rm ,and
beg in the develo pment o f sexual o rgans. T he cyclo ps mayeasi ly be imb ibed in d r ink ing water
, as it is very small
and co lo urless, and the further pro g ress o f the parasite is
clear ; the sexual o rgans o f the r ish tas are develo ped in
the intestinal canal ; th e females, after fecundatio n by th e
males, make th ei r way to the sub-dermal tissues, where th eyattain final develo pment, i .e.,
become fi lled w i th liv ing g erms,
and at th e same time g ro w to abo ut 3; feet in leng th . A ll
th is process o f passag e and g rowth occup ies abo ut twelvemonth s ; so that th e r ish ta o nly mani fests itself in the bo dyo f a man in the fo llowing year.
T h ese remarks from th e T urk istan A nnual are interestingas wr itten by Fedchenko h im self. but th ey are, o f co urse,
th e merest dro ps o f what he intended to be acom ing sh ower .
’
Wh en he returned to R ussia w ith h is immense co llectio nshe summ oned to h is aid several specialists, to wh om respec
tively he comm itted h is specimens fo r descr iption under h iso wn ed ito rsh ip .
T h e desi re o f th e S ociety of Fr iends of N atural H isto ryappears to have been that in each sectio n o r subject sh o uldappear no t o nly Fedchenk o
’
s co llectio ns, but every specieskno wn in T u rk istan,
with a sh o rt and pi thy descr iptio n o f
Madame Fedchenk o has been g o od eno ug h to send me a list o f her late
h usband’s papers and o ther publicati ons, 34 in number, and mo st o f them in
R ussian. Many appeared in the T u rkistan Gaz ette fo r 1870-7 1 ; reference
w i ll be found to o th ers in M ejo f’s Bibliog raphy,
”and to translations in th
b ibliog raphy attached to th is wo rk .
A PPE N D IX A —PR E FA C E T O TH E FA UN A
each,compari sons also being made w i th the fauna o f neig h
bo uring co untries. It was furth er made a pr ime matter that
everyth ing as far as po ssible sh o uld be described in R ussian
(new species, h owever , in L atin) , the S ociety hav ing in view
the publicatio n o f a wo rk that m ig h t serve every inq u ir ing
R ussian as a handbo o k and fo ster a taste fo r the study o f
N atural H isto ry .
T h is wo rk , so well co nce ived , extensively planned , and
energ etically beg un. was, alas like so many th ing s in R ussia,
never successfu lly completed . T he z ealo us and indefatigable
Fedch enko , o f wh om all speak so h ig h ly , lo st h is life
in 1 8 7 3, on th e C o l du Géant, Mo nt Blanc; and th e
ch ief o f the enterpr ise be ing th us taken away, the wo rk
has lang u ish ed . A s i t now stands, var io us sections o f
Fedch enk o’
s P zi teslzestvie v’
T uréestan,
”o r T ravels in
T u rk istan, have appeared as fo llows : A yourney to K/zol’and
,
by A . P. Fedch enko ; Flo ra of T urk istan, I P r imu laceae et
L i liaceae, by R eg el ; A strag alus et Oxy tropi s, by Bung e ;
Descr ipti ones plantaram novar um ,by R eg el M ammals, B i rds,
R epti les, and Fisltes,
’ by S evertso ff; F isltes, by Kessler ;
M ollusca, by von M artensl'
; C r ustacea, by U lianini ; A raueae,
by Kro neberg l‘
; C oleoptera, Parts I . and I I ., by S o lsky ;
M ellifera, I . and IL , by Mo rawi tz ; Sp/zeg idae, M uti llidae, and
C Itrysidiformes, by R ado sz k o vsky‘
l'
S coli idae and 0 r t/z optera,
by De Saussurel’
; Form ici dae, by Meyri’
; L epidoptera, byE rsch o ff
'
l N europtera, by MacL ach lanl'
(Odouataby Brauerl’
)and Vermes, by Krebbel' ; wh ilst as an append ix to the
T ravels is publish ed an album o f fo urteen li th o g raphedv iews o f R ussian T urk istan by Madame Fedchenko .
I acco rd ing ly have g iven M r. C rom ie’
s translatio ns o f
th e var i o us intro ductions, om i tting h ere and there local
o r eph emeral matter, and have added th e lists o f species,fro m wh ich I trust that naturalists wi ll be able to gath ersome idea o f th e T u rk istan fauna as a wh o le ; wh i lst th o se
T h is included Fedchenk o’
s materials, but is enti tled Vertical and H o ri z ontal
Distribution o f T urk istan A nimals.
”
A uth o rs, marked thus, have k indly revised pro o f-sheets o f their respective
articles as g iven hereafter , and I am g reatly indebted to M adame Fedchenk o , wh ohas lo o ked th ro ug h almost the wh o le o f the appendices o n Faunaand Flo ra.
2
18 R U S S IA N C E IVTR A L A S IA
wh o desire it may obtain furth er info rmation from th e
o rig inals.-M y own remarks h ereinafter are enclo sed in
brackets and signed [H . L ].
VE R T IC A L A N D H O R IZO N T A L DI ST R IBU T ION OF
T U R KIS T A N A N IMA L S .
Bv N . A . S E VE R T SOFF.
E di ted by A . P. Fancnsnxo and L . P. Sasw u r r .
E xp lanation
P lains (1 ) .—From 60 0’
to above th e sea, compri sing salt
plains.
Downs —From to compri sing culti vated di stri cts
and g rassy steppes.
H i lls —From to o r anaverag e o f comprisinglarch wo o ds
,apple and ash g ro ves.
M ountains —From 8 ,500’
to 1 0 , compri sing juniper , fir ,and bi rch distr icts.
Peaks —From district o f A lp ine g rasses up to th e snow-line.
H or i z ontal distr i bu tion
N . E . (I . ) —S em i rech ia compr ising th e distr icts o fKopal, V ierny, IssikKul, th e r ivers A h -sai and U pper N arin.
—Sem i rech ia so uth o f Issik-Kul, abo ut S on-Kul and C hati rKul ; th e rivers S usam i r , Jumg al, and L ower N arin, flowing so uth
from th e A lexandrovsk i m o untains, wi th o th ers fl owing no rth ,
namely, th e C h u and T alas.
N .W . (I I I . )—T h e West T h ian S han abo ut T ash kend, compr ising th e
U pper A ri s , C h i rch ik , and Keles ; th e Kara-T au mo untains, and
th e L ower Syr-daria to Lake A ral.
S .W . (IV .—T h e Zarafshan Valley, S teppe between th e Syr
-daria and
th e Ki z i l Kum Desert, and di strict abo ut Kh ojend.
s signifies sedens, o r settled. R si gnifies rare
t transvo lans passing . C
e erraticus m ig rato ry. n new
nidulans breeding . s
aestivus summer .
hyemalis winter .
[I have inserted th e letters and wo rds at th e heads o f co lumns as
conveying mo re to th e eye than th e figu res in th e o rig inal . T h e
E ng lish names o f S evenso fi’
s M ammals, R eptiles, and Fish es havebeen inserted by Dr . Gunmen—I I . L ]
A PPE N DIX A .—A VE S . 2 1
AVE S (B i r ds) .
Abbreviations —v ic. victi tat s r. spo radice reg .-reg io .
[T he Eng lish equivalentsand the Pam ir co lumn ave been g ivenbyM r.H enryDresser .—H .L .
Vultur cinereus ; vie. 1—5. C iner eus do .
O togyps calvusN eo ph ron percno pterus ; victitat
reg . 1
Gypaeto;
albiei llaleuco rypha, spo r. C
A qui lafulva, var. A . nobilis,Pall.
B interm. (ad ch rysaeton)L esser do. do .
imper ialis ; reg . I I I 2 ah .
Gray (adulo r ientalis, Cabam ) .clanga. . Larg er spotted
pennata, spo r . C . . E ooted
m inuta, Breh 1n, spo r . C . Do . do.
Balbipectus,n1 5. Pandion fluv iati lis (n.
C ircaetos brachydactylus (n.
,6 o rientalis, Brehm .
Pernis apivo rus
Buteo leucu rus
fl rufinus
yw
r
ig fimns
ns
Iag o pus .
M i lvus ater
fl melano tis, Temm.
(M . g o v inda, Sykes) .Astur palumbarius,
msus
cenchro ’ides (badins
Faloo sacer (F. laniar ius,
fl clterm'
aiem'
, n.s.
H endersoni
pereg r inus
aesalon
Balaudarius, Brehm .
subbuteo
Fo r summary in E ng lish see Vo l. i ., page 4 15.
2 2 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
C erchneis tinnunculus ubique
cenchris; montibusKaratau
3.n.
E ryth ropus vespeninus
cineraceus
A thene noctuao rientalis L i ttle do .
S yrniumaluoo ,spo
S trix flammea, spo r. ; mont.
ad fl . A rys. Barn do .
E ph ialtes sco ps
Bubo maximus (var. B. turoo
A
manns, E versm.
o lius brachyo tos, ubique t..s. h .R .
o tus; ubique t.C . ; s.h .R .
C o rvus oo raxsubcom x, n. (C . umb1i
co rnix
fl hybridamonedula
frug i leg us ; pauci , s.
Freg ilus graculus reg . z , spo r . h .
C hang /z
Pyrrhoco rax alpinus . . A I ine do .
Picacaudata, var. a bactriaria, uld
fl leueoptera, Go uld
55. N ucifragacaryocactates
Podoces Panderi Pander’
s
unico lo r (purpurascens
Passer domesticus, spo r.
salicar ius pauci h. ,
spo radice C .
montanus, Cammodendr i ; n. S evertsqf s do .
petronia R ock do .
pulverulentus, n. (Fring .
altaicaP, E versm . .Deser t do .
C occo th raustes speculigerus
a.t
a.t
a. R .
a.t.
A PPE N DIX A —A VE S .
Am B i rds.
67. C h lo ro spizach lo ris Green/Incl:68. Fr ing i llamonti fring illa B rambling t
69. coelebs
70 . nivalis .
Fring ilaudaaltaica
7 1 . L eucosticte Brandtn, Bonap.
pami rensis n.
Acanth is cannabina
[3 bella, Bonap.
flavi ro stris
brev iro stris .
linar ia. L esser h .R .
C ardueliso rientalisH i rnalayanGold/i nc}: n. .h
eu ro paeus E u r opean do . u?h .
O raeg i th us pusi llus, Pall.
(O . nifrons.E versm . )R ed-frontedFi ne/1 s
Pyrr ula vulgaris B id/incl: h .R .
nepalensis (an Br own do . h .R .
U rag us sibi ricus (spo r. )
C arpodacus rubici lla. Gu ld.
(C . caucasicus, Pall. ) Caucasian do . 8
h odoch lamys,Brdt. R ed-mantled do . n.h . .h h .R . s
reryth rinus Scar let do . 11 n n n
mong o liens
E ryth rospi za incarnata. n. R ose do . s s h .t.R h .t.
ph oenico ptera, Sch l.
Bona
p. spo u
t C
Scar let-wi ng ed do . 8
o bso eta, spo . 1) eser t do .
E mber izacio ides, grdt. (arm .
PVlu te-br owed B unti ng
n cia
ho rtulana
caesia C retz scfimar’
s Bunting n
ci trinella ; prope fl . Syr
daria h . R .
mniceps
butto ni
pi thyo rnns (an n. I) Pine do . t.C . t. C . h h
sch o eniclus h. t. h .t. h .t. h h
Bm ino r t.h . h .t. h .t. h h
pyrrhulmdes ; reg . 3, Issyk
Kul, an s. s s
96. miliaris s.n. s.n. h
97 . pusi lla .t.R .
98 . E uspi zabrunniceps Brownn-lzeaded do . 11
99. aureo la. ad fl . S yr-dar ia
aestate visa Yellow-breasted do . a.R10 0 . Plectro phanes nivalis S now do . h .R10 1 . T urdus merula u.h . u .h . n. .h h10 2 . atrigular is u .h . n.h . h h h
1 03. mystacinus
N auru. ) n.h . ! n.h . h h
23
. 34 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
s s.
T urdus rufioo llis, Pall. (non Radde)ubique R . R ed-breasted T[m esh t
pallah s, Pall., urbe Viernyvisus .
viscivo rus
pi larisi liacus, ubique R . .
M yophone T emrrnncknYellow bi lled Wis
Petrocich lacyanesaxati lis
Saxico laoenanthesqualida, S .
E versm . non T emm .
leucomela, Pall.
(S mo r io , E h rb. ) E asternpied C leat mt.B lug ens, L ich t , H eng l.
(leucomela, T emm .
monacha, Brehm ; inrupestristalas, nn.
melanogenys. n.s.
syeni tica, H eng l.
Saxico la salina, E versm
(S deserti , R iipp ) Deser t do . 11
fl xanthomelaena, E h rb ,H eng l. B lack-M roo ted do .
Pratinco larubetta Wh ine/tat n.t.
rubico la S tance/tat n.t.
B indies , Go uld E astern C fiat n
H emprich i , E hrb . ,
spo r . R .
L usci ola luscinia, BH afi z i , nPernan
y ph ilomela, Pall.aédon,Pall.(ph i lomela. Bst.)Do . do
3 infuscata, nL uscio lasuecicaR ed-spotted Blue-th roat tn.
[3 o rientalis, Brehm . Do . do .
rubecula; urbe C h imkent
R utici llaph oenicu ra R eds/af t
erythmprocta, Gould Gou ld’sdo .
rufiventriseryth rogastra, Gi ildenst.
I I I .h R . Git/densta‘
dt'
s
eryth rono ta, E vers. E versmann’
sdo .
auro rea Pall. (e co ll.Karelin. ) R emes
’
do .
lug ens, nn. . Blue-lteadea'
do . 11
C allio
pe
)
Ballionn, n. (C . pecto rali
Go u d Wh i te-tailed R uby 2'
}1r oat n
I.
M erops spinster, spo radice C .
2 47 .
24 8.
2492 50 . C o lumbapulch r ico llis, Go uld
n.t.
ocnus, L .
livia
rupestris
fusca, Pall.turtur, L .
28 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
gelastes, T emm . Or iental do .
T urtur fer
ch inensis
“
CC . riso ria,Sch renck , nee H art]aegyptiaca, urbis E gyptian do .
Pterocles arenar ius
alcbata, spo radice, C . Pin-tai leddo .
Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas’do . s.n.
tibetanus
T etrao tetr ix
u ro gallus
M egaloperdix N igellnCaspian S now Par tr idg e n.h .
h imalayensis .
B m ino r
Perdix saxati lis,ch ukar , Gray C/mkar do . s
cinerea, spo radioe, an s. Par tr i dg e h .R .
daurica s
gryseo gularis, Brdt.
(P. Bonhami , F1113 )C o turnix vulgar is, h .R .
BBaldam i , BrehmPhasianus mong o liens
Along oliaGallusbank ivadomesticusC omPavo cr istatus domesticusGrus cinerea, spo radice, n.
vi rg o , spo radice mont.
I I
b n.s
A PPE N DIX A —A VE S .
A ves.
2 76. C iconianig ra B lack S to rk n
2 77. alba, var. majo r(C . az reth ., n. s Wh i te do .
2 78. A rden cinerea, var . A . brag ,Isid., Geo fl
'
r. H eron n
purpurea
alba, h .R . ,n. spo radice C .
Bmelano rhynehaSco taeus nyctico rax
Bo taurus stellaris .
A rdeo laminuta, spo radice C . L ittle do .
Platalea leuco rodia
Ibis falcinellus
O tis tetraxMacqueeni
tarda
O edicnemus crepitans
Bsenegalensis
C haradr ius pluv ialis regad. lac. Issyk kul. t.R . L R .
squataro laE udrom ias mo rinellus
caspius, Pall.M ong o liens
A eg ialo
ites h iaticula
m i no r
cantianus
Vanellus cr istatus, h .R . L apw ing n
g regar ius . S ociable Plover t
leucurus . Wlti te-tai led do .
Glareo la pratinco la Pratincole
B limbata Do .
S trepsi las oo llar is
R ecurvi rostraavocetta A o oca n
H ypsibates himantopus
B lackao ing ed S ti lt n
Bnig rieollis Do . do .
30 5. Falci rostraKaufmanni . n.
s s
306. long spes (P) n. Do . do . 5? n? s? n?
30 7. H aematopus ostraleg us Oyster-canker
308. Sco lo pax gallinag o ; ub ique. s. .RC ommon S nipe n. .t n.t.
309. hyemalis, E versmann Do . 11.h . u.h.
310 . gallinula t
3l t o m S ti COIa
31 2 . Machetes.pugnax .
313. T ringam inuta
314. T emm inckn, lncubus
alpestris, n. Yemm inck’
s do . t.n. t.n.
~
var iabi lis t t
subar uata t t
platyr yncha
30 R U S S IA N C E M R A L A S IA
An s.
3I 73 18. Phalaropus angusti rostris
fulicariusIActi tis by
T etanus g iftl
tis ; h .R .
fuscus
calidris
stagnati lis
och ropus h .R .
lareo la
T erc iacinerea
L imosamelanura n.R
N umenius arquatus
R allus aquaticus, spo r . C .
C rex pratensis
Gallinula pusilla
pygmaea
po rzana
ch lo ropus
(Po rphyrioFuhcaatra, spo radicePodicepsm ino r ; urbeT sch im
kent, fontis C .
aur itas
co rnutus, lacu SonKuh n. S law n.do .
rubrico llis R ed necked do .
cri status Great-crested do .
Pelecanus onocro talus R oseatePelican n
C arbo phalacroco rax, var .
continentalis
pygmaeus
Larus canus .
cach innans ‘
reg . 3, ad
lac. Issyk-Kul. S iberi an ber r i ng do . 11
arg entatus n.R . locis
lacustrisbrunneicephalus i’
Gaviaich tyaetos Great black-headeddo
ridibunda
m inuta
S ternacaspiaang lica
h i rundo
m im ta
H ydrochelidon niger . Blacl: do . 11
leucopareius
C y us 0 10 1 reg . 3 IssykFl ; Wi ld Swun 11
musicus, ubique a.R
res 3. Issyk
357. A ltum i
A PPE N DIX A —A VE S .
Anser M iddendo rfl'
11, n. (A . gu ndis,M idd. , nee Pall.) L arger Goose
seg etum ; I I I . h ., reg .
; 1. reg . 1
oo
bscnrus, Brehmcinereus ; I I I . h . R . , reg . 2
Greylag do .
albifrons, R . M i te-fronted do .
S korniaéo rn, n. Pai nted do .
as ruti la, spo i'adice R uddy S i zeldraketado rna . C ommon do .
bo schas, h .R . M allara
strepera, ub ique h . R ., reg . 1 , 2
querquedulacrecca
clypeata.
penelope ; I II, 2 , h ?acuta; lacu Issyk Kul, n.
Fuligulafuscacristata
n
albellus .
Ph oenicopterus roseus, Pall. Flam ing oC um Cal pispo letta.38sspec (pag e 2 7)
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
R E PT IL IA (R epti les) .
R xn ru n.
S .E . N .W
C hersus iberus
I lomo pus H o rsfieldi
Psammo saurus caspius, E ich w.
Gymnodactylus caspi us, E ichw.
scaber, R i ipp.
E versmanni , S trauch
Ph rynocephalus auri tus
helio sco pus
interscapularis, L ich t.
ca
indivo lvulus (int. lac. Balkhash etAla
Ku
S tellio aralensis, L icht.L ehmanni , S trauch .
h imalayanus, S trauch
T erato scincus Keyserlingii, S trauch
Brem ias va riabi lis
intermedius, S trauch
co eruleo ocellatus, Dum . (velox, Pall. )P erythrurus, n. (po ti u5 1u11. prace. spec.
Scaptei ra g ramm ica, L ich t.
scripta, Sch renk .
Lacertasti rpi um C ommon L isa
Pseudo pus Pallasi i
A blepharus deserti , S trauch
Brandti i , S trauch
E uprepis princeps
E ryx jaculus, L . (Boa tatarica, L icht.)T ro pidono tus hydrus
E laphe dione
C o lubridum speci es nondum determ inata
Zamaenis Fedchenk o i , S trauch
C h o ristodon si bi ricus, Dum . (T aph rometoponlineo latum , Brdt) .brachycephalus. S ev .
T rig onocephalus halys, L ich t. (reg . 2 , 3, mont
.
Karatau)Pelias berus in bo realibus
I have bo rrowed M . S trauch’
s definitions of T u rkistan repti lia fromFedch enk o 5 repo rt on h i s first expedi ti on (P r o . S oc. Fr iends of N atH i st" Vo l. i i i . Part 1 Fedch enk o also communicated to me nu
publish ed definiti ons 0 S tellio l u'
nsalayanus and Zamaeni sFedclzenk o i .O f repti les I myself fo und only Scaptez ra g ramm ica, .S . scr ipta,
and, perhaps, P ltrynocep lzalus inter scapu lar i s. T h e Gymnodacty lusE ver srnanni , S tell i o L ettmanni , S . k imalayanus , E upr ep i spr inceps ,A blepkar us B randti i , wh ich I did no t obtain, are evidently peculiar to
A PPE N DIX A .—A M PH 1B IA . 33
the S .\V. district, wh ich is mo re defini tely characteri z ed by south ernrepti les.
E r em ias erytnr u r us is di sting u ish ed from E . velox only by itsco lo u rand smaller si z e ; the scales and do rsal marks g enerally are almo sti dentical. Fedch enk o considers E . er ytnr u r us as a yo ung E . velox .
But th e distr ibuti on appears to me different. In th e eastern part o fT u rk istan
, commencing from A ulic-A ta, and even C h imk ent, I did no tmeet wi th E . ery th r u r us , but th ere were multi tudes o f E . oclox .
A fterwards , at Kh ojend, I did no t see th e very yo ungsmall specimens
o f th e latter species, wh ich i s in favo ur o f Fedeh enk o 3 op inion.
A M PH IBIA (A mph i bians).
N .E . S .E . N .W S .W .
A M PH I BIA .
1 . Rana vi ridis cach innans E dible2 . Bufo variab ilis . Green T oa
3. s. ) (B. variab ili s, var .)4 . Ranodo n sibi ricus, Kessl.
5. Kessleri, Balli on
6. s.
T h e di fference o f th e conditio ns reg u lating the vertical di stributi ono f R epti lia and A mph ibia may be remark ed in th e abo ve lists . T h e
fo rm er requ i re h eat, th e latter m o isture, especially th e U r odela (g enusR anodon) , wh ich , th erefo re, appear in C entral A sia only near th e
m o untains , liv ing in spring-basins, and in marsh es near water o f very
low temperatu re , no t m o re than 45°
to 48°
in summ er. R anodon .s.
N o . 6) was obtained in th e marsh es on th e small A lmatinka t 1ver , near
ierny, at abo ut T wo specimens were presented to me byGeneral Ko lpak ovsky, and g iven fo r definiti o n to M r . Balh on, wh o
described R . K essler i . T h e remainin two species are from the
no rth ern A la-T au . I consi der it proba le th at th ey m i g h t be fo und
h i g h er than in th e reg i on o f fi rs. It is no less pro bable that at
th is latter alti tude, especially on th e Keg en table-land, a few repnles
may be fo und.
L ansdell, Appendix .
34. R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
PIS C E S“ (E l teS ).
T H E vertical distribution o f T u rkistanfish es canno t so well be expressedas that o f M ammals, B irds, R epti les , and A mph ib ia. T h e ch iefwater system s o f the reg i on are th o se o f the A ral, th e Balkhash , and
th e U pper T arim . T h ere are o th er system s o f second g rade , o f wh ich
th e m o re impo rtant are th o se o f the Issyk-Kul, th e C h u , Talas, and
Zarafshan. T h e last th ree ,h owever , m ig h t be added to th e A ral
system .
T h e principal ich thyo lo g ical distri cts o f th e reg i on are also th ree
(th o se o f 1 , th e M ar inka— Sclz z'
z ofl z orax—and O smanofi—O r ez'
nw et
Dzj tyd zw ; 2 , th e C arp , th e S i lurus and Barbe] , to g eth er wi th th e
M arinka; and 3 , th e A ral S tu rg eon) ; but each o f th em consi sts o f parts
o f th e different water systems , and, on th e o th er hand, th e Syr-daria,
at different po rti ons o f its co urse, belong s to all th ree ich thyo lo g ical
districts.
In th e fo llow ing list each o f th e ich thyo lo g ical di str icts is desi gnated
by a R oman fig ure, and th e distributi on o f each species in th e districts
by an A rabic fig ure, sh owing th e place o f finding , th us
I . M o um‘az’
n D istr ict
1 , T ributar ies o f Balk hash ; 2 , U pper C h u ; 3 , T alas ; 4 , T ributaries
o f N aryn ; 5 , A k sai ; 6, M o untain streams o f Zarafshan ; 7, U pperS urkhab .
8 , Balk hash ; 9, I ssyk-Kul ; 1 0 , C h u , below T o kmak ; 1 1 , L ower
A rys and C h i rch ik ; 1 2 , S pr ing s at C h imk ent ; 13 , Zarafshan, below
Penjak end ; 1 4 , S o urces o f Zarafshan ; 15, Syr-dar ia at Kh ojend 16,
Spr ing s at Kh ojend.
I I I . L ower Distr ict
1 7, Syr-daria at C h inaz ; 18 , Syr
-dar ia at Perovsk and below ; 19,
L ower A mu-daria ; ao , A ral S ea.
T h e italics deno te species peculiar to C entral A sia ; almo st all th e
new ones have beendescribed byKessler . T h e Speci es mar ked wi t/i anaster zlrk are common also to th e C asp ian and Black S eas.
[Fo r ano ther L ist o f Fish es, by Kessler , see p . 4o . L ]
36 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
of wh ich ar e uninvestigated, and vari ous small Cypn‘
m'
dae, from th e
Balkhash and C h u , so that th e to tal number o f species o f T urki stanfish es may exceed 50 .
T h e species inserted in th e list sh ow th e remarkable ich thyo lo g icalspecialti es o f th e reg i on, and that th ere are in i t at least two ich thyo lo g ical di str icts , th ei r differences being clearly defined, alth o ug h Carp(Cypr imdae) predom inate in bo th .
A lmo st all o f th e 1 1 species o f th e mountain di str ict (I ) are pecul iarth ereto ; th e Balkhash M ar imba, marked with an Pin th e list, has no t
been scientifically determ ined, and may, on clo ser study, prove to be a
separate species, distributed in th e lower parts o f th e Balkhash tr ibutari es, but no t in th e mo untains .
O f th e 2 2 species o f th e m i ddle district (I I ) 1 0 were also found inth e lower district (I I I ) ; but pro babl th e C asp1an A lbum us (fasciatuset ckalco ides
g,wh ich was only foun in th e Zarafshan valley, also lives
i n th e lower istr ict, so that th e species peculiar to district I I probablyconsist o f rath er less than one-half o f all its fauna.
O f th e 1 8 species in th e lower district (I I I ) 7 o r 8 only are peculiar
th ereto , so that th is di str ict (I I I ) is m uch less distinct in its fish esfrom di strict I I than are bo th (I I and II I ) from th e upper district (I ).N o t a sing le species is known to be really common to districts I and
I I , much less to I and I I I .
T h ere have been fo und 26 species peculiar to C entral A sia ; all o f
th em were in th e upper district ; 14 o ut o f 2 2 were in th e m iddle di strict
and 5 o ut o f 1 8 in th e lower district, and all o f E uropean g enera— fo rms
lik e to Ponto -C aspian. O f th e latter , 1 2 were actually fo und in th e
lower di strict , and pro bably th ere are mo re ; 14 o r 15 are menti oned
in th e li st ; th ere were 8 in th e m iddle district, but no t one in theupper (UT h ere are th ree 1ch thyo lo g ical faunas 1n th e T urk i stan reg i on no t
having any common species between th em , and no t co rrespondi ng wi th
th e districts, as th ese have mo re o r less am ixture o f two o r even o f all
th ree difi'
erent faunas .
A . A ncient C entral A sian fauna—pr incipally in th e up er di strict.
B . N ew C entral A sian fauna, o f wh ich th e majo ri ty OFspecies are inth e M iddle district, th e m ino rity in th e L ower .
C . Ponto -C aspian, o f wh ich th e majo ri ty o f species are in th e L ower
district, the m ino ri ty in th e M iddle.
A lth o ug h these th ree faunas do no t po ssess any species in common,
th e deg ree o f th ei r difi erences are far from unifo rm . T h e ancient
C entral A sian may be considered as qu i te o rig inal, wh i le th e new
C entral A sian is rath er an altered part o f th e Ponto-C asp ian fauna,
in wh ich , fo r all its species, are fo und co rresponding and clo selyrelated fo rms, partly metwi th even in T urk istan waters, and unchang ed
th ere .
T h is sh ows that th e new C entral A sian fauna was g eo lo g icallyseparated at a recent epoch , on th e di visi on o f th e fo rmer A ralo
C aspian basin into th e present waters, wh i le th e ancient C entral A sian
fauna consists o f th e remnant wh ich escaped , being driven by newer
fauna into th e mo untain streams T h e local varieties o f th e
S i lu r us g lam ir aralenS zS and Goéi ofl uviafi l zlr lep ido lemm‘
sh ow that
th e evo luti on o f a new C entral A sian fauna from g eog raph ically sepa
rated parts o f th e Panto-C asp ian sti ll continues.
A PPE N DIX A .—PI S C E S . 37
PIS C E S (Fm cS ) .
BY K . F. Ksssnsa.
T H I S article is intended to serve as ag u i de to th e furth er investigati on ofth e Ich thyo log ical fauna o f T urkistan. T o th is end are inserted[in th eo rig inal] co ncise descr ipti ons o f all th e species o f fish es th us far fo undin th e co untry, wi th th e distinctive characters o f th e g enera, fam i lies,and o rders to wh ich th e species mentioned belong . T h e new species o f
fish es co llected by A . P . Fedchenko on h is first jo u rney to T u rkistan,
and also the new 3 cies obtained in th e same co untry by S evertso fi
and Kushak evi tch , ve already been described by me in an article
entitled lch thyo lo'
cal Fauna o f T urkistan,
”wh ich appeared in th e
P r oceed ing s of th e mper ial S ociety of Fr ienatr of N atu ral H i story ofM oscow
,in 1 872 .
Duri ng h is seco nd jo urney in T urkistan,Fedch enko fo und only fo ur
new 3 cies : A Sp i zeS eS ocinuS , C obi ti S ele am "
, Salmo ox ianuS , and
S cafifii kyncfiw Fedclz enko i (a detai led escripti on o f wh ich also i s
included in th e above-mentioned article) . But th ese species are veryinteresting inmany respects . A Sp iaS eS ocimeS by its elong ated bo dy andflattened h ead co nstitu tes a very remarkable fo rm o f th e g enus A s
'
uS ,
wh ich u to th e present has only had th ree representatives—one in S .E .
E urope A . r apax ) ; ano th er in W . A sia A . var ax ) ; and th e th i rd inC h ina (A . s tu r zeS ). Satmo ox iameS ,
°
scovered in th e Ki z i l-su ,in
th e A lai , appears in T urk istan as th e so le re resentative o f th e
numero us fam i ly o f salmons. Scapt n'
r lzync/mS edch enk o i [o f wh ichth e o nly o th er species o f th e same g enus known to u s (Scapti . f aj ineS g u i z ) belong s to N o rth America?
i s o f eat impo rtance, no t only from
a z o o lo g ical, but also from a bio o g ica po int o f v iew , on acco unt o f
th e extreme smallness o f i ts eyes and th e rudimentary condition o f i ts
air bladder .
T h e little fi sh descr ibed by me in an article on th e Ich thyo lo g ical
Fauna o f T urkistan,
”and called Sctz z
'
z ot/zo rax m inu tw , was ascer
tained to be ayo ung specimen o f Sctz i z . eu rystomw , as, h owever , had
been already suppo sed. In th e last co llecti on made by Fedch enko ,th ere were, 5 eak in
go rgenerally, many yo ung fish es o f th e g enera
Bar bi es and c/z i z ot ax , wh ich enabled me to convince myself o f
th e fact that th e rows o f teeth , wi th wh ich many species o f th ese
enera are fum ish ed , on th e h inder side o f th e larg e bony ray o f th e
go rsal fin, are ,amo n yo ung fish es, at first very larg e and no t numero us ,
bu t afterwards g ra ually increase in number and at th e same time
become comparati vely smaller .
Fo r the descripti on o f each species o f fi sh th e so -called charac
teri sticfo rmu la has been introduced by me ; i .e. , a seri es o f numbers
wh ich indicate h ow many hard and so ft rays are fo und in each o f
th e fins, and also h ow many scales are fo und on th e lateral line, h ow
38 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
many rows o f scales are above th e lateral line, and h ow many b elowi t. Fo r example, th e characteri z ing fo rmula fo r th e bream , A br am i sbr ama, is wr itten th us
12—1 4P.
—1 7 ; V. 218 ; D.—10 ; A . 3lz 4—26 ; C . 19 ; Lateral line 50 7 1
-
5 55
and means that in that fish each of th e pecto ral fins contains 1 h ardand from 15
-1 7 so ft rays ; each of th e ventral fins 2 hard rays and 8so ft ; th e do rsal fin 3 hard rays and 9 o r 10 so ft rays ; th e anal fi n,
3 hard and from 24 to 26 so ft rays ; th e caudal fin, 1 fu ll rays (be s i desth e small 11 r and lower incomplete rays) , and a so that th er e are
on the latera line, commencing from th e upper part o f th e branch ialcrevices to the base o f the caudal fin, from 50 to 5 separate scales ;between that line and the base o f the do rsal n, from 1 2 to 1 4long i tudinal rows o f scales ; and between that line and th e base o f th eventral fins , 7 o r 8 rows of scales. It is h ere necessary to remark th atto th e hard rays in th e do rsal and anal fins are also added , in fr o nt,li ttle incomplete rays, o ften very m inute , and almo st rudimentary. T h e
characteri z ing fo rmula o f fish es is o ften o f th e utmo st impo rtancein th e reco g niti on o f th e species to wh ich they belong ; i t so m e
times happens that a sing le one o f th ese fo rmula is sufficient fo r th e
determ ination of th e speci es, particularly in th e carp fam i ly.
In descri bing th e species, I have referred to th e fo llowing wo rk s ,besides th e above-menti oned Ich thyo lo
'
cal Fauna o f T urkistan1 . G iinth er, A . ,
“ C atalo g ue o f th e ishes in th e C o llection o f th e
Bri tish M useum ,
”8 vo ls. 1859
-70 .
2 . Pallas, P. S “ Zo o g raph ia R o sso-asiatica, 1 83 1 . In
th is are described, mo re o r les s sati sfacto ri ly, al species o f R ussian
fish es, wh ich were known to Pallas, and it remains up to th is day th e
principal so urce o f info rmation re ardin R ussian Ich thyo lo
3 . essler , K“ Descripti on 0?th e ish es met wi th in e Waters
o f th e S t. Petersburg Province .
”8vo . 1864 . In itare to be fo und detailed
descri ptions of many o f th e species o f fish es wh ich also belong to
T urkistan.
T h e Ich thyo log ical Fauna o f T urk istan is compo sed half o f E uropeanand half o f A siatic fo rms ; and th ese are, in thei r turn. divided intoseveral categ o ries. A s re ds E uropean species , some o f th em
germ fl uo zatz
'
l i r, Gobio fiam‘
ati li r, L euci rcu S r uti luS , A bram isama, S ear dim
’
uS eryth r lz tlzalm uS , and 60611129 taem'
a) are re
markable fo r th e wideness 0 their distribution, being met w ith in th ewaters o f almo st th e wh o le o f E u rope and o th ers (L ucioperca Sandr a
,
S i Iu r u S g lam } , Cypr imer carp zo , A bram i S Sapa, A sp i re rapax ,
Pelecu S cu ltratuS , A lbu rm eS clzalco ideS , A lou r mes asciatm , and
A cio enser scfz ipa) belong to th e number o f fishes c aracteristic o f
E astern E urope, inhab iting principally the waters o f th e Pontine and
C asp ian basins. T o th e E uropean fo rms sh o uld also be added : C ottu S
s h u lo S u S , exceeding ly like C ottuS g vbio , A lbu rmeS taem’
atur , veryli ke th e species A .farciatuS , and A . bimacalatus , and Salmo ax io mes ,
allied to S . tr utta and S . far io . A ll these E uro pean fo rms belongprincipally to th e lower course o f th e Syr
-daria, Amu-daria, and part
o f the Zarafshan.
T o the A siatic fo rms are related species o f th e g enera : Ca ta,
Bar bu S , Sclz i z o tlzo r ax, D z} c/m S , A canth obrama, and ly so to
th e g eneraA lou r meS (A . i t io ia’
eS ) , A Spi uS (A . eS ocinuSmd C obi t i r
(C . long icauda, C . uranoScopuS , C . do r sa i S , C . eleg ant ) . C ertain
A PPE N DIX A .—P I S C E S . 39
representatives o f th e g eneraBar ouS and C obi tzlr are, in fact, met wi thin E urope, particularl in th e S .E . , but all th e said g enera are preem inently A s iatic. T e g enera Sclz i z otfz o rax and Diptycl mS , wh ichare characteri z ed by a sli t sh eath on th e po steri o r part o f th e belly ,
belong exclusively, as far as at present known, to the h ig h m o untaino usco untries o f C entral A sia. T h us. fo r instance, th e only species o f th e
g enus D iptyclm S (vi z D ita/ch ar maczelatus , S teind. ) k nown up to th ediscovery o f th e T urk i stan species, was fo und in T ibet at th e alti tude o f1 feet. A nd the T urkistan species (D ittycbus S ez rer z ovi ) was alsoobtained by S evertso if in th e rivers O ttuk and A k sai , at th e alti tude o f
feet. R epresentatives ofth e g enera Capoetaand A cantfzobramawere previo usly fo und almo st exclusively in th e rivers o f W . A sia,
Syria, Anato lia, and Persia.
On each jo urney, h owever, th e mo st interesting Ich thyo lo'
cal discovery o f Fedchenk o was th e Scap i z i r kyncl mr Fedctzen o i wh ichinhabits, it appears, th e Syr
-daria exclusively . T h e interest o f th isfind has been furth er increased by th e di scovery o f a th i rd species o fScaph i rhynch us by M . N . Bo g danoff , in the Amu-daria. From th isi t seems that each o f th e two g reat ri vers emptying into th e A ral S ea
(as also th e R iver M ississipp i ) has i ts separate representative o f th e
g enus Scaph i r /zy rzclz uS ,wh i le almo st all th e o th er fish es metwi th in th e
lower parts o f the Syr and the Amu-dar iarespectively, so far as i s known,
do no t differ acco rding to locali ty, bu t belong to th e same species. Itmay, th erefo re, be anticipated that in co u rse of time o th er species o f th e
g enus Scaph i rhynch us W i ll be disco vered in th e rivers o f E . T urk istanand C h ina(as no t long a 0 was discovered, in th e river Yang
-tse-k iang ,
a species o f the g enus patu lar ia, th e th ird g enus o f sturg eons, vi z . ,
Spatu tar ia g tad iw , Martens) .O f the 38 species o f fishes, known to us up to th e present in T urk i
stan, no less than 25 belong to th e carp fam i ly, wh ich , th erefo re, maybe reg arded as completely predom inatin T h is fam i ly i s also veryrich in re resentatives in th e r ivers o f S . u rope. W . A sra and the Eo f India, ut does no t predom inate o ver all the o ther fam i li es to such
a deg ree, as in T u rkistan. T h e small number of representatives.
o f th e
S i lu r us (one species) and Salm onidae (one o r two species) fam i li es i s
also very characteri stic o f, th e T urk i stan Ich thyo lo g ical fauna, as thesaid two fam i lies are very rich in species in almo st all o th er mo untai n
co untries.
0
It i s very probable that of th e fish es inhabi ting th e Syr-daria and
A mu-dariamany live in th e A ral S ea, but th is sea remains uni nvesti
g ated. It i s only known that th e fish ermen on th e i slands o f th e
A ral catch small sturg eons, si lurus , and carp . T h ere.
i s but o ne
species o f fish from th e A ral S ea in Fedch enk o’s co llecti on
—Pelee”cu ltr atuS . M eanwh i le, i t wo uld be o f th e h ig h est interest to know
wh eth er o th er so rts o f marine fish es besides th e small sturg eon exi st
in th e A ral S ea, and wh eth er th ere are no t preserved i n i t descendants
o f th o se species wh ich once inhab i ted th e ancient Pontine-C aspian-‘
A ral
basin. T h us, fo r example. it is very unlikely that th ere are i n i t no
representatives o f GobiaS , wh ich are so characteri sticof th e Black andC aspian S eas.
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
T E L E O S T E I
AC AN T HOP‘
TE R I.
Paaco rns i , C uv .
I . rm , L .
1 . Peres fluviati lis, L . Pen /t.
I I . Lampo on. Cuv.
2 . L uciopercasandrs, C uv. Pi ke-Perch .
C AT A PH R A C T I , C uv.
I I I . mm ,L .
C o ttus spinulosus, Kessl.T l amb.
PH YS OS T OM I, MU L L E R .
S IL U RO IDE I , A cassrz .
I V. warns, L .
4 . S ilurus g lsnis, L .
C vrmno rnm, Acnssrz .
V . cypr lmu , I..
C yprinus carpio , L . Carp.
VI . Ospoots , Our .
C apo eta S teindacbner i , Kessler.
VI I “ Yb“ , Cuv.
8 41 13 0 110 10 5 1. c xxx.
XIX. ” no , I.. Tm t.
30 . Salmo oxianus, Kess ler .
V I I I . Schlsoth orsx, H o ok ol. E scom i ; H zecxrn.
Schi z o th o raxak saiensis, Kessler . XX. b ox, I..
mghenkob n 31 . E 30 1: lucius, L . Pi ke.
5.
eurystoni us, Acanr no rsi nas, IDE C KE L .
IX. Di ptych i u , Utoindschnor . XXI . Oobi ti s, I..Diptych us S ewen o wn, Kessler. C obitis long icauda,l( esslX . Gobi o , Oli vi er . uranosco pus,Gobio fluviati lis, C uv. Gudgm do rsalis,XI . Abram , caviar . elegant ,
A bram is brama, L . Bream tae nia, L .
GA N O IDE I .
C u onnno srai , M U L L E R . 2 . Barbus platyrostris, Kessler . Barbe!
XX I I . Aoi ponu r , I.. S tu rgeon. 3. Sch i z o lhomx onentah S .
37. Acipenser sch i pa, L o vetz ky. 4» atsentatus. n
. D'
t h D be it"
XXI I I . Scaph i rhynchus. Buck s] .5 ‘PY‘ “3 Y W8 0 .
38. Scalpgsi
s
r
l
l
znch us Fedchenk o i , XX IV. Diplophysn.
A DDE N DA . 6. Diplophysa.
S trauch i i , Kessler .
1 . Perca Sch renk i i , Kessler . Perch . 7. labiata,
Abram is u ps, Pelias.
XI I . Anat olian , R ach el.A eantho bnmaKuschakewi tsch i , K .
X I I I . r oles-s, Ag ents.
Pelecus cultrstns, L
A li.”
G ld.um us 00 1 u
ibi io idef'
xasi . lab “
fasciatus, N o rdm.
taeniatus, Kessler .
“i ts
“1113 reP
menti ons, Kessler.XVI . Sa rdinia , Bonaparte.
Scardinius erythroph thalm us , LR udd.
XV I I . Muslin , Bonapar te.
S qualius intermed ius, Kessler .sq ualiusculus,
XVI I I . M ell on , Bondolot .
L euciscus rutilus, L . R ode/1 .
A PPE N DIX A —M OL L U S CA . 4 1
M O L L U S C A (H o lm es) .
BY E DU A R D VO N MA R T ENS (Pro fesso r in th e U niversity of Berlin) .
T H E fo llowing descripti on o f T urkistan M o llusca is based ch iefly upon
th e materials co llected by Fedch enk o , and in addi ti on th ere have beenincluded from th e same reg i on th o se very few species wh ich were knownto science previ o usly , vi z . , th ree species co llected by P. P . S emenoff
in th e T h ian S han, and one wh ich was known, thanks to M essrs. M id
dendo rfi’ and Baer , from th e S ea of A ral.
In the definiti on and determ ination o f species, I have constantly had
in view that th e matter referred to a co untry in wh ich we m ig h t expect
perfectly new and peculiar fo rms, as well as many o f th e m o st widely
distributed E uropean ones, and also such as are now known in th e
farth er parts o f A sia. I have, th erefo re, consi dered i t necessary to
carefully compare each o f th e speci es o f M o llusca co llected, first withrepresentatives o f th e E uropean fauna, and afterwards wi th th o se madeknown to us from th e H imalayas by E ng lish students ; and, if I did no t
find constant and unvarying characters, I did no t h esitate to consi der
th e species as known ; th ere are, h owever , many new species wh ich fo r
th e p resent may be considered as peculiar to T urk istan.
T h e naked M o llusca (L imax , A mal ia) have been investi g ated and
descr ibed by F . H einemann, o f Frankfu rt-o u-th e-M aine, and th e
small fresh -water M o llusca (C or bicuta m inima, and P i rid i um ) by S .
C lessin, o f Dinkelsch erben, as th ey had fo r a long time specially
occup ied themselves wi th th ese g enera ; th ey are consequently respon
sible fo r th e distinctness o f th e new species h ere described .
T here can be no do ubt that in th e mo re m o untaino us parts o f Eastern
T urkistan many land M o llusca wi ll yet be disco vered ; i t is very
astonish ing , fo r instance, that in th e wh o le o f that reg ion we have no t
fo und a sing le species o f th e g enus C lau S i lia.
44 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
and Irkutsk .
S uccinea
po lita. E .
auricularia, E . auricularia, E . auricularia, E .
obliquatao vate, E . o vata, E . o vata, E .
var. oostulata
var. albi picta
pereg ra, E . pereg ra, E . pereg ra, E .
truncatula, E . truncatula, E . truncatula, E . trunostula, E .
stagnalis, E . stagnalis, E . ? stagna.lis, E .
palustris, E . palustri s, E .
hypno rum, E .
co rneus, E .
marg i natus, E . subang ulatus, E .
vo rtex, E . leuoostomus, E .
var .disc0 ideus, E
(Bat/cyomplzalw ) co nto rtus, E . conto rtus, E .
(Gy raq S ) albus, E . albus, E . convexiusculus
limoph i lus, E .
nitidus, E . ni tidus, E .
C hoanomphalus Maack i
A ncylus sibi ricus lacu-tris, E .
Paludina baicalensis
Bithynia tentaculata, E . ventr ico sa, E .
H ydro bia(Amnico/a) angarensis
Valvata
cr istata, E .
M elania
Anodonta p iscinalis, E .
C o rbicula
calyculata, E . calyculata, E .
S . S .
turanicum
29 species 46 species, 50 species, 19 speci es,eculiar to 2 (8 per cent.) 8 (1 7 per cent.) 26 (52 per cent. ) 9 (47 per cent. )
the p ace]. characteristic.
‘ characteristic. characteristic. characteristic.
O f these th ere are known only in vari o us parts o f C entral A sia, 99 s ies. Foundalso in India, to the so uth o f the H imalayas, 1 1 species ; in Indiaand C 1 speciesin C h ina o rJapan, 3 species in A siaM ino r, but no t in E urope, 2 species.
46 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
[Pro fesso r von M artens, having revi sed the fo reg o ing , info rms me that
considerable addi ti ons to th e M o llusca o f T urk istan and th e ad'
acent
reg i ons have been made by th e co llecti ons o f Do h randt (1 875 and
Barbo t (18 6)in Kh iva ; o f Prjevalsky, in M ong o lia ; and Dr . A lbert
R eg el, in u dja T h e Pro fesso r received ano th er co llecti on
made (1 873 9) by C o lonel Kushak evich in th e S o uth ern A la-Tau , Kh o
kand, and am i r .
’
r H e is g o od eno ug h to fo rward me a new table,th us
1 . 1 1.'
1 11. IV. v i . v11 . v111.
Khi va. Samarkand. Ferg hana. Kuldja. Yu ldus. Kash gar . Ladak .
with g eneral remarks, as fo llows —II .
L and M o llu Sca.—T h is table sh ows very di stinctly th e scarcity o f
land snai ls in th e desert plains (i . , v11. , as o ppo sed to th e larg er
number and mo re peculiar fo rms in th e mo untain regi ons (i i i . ,T h e to tal number o f species in th is li st i s 53 , o f wh ich 33 are, as far
as we know , peculiar to C entral A sia as h ere understo od ; on th e
o th er hand, 1 1 speci es are also g enerally distri buted in m o st parts o f
E urope, but all o f small si z e , m o st o f them being also found in S iberia
and N o rth America (ci rcumpo lar species) . M o st o f th e g enera and
sub-g enera, and exactly th o se wh ich are ri ch er in species, are E u ropean,
and g eneral] character istic o f th e Palaearctic reg i on (Fr uticico la,
A’
er oj i /z i ta, ebr ina, C bo fl dr u la) ; but many o f th e species , ch ieflyin F r u ticico la, are somewhat abno rmal, and may fo rm h ereafter thetypes o f di stinct subg enera. Vi tr ina i s characteri stic o f no rthern
and alpine co untries ; S uccinea i s a co sm opo li tan g enus ; one o f th e
species, S . M ar tensiana, is one o f th e lar est and m o st intensivelyco lo u red in th e g enus . Par macella i s pecu iar to W estem A sia and
th e sh o res o f th e M editerranean. I rac/z ia is, to some extent, a type o f
E astern A sia. M acr oc/z lamys is a m o re tropical g enus. T h e to tal
absence o f C lau S i Iia i s very remarkable,as th i s g enus is very r ich ly
represented in S o uth-Eastern E urope, and i t is also to lerab ] well repre
sented in India and C h ina. I ts absence g ives a deci dedly no rth ern
feature to th e fauna o f th e wh o le o f C entral A sia.
F r esh -water M o llu Sca.—A mong th e fresh -water M o llusca, th e pre
dom inant feature i s th e lar e number o f air-breath ing species wh ich
live in stag nant water , and t e paucity, andalm o st to talabsence, o f th e
g enera liv ing in running water, fo r example, N er i tina, Um'
o , M elarz ia,
and M elanopsi S . T h e same is th e case in m o st no rth ern reg ions fo r
example, S iberia and C anada and also , to some extent, in C entral
E urope ,wh ereas in S o uth ern E u rope th e case i s reversed. Also in th e
A lps o f C entral E uro pe th e g enera L imnaea and P i ria’ium (and in
some places also P lano r bi r) extend fu rth er no rth than th e rest o f th e
fresh -water M o llusca. I fwe om it th e species fo und in Lak e A ral, wh ich
are all C asp ian and belong to a peculiar fauna, th e number o f fresh
[Von M artens has published ano ther vo lume, inco rpo rating th is additi onal info rmati on on the M o llusca o f C entral A sia, in the M c‘mo i reS de I
'
A ead. Imp . de
S t. Pétee ou rg , tome xxx. , N o . 1 1 ,‘
I’
[S ee S itsung rben'
elzte der natu rfor Sc/renden Frezm de in Ber lin, July, 1882pp. 10 3 and
A PPE N DIX A .—A R A N E A E . 47
water species contained in o ur list i s 39, th e larg er half o f wh ich—2 2
are somewhat generally di stributed i n E uro pe ; o th ers are S iberian
P lanor bi s si bi r icus), o r C h inese (L imnaea er r/i d ) , o r peculiar to
o uth -Westem A sia and N o rthern A frica (C or iczelafl um inati s) , andth e few wh ich are pecu liar are all o f small si z e (H ydr obia, P i sid i um ) ,and exh ib i t no str ik ing differences from E uropean species. S ome
var ieties o f L i rm zaea are characteri z ed by excepti onal th ickness o f th esh ell (L . au r icu lar ia, oar . obti q zeata lag otzs, oar . sol i di ssima) th eylive in elevated lakes with stony bed : o th ers are characteri z ed bywh i te marking s (lag o tis, oar . atbop icta) . T h e scarcity o f M o llusca in
running water may be due to th e low temperatu re and stony bed o f
th e rivers, just as i t i s in Swi tz erland.
A R A N E A E (Sp ider s) .
BY A L EXANDER KR O N E BE R G
IN th e co llection bro ug h t by Fedch enk o’s expedi ti on, th e A raneae are
impo rtant, and th e mo re interesting , because up to th e present we have
had almo st no info rmati on co ncerning th is po rti on o f th e fauna o f
T urk istan. I can find in th e literatu re only two references to th e fo rm s
fo und in T urk istan, bo th o f th em in th e g reat wo rk o f C . Koch DieA rach niden,
”wh erein are descr ibed Tar antu la obso leta and
C attietlz er a tr icincta from Bo k hara. T h e latter species is fo und in
Fedch enk o ’
s co llection. O ur knowledg e i s a li ttle fu ller in th i s res ect
with re ard to th e fauna o f th e co untri es adjacent to T u rki stan, w ichresembIe i t in character and climate, nam ely, th e C asp ian steppes,Ki rg h ese steppes, and S o uth ern S iberia. Besides th e larg e tarantula
(T r oc/z osa sing or iensi r, wh ich i s g enerally distributed over th ewh o le o f S o uth ern R ussia, Pallas descri bes in h i s “ T ravels,
”and in
“ Sp ici leg ia Zo o lo'
ca,
”th e “ K r estoo i k
”
(o r C ro ss-sp ider , i .e. , wi th
a cro ss o n i ts back A rg i ope B r unm'
clz i i , Scop . (speci osa, andA . lobata, Pall. , known by th ei r remarkable fo rm and co lo uri n in
S outh ern E urope , from th e C asp ian steppes and U pper I rtish . hetctz i m menti oned in h is T ravels,
”wh ich is known to th e Kalmuks by
its sting ing h o rned cattle , may, in th e o p ini on o f M o tsch ulsky (B u ll . a’
o
M asc. , be related to Lycosa inf er nali r, M o tsch . , o r to L atr o
a'
ectus lug ubr i r, Id.
It i s di fficu lt to reco g ni z e th e sp iders o f wh ich L epech in speaks inh is jo urnal. T h e larg e K r estom
’
é, fo und by h im near Kamysh in on
th e V o lg a,and called A r . bicor ms,
was afterwards descr ibed byKrini tsky in th e B u ll . dcM ose , 1837 , N 0 . V . , p . 78, under th e name
E 15. L epecfz im'
, and is probably E } . ang u lata o r r eg ia. A no th er
species, met w i th in th e U rals under th e bark o f trees , and named byGmelin A r .alba,
is probably related to T Iz om isus onustzes (abbr eviatur )o r sati res . E ichwald Fauna C asp . confined h imself to th eA r lobata and B r zem z icb i i menti oned abo ve .
I we add to th ese a few mo re sp iders described by Keyserlin and L .
Koch from th e envi rons o f Sarepta, we have, as a g eneral to ta fo r th e
wh o le cis-C asp ian steppe co untry , and T urk i stan, only 1 0 o r 1 2 species ,wh ich certainly do es no t perm it us to fo rm even an approximate idea
o f th e character o f th e local faunaand i ts relati on to th e faunae of nei g hbo uring co untri es.
T h e co llection sent to me pr incipally consisted o f th e materials co l
48 R U S S IA t’V C E N TR A L A S IA .
lected in T urk istan and th e Khanate o f Kh o kand, wi th the additi on o f
some species received by Fedch enk o from th e nei h bo u ring localities
O renburg , S em i rech ia, and Kuldja. T h e to ta number o f species
amounted to 1 80 , o f wh ich 146 appeared to be reco g ni z able ; o f that
number 1 0 1 were already known, and
35were new .
A s all th e species already describe wh ich were fo und in T urk istan,
are related to th e fo rms distri buted over C entral E urope and th e
co untr ies surro unding th e M editerranean, and as amon th e new
species th ere i s no t o ne tro p ical fo rm , th e list o f spiders $18 1? g i ven
has qu i te a E u ropean character . It is, h owever, necessary to remark
that, judg ing from the data in o u r po ssessi on concerning th e fauna o f
C entral and S o uth ern E urope , th i s li st, in all probability, do es no t rep tesent mo re than one-th i rd o f th e species to be met wi th in T urkistan.
T h e labo urs o f faunistic naturalists o f late years have disclo sed , par
ticularly in S outh ern E urope, an unexpected wealth o f fo rms, and th ere
i s no reason to suppo se that T urk istan i s po o rer in th is respect than
th e western co untries. A s regards N o rth-Western and C entral E urope
—W estri ng (1 862 ) enumerated 30 8 species in Sweden ; Blackwall
(1 863) 30 4 in Bri tain, no t reck oning th o se afterwards descri bed byC ambrid e in C entral E urope, M eng e (1 866) to o k at least 350 s ecies
in East ri i ssiaalone ; I taly has , acco rding to C anestrini and aves.
C atalo g o 485 species ?Qu i te as rich , a parently , are th e so uth ern and eastern sh o res o f th e
M editerranean. n dry and stony Syriaand Palestine, Cambridg e suc
ceeded in co llecting , i n th e co urse o f two month s, no t less than 30 0species , h alf o f wh ich appeared to be new. T h i s 1 e percentag e,and th e constant increase in th e number o f species in uropean lists ,
sh ow that th e fig u res quo ted abo ve are very far from representing th ewh o le o f th is po rtion o f th e fauna o f th e sai d localities . Do ubtless ,
th erefo re, in time, th e list o f T urki stan spiders wi ll be materiallyincreased, and i t i s also very probable that in th e south ern po rti on,
in Balk h , Kundu z , etc.,certain fo rms wi ll be fo und o f a tro pical
character , sim i lar to th o se fo und by C ambridg e in Syria, th o ug h in a
very small number , no twith standing that th ei r di stributi on towards th e
no rth do es no t, in th is co unt meet wi th such impo rtant natural
obstacles as, in S o uth ern T u r istan, are presented by th e H indu
Kush and th e mo untains on th e Persian frontier .
O f th e 16 fam i lies to wh ich , acco rding to T h o rell On E uropean5 iders ,
”
p. th e E uropean sp iders belon all except two g ro ups
r octeo idae and F i l i rtato idae very lim ite in number , have th ei r
representatives in T urki stan. h e 146 species known th ere (includingone undescribed Cy r taucfzeni us ) belon to 55 g enera, wh ich constitute
approximately one half o f th e to tal 0 E u ropean cueta (acco rding toT h o rell, A m ong th em are no t fo und man 0 th o se sem i-trop ical
g enera, such , fo r example, as A rgyrades, Scyto H eter ofi oa'
a, C tem es ,
etc. , wh ich belong also to th e M edi terranean fauna,no t to speak o f
purely tropical fo rms. T he species are distributed in such away thatafter deducting 45 new ones , o f th e remaining 10 1 species 15 were
[In 1880 , the R ev. 0 . Pickard C ambri dge (who has been g o od eno ugh to loo ko ver th is article fo r me) was acquainted wi th 518 Bri tish spiders
—H . L .]1’ As far as r ards E uropean R ussia, the country nearest the reg ion in wh ich
we are interestfi , we have only the incomplete li sts o f N o rdmann fo r Finland,Grube fo r the Baltic o vernments, and S imashk o fo r the environs o f S t. Peters
burg . But judg ing in what N o rdmann says, and from materials in my
possession, no t less than 40 0 speci es o f spiders are met wi th in E uro pean R ussia.
A PPE N DIX A .—A R A N E A R . 49
known up to th is time exclusively in N o rth ern and C entral E urope 56
belo ng also to th e M editerranean fauna, and 30 to th e latter alone.
T h e fo llowing are common to T urk istan and C entral E urope1 . L inyph ianebulosa, S und. 9. Xysticus bi fasciatus, Koch .
2 . E rig one b icuspidata. M enge. 10 . luctuo sas, Blackw.
3. li vida, Blackw. 1 1 . acerbus, T ho r.
4 . fusci palpis, Koch . 1 2 . Artanes pallidus, Walck .
5. S inga pygmaea, S und. 13. paeci lus, T ho r.
6. Drassus VlllOS llS , T ho r. 1 4 . Ph i lodromus elegans, Blackw.
g. Gnaph osa variana, Kt . 1 5. L yco sa h erbig rada, Blackw.
Xysticus sabulosus, H ahn.
O fth e species o fth e M editerranean faunathereare fo und inT urk istan1 . A rg i o pe Brunnichi i , S cop. 16. Xysticus brevi tarsis, S im .
2 . lo bata. Pall. 1 7. T hanatus A lbini , S av . et And.
3. E pei ra reg ia, C . Koch . 18 . 0 ) C yrtaucheniusWalck enaeri , L uc.
4 . Victo r ia, T h o r . 19. T arantulanarbo nensis, L atr .
5.
'
T h eridium punicum , L uc. 20 . albo -fasciata, Brulle.
6. L atrodectus erebus, Sav . et A nd. 2 1 . T roch o sasing o riensis, Laxm .
7. cong lo batus, C . Koch . 2 2 . Oxyopes genti lis, C . Koch .
8 . Dictynaco nsecuta, C ambr. 23. Palpimanus g ibbulus, Duf.
9. B rassus lutescens, C . Koch . 2 4 . E resus imperialis, Duf.1 0 . M elan0 ph o raco nspicua, L . Koch . 25. Ballus rufipes, S im .
1 1 . Gnapho sa exo rnata, C . Koch . 26. O ) E uo ph rys intents , Blackw.
1 2 . (7) Gnapho sa rufula, L . Koch . 2 7. Ph i laeus haemo rrho icus, C . Koch .
13. C h iracanth ium i talicum, C anestr . 28 . M enemerus indistinctus, C ambr.
14 . S eidlitz i i , L . Koch . 29. H elio phanus rufith o rax, S im .
15. M isumena vi llosa, Walck . 30 . C alli ethera tricincta, C . Koch .
Of th e new 5 ecies belong ing to th e g enera di str ibuted alm ost
exclusively o ver t e M edi terranean di strict th ere are also , Zoa’
ar i zm z
bactr iamem , H er si lio lapallia’a, C tem
'
z a
dfer leanenszs, E r esus tr i Sti r,
and E r . ar enar i us , and,in addi ti on, one y r auc/i eni zes . Finally, to th e
number o f fo rm s with S o u th ern E u ropean character may be added,
M eta dentzlba/p is, T leer idi um taberczelatum , A mau r obi us long i
palp is , Spar asszes ser icezes , Xysticzes lug ubr is, and th e larg e species o ftarantu la, Tar entu la altz
'
ce
ps, f u lo iventr i r, and latifasciata. T he
remainder have a m o re uni o rm character , i f we do no t reck on th e
comparatively larg e numbers o f certain species o f th e fam i ly Drasso idae, fo r example, Drassus, M elanop lzo ra, C h i racantlz i um , as a
special disting u ish ing feature o f th e eastern part o f th e M edi terranean
pro vince.
T h us th e T u rki stan fauna o f spiders , so far as we now know , appears
to be compo sed o f representatives o f bo th divi sions o f th e E u ro pean
fauna, wi th a sli g h t predom inance of S outh E u ro pean fo rms. A lth o ug h
th e apparent preponderance o f th e latter , partly th e consequence o f th e
very limited mater ials , i s in itself unimpo rtant, the presence o f manycharacteri stic so uth ern g enera, as A r g iope, L atr oa
’ectzes , Zoa
'
ar i zem ,
H er si ti o ta, E r esus , Palp imames, to g eth er wi th certain T lzeraptwso idae
(M yg atzdae) , and th e larg e Spar assus and Tar entteta, at once clearlysh ows th e connection between T urk istan and th e M edi terranean pro
vince. In any case, o ur acquaintance w i th the sp iders o f th e S teppe
fauna is sti ll to o incomplete to enable us to say defini tely wh eth er i tconstitutes a simple continuati on o f th e M editerranean fauna towards
the east,o r a s so lal fauni sticprovince, beari ng th e same relation to i t
as th e C entral uropean.‘
A certain peculiari ty o f its character may be reco gni z ed in th e comparati ve
4
50 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
W i th reg ard to th e di str ibution o f th e species known previo uslyi n T urk istan i tself, o ur observations do no t enable us to draw anyconclusi ons whatever , th e mo re so , as th e E uropean fauna in th is
respect has hardly been to uch ed. From the compari son o f th e locali
ties i t is no t evident, fo r instance, wh eth er th e C entral E umpean fo rms
met wi th in T u rk i stan belong ed principally to any known z one, o r
wh eth er th e sharp contrast in th e nature o f the lower and A lpine z ones ,
o r steppe and cultivated z ones, is accompanied by th e predom inance o f
known typ ical fo rm s o f spiders. It is necessary, h owever , to di rect
attenti on to certain facts connected with vertical distribu ti on. On th e
banks o f the Iskander-Kul, at were fo und no t only Epei rapatag iata, L i nyptz ia h o r tens is , T k er idi um szSyplz i um , M i sumenarati o , and T lz os us onustzes ,
but in much h i g h er locali ties no t a fewspecies were also met with . T h us in A utch i pass, at an elevation o f
to were co llected E r zjgfone bicusp i data, t er idium
albomaczelatum , Lycosa pai nstr zlr, Xysticus cr istatus , and P h i laeuslzaemor r /i o icus , and o f th e new species , Dr assus br eviceps, montico la,
and Lycosa oelox ; in th e Kich i-A lai , h i g h er than were foundLycosa j atustr i s, X. cr istatus , and H etiopkam es tr uncor um , and on
th e iptyk pass at L atr odectus cong iobatus .
T e evident incompleteness o f o ur info rmati on concerning T u rkistansp i ders was also th e cause o f my departure from th e plan laid down
o f g iving a table fo r th e defini ti on o f g enera and species. Fo r th e
E uropean g enera,wh ich up to th e resent have been met with in
T u rkistan, th ere exi sts already a very etai led table in th e wo rk o f Pro f.T h o rell, o f U psala On E uropean S piders , by T . T h o rell, U psala,
4to , 1 869 a wo rk wh ich I have fo llowed in th e systematicarrang e
ment o f the species enumerated below
I . E PE I RO IDA E . I I . T u sarp romas.
1 . A rg i o pe Brunnichi i , Scop. 2 1 . Pachygnatha C lerk i i , S und.
2 . lo bata, Pall. 2 2 . de Geeri ,
3. E peira reg ia, Koch . 23. L inyph ia asi lla,
4 . tartarica, a.s. 24 . o rtensis,
5. co rnuta, C ] . 25. nebulo sa,6. patag iate, n 26. E r ig one dentipalp is , R euss.
7. so llers, Walck . 2 7. bicuspidata, M enge.
8. cucu rbitina, C ] . 28. livida, Blackw.
9. adianta, Walck . 29. fuscipalpis, C . Koch .
10 . acalypha, 30 . E 10 tuberculata, de G.
1 1 . V icto ria, T h o r. 31 . T her idium (Phylloneth is) lineatum,
1 2 . S ings hamata, C ] . C ].
13. H em , H ahn. 32 . sisyphi um , C l.14 . p gmaea, S und. 33. tuberculatum , a.s.
15. bo v ittata, Vv’
estr. 34 . punicum, L uc.
16. aenea, n.s. 35. S teatoda triangulosa, Walok .
1 7. Zillamontana, C . Koch . 36. L ithyphantes co ro llatus, L .
18. M etadentipalpis, n.s. 37. hamatus, C . Koch .
19. T etragnathaextensa, L . 38. Latrodectus cong lo batus,20 . U lobo rus Walckenaerius, Latr. 39. erebus, Sav. et A ud.
verty o f T urk istan representatives o f the fam i ly o f A lto idae, wh ich , as isEgown, is extremely r ich in species in S o uthern E urope, N . A fri ca, and S yria,and, further, is compo sed o f fo rms no t so easily escap in the attention of co llecto rs
as th e small L inyp/ u'
a, E r i gone, and o th ers. j udg ing rom what I have succeededin co llecting in the steppes o f R ussiaand th e eastern part o f the C aucasus,these locali ties also , in an impo rtant deg ree, fall sho rt o f the numero us A tlo idae o fWesternco untries.
52 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
C R U ST A C EA .
Br V . N . U L IA N IN .
T H E fo llowing pag es contain the results o f th e exam ination o f par t o f
th e C rustaceaco llected b Fedchenk o , vi z . , A mp lz ipoa
'
a , I sopoda , C ape
poda, P ky llopoda, and ladocera. O stracodawi l fo rm th e subj ect o f
ano th er art o f th e T ravels in T urkestan.
”
T h e opepoda Fedch enk o propo sed to treat h imself, and co use
quently devo ted special attenti on to creatures o f th i s o rder . Du ri ngh is travels h e, wh enever po ssible, subm itted th e specimens o f th i s o rder
that h e co llected to a mo re o r less detai led prelim inary investi gati o n.
T o such prelim inary, but in th e majo ri ty o f cases very m inute, investi
ation were also subm itted all species o f th e g enus Cyclops co llected
y h im . T h ere only remained fo r me to veri fy h is remarks, in part tocomplete th em , and prepare from th em th e descri ptions o f th e species o f
that g enus furnished bymyself. In th is I have received g reat assi stance
from th e beautiful and remarkably detai led drawing s o fenti re specim ens
o f C clops and also o fmany detai ls, prepared from fresh specimens, byM a ame Fedch enk o , under th e supervisi on o f h er h usband.
(T h ese draw ing s are added in th e o rig inal.
—H . L .]have endeavo ured to compi le th e present li st as a handbo o k , w i th
synoptical tables. W ith th e aid o f th ese tables, th e disting u i sh ingmark s o fth e new fo rms described byme, and o ffo rms previ o usly defined .
are easily seen.
A
In all there arre 5 1 speci
es
gnumcr
cated in th e present i
éo lum e (2
m lei da, sopoda, 1 7 ree- iving apej ada, 2 parasi tic W M .
2 Pfillfioa’
afiand 19 C ladocera) , o f wh ich 1 7 are new (1 A mp/1 4pm ,
7 I sopoa’a, 8 C opepoda, and 1 C ladocer a) . Do ubtless th ere i s to be
fo und in T urk istan a much larg er number o f species o f C rustacea, and
m uch remains to be done by futu re investig ato rs o f that co untry to
complete th e present list.
T h e land C rustacea are represented in th e co llection by only one
g enus, P or celli o , th e multi tudino us species o f wh ich are, as is known,
scattered over th e wo rld. It is very pro bable that in T u rkistan th ereare to be fo und certain o th er g enera o f P o r cell iom
'
dz ve common in
E urope (vi z . , L ig id i um , P lz i loscia, and P latyar tlz r us) , w ich are dis
tributed o ver th e wh o le o f C entral and S o uth ern E uro pean R ussia. T h e
absence o f species o f th ese g enera in Fedchenk o’
s co llecti on may easi lybe explained, partly by th e mode o f life o f creatures related to th ese
g enera (species o f th e g enera P /z i loscia and L i g'
idi um always live
so li tari ly and somewhat concealed) , and partly from th ei r small si z e
(P latyar tlrr us ) .N ei th er one cause no r th e o th er is sufficient to explain th eabsence from
th e T urki stan co llecti on o f th e g eneraA r madi ll id i um and A rmad i llo
A PPE N DIX A .—C
’
R U S TA CE A . 53
th e first of wh ich inhabits th e wh o le o f C entralSpan o f N o rth ern and
S o uthern E uro pe , th e second bein principal] i stributed over o uth
E urope. T h e species o f th e two a ove-name g enera always attain aconsiderable si z e , and are always fo und in larg e numbers dispersed over
lim ited areas. T h e consequence is that in localities inhab ited byth e species o f th ese encra, some o f th e first are always caug h t byth e co llecto r , and e
y‘are always represented in co llecti ons by
numero us specimens. h e absence o f representatives o f th ese g enera
in the T urk istan co llecti on appears to me, th erefo re , a very wei h tyevidence that th ey really do no t inhabi t R ussian C entral A sia.
3Th e
absence o f th e g eneraA r madz'
llz’
d z’
um and A r madi llo from th e T ur
k istan fauna is also partly confirmed by th eir distr ibuti on in o th er
co untries. T h e speci es o f th e g enus A r madz’
llz’
d z’
um in th e west
o f E urope extend to lerably far towards th e no rth ; many o f th em are
fo und in th e no rth ern part o f th e Bri ti sh I sles, in N o rth GermanDenmark , and even in S o uth ern Sweden. A s we advance towar s
th e east th e no rth ern lim it of distri bution o f g enus A r madz'
llz’
d z'
um
trends rapidly so uthwards , and with in th e lim i ts o f E uropean R ussia, so
far as I can judg e from my rath er extensive co llection o fP orcelliom'
dae,i t do es no t extend beyond th e no rth o f Kief and th e neig hbo uring
provmces.
A s regards th e species o f th e g enus Porcellz’
o , found in T urk istan,th ey decxdedl o ug h t to be added to th e number o f the species livingin th e so -cal ed M edi terranean re
°
on. O f th e two species fo und byFedchenk o in T urki stan, wh ich ha been already described , one (P or e.
o r natus , M .-E . )was previ o usly fo und inth e envi rons o f C arthag ena, and
th e o ther P or e. laewlr, th o ug h it i s also di stributed over th ewh o le
o f C entra E urope as is sh own by me in its place, r incipally belong s
to S o uth ern E u ro pe, wh ere only i t attains its full evelopment. T h e
T urki stan specimens are sim i lar to th o se dwelling in S outh ern E urope
along th e sh o res o f th e M editerranean and nei g hbour ing seas, and are,like th ese, disting u ish ed from th e C entral E uropean fo rm s by th e con
stantly larg er si z e, and also by certain constant difi erences in th e
co lo ur ing o f th e body. O f th e species o f Par cellz’
o described by me
as new, P or e. Fedch enko z'
is extremely lik e that, described b Brandt,from S o u th ern E u ro pean R ussia (P o r e. Pallasz
‘
i ) ; P or e. e g ens is
extremely lik e that inhab iting th e T rans-C aucasus and Persia P or e.
K lug z’
z’
, and that common in th e wh o le o f N o rth A fr ica Por e.
Por e. maracand z’
cus i s very near that descri bed
from A ndalusia (P o r e. laber , Koch ) ; Por e. as ialr’
cus i s do ubtless
allied to that descr ibed om S o uth E urope by S tein (Por t . lo ng l’
eaf
m ic) . T h e fo reg o ingdconsidem ti ons , to g eth er wi th th e fact that th e
fo rm s fo rei g n to the edi terranean pro vince, th o ug h very comm on over
the wh o le o f C entral E urope including C entral E uropean R ussia(P or e.
convexus , Dg . , P o r e. scaber , Bdt P o r e. p z'
ctus,Bdt ) , are no t fo und in
T urk istan, induce me to characteri z e th e land fauna o f C rustacea as
no t very difi erent from that o f th e M edi terranean pro vince.
I t i s almo st impo ssible to treat in a sati sfacto ry manner th e freshwater fauna o f C rustacea, no t only because th e mater ials co llected byFedchenko consti tute only a certain propo rtion o f all th e C rustacea
dwelling in fresh -water in T urk istan, but also in consequence o f th e
pauci ty o fmaterials fo r comparison. T h e fresh -water C rustaceao f onlyVB
?few parts o f E u rope have been investig ated at all completely.
edch enk o , during h i s travels, fo und no species o f A stacus
54 . R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S I A .
(ro ta sh ) , and came to th e conclusi on that th ey are non-existent in
i ,stan as inW est and N o rth S iberia.
‘
T h e fresh water Gammar us 1s represented by th e o rdinary G .pu lex ,
distri buted over th e wh o le o f E urope .
Fresh water I sopoda were not fo und by th e expedi ti on. A sellus ,
wh ich 13 so common in E uropean fresh waters , does no t appear to be
fo und 1n T urki stan.
O f 19 C ogepoda fo und, two are th e common fi sh parasites o f E urope
(L ampr og ma pu lclz ella and A rg u lus f o l iaceu s) ; th e remaining 1 7ecies belong to th ree g enera comm on to E u rope
—D iaptom us , Can
t ocamptu s , and Cyclops. T h e g enus Diaptom us is represented in
th e co llection by two new and rather remarkable species ; only one
species o f th e
l‘gi
enus Cantlz ocamptus was fo und, wh ich i s common all
o ver E urope. o f th e 14 species o f th e
(genus Cycle} 5 fo und,,
65
species are wi dely str i buted o ver C entral an N o rth ern E uro pe
szg nat‘u s, vi r idi s; tenu ico r m lr, ser r u latus , and j lzaleratus ) , 2 were
revio usly fo und onl in th e Scandinav ian penmsu la and DenmarkFC . afifi nzlr,
1
8ars. an crassicor m lr, 1 (C . C lausi i , H eller ) wasobserved onl in th e T yro l, and th e remaining 6 are new,
mo re o r less
resembling u ropean species.
O f th e two speci es o f T urkistan P /zy llopoda, one (B rant / ulna:f er ox) is larg ely distributed o ver all S o uth ern E urope , and th e o th er
(E sth er ia dalzalacem i r) lives along th e sh o res (no rth ernas well asso uth ern) o f th e M edi terranean, and th e waters lying near i t .
s
T h e last secti on included in th is paper— C ladocera—contains 19
ecies . O f th ese 15 are mo re o r less common in th e wh o le o fW estern
uro .pe T h ree species had alreadybeen fo und only 1n th e Scandinavian
peninsula and Denmark (two species o f C er i odap l mia and P leu r oxusbasta
o
tus) , and th ere is but one new species belong ing to th e ln
teresting section o f th e g enus Da l mia (desi g nated by Schodler
H yalodap l mia) , representatives o f w ich were previ o usly o bserved in
N o rth Germany, Denmark , Scandinavian peninsula, and C entral E uropean R uss ia.
A s 18 evident from th e fo reg o ing , i t is difi cult to say, from th e data
at present in o u r po ssessi on, to what extent th e T urk istan fauna o f
fresh -water C rustacea difi ers from that o f o th er locali ties . A ll that
we can say, confidently, is that among th e C rustacea living in the
fresh waters o f R ussian C entral A sia, a very larg e number o f West
E uropean species is fo und, and that th e new species , described byme , are, in th e majo ri ty o f instances, very like th e commonest in C entraland S o uthern E urope .
W i th reg ard to th e two C rustacea taken in th e A ral S ea, one of
th em appears to be a new species, descr i bed by me under th e name
Gammar w aralenszir ; th e o th er—an E rg as i lus—unfo rtunately, waslo st, so that th e species remains undescr ibed. T h e unimpo rtant
number o f C rustacea broug h t from th e A ral S ea by th e expeditioncanno t o n any acco unt be taken as an evidence o f special securi tyo f crustaceans th ere.
‘[Madame Fedchenk o info rms me, h owever, that the A ria-w has since been
fo und in T urk istan, as communicated by Maio r N . A . Maieff to the M oscow
S oci ety o f Friends o f N atural H isto ry and that the full descri
pt1on o f the speci es,
o r rather variet , wh ich pro ved to be new and somewhat di ercut from the sixspeci es h itherto nown in R ussia, has been g iven by S h imk evich 1n the Zoolog i rclu rA nm lgt r , 1884
A PPE N DIX A .
— CR U S TA C E A .
AMPH IPODA .
Fabr . Fresh-water sh r imps. L smpro g lm , N ordm.
1 . Gammarus pulex, Degeer. 1 . Lamprog lenapulch ella, N o rdm.
z . aralensis, n.s. A rg ulia’ae,
Iso so vA . Wood/k c. Argnlul , H illi er .
P070 013 0 1 Lntr . 1 . A rg ulus fo liaceus, L in.
’
1 . Po rcelli o Fedchenk o i , n.s.
2 . elegans, n.s.
3. o rnatus, M .-E dw.
4 . latus, n.s.
5. maracandicus, n.s.
6. asiaticus, n.s.
7. laevis, L tr.8 . marg inatus, n.s.
9. o r ientalis, n.s.
E N T OMO S T RAC A .Water-flea:
C o pepo nx, M -v .
Dinptomul , Wel tw.
l . Diaptomus asiaticus, a.r .
z . affinis, a.r .
Onnth ocsmptnl , Wol tv .
l . Canth ommptus m inutus, C laus.
Cydopidae, Dana.
Cyclope
C yclo ps si gnatus, Koch .
v i ridis, Jurine.
tenui oo rnis, C lauS.vicinus, a.r .
Fedchenk o i, n.s.
Sarsi i , a.s.
o r ientalis, a.r.
serrulatus, Fischer.alaiensis, n.s.
afii nis, Sars.
C lausu , H eller.
péh
a
aleratus, Koch .
ufmanni , n.s.
crassico rnis, M i iller.
55
BR A N C H IO PODA .
PH YL LO PODA .
Branch ipns, Sak ai .
1 . Branch ipus ferox, M .-E dw.
Bath oria, S tu ns.
1 . E stheriadahalacensis, S traus.
C L ADOC E RA , L 1 11 .
1. Bids , S tru ts.
1 . S idacrystallina, O . F. M uller.
lI . Daphne, Bohodlor .
1 . Daphnia Schaefl’
eri , Bai rd.
z . pulex, Degeer.
3. v itrea, n.s.
Bimooephnlu , Boh ildler .
1 . S imocephalus vetulus, O . F . M ii ller.
z . exspino sus, Koch .
Scaph oleberi l , Sch iidlor .
1 . Scaph o leberismucronata, O . F.M i ill.
Oerlodephnis , Dans .
1 . C eri odaphnialaticaudata,M i i ll., P. E .
z . pulchella, Sars.
l o in , Bai rd.
I . M o ina brach iata, Jurine.
h oroth r ix, Bai rd.
1 . Macro th rix latico rnis, Jurine.
Bosn ian, Bai rd.
Bo sminal ong irostris, O .F. M uller .
Aeropom , Bai rd.
1 . Acroperus leucocephalus, Koch .
A lone , Bai rd.
1 . A lone quadrang ular is, O . F. M illler.z , l1ncata, Fisch .
Plenroxul , Bai rd.
1 . Pleuroxus aduncus, Jurine.
z . tr ig onellus, O . F. M ii ller.
3. hastatus, Sars.
Chydom , Leech .
1 . C h ydorus sphaericus, O . F. M uller.
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
C OL EOPT E R A (Beetles).
BY 8 . M . S o Ls .
[T H E first part in th e o rig inal contains th e description o f 352 speci es,distributed among 1 14 g enera, belong ing to 1 0 fam i li es. O f th ese
43 species were no t found in Fedch enk o’
s co llecti on, but th ey were
introduced by S o lsky because they belong ed ei th er to T urki stan o r th e
adjacent reg i ons. T here were 61 species wh ich appeared to be q u i te
new to science , one o f th em claim ing reco g ni tion as a new g enu s .
T o th e descri ption o f all new species, and also of certain o th ers p re
v i o usly known but insufi ciently described, i s added in th e o r i g i nal
a to lerably complete diagno sis in L atin, where also th o se o f th e fo rm erly
known species o f wh ich S o lsky had seen o rig inal specim ens are
desig nated by an asteri sk . T h e first part consti tutes appro ximately
one-th i rd o f th e wo rk undertak en by S o lsky , wh ich h e beli eved to
embrace in all as many as species. T he second part co ntains
th e description o f 1 78 species, distri buted among 55 g enera, belo ng ing
to 14 fam i lies. O f th is number 49 species and o ne g enus proved to be
new. In th e second part, also , are commenced synoptical tables wh ich
wi ll serve fo r th e definiti on o f th e fam i lies and g enera to wh ich belongth e species he descr ibed.
S o lsky intended, in th e th i rd part . to wri te a g eneral preface , but
did no t live to complete h is manuscri pt. A few sh eets only were
printed, I am info rmed by M adame Fedch enko ,wh o has been o od
eno ug h to copy th em fo r me, and th ey are placed at th e end 0 th e
fo llowing list. M r. R obert MacL ach lan, F .R .S has po inted o u t to
me, h owever , concerning th ese species , unpublish ed elsewh ere , that
no th ing i s m o re tro ublesome in systematic z oo log y than th e publica
tion o f names only wi th o ut descripti ons ; and seeing th ere are many
new species in th is addenda, I have, in deference to h is sug g esti on,
struck out th e specific names fo r the new species, and left th e
g ener ic name wi th n .s . only. S o lsky’
s descri ption o f some new
T urk istan species was publi sh ed by h i s friend, M . E rsch o fl‘
, in th e
M adame Fedchenko furth er info rms me that in a previ o us article in
th e H or . S oc. E at. R oss" Vo l. v i i i . , pp . 133 and 165 , S o lsky gave a
full descripti on (in French ) o f :C u r eu liom
’
des (1 ) A lcides C baua’o i r i , Guer.
L ong ico r nes (2 ) Pac/zya'i rsus sar z‘us, and o f many S lap /ly
linti les—17 . L
A PPE N DIX 24 .—C OL E OP TE R A . 57
C IC IN DE L ET A E .
l . C icindela, I..
t indelndecempustulata, Ménétr .
turkestanica, Ballion.
maracandensis, n.s. , S lky.
lacteo la, Pall.
Fisch eri , A dams.melanch o lics , Fabr.sublacerata, n.s. , S o lsky.
descendens, Fisch .
Ki ri lovi ,
I I. C A RABIDA E .
Gro up 1 . O u om xomm .
L Omophron. 1.utr . 1s. 11atab1otu , 3o11m Goeb.
L Omoph ron ro tundatus, C haud. 1 . M etabletus fuscomaculatus, M o tsch.Gro up 2 . E L A Pm um .
2 Pfl‘
fl lelq -fi. Ballion.
2. N oti oph i lus, Dinner .3. o bl1ques1gnatus, S o lsky.
1 . N o ti oph i lus sublaevis, n.s. , S o lsky. 14. Lamprlu , Bonelli .
G ro up 3. C A R A Bl N l . 1 . Lamprias cyanocephalus, L .
3. H ebrin, h “.2 . festivus, Faldrm .
N ebria
psammoph ila, n.s., S o lsky. 16. labia, Lntr .
lmh 'gem : ”h f-1 l . L ebia trimaculata, Gebl.
4 . Gambia, I.. cyath ig era, R o ssi .
C arabus Fedch enk o i , S o lsky.“ WEm ino r , L
S tschuro vsk i i , a.s turc1ca, Fah rKaufmanni , n.s. ,
6. Od om , Web.
S ection 1 . Calosoma.
C alo somasycophanta, L .
turcomanicum , M o tsch .
sericeum , Fabr .
S ection 2 . Callislkenes, s ek .
1 . C allisth enes Kuschak ewi tsch i , Ball. 18 . Bi tonal , Bonelli .2 assentenfl s.m .S o lsky 1 . Ditomus calydonius, R o ssi .
Group 4 . DRYPT IN I . 2 . ch odschenticus, Ball
6. Polysti ohnr , Bonelli .
1 . Po lystichus vi ttatus, Brull.
G ro up 5. BRA C H l l .
7 . Bu oh lnus, Web.
Brach inus pso ph ia, Dej.brevico llis, M o tsch .
g raecus, Dej.
8. l a tex, Finch .
1 . Mastax thermarum , S tev .
Gro up 6. L ssm u.
9. Cymlndls, Latr .
C ym indis A ndrene, M énétr.accentifera, Zubk .
deco ra, F isch .
quadrisignata, M éne'
tr.
rufescens, Gebl.
Manncrheim i , Gebl.
1o. Glycia, m ud.
bico o r , n.s. ,
anth racma, n.s.,
l l . Demetrius, Bonelli .
1 . Demetrias unipunctatus, Germ .
18. 3 1001111 10 , M otsch .
1 . Blech rus plag iatus, Duft.2 . maurus, S turm .
3. minu tus, M o tsch
1 . Glycia trico lo r, Gebl2 . cingulate,3. flav i n.s.
, S o lsky.
4 .
5.
16. Tetrsg onodom , Dej .1 . T etrag onoderus intermedius, n.s. , 811y.
G roup 7. Drrom m .
17 . Aristus, Lstr .
1 . A r istas punctulatus, C haud.
2 . tenuesculptus, a.s. , S o lsky.
19. Om nooh yrur , rag s , Solsky .
1 . C arenochyrus ti tanus, n.s.
, S o lsk y.
90. Ch i lotomus, Chnud.
1 . C hi lo tomus chalybaeus, Fldrm .
Group 8. S C A R IT IN I .
21 . Bon i ta . Fabr .
Scari tes bucida, Pall.
eurytus, F isch .
F ischeri, Zubk .
cylindro no tus, Fldrm .
salinus, Pall.
pets icus, C haud.
’
22. Dyl ch i rins, Bonolli .
Dysch i rius cylindricus, Dej.o v ico llis, n.s. , S o lsky.
dim idiatus, C haud.
58 R U S S IA N C E M R A L A S IA .
1 . C livinaco llar is, H erbst.2 . Ypsilon, Dej.
Gro up 9. C am snnm .
24 . Ch leoni ur , Bonelli .C hlaeni us spo liatus, R o ssi.
caspicus, M o tsch .
extensus, E schsch .
tenuelimbatus, Ball.ch ryso th o rax, Krya.
Sch rank i , Duft.flavicom is Fisch Gro up 13. Pr s xo sn cm m .
S teveni , Quensel. 86. Ptom tichnl , E r ich ] .
sem icyaneus, n.s. , S o lsky.
h o losenceus,Fabr . Poecilus unctulatus, Fabr .
G ro up 10 . L 1c1x1m .
g iggli
n
g“
?M enétr .
35° Llcinns, L str .
long iventr is, n.s. , S o lsky.1 . L icinus depressus, Payk .
Karelini , C haud.
Gro up 1 1 . C nsuacxnrmm . ht'
ggwfgfi éggr’ 315k ?
28‘ Di octes, l énétr ,leptoderus, n.s. , S o lsky.1 . Dioctes Lehmanni, Ménétr. carbonico lo r , a.s.
,
27 Broscus Pun: laevico llis, C haud.
1 . Bro scus asiaticus, Ball. S ection 2 . Irag arw , C /mud.
Gro up 1 2. H A R PA u xr.lagu
-us vem‘l's' Pam ”
28 . Anh odaotylns, Dej . S ection 3. Omaseus, Zi eg ler .
1 . Anisodactylus signatus, I llig . 1 . Omaseus niger, Schaller
29. Ao inopus, Dej.1 . Acino pus str io latus, Zubk .
30. Dlohi rotri ehns, Dnvnl.Dich iro tr ichus ustulatus, Dej.
microclerus, a.s.
, S i ky.
discico llis, Dej.
81 . Pang " , Zi eg l.Pangus brach ypus, S tev.
externepunctatus, a.r S lskyinterm i ttens
, n.s. ,
di verso punctatus, n.t .,
82. Harpalus, Latr .
S ection 1 . Opl mma , Z ieg l.O ph onus tatar icus, Ménétr.
cycloderus, n.s., S o lsky.
ch lo ri zans, n.s. ,
S ection 2 . H am /m .
1 . H arpalus rufico rnis, Fah r.2 . g riseus, Panz .
3. aniso dactylifo rm is,S o lsky.
distinguendus, Duft.vi ridu lus , n.s. , S o lsky.
caloeatus, Duft.
7 . H arpd us tenebro sas, Dej.8. rembo ides, n. .t. , S o lsky9O
serripes, Quensel.picipennis, Duft.
88. A oupalpna, Latr .
1 . Acupalpus do rsalis, Fabr.84 . S tonolophns, Dej .
1 . S teno loph us abdom inalis, Gene.2 . marg inatus, Dej.
mo rio , Ménétr.
1 . Zabrus g ibbo sus, Zimm .
87 . Amara, Bonolli .
Section 1 . B raafi'tw . S tef fi .
Bradytus apricarius, Payk .
S ection 2 . Cyr lono luS , S tep/z .C yrtono tus caucasicus, M o tsch.
intermedius,
S ecti on 3. A nal/ti lt} , Z imm.
Amath i tis m icrodera, C haud.
songar ica,
S ecti on 4 . C elia, Zimm.
O eliaerratica, Duft.
ambulans, Z imm.
picina, a.J‘
., S o lsky.
testioo la, Z imm.
S ection 5. A mara, Zimm.
A mara rufipes, Dej .simi lata. Gyll.famelica, Z imm.
tr ivialis, Gyll.
60 R U S S IA N CE IVTR A L A S IA .
V. HYDROPH IL IDA E .
Group 1 . a xo r m u m .
l . H ydrophi lne, M .
1 . H ydro ph i lus pioeus, L .
2. H ydrocharee, Latr .
1 . H ydrochares carabo ides, L .
8. H ydrobi ul , Leach .
1 . H ydrobius fuscipes, L .
2 . chalceo lus, n.s., S o lsky.
4 . Ph i lhydrne, S ol.
1 . Ph ilhydrus testaceus, Fabr.
6. Lacoobi lu , E r ichs.
1 . Laccobius alutaceus. T ho rns.
2 . deco rus, Gyll.
3. g racilis, M o tsch .
9. Berosus, Leach .
1 . Bero sus spino sus, S tev.
7 . L imneh ine, L each .
1 . L imnebius truncatellus, T hunb .
Gro up 2 . H st o r uo xm l .
9. H eloph oru l , Fabr .
1 . H eIOph o rus subco status, Ko lenati .
2 . do rsalis. Marsh .
3. g ranularis, L in.
9. Och th ebi ue, Leach .
1 . Och theb ius bico lon, K irby.
Gro up 3. S P l I A E R l D l l N I .
10. Cyclonotum, E r ichs.
1 . C yclono tum o rbiculare, Fabr.
11. Cercyon, Leach .
1 . C ercyon qu isq u ilium , L .
12. Sphaeri di um , Fabr .
1 . S phaeridium bipustulatum , Fah r.
VI . S T APH Y L IN IDA E .
Gro up 1 . A L E O C H A R IN I .
1 . Balag ria, 11mm.
Falag r ia th o racica, C u rtis.
o bscura, G rav .
g rati lla, E richs.
2. L eptusa, Kraatz .
L eptusap icipennis, n.s. , S o lsky.
8. Aleochara, Grav.
A leocharacrassiuscula, Sah ib.
lanug ino sa, G rav .
sareptana, Fvl. i . li tt.spissicom is, E richs.
4 . l ym edoni a, E r ich s.
M yrmedoniadrusillo ides, S o lsky.
Gro up 3. S r ar u v 1. 1m m .
S ection 0 . Qud i iformer.10. H eteroth ops, Ki rby.
1 . H etero th o ps melanocerus, S o lsky.
S ecti on 6. S laplzylim'
ni .
1 1 . Creoph i lus, Ki rby.
1 . C reoph i lus maxi llosus, L .
12. Lei stotroph us, Party.
1 . L eisto tro phus sibi ricus, Gebl.
18 . Ocypus, Ki rby.
1 . Ocypus p icipennis, Fabr.2 . fuscoaeneus, S o lsky.
14 . Ph ysetops, H u h .
1 . Physeto ps tataricus, Pall.
16. Ph i lonth us, Leach .
1 . Ph i lanthus ro tundico llis, M énétr.
z . stratas, Grav.
3. vari us, Gyll.
4 . ebeninus, G rav.
5. long ico rnis, S teph6. bipustulatus, Pan:
7. disco ideus, Grav.
8. rubellus, n.s., S o lsk
9. m icans. Grav.
10 . ni
firi tulus, Grav .
1 1 . sa°
nus, s .
1 2 . fo rmo sus, M o tsch .
13. velatipennis, S o lsky.
1 4. dim id1atipennis. E r ichs15. procer ulus, Grav.
Tachyusacavico llis, S o lsky.
9. H omalota, I nnh .
H omalo talabilis, E richs.
plans , Gyll.immersa, E richs.analis, Grav.
succico la. T h oms.
fusea, Sah lb.
Group 2 . T acuvromm .
7 . Tach inua, Grav .
T ach inus ruti tarsis, H och h .
latico llis, G rav .
disco ideus, E rich s.
9. Tachypom , Grav.
T achypo rus ch rysomelinus, L .
hypno rum , Fabr.
armeniacus. Klti .
scitulus, E richs.
9. Bo li tobi lu , Leach .
1 . Bo li tobius pullus, S o lsky.
A PPE N DIX A —C OL E OP TE R A 61
Secti on e. Xantholinim’
29. Ancyroph ornl , Kraatl .
16. Platyproaopul , I nnh . Ancyroph o rus sericinus n. s., S o lsky.
1 . Platyproso pus elongatus, Mnnh. Gro up 7, o M A u g 1 ,
Group 4 . Paz nsxm l .
Omalium apicico rne, n.s. S o lsky.
Lathrobium elongatum , L . taschkentense, n.s.
conco lo r, M o tsch . turanicum , n.s. ,
18 . Bolicaon, Ou t. 81 . Anth obian , Steph .
1 . Do lieaon pullus, S o lsky. Anth obium fulv ipenne, n.s., S o lsky.
19. Cryptobinm. 11111111 v11. PS E LAPH IDA E .
C rypto bium fractico rne, Payk .
1 . m m , R eich b.
90 Sti licus, Latr . C tenistes palpalis, R eich b.
S tilicus prolongatus, n.s. , 2. my“ , Leach.cap1tal1s, Gemm ., H rld.
21 . Suni us, Leach .
S unius lith ocharo ides. n.s., S o lsky.
fasciatus, H ochh .
neg lectus, Maerkel.
29. Scopaeus, E r ichs.
1 . Scopaeus brevi venter , S perle.
98 . Paeder 112 , Grav .
Bryaxis long ico rnis, L each .
1 . Paederus cephalo tes, M o tsch .
2 . r ipar ius, L
3. fuscipes, C
4 . albipi lis, S o lsky.
Group 5. S T E N I N I .
24 . Steam , Latr .
1 . S tenus guttula, M ill] .2 . serens, S o lsky.
3. ater, M unh .
4 . buph thalmus, Grav.IX. A N IS OT O M IDA E .
g 1 . nydnobi u , Schmi dt.
7: 38331215
83333. H ya bifl s Punctutus, S turm.
8. so lutus, E r ichs.
9. tumidulus, n.s. , S o lsky.
1
x. S C A
su
ztE '
Gro up 6. OXYT E L I N I .S h
:802 11
d 11
by .
l k25. M edian, Leach .
1 . cap mm qua rat1co e, a.s. , 80 5 y.
1 . Bledius h innulus, E rich s.
2 . trico m is, H rbet.
99. Platystethus, I nnh .
1 . Platysteth us com utus, Grav.
2 . mo rsitans, Payk .
3. spino sus, E r ichs.
4 . capi to , B eer .
97 . Oxytolua, Grav.
1 . Oxytelus piceus, L inn.
2 . ni tidulus, Grav.
99. ZonOpti lus, M otsch .
1 . Zonoptilus pennifer, M o tsch .
V I I I . S ILPH IDA E .
1 . N ecroph om , Fabr.
N ecroph o rus humato r, Fabr.2. Si lpha, L .
S ilphasinuata, Fabr.ferrugata, a.s., S o lsky.turk estanica, Ball.co stata, M énétr.o bscura, L .
8. Ch oleva, Latr .
C h o levafusci es, M énétr .sci tu E richs.
4 . A g yrtea, Fri ih l.
1 . Ag yrtes ferrug ineus, n.s., S o lsky.
XI . H IS T E R IDA E .
1 . meter , L .
H ister turanus, n. .1. S o lsky.
quadrimaculatus, L .
q uatuo rdecimstriatus, Gyll.bino tatus, E richs.
planulus, M énétr.
smyrnaeus, Mars.
fimetarius, H rbst.
purpurascens,uadrino tatus, S cri be.
alsus, n.s. . S o lsky.
bimsculatus, L .
62 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S I A
2. Carcinopc, Karl . XV. C O LYDllDAE .
1 . Carcino ps pusi o , Ménétr. 1. 5 8 103 3 3 1 E r ich .
8. Baprinnn, E r ichs. 1 . A g lenus brunnens, Gyll.
1 . Saprinus maculatus, R o ssi .
2 . interruptus, Payk .
XVI ' OUC UJIDAE
3. externus, Fisch .
4 . biguttatuE, 1 . S i lvanus surinamensis, L .
5. omatus, n s.
6. sem ipunctatus, Fah rXVI I . C RYPT OPH AGIDA E .
gn1t1du
lu
c
s
as M m1 .
‘l‘elmatophi lue, near .
e 1 a
9‘ Fabr.
1 . T elmatoph 1lus spargann, A h rens.
10 . cri bellatus, Mars. 2. Cryptophag ul , H rbl t.1 1 . chalcites, I llig . h ta 1 G l .
1 2 . sparsutus, n.s., S o lsky.
C ryptop ag usafiatflsgj' us y
13. M ersinae. Mars. cellaris, Scop.
14 . o villum n.s. , S o lsky.
validus. Krtz .
4 . Gnath onou , Duv . bactrianus, n.s.,
1 . Gnath oncus rotundatus, I llig . 8 . A tomar ia, Steph .
2 ° d151unctus, ”4 3 1 S OISkY° 1 . A tomariadi lutella, n.s., S o lsky.
6. Teretr i uapBr ich l .1 . T eretr ius p ici pes, Fah r.
XI I . PH A LAC R IDA E .
1 . Phalacm , Payk
1 Phalacrus co rruscus, Paylt .
2. Oli bm , E richs.
1 . O librus bico lo r, Fah r.
2 . li nidus, E richs.
3. a nis, S turm .
4 . o blongus, E richs.
XI I I . N IT IDU L IDA E .
Gro up 1 . Bxxcnv r r xm m .
XIX. T H O R 'C T 'DA E '
1 . Brachypterns, Kag oll . 1 . Th orium , Germ.
Brachypterus canescens, M o tsch .1 ' T ho rictus 03 8 191 18 115. Germ.
dilatitarsis.a.s. S o lsky.
g ravidus, I llig .
, XX . DE R ME S T IDA E .
Gro up 2 . N 17 10 11 1 1 11 4 2 .
1 ’ 1 "
2. N i fi dlfl l , Fabr .
Dermestes S tev.
N itidula latiplaga, n. s., S o lsky.
carnar ia, Schall.3° E nseba, Kugel.
elegans, n.s. , S o lsky.
8 . l eli g eth ee, Ki rby. co ronatus, S tev.
M elig eth es xanth opus, ”J " S OISkY 2 A ttag enue Latrvu lpes, a.s. ,
Alutra, ”A
,
"
ttag enus angustatus, Ball.di stinctus, S trm
s1mulaps, a.s., S o lsky.
tr istis,bynlfO Ida , ”J o ,
p ictus Ball.plamusculuS , H eersuspiciosus, n.s. , S o lsky.
XIV . T ROGOS IT IDA E .fascio latus. n.s.
1 . Trcgoei ta, L . 8. l eg-atoms , H int.
1 . T rog osi tamaur itanica, L . 1 . M egatomaconsperse, n.s. , S o lsky.
swe
e
p
XVII I . LAT H R IDIIDA E .
1 . l onotoma, E rblt.
M ono tomabrevipenne, Kunz e.
quadrifo veo lata, M otsch .
2. Lsth ridi na, nth-t.Lathr idius m inutus, L .
parallelipennis, a.s. , S llty.
8. C ortical-ia, [ n h .
1 . C o rticariabadia, Mnnh .
quadrimaculata, M nnh.
A PPE N DIX A C OL E OP TE R A
erma versico lo r, C reutz .
o rnata, a.s. , S o lsky.
6. Anth rsnus, Geofl r.
Anth renus pimpinellae, Fabr.
S o lsky.
picturatus, n.s.,
flavidus, n.s.,
rufulus, n.s. ,
leucogrammus, n.s.,
6. Orph i lus, E richs.
O rph ilus g labratus, Fah r.
XXI . BYR R H IDA E .
1 . Cur imus, E r ichs.
1 . C ur imus asiaticus, n.s., S o lsky.
XXI I . PA R N IDA E .
1 . Par-nus, Fabr .
1 . Parnus fuscipennis, n.s., S o lsky.
2. Dryops, Oli v.
1 . Dryops longus, n.s., S o lsky.
8 . E r ich s.
1 . H elichus asiaticus, a.s. , S o lsky.
XXI I I . H ET E ROC E R IDA E .
1 . H eterooem , F.
1 . H eterocerus rallelus, Kryn.
2 . exuo sus, S teph .
3. laevi gatus, Fabr.
4. sericeus, Kiesw.
XXIV. S C A RABA E IDA E .
Gro up 1 . C o rxrm .
I . Scarabaeu s, L .
1 . Scarabaeus saoer , L .
2. Gymnoplenrns, 11113 .
1 . Gymnopleurus aciculatus, Gebl.
2 . flagellatus, Fah r.
8. Synapsi s, Bates.
1 . Synapsis tmo lus, Fisch . de W.
4. Oopris, Geom'.
1 . C opt is h ispanus, L .
2 . lunaris,
5. Oni ti l , Fabr .
1 . Oni tis h umero sus, Pall.
z . Pamphylus, M énétr.
3. m oeris, Pall.
4 . stenculius, Ball.
7 . Oni ticellus, Serv.
1 . Oni ticellus flavipes, Fabr.2 . pallipes,
9. Plag i ogonns, H ull .
1 . Plag io g onus praeustus, Ball.
10. Anmoeci us, H ull .
1 . Amm oecius disco lo r , n.s., S o lsky.
1 1 . H endi di us, H rld.
1 . M endidius biuens, Ball. , 1. li tt.
12. Psammobi us, Beer .
1 . Psammobius caesus. Panz .
2 , vari o lo sus, Klti .
6. Onth ophag ns, Latr .
Onth ophag us amyntas, O liv.
taurus, L inn.
nutans, Fah r.camelus,
pygargus, M o tsch .
marg inalis, Gebl.speculifer , n.s. , S lsky
leuco stigma, S tev .
H aro ldi , Ball.
Group 2 . A rnom rm .
8. Aph odi us, I lli g .
A ph odius erraticus, L .
ubterraneus, L .
haemo rrh o idalis, L .
fimetar ius, L .
foetens, F .
g ranar ius, L .
punctipennis, H rld.
1mmundus, C reutz .varians, Duft.Kraatz i , H r id.
plag iatus, L o
nig er , Funz .
ni tidus, Ball.
brunnens, Klug .
melano stictus, Schm .
nig riv ittis, n.s. , S o lsky.
conspurcatus, L .
quadrisignatus, Brull.
pusi llus, H rbst.
quadrig uttatus, H rbst.K isi lk um i , n.s., S o lsky.
g regarius. H r ld.
sem ipelli tus, a.s., S o lsky.
lunifer , a.s.,
ci rcumductus,n.s. ,
Edgardi , n.s.,
luridus, Fabrpecari ,
64 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Gro up 3. O r. r 11 11 1 11 1 . Group 6. T xocmx.18. Och odaens, I O" . 19. T rot , g ‘br .
1 . Och odaeus co rnifrons, n.s. , S o lsky.
1 . T14. C odoosra, E schach .
1 0 11 g ul‘penms' F
I . C odocera ferrug inea, E S ChS C h .
Gro up 7. GLA PH YR IN L
Group 4 . H Y B O S O R I N L Glaphyrns, Latr .15. Kybosom s, c eay.
1 . O lephyrus ox terns, Pall.1 . H ybo so rus I lllgen, R e1che. 3 , vai
'
ipans, Méném
Gr o up 5. G s o r au r m r.
16. Bolboceras, Ki rby.
1 . Bo lboceras Rado sz k ovsk i i , n.s. , S lky.1 . Amphioomachal
mybaea.F
gld
l k .z n.s. O S
8
17 '
goofi n
g“ , Latr
.
3. Kuschak ewi tsch i , Ball.ect1on 1 . eralop yer , Fuck 4: W. 4 . dubia, n.s. , S o lsky.
1 . C eratophyus A mmon, Pall. 5. clypeata, n.s.,
S ection 2 0 GM W P“: M ’d-f Group 8. M sL ono s'
rmm .
1 . Geo trupes 1mpressus, Gebl.2 . fo veatus, M rsh . m. H oplia, Illi g .
19. Lethrns, 80011. 1 . H oplia
(paupera, Kryn.
1 . L ett brachuco lh s, Fau'm. 2 ci r 1ta, ”J S o lsky.
2 apterus, Laxm .
3. po li tus,n.s. ,
o
S o lsky. 28. Beri ca, McLeay.
4~ 500 anus,F150“ de W. 1 . S eries euph o rbiae, Burm.
S o " i f estamcus, Ball 2 . arenico la, n.s., S o lsky.6. laev igatus,7 . lo ng 1manus, Fisch . de W. 24 . Oxycorythnl , is. gt, Solsky.
8. Karelini , Gebl.0 M So lsk
9. crenulatus,1 . xyco ryth us o rawrtz i , n.s., y
10 . tuberculi fro us, Ball. [End o f Part I I . in o rig inal ]
[Thej bllowing is Me unpubli rbedpofi ion qf S olsky": th i rdpar t—Ar. L .]
26. Lachnosterna, H ope. 80. l elolontha,P.
1 . Lachnostemah o loser icea, Ménétr. i:M elo lontha
fi
r
ms“
;2 ‘ po rosa, F1sch .
3. pecto ralis, Germ.
26. Pectinichelus, Ball. 81 . Pachydema, east.
1 . Pectinichelus rh i z o trog o ides, Ball.Pachydemao blonga, E 1sch . deW.
Gro up 9. Kur su m .
27 , Bh i z otrogus, Latr .
33, rh ynoperth , m ph1 . Rhi z o trog us, n.r., S o lsky.
2 .
Kluh ereus’ Knoch L
Phyllopertha51
21111
8
2
613821.
3 yschenk owi , Ball 3. variabi lis, Ball.
28 . 4 mph1mallus, l ull .
33 Anomala, Sam.
1 . A mph imallus so lsti tialis, L .
1 ‘ Anomala du‘mb M 0 3 0}!
z . g labri pennis’ Ball,81 rw nn., 3m
1 . Pharaonus, n.s. , S o lsky29. 1'olyphylla, Barr . 2 .
1 . Po lyphyllah o lo leuca, Pall.35 mlo3 m . Cast.
2 , adspersa, M o tsch . 1 . Ado retus nig ri frons. S tev.
3. i rro rata, Gebl. 2 . a.s., S o lsky.
4 . n.s. , S o lsky. 3. comptus, M énétr.
A PPE N DIX A C OL E OP TE R A
Group 10 . Dvnasu m .
86. Pentodon, H ope.
1 . Pentodon mong o liens, M o tsch .
2 . quadridens, Gebl.
87 . Oryctea, Illig .
1 . O ryctes lati pennis, M o tsch .
Group 1 1 . C s '
romm .
S talagmosomaalbella, Pall.
89. Oxythyrea, H ula.
1 . Oxythyreacinctella Schaum.
40. Tropinota, H ull .
1 . T ropino tapi losa, Brull.
41 . C otonia, Baht .
1 . C etonia afflicts, Go r. et Perch ,var.
C chalybaea, S o lsky.
BOgdano fli , S o lsky.
interruptocostata, Ball.n.s. , S o lsky.
Karelini , Zubk .
n.s., S o lsky.
sibirica, Gebl.ma
'
nico llis, Ball.2 111) 0 5 , Fldrm .
fasciata, Fisch . deW.
XXV . BUPR E S T IDA E .
Group 1 . 1 11 1 0 0 1111 4 11.
1 . Julodi s, Bsohsch .
1 . Julodis var io laris, Pall. were
ws
r Acmaeodera, n.s. , S o lsky.
I .
Group 2. BUPRBST IN I.
2. Pulloptera, 801.
Psi 10 pteraarg entata, Mnnh .
8. capnodis, Bech sch .
Capnodis H enning i , Fldrm .
excise , Ménétrmparumstr iata, Ball.mi liaris, K l
tenebriemu
g-lb“.
4 . 00 00 111“, t
1 . C occulus sibi ricus, F.
5. Di eerea, E schach .
1 . Dicercaaenea, L .
6. l eianoph i la, Bach-ch.
1 . M elanoph i ladecostigma, F.
1 . Anthaxia, n.s. , S o lsky.
2 .
3.
4.
5.6.
7 .
8
k o llar i , M ars.
deaurata, Gmel.
b ico lo r , Fldrm .
auri oeps, M én.
is..t. , So lsky.
n.s. ,
venerabi lis, Mars.
66 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
M E L L IFE R A (Bees) .
Bx DR . FER DINAND M o u v nz .
FEDC H ENKO h oped to treat th eA p idae section h imself, but only succeededin finish ing th e determ ination and descr iption o f th e g reater part o f th e
species o f th e g enus A nth oph o ra. W i th what ardo ur h e wo rked, and
to what extent he devo ted h im self to the labo ur o f investig ating th e
A pidae, h is observations sh ow. H e did no t confine h imself to th e exam ination o f th e external peculiari ti es only o f these insects, but observed
also certain o f th ei r internal o rgans, especiall the sexual o rg ans, intend
ing to exp lain th e relation between th ei r di erent fo rms, and to attempt
a g enetical mo rph o lo gy . Fo r th is purpo se h e made ready a number of
m icro scopic preparations, but did no t succeed in completing th em ,
leaving only very disconnected observations .
T h e bees co llected by Fedch enk o fo rm a very rich co llection. O th ertravellers in T urk istan co llected no bees, and, th erefo re, th e co untry maybe called, in th is respect, unexplo red. L ehmann
,wh o went as far as
Bokhara and Samarkand, sent to th e m useum o f th e Academy o f
Sciences only seven species o f bees, co llected by h im in th e envi rons
o f O renburg , and near Fo rt N ovo A lexandro vsk , wh ich were describedby E rich son in M énétriés
’
C atalo g ue des Insectes recuei llis par feu
M . L ehmann.
”E versmann, wh o had also travelled in T urk i stan, did
no t, it seems , th en co llect any A pidae. T h oug h in h is wo rk FaunaH yrneno ptero lo g ica Vo lg o
-U ralensi s.”B u ll . a
'
e M oss 1 852 ) h e o ftenmentions that o th er species inhab i t no t only th e co untry between th e
U ral and Vo lg a, bu t beyond th e U ral, yet all th e specimens seen by mewere no tco llected in T u rk istan, but, as is sh own b th e localities markedon th ei r tickets , near Indersk , O rsk . I rk utsk , an even Kiak h ta. T h us
th e wh o le li terature o f T urk istan bees i s lim i ted to th e wo rk o f O . K .
R ado sz k o vsky.wh o received some species from Fedch enk o ,anddescribedfo u r new species from th e envi rons o f Samarkand (H ar e S oc. E ntom o l .R ossicar , tomus
T h e g enus A ntk oplzo ra i s included inmywo rk as th e special labo ur o fFedch enk o . I have only had to veri fy the determ ination o fall th e species,to comp i le diagno ses, g ro up ing , and synoptical tables, and
°
ve sh o rt de
scripti ons o f certain species , th e maj o ri ty o f wh ich had geen alreadydescribed by o th er entom o lo g i sts. I must h ere remark that Fedch enk odid no t separate Sar opoa
'
a from A ntlzo lz ora. and I have fo llowed h isplan, as Sar opoda i s onl disting u i sh ed om A nt/10 lwra by i ts maxi llary pal i consisting o f ve, and th o se o f A ntlz op era o f six
,jo ints
but th e ast jo int o f th e lab ial palpi o f Sar opoda is no t turned away from
th e preceding one , as i t sh o uld e in A ntlz oj lwr a. Belon°
ng . h owever , to th e latter g enus we find a to lerably larg e number 0 transito ryspecies, having a s co ial arrang ement o f palp i , wh ich do no t co rre
spond wi th eith er arapada o r A nt/zop lz or a. Fo r instance, A nt/i .mag ni labr i r, manti s/ag o , veloci rs ima, and r ufi cor m
'
r have all th elab1al palp i wi th th e last
°
o int no t tu rned aside in ma i labr i r, montz‘vag a, and flelociS S ima t e maxi llary palp i consist o f ve, and in r uj icor ni r o f four jo ints. \Ve observe, h owever , a like di fference in th e
palpi among th e species of o ther g enera o fmelli fera fo r we rarely findamong M eg a /ri le o r Osm ia two species having a perfectly identical
7o - R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S I A .
Andrenadentiventr is, M o r.
tuberculi ventr ia,Fedchenk o i , a.s.
ravico llis, n.s.
puncti ventris, n.s.
aulica, n.s.
comparata, n.s.
ferg hanica, n.s.
combusta, n.s.
analis, Panz .
nupta, n.s.
h ierog lyph ica, n.s.
turkestanica, a.s.
Lepeletier i , L ucas.
fnsco sa, E r ichs.
pi lipes, Fabr .
tho racica,infirma, a.s.
car inifrons, n.s.
ini tialis, a.s.
laterali s, a.s.
arenar ia, n.s.
tempo ralis, a. r.
flavrtarsis a.r.
capi llo sa, n.s.
v iridigastra. n.s.
cineraria, L inné.
subaenescens, n.s.
fuseico llis, n.s.
virescens, n.s.
N omi oi dsl , IchcnN omi o ides parvula, Fabr .
turanica, n.s.
pannceps, n.s.
jucunda, M o r.
Bali stns, Latr .
H alictus leucopus, Ki rby.
annuh s,
Smeat manellas,rhynch i tes , n.s.
flavipes, Fah r.
meridionalis, M o r.
vari pes, a.r.
crocei pes, n.s.
pulvereus, M o r.
muco reus, E versm.
34 1 . Balletas cariniventr is, n.s.
apri linus , a.s.
fucosus, n.s.
sexcinctns, Fah r.
32g. S phecodes fusci nis, Germar.
3 rufi o rax, a.s.
339390
39'
392
3331 n.punc e
395. Geofl'
rellgis
s, Ki rby.
l ot-ia, Latr .
396. N omiadiversipes,
maculipes, n.s.
marginellm , Schenclt.
laev1nodis, n.Sa.r.
panuxillus, Schcnck .
mbellus, n.S .
nig ri labris, a. r.
vulgaris , iar.
yaJinipennis, u .
m inutissimus, Ki rbyatomar ius, n. t.
A PPE N DIX A —M E L L I FE R A
N omia edentata, a.S .
rufioo rnis, Spino la.
rufescens, ma
2 . O sr nsu c uss.
Collates, Latr .
C o lletes cunicularia, I..montana, a.S .
arenaria, a.S .
Daviesana, Smi th .
marg inata,pici sti gma, T h o rns.
caspica, M o r.
annulicom is, a.S .
cretacea, a.S .
flavico rnis, n.S .
a.S .
H ylaeus, Pain.
4 1 1 . H ylaeus do lich ocephalus,
4 1 2 . pusi llus, n. S .
4 13. nasal is, a.S .
4 14. adi u ia, n.S .
4 1 5. Dunctiscapus. ”, S .
71
H ylaeus frontalis, n.S .
vu lgar is,arenar ius, a.S .
biareo latus, a.s.
turanicus, a.S .
tr isignatus, n.S .
disting uendns, n.S .
angustifrons, n.S .
nig r ico llis, a.S .
punctiventr is, a.S.
jug o rum, a.S .
ferg hanicus, n.s.
teg ular is, n.t
ti bialis, faS .
flavi pes, a.S .
vari atus, Fabr.
vari o IaS .
breviventr is, Fo rst.breviceps, n.S .
nigr i tarsis, a.S .
bivi ttatus, m .
paellidicom is, n.t .
ticeps, rm .
72 R U S S IA N C E IVTR A L A S I A .
S PH EGIDA E , arc.
BY 0 . Ksar z R ADO S ZKOVSKY .
IN canying o ut th e wish o f Fedch enko re arding tables, I was oblig ed to
take as a handbo o k Dah lbom 's wo rk ymenopteraE uropaa,
”tom . i . ,
S ph ex in sensu L innaeano , Bero lini , 1 845) as the only one inwh ich all th eSph eg i dae g ro ups are reduced to a g eneral system , th ou th ere exist
incomplete separate mono g raph s on certain enera o f i s g ro up , fo r
instance, Sp hex , A jysson , Oxybelu S , and C ra o . I myself have added
th ree new g enera—Kaufma7 mia, Oxybelo ideS , and O lg
'ia.
In the co llection descr ibed, I fo und th e fo llowing di str ibuti on o f
eneragT h e fam i ly Spheg i dae has no t many representati ves . O f th e g enus
S flex 6 species were co llected. o f wh ich 3 were new ; and among st
t em , S . S tsch u r ofsk i i is remarkable fo r 1ts beauty. T h e A merican
g enus P od i um has a representative in th e C entral A s1an fauna.
T h e fam i ly P omp i l zdae is very characteri stic A j o r uS has 2 new,
and 1 k nown, species ; Sali uS , 3 new ; C er opaleS , o ut o f 4 species,
3 are new ; P omp i lu S , o f 16 s ceies, 8 are new ; P r iocnem i r, o f 7species , 2 are new . In th is fam i y some E g yptian species are fo und .
In the fam ily L ar r idae th e very rare E g yptian g enus Gastr oser icus
i s met wi th . In Palar uS , P . Iz istr i o has been, Up to th e present,fo und only in E gypt. TachyteS , o f 1 1 species,
‘ 6 are new. If
Sav i g ny’
s drawing s 1n“ E xp . d
’
E te”were co lo ured, I have no
do ubt that am ong th em wo uld be o und s ceies identical with several
described by me. A S tata included 1 nown and 3 new species,with very beauti ful representatives among th em . From th e want o f
li terature on th is fam 1ly th e difi culty o f drawing a line between th e
species and th e vari eties is increased, and no t a li ttle labo ur i s incurredin the separation o f species nearly related to one ano th er . A
trustwo rthy sk etch o f th e g eo g raph ical distribution o f many o f th e
species is q u ite impo ssible.
T h e fam i ly N yssom'
dae was well represented. A lysson has 2 new
species . S tray s , o f 1 1 species,1'
7 are new . A mong th em , S . Fedelzenk o i ,S . r ufi vefl tr i S , S . lu tescefl S , are remarkable fo r th eir beauty andsi z e . S . m g r icor ni r is in g reat quanti ty}
and must be very comm on in
th e locality wh ere th ey were fo und. op lz'
S u S , 4 known , and 2 new
speci es , wh ich do no t di fl’er much from E uro pean fo rm s, are remarkable
fo r th eir beauty and shape. T h e new g enusKaufm nnia is remarkablefo r i ts resemblance to th e g enera C eram i uS and Parag io . Abram” has4 new species, o f wh ich N . g r and i rsimw is th e larg est species o f th is
g enus known up to th e present ; th e remaining th ree species are
remarkable fo r th ei r beauty. E nti z om oser icus has a new, remarkable,and ery rare species.
Bem oex m ig h t be expected to have man representatives in th e
co untry. O f 1 1 species fo und, 7 are new. he majo ri ty o f th e new
Dah lbom and L epeletier each described 1 7 species.
1' Dah lbom described 14 in all L epeletier 1 1 species.
A PP E N DIX A .—SPI I E GIDA E , E TC . 73
species are remarkable eith er fo r th eir structure o r beauty ; B . di laiaiais remarkable fo r th e sha o f th e front tarsi ; B . bicolo r , and B .
femo ral i s, are remarkable o r th e shape o f th e intermediate le 9 .
P k i lantlz zdae is very rich . P lz i lant/m S has 2 new, beauti l repre
sentatives . O f 25 species“
o f C er eer i r 14 are new. T h e majo ri tyresemble E tian s ecies in thei r co lo uring .
T he fam i y P omp r edom’
dae i s very po o r, bo th in the number o f g enera
and species .
Lastly, th e fam i ly C rabr onidae, wi th th e exception of OxybeluS ,
i s very po o r. 0 xy6eluS has many representatives, 1 0 (S ic) new , and 6
known species ? Amon st th em , very beautifu l and characteri stic
fo rms are met with ; 0 . amjg'
ni i , prev io usl only known as E g yptian,
serves as ano th er o f the clearest evi ences that th e sands o f
K i z i l-Kum and the sands o f E g ypt have sim ilar inhabi tants, at least
among th e insects o f th e g roups treated by me . A compari son o f th e
flo ra o f th ese two localities m ig ht lead to mo re precise conclusi ons te
g arding th ei r sim i lari ty.
N o twi th standing th e monog raph s of Gerstéck er and C hevri er on th e
g enus OxyoeluS , th e detenninat1on o f species o f th is g enus, and particularly th e identification o f the males, presents no little difi culty.
H owever , in o rder to avo id m isunderstanding and po ssible erro rs , I
must explain that in determ ining th e species, as well as in identifyingth e males, I adopted , as a principal basi s, th e study o f th e shape o f
th e sp ine of th e m etano tum , and th e scales o f th e po stscutellum , and
thin compared th e place and time in wh ich the females and males were
ta en.
T h e remarkable new genus Oxybelo ideS differs from th e fo reg o ingby th e absence o f th e sp1ne o f th e metano tum in th e male and female.
C rabr o has 2 new species.
A s a concluding observation it may he remarked that th e valleys
of Ferg hanaand th e Zarafshan do no t present much speciality. T h eir
fauna resembles that o f th e M edi terranean S ea. Ki z i l-Kum alone ,
appearing as a separate part o f A sia, abo unds in new species andeven g enera, sharply disting uish ed from known species bo th in th e
fo rm of th e body and in th e beauty and si z e o f th e individuals. A lmo st
all that were fo und in th e Ki z i l‘Kum were new , but at th e same time th e
undoubted sim i lari ty between th e species belong ing to th e Ki z i l-Kum and
th e E g yptian sands is remarkable.
I . S rnxcrnas. 4 . Psammophlla, Bi b.
1. l inens, 3111 . 1 . Psammoph i laatrocyanea, E versm.
1 . M iscus campestris, Latr.z affiq lafi
lthy
2. Ammoph i la, 11111.3“
s r 1
m m ,
I‘me opaeus.Ammoph i la$3n 1 . Pelo paeus desti llato rius, l .
ho loseric’
ea, F.
2 ' tubifex, L t“
rubra, S ich .3 v wlaceus, F.
M bnesa
amm lxbl
s
ltnck
1 . Podium Maracandicum, n.S ., R ad.
atra, 7 . Sph ex, Lin.
lutaria, 1 . S phex S tschurowsk i i , n.s ,Rad.
Dah lbom described 2 species in all Lepeletier 2 2 .
1' Dah lbom described 1 L epeletier 1 5 species.
74 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
2 . Sphex subfuscata, D11) .
3. deserto rum, E versm.
4 .
5. S i rdariensis, a.S ., Rad.
6. conica, n.s ,
8. Enedia, D11).
1 . a diaalbisecta, L ep.
2 . micans, E vers.
I I. P O M P I L I D A E .
9. Apom , Opin.
1 . A po rus testaceus, a.s. , Rad.
2 . ater, a.S .,
3. nig ri tulus, Kl.
10. Salim , L tr.
1 . Salius niger , n.S ., Rad.
2 . m eans, n.s ,
3. albo -no tatus, n.s , Rad.
11 . ceropales, Latr .
1 . C eropales S o lsk i i, a.S ., R ad.
2 . Bogdanovn, n..h , Rad
3. nig ra, raS .
4 . h istri o , F.
12. Agenia, Beh iddt.
1 . A geniapunctum, F.
18. Pompi lus. Latr .
1 . Pompi lus viaticus, F.
2 . argenteo-fulvus, n.S . Rad.
3. quadri punctatus, F.
4 . testaceus, a.S Rad.
5. ” J r
6. sug i llatus, Kl
g:trivialis, lspissus,
9. consobrinus, l .
S t1z usSd cgg
l
éqi
fi, Rad.
10 ° pnlcher, F’
Radt u ventris, n.s. ,
Rad 4 . lutescens, a.S . ,
I;tus
é$ 3111. 5 E versmannnna,
14 . albO aséiatns, n.S ., Rad g gfigx‘mm
z15. rufiventns, n.S . , fulvipes
’
E versm.
16. K i z i lkumi i , a.S .,
9 unifascidtus,1 7° Anoplius no tatus, L °P~ m. conco lo r, E versm.
14. Pri ocnami l , Sch i iidt. 1 1 . tr idens, F.
1 Pr iocnemxs'
1 1111121
3218. E
fim m. 24 , Barpactu , Shack
2 . mm is, es.
3. z:“2 2 “
13313333
1.1:versm.
2: F.26. H opli sns, N b.
6. Zarafschani , n.s, Rad. 1 . H oplisus punctulatus, C osta.
7. M o ravi tz i , a.S ., qu inquecinctus, F.
rufo-nodis, n.S ., RadI I I . 14 111111 114 2 .
laticinctus, L e15. l isocphns, Int . luxuri osus, ma
pRad.
1 . M iscOphus niger, l . latifrons, l .
16. Gastroser i ons, Spin.
1 . GastrosericusMaracandicuam . ,Rad.
17. Palm s, Lats.
1 . Palarus flavipes, Latr.
histno , S pin.
18. Taohytos, Pans.
T achytes pompilifo rmis, Panz .
vaga, n.a, Rad.
Maracandica, n.s.,
Kiz i lkumi i , n.s ,
unico lo r, Panz ., l .
obso leta, R oss.
tarsina, L ep.
incerta, n.s., Rad.
o raniensis,m icans, n.s ,
fugax, n.s ,
19. Lar i-a, Latr .
1 . Larraanath ema, l .
20. A l ta“ , Latr .
1 . A statamaculata, n.s , Rad.
2 . frontalis, n.s,
quadripunctata, n.s , Rad
h o o ps, van. d. L ind.
IV. s so aa.
31 ' 71. { w m1 . O lg iamodesta, n.s , Rad.
22. Alysson, Jar.
1 . A lysson Maracandensis n.s , Rad.
incertus, n.s ,
fl
+
91
1»
76 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
S C OL I IDA E .
BY H . D11 S A U S S U R E.
T o th is fam ily , as we understand it, belong th e IIymermptera H eter o
g j ma, wi th th e exception o f Form icidae and Dory ll ia'
ae. T h ey may
be called H eter ogyna S o l i t‘ar ia, as th eydo no t live incommuni ties and
have only two sexes, o r H eter ogyna Paras i tica, by reason o f th e
majo ri ty, i f not all o f th em , being parasi tes o f o th er insects.
W e take, consequently, th is fam i ly on th e same basis as L epeletier
de S t . Farg eau , no t separating'
l ynm’
i from it as do es F. Sm ith ; fo r
we vi ew th e fam i ly o f Sco li idae as anatural g ro up , no t capable o f being
split up .
If i t were necessary to separate any g ro up from th i s fam i ly, we wo uld
prefer to act th us with Sapygn rath er than T hynni i , as th ei r leg s are
no t armed but smo o th , and bo th sexes are alik e but these insects are
clearly related to Sco li idae by th e constructi on o f th ei r th o rax, and byth ei r appearance g enerally.
T urk istan Sco li idae belong ch iefly to th e fauna o f th e M editerranean
basin. Among th em are fo und all the eastern species o f th is basin, but
th e species (o r varieties o f fo rm ) m o stly pecu liar to th e west are absentsuch , fo r example, as S eo l iafi amf r ons, Fabr . , bia
’
enS , L . , inter stincla,
KL , lz i r ta, Sch r . , insubr ica, R o ss. E li S sexmacu lala,and ci l iaz
‘a,Fabr .
Instead o f Sco l ia fl amf r onS th e co rresponding eastern species, Sc.
bo emm fio z’
a’al zlr, is met with in T urk istan, and instead o f E li r sexma
cu lata i s fo und E . tar tar a.
T he species g enerally di stributed o ver th e wh o le basin, as Sc. ma cr o
and g uadr zf zm elata and E 113" vi llo Sa, are also met wi th in T urki stan.
S pecies purely A fr ican are absent from th e T urkistan fauna, th o ug h
certain o f th em are distributed along th e sh o res o f th e M editerranean
(E l i r co llar z lr) , o r in E gypt (E l i r th o raciea, F Sco l ia mendica, KI
occu lta, Sauss. , di Spar , KL , E m aliena, KL , T h i s absence
from T urk i stan o f A frican species may, i t seems, be explained by th e
fact that th ey belong to th e to rr i d z one and canno t endure th e winter
o f th e A siaticsteppes.
In th e co llections bro ug h t from T u rkistan th ere are none o f certain
species described by fo rmer auth o rs as belongi ng to th e East ; but fromdata in o ur po ssession we may conclude that th ese species probablyexist in th e province , and w i ll be fo und th ere on further investi g ati on.
as fo r instance Sco lia bzfaSciata, R o ssi .
T h e species (Sc. var ico lo r , L uc. ) belong ing to Barbary i s also want
ing th ere.
Besides th ese species o f th e M editerranean basin, several o th ers
are met with peculiar to A sia (Scolia and also several
A PPE N DIX A .—S C OL I IDA E . 77
new species, which are evidently character istic o f th e fauna o f C entral
A sia.
T h e fam ily Sco ludae has been very imperfectly known up to th e
present, and th ere exists no complete wo rk on th e subject, wh ich isexplained by th e impo rtant difi culties connected with th e dimo rph ism ,
as well as by th e comparative rari ty o f very many species in co llecti ons.
Ofalarg e number o f species , and also o fcertain g enera, only one o f th e
sexes has been previ o usly known, and it is impo ssible to discover th e
o th er sex unti lwe happen to take bo th in copula. A pr ior i suppo siti onsare in many cases qu ite insufi cient to enable us to ascribe knownfemales to males, and, evidently, suppo si ti ons on like bases wo uld m o st
probably be inco rrect. T h us, fo r instance, wh o could have th o ug h t
that two g enera so di fi'
erent as M er ia and P lesia have males wi th
sim i lar characters ?
A mong species wi th wing less females, th e latter retain th e larval fo rm .
qu ite distinct from th e same fo rm o f wing ed males, and as in th e
absence o f wing s it is impo ssible to observe th o se characters o fi'
ered bythe neurati on, in cases wh ere only th e wing less female is known, th ere
remains almo st no character wh ereby we m i g h t connect th e sexes , o r
decide wi th exacti tude to wh ich g enus a g iven species belong s.
E ven th e neuration o f th e wing s do es no t always serve as acharacter ,
as is evident from th e fo llowing— In Sco lia th e w ing o f th e male i s
always difl’erent from th e w ing o f th e female , at least in th e fo rm o f th e
cellula radialis. A mong th e males o f P leS ia th e neu rati on o f th e wing s
i s analog o us to , but no t identical with , that o f th e females. In M or ia
th e neu ration o f th e wing o f th e female has no th ing in common wi th
that o f the male.
In a seri es o f g enera th ese anomalies are combined in th e mo st
vari ous ways. T h us inP leS iaandM or ia th e males are almo st identical,
wh i le in C oS i la and M ar ia, on th e o th er hand, th e females are almo stidentical, and th e males are difi erent. T h e g eneraare distributed qu itedifi erently acco rding as we turn o u r attenti on to males o r females.
(T h is fact i s specially evident wi th reg ard to l ynm'
i , am ong wh ich
th e difi'
erences in fo rm o f th e females do no t at all co rrespond wi th
th o se g enera, wh ich are establi sh ed on th e basi s o f th e males. )A classification, th erefo re , is much retarded by th e di fi culties
natu rally resulting from th ese anomalies. Generally speak ing , amonghymenOpterous insects, i t is necessary to base th e descri ption on th e
females, as th e characters o f that sexare marked w i th g reater clearness.
W hen th e females are wing less, one i s compelled to turn to th e malesto observe th e neuration o f th e w ing s. In o u r investig ati on o f th is
fam i ly i t appears , as wi ll be seen from th e fo reg o ing , that th ere is a
new difi cu lty, ch iefly consi sting in th e fact that th e males o f knowng enera are all s im i lar to each o th er , wh i le am ong st th e females th e
g enericdifferences are clearly no ticeable.
In th e attempt at classification undertaken by us in th e present wo rk ,
7s R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
we have made use o fmany characters wh ich have no t h i th erto received
due attenti on. E xperience has sh own us that no t one o fth esecharacters,taken separately, can serve as abasis fo r classification, because manyo f th em are combined, in th e mo st oppo siteways, wi th o th er characters.
T h is evidently indicates that th e fam i ly in question consists of several
parallel, o r rath er diverg ing , series, having po ints of contact, in wh ich
are repeated th e same modificati ons, by wh ich co rresponding types
are fo rmed in different seri es.
Sam oa.
1 . Sapygaclavico rnis, L in.
2 . exo rnata, Gerst.
M u r 1 1. n A a.
I eth ooa, Latr.
1 . M eth oca ichneumono ides.
I yrmosa. Latr .
Myrmosamelanocephala, Eh r.
Radosz k owskyi , far.
n un-1, L in , r .
Fedeh enk ia, n. gen.
1 . Fedchenk iagrossa, n.s
Sco u A s.
l oella(Benn Iati oro) .Boolia, Lin.
1 . T r isco lia haemo rrho idalis, Fabr.D i scolia, Sau S Su re e: S ich ] .
2 . Disco liaeryth rocephala, Fabr.flaviceps, E versm.
4 . quadripunctata, Fahr.5. infuscate, Klug .
6. b ifasciata, R ossi .
7
8. Disco liamaura, Fah r.9. Vo llenh o veni , Seuss.10 . Indica,
E lie, Fabr .
T rielis Fedch enk o i , raS .tartara, aaS .
v illosa, Fabr.
Dielis annulata, Fah r.
Paendomer ia, lan d.
1 . Pseudomeria Swanetiae, Radosz k .
T amerlanella, taS .
l ysine, Lab .
Plesia, Lab .
1 . PlesiaFedchenk o i , a.s.
rm .
T iphiamo ri o , Fahr.
femo rata,m inuta, raS .
Karla, Illig .
1 . M eria tripunctate, R ossi .tartara, a.S .
radialis, a.S .
T imurella, IaS .
A PPE N DIX A .—M U T I L L IDA E . 79
M U T IL L IDAE .
BY 0 . Ksar z Rm o sz xo vsxv
OF th e number o f insects o f th i s g enus co llected by Fedch enk o , th ere
are 5 species belong ing to th e E uropean fauna—M g u inq uefaseiata
(Greece), cc Izal ieaé
Greece and R ussia) , r ufipes , montana (E uro pe) ,ug ubr zS ussia, ung S pain) spec1es o f th e fauna o f th e
M editerranean basin—M unenS i S (S pain, A lg eria, Persia) , H ottefl to ta
ivs
I
' E uro e , A lg eria, E t) , ar enar ia (Spain, C aucasus, Persia,
ong o lia r ubr ocincla lg eria) 3 species pure?A fr ican—M con
tinua (E g ypt, S enegal) , decorata, and or nala g ypt) 3 C entralA sian species
—Ill . bico lo r , deser to r um S ung aria, Syr-daria) , cr enala
(S ung aria) and 3 new species undescri ed.
T h e species M decorataand or nata were first co llected b Savi g nyth ei r females are represented in h is excellent drawing s escri pti on
de l’E g ypte ,
”H yménoptéres (Planch es sans texte) , but th e males were
unknown. T h e males and th ei r females were co llected by Fedch enk o—M deco r ata in Zarafshan valley and near th e Syr
-dar ia, and M .
or nala along th e Syr-dariaand in th e Ki z i l-Kum .
A s we have, in th em ono g raph M uti lla,”
publish ed by R ado sz k ovskyand S ich el, in H ora S ociet
‘. E ntom o lo R oS S IZ'ce, tome vi . p . 139
a very complete descripti on [in rench ] o f th e species o f th is
g enus th en known, we bo rrow th ence descr iptions of th e species
met wi th in T urk istan, but previo usly known in o th er co untri es. In
th e descripti on o f new species found in T urk istan we always refer toth e said wo rk [in th e o rig inal] .
Katina, L in.
1 . M uti llaqu inquefasciata, O liv. 1 0 . M uti llaarenaria, Fah r.2 . cephalica, Rad. 1 1 . incerta, n.s , R ad.
3. continua, Fabr. 1 2 . rubrocincta, L uc. , var.
4. bico lo r , Pallas (nec 13. Fedch enk o i, a.s., Rad.
5. T unensis, Fabr. 14. lugubris, Fabr.
6. deco rate, Sav. 1
2.anceps, a.S . , R ad.
7. rufipes, Latr. 1 o rnata, Klug .
8. H o ttento ts, Fah r. 1 7. Zarafschani , far. Rad.
9. montana, Panz . 18. crenata,
[In returning the proof of the above, General R ado sz k ovsky is go od enough to
info rm me that (1 ) five years ag o C aptain Bo loso g lo made an entomo log ical
expedition to T urk istan, and fo und some new Species, among wh ich is a
remarkable H abropodaBoloS og r'
y i , n. S . , H ymeno pt. A pidae (2 ) qu ite recentlyGeneral Ko maro ff has made scientific explo rati ons between Ask habad and
M erv, and among the H ymenopteraco llected abo ut A skhabad (th edescripti ono f wh ich is in the press) are the fo llowing M uti llidae
A gamaBlak u , g . A gamaKo k tics , n.s.
Komaro vi , a.S . T rich o labia es, n. g .
A skhabadensis, a.S . asiaticus, a.s.—H .
80 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
FO R M IC IDAE (A nts) .
Bv DR . GU S T AV Mxva, o r VIENNA .
T H E z o o lo g ical investi ati ons o f Fedch enko have bro ug h t fo rward veryinteresting results in t e fam i ly o f Fo rmicidae, and th e ri ch materials
co llected by h is indefati able activi ty have th e mo re value because
co llected in a co untry 1 e Fo rm ici dae fauna o f wh ich was to tallyunknown, and even from th e neig h bo uring co untri es we were acquaintedwi th only a very small number o f species.
It was anticipated that th e Fo rm icidae o f T urk istan wo uld -difi'
er
little from th o se o f E urope, as th e bo undar
ylline between E uro pe and
A sia is long , th oug h , on th e o th er hand, t e U rals resent a certain
o bstacle to th e distri bution o f species. M o reo ver , t e climatic con
di tions o f T u rkistan do no t very markedly differ from E uropean,wh ile
impo rtant obstacles are met w ith on th e road from T urkistan to
trop ical A sia; and, finally, th e known S iber ian species were identical
wi th E uropean.
Of 36 species co llected b Fedch enko in T u rki stan only 7 are new ,
th e remainder inhab i ting urope. O f th e latter , L as i us n iger and
al iemcs, For m ica lr uncico la, p ratens is. r u bar oi r, ciner ea, and
f usca, Tap inoma er raticam , My r m ica aem'
nod i s, r ug i noa'
zk ,r u losa, scabr inodzlr, and looicor nis , Jetramo r i um caesp i tum , and
S o nopsis f ug ax are distributed over alm o st th e wh o le o f E urope ;P lag
‘i o lep i spyg maea and A phaenog asler str uclo r inhabit C entraland
S outh ern E urope ; Campono tus sy lrzaticus and mar hiatus , Cata
g lyj lz i r viat‘i ca and cu r sor , A cantk o lep is f rauenf e i , Tap inoma
m’
er r im um , B o lh r zbmy r mex mer id i onali r, Aglzaenog as i er bar bar a,
Pfeido le pus i lla, and C r emastog aster sor dida on th e contrary, onlyinh abit S o uth ern E urope , and only certain o f th ese species are dis
tributed towards th e no rth as far as th e m iddle o f C entral E urope.
Catag lyplz i r albicarzs was prev i o usly known only from Spain, and
C ardiocondy la slog ans from N aples and Po rtug al.
H ence i t is evident that th e Fo rm icidae fauna o f T urkistan i s verysim i lar to that o f S o uth E urope, but disting u ish ed from it by 7 new
species. H owever , th is i s no t astonish ing , as th e mean temperatu re
o f summer in T urkistan differs little from th e mean summer h eat in
S o uth ern E urope , and in th i s case only proves once mo re that, in
g eneral, co untries wi th summers alike have g r eater sim i lari ty wi th
regard to faunaand fl o ra thanco untri es lying under identical iso th erm s
wi th difi erent summers. T h is peculianty is evident wi th reg ard to
Fo rm icidae, because, fo r exam le, in I taly and T urk istan th ey have anidentical summer ; and th o ug th e winter in T urk istan is long and
co ld, i t do es no t appear to have much influence o ver th e ants, wh ich
are pro tected th erefrom .
U p to th e present very few species were known from S iberia, ’ vi z .,
Camponotus l zjg'
rz iper dus and lzer cu leanus , Fo r m ica exsecta, r ufa,
pratensis, sang u inea, r ufi oo r éi r and g ag ates, M r m z'
ca laev inodi r,lobicor m lr, and g r anu li nodis . O f th ese only For m ica pr atazsi r,r ufi bar bi r, Myr m ica law inodi s and lobicormlr 1nhab it T urk 1stan.
an Beitrfige z ur Ameisenfauna R usslands, p. 87, S tett. E at. Zeit , 1859.
A PPE IVDIX A —FOR M I C IDA E . 8 1
From th e Ki rg h ese S teppe I received Catag lyp lz i s cu r so r , wh ich
also inhab its T urk istan.
From M on o lia I know only For m ica g ag ates and r ufi bar oi r , th elatter o f wh ic inhabits T u rki stan.
T h e Fo rm icidae o f Persia, w i th the excep tion o f Catag lyj i z i r w’
atica,are yet unk nown ; in A siatic T u rkey, princi pally in A s1aM ino r, Syr ia,
and th e peninsula o f S inai , are known th e fo llowing , the g reater"
po rti on
h aving been descr ibed byme— Campo rz otus sy lvaticus with oar iczgatas
and aetlz iops ,pu bescens , K iesenwetler i , r obustas , ser iceus , lateral is ,
’
P r eno lep i r m tens, P lag i o lep i s pyg maea, L as i us alienus , br unneus,
fl ames , Fo r m ica g ag ates , f usca, Catag lyj lz is viatica,bom bycina,
aloicarzs , A cantk o lep is Fr auenf eldi , L i ometoj um m icr ocep lzalzcm ,
Tap inoma er r aticum , A plzaenog aster bar bar a, str ucto r ,S i r iala,
Sp lendida, subter r anean, icstaceo -p i losa,r uf o leslacea,
dentig er a, M y rm ica scaor inoa
'
is , L eptotlz o r ax ang u lai us , M landcr i , Tetr amo r i um
g u i neense,caesp i tum , M onomo r i um S alom om'
s , g r aci ll im um , to r ease,P /z eia
'o le S inai i ica, S o lenopsis f ug ax , C r emastog aster scatellar i r,
sor d'
ia’
u la, and iner m is .
From th e C aucasus and Geo rg ia are known to me —P lag io lep is
pyffr‘
r
u
zaea, L asi uS ni ger ,br unneus , Fo r m ica exsecta. j r afcns i s
‘
,
u a, Catag lyplz i s U iatica, cu r so r , Pari er a contr acta, A pkaeno
g asi er oar bara, str uctor , M y r m ica r abida, r ug inoa’
zlr, scaor i noa’i s
,
Telr am or i um caesp i tum , P i zeia'o le pall idu la and C r emaslog asler
S o r dia’zcla, o f wh ich approximately th ree
-fi fth s are fo und in T u rk i stan.
C ertain o f th e species inhabiting T urk i stan and E uro pe are also
fo und in N o rth A merica, vi z C amponotus sy lvaticus , marg i natus ,L asi zcs n ig er , alienus , For m icatr uncico la.f u sca, ci ner ea, r afi bar oi s,M y r m ica r ug i nodi s, scaér inoa
’
i r, looico r rz is and S o lenops is f ug ax .
T h e only species k nbwn in E urope and N . A merica, but no t previ o uslyfo und in A sia
, is L asi us um brai us .
E uropean species wh ich live in trees and wo o ds ,—as, fo r example.
Camponotus l zgm'
per dus and k er cu leanus ; th e g enus C o lobopsis , so
common in E uropean wo ods ; Fo r m ica r zca, wh ich mak es h ig h
conical ant-h i lls ; L i ometopum m icr ocep/za um , wh ich in S o uth ern
E u ro pe mak es such exq u isite constructions in h o llow trees o r L as i us
f u lzgrh osus , wh ich bu i lds sim i larly and, finally, th e g enus H ypocl ima—appear to be in mo st cases absent from T urk 1stan.
O f th e new T u rk i stan species [sch nomy r m ex r lzaplz zo'i iceps i s
ipecially interesting . U p to th e p resent, o f th i s g enus were known
lo ng ipes in S ing apo re, Bo rneo , and C elebes ; I . exasper ai zcs , th enative co untry of wh ich is unk nown ; and I . long icefis in A ustralia.
A s two o f th ese species inhabit co untr ies between th e trop ical and
subtropical z o nes o f th e so uth ern h em i sph ere, i t i s th e m o re remarkable
to meet with species o f th is g enus in th e temperate z one o f th e no rth ernh em isph ere , and it may be presumed that th ey h ave existed h ere sinceth e tertiary peri od.
T o th e character istics o f T u rk i stan Fo rm icidae I may add that I dono t know of any co untry in wh ich transito ry fo rm s between two species,and pale
-co lo u red var ieties, are so frequently met wi th .
A s th e new T urkistan speci es are descr i bed[in th e o rig inal] in detai l,
Sm i th , in“ L ist of H ym. co ll. by L o rd, 187 1 , includes C omponents [igni
perduS in th e number of species inhabi ting A rabia, but very pro bably he hasmistaken some o ther fo r that species.
82 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
I have, fo r th e definiti on of known species inhab iting E urope , referred
to
M ayr , Die E uropdisch en Fo rm ici den, W ien, 1 861 and
Fo rel, “ L es Fou rm is de la S u isse,”Zi i rich , 187
In th e fo llowing descripti on I have quo ted only the principal syno
nyms ; o th ers are to be fo und inM ayr’
s Fo rm icidarum Index 8 onym lcus,
”in the Var /I . d . b k . z ool . bot. Ger . i n W ien, 1863, pp . 3 5
-460 .
1 . Camponotns , l ayr .
C ampono tus sylvaticus, O liv. 1 . Ischnomyrmex rhaph idi iceps, n.s.
Fedchenk o i , n.s.
marg inatus, L tr.10. ApM og u tcr , l ayr .
interjectus, a.s. 1 . A phaenogaster bmbara, L .
2 . rilmolopi.’ “ yr .
2 0 M C IOT, L u .
Plag i o lep1s pygmaea, L tr. 11 . I yrmica, L tr .
3, Lat ins, r .
1 . M yrmica laevinodis, N yl
Lasius niger, L .
2 °
alienus, Foerst. i4 . Formica, L . 5,
Fo rm icapratensis, De Geer.truncico la, N yL
12. L eptoth orax, H ayr .
rp fibarbis, F.
ci nerea, Mayr. 1 . T etramo rium caespi tum, L .
fusca, Laberrans, n.s. 14 I onomori um, I ayr .
5. “W WII-h a Poor“.
1 . M onomo rium barbatulum , raS .
Catag lyph is viatica, F.
cu rso r . Fonsco l.
albicans, R og .
pallida, n.s.
6. Aeanth olepi s, I ayr .
1 . A canth o lepis Frauenfeldi , Mayr.7 . Tapinoma, r eerst.
T apinomanigerrimum , N yl.
erraticum , L tr.
1 . Bo th riomyrmexmer idionale, R o g .
[In returning proo f o f the abo ve Dr. Mayr info rms me that h is wo rk on th e Ants
o f T urk istan has been translated into Dutch , and publish ed in T s'
j dsclrn'
flwar E ntomolog ie, xxii i . decl, p. 17-40 (1879
-II . L .]
16. Oardi ooondyla, Emery.
1 . C ardiocondylaelegans, Emery .
16. Ph ei dole, Westw.
1 . Pheido le pusilla, H eer.
17 . Solenopsi s, Westw.
1 . S o le nopsis fugax, L tr.
18 . eremastogat er , Land.
C remastogaster so rdidula, N yl.
subdentate. n.s.
34 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
I . 0 1 1117 1 10 1111, D1 11.
1 . C lapton,CW “
1 . C leptes M o rawi tz i , a.s.
I I . E L A M PIDA B, Dr e.
1 . Omslns, Pans.
Omalus auratus, l .
pusi llus, Fah r.
coeruleus, de Geer.
aeneus, Panz .
2. Biampns, Spin.
6 E lampus ambiguus, l .
g. truncatus,
femo ralis, E vers.
8. H olopm . l .
H o lo pyga o vate, Pall.
ano vi i , n.s.
I I I. H anvcnarnxs, Dre.
1 . H edyoh rnm, Lab .
1 1 . H edych rum incrassatum , S pin.
1 2. lucidulum, l .
1 3. E rsch ovi , n.s.
14 . ruti lans, M eg er.1 5. flavi pes, E vers.16. S o lskyi , n.S .
IV . C nxvsmxnas.
1. Ch rysi s, Fabr .
Group 1 .
C h rysis vagans, n.S .
varico rnis, S p in.
uni fo rm is, l .
Gro up 2 .
Fedch enk o i , n.s.
versico lo r, S p in.
foveata, l .
Grou
p3.
cyanea, in.
indigo tea, Duf.denti pas ,
a.s. , R ad.
ni tidula, Fah r .
so lute, l .
meshe shdi tarsm, S pgr
o
'il
errtalis, l .
diversa,speci osa. a.S .
so ro r , l .
k o kandica, a.s.
sinuata, l .
cyano pyga
superba, a.S .
ruti lans, O liv.
analis, S pin.
Kessleri , n.s.
Gro hmanni , S p in.
armena,
impar , l .
ig ni ta, L in.
Gro up 5.
pulchella, S p.
m icans, R ossi .
sabulosa, n.s.
2. 811111112 1, Spin.
S ti lbum calens, Fabr.8. Polyodontu , rag , Bad.
Po lyodontus S tch uro vskyi , a.s.
V . E vcuxo smar, DL B.
1 . Bneh roeus, Lab .
E uch ro eus quadratus, Kl.
VI . PA R N O PIDA B, DL B.
Par-h opes, Fabr .
Parnopes carnea, R om
A PPE N DIX A .—L E PIDOPTE R A . 85
L E PIDOPT E R A (Butterfl i es and M oths) .
Bv N IC H O LA S G. E R S C H OFF.
T H E L epidopteraco llected by Fedch enk o serve as the ch ief, but no t th ewh o le, o f the materials fo r th e fo llowin remarks fo r I made use o fcertain info rmati on concerning the lep i optera o f T urk i stan contained1n th e wo rks o f M énétriés and E versmann.
’
It appears that th e to tal number known at present in T urk i stan, andincluded in my wo rk , is 367 species , o f wh ich 1 2 2 are species o f
M icro lep idoptera.
T h e L epido pterafurnish ed tomebyFedch enko ,Go li ke,andDobuj 1nsky,were co llected in the eastern part o f th e Syr
-dar ia province, in Kh o
kand, and in th e Zarafshan valley, between 66°
and 73 long . E . fromGreenwich , and 39
°
and 43°
N . lat. T h e species descri d by M essrs.
M énétriés and E versmann, th o ug h co llected somewhat furth er east, andperhaps to th e no rth , are included by me in th e list, on acco unt of th every g reat pro bab i lity that they are also to be fo und in th e pro vincewh ence were obtained th e co llections described in th e present wo rk .
T he Syr-daria and Zarafshan provinces present a very g reat var iety
in the character o f locali ties ; we find in th em a transi t1on, in a h o ri
z ontal direction, from almo st barren, sandy waste to th e most fru itfuloases, and, vertically, from the level o f th e sea to th e perpetual snow
line. Go lik e and Do buj insky co llected in th e oases, th e fo rmer at H az reto r T urk istan ci ty, and th e latter at Samarkand, wh i le Fedch enk o ’
s
expedi ti on visited locali ties of diversified character. S ince th e vari o uslocali ties app
ear to present impo rtant difi erences in th e character o f
thei r fauna, have considered i t necessary to cite th e place wh ere th eI .ep idopteraco llected in T urkistan have been fo und.
T h e month and day (o ld style) o f capture by th e expedi tion is g ivenfo r each specimen, because th e furn1sh interesting data concerningthe time o f th e appearance o f t e vari o us fo rms in T urk i stan. T h eyindicate
’
th e occurrence sometimes o f two bro ods o f such fo rms,
wh ich in E urope a pear in one bro od ; as, fo r example, Spi u ther o S
Spectr um ,E s Lgtkocolletis compar ella, Z. , and o th ers. Final y,
we see from t em that in T urkistan a certain number of L epidopterafly even in th e winter month s, since we find that five species were
co llected in February , th ree in January, and th ree species even in
In Fedchenk o’
s co llection there were in all 32 1 species, i .e., o f all the fo rms
here enumerated. Of these, 86 species , i .e. appeared to be new. S pecimens
of these, as well as o f all animals co llected by th e expedi ti on, are pres erved in the
Zo o log ical M useum o f the Imperial U ni versity o f M oscow. Besides th ose co llected
by Fedchenk o , there were o thers in the co llecti on, caug h t byMyshenk o fi'
, L ov itsky,and Veltsin.
Descri ption des insectes recueillis par feu M . Lehmann. Some L epido ptera
fo und in Bo khara are described here, o f wh ich four species were no t onod bythe expedition, namely, A rm ospi la succinea, E sp , L ig ia ci liar ia, Mén. , L . S im i
liar ia, M én. andMargarodes u u i oualis, H b.
O f th ose enumerated by E versmann there have no t been fo und since Polyom .
A tfiomant/ri S , E v. , Lye. E lvi ra, E v., Ag r otis fallax, E v . , Ag r . aoum i u ifera, E v . ,
H adena k ing/ri m, E v. , II . abrupta, E v., descri bed in th e Bulleti n de la S oci i ti
Impér iale deS N o lu ralirles de M oscou , 1854 and 1856.
86 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
December—Sj r'
rz fl z . calaplzanes, var . lzgam inosa, E v. , C eraloplwrar ad z
'
osella,m . , and L i t/z . compar ella, Z .
T h e present list contains a larg e number o f new fo rms. I do
no t consider i t advi sable to reck on th em as peculiar to T urk istan,as,
grobably, th ey are distr ibuted th ro ug h o ut the neig hbo u r ing co untries.
ut th e fauna o f th ese conterm ino us co untries is li ttle known,a ci rcum
stance wh ich renders difficult th e fo rmation o f an op ini on concerningth e deg ree o f completeness o f the co llections made in T urki stan, and asto what species may yet be fo und th ere.
T he terr ito ries adjacent to T urkistan are almo st enti rely uninvesti
g ated : only a few species from Ko pal and S ungaria are known.
S everal o f them are mentioned in afo rthcom ing wo rk.
‘and to some L epi
daptera, o fwh ich E versmann speaks, h e assi gns avery indefini te habi tat,namely , th e Ki rg h ese S teppe . T o a certai n deg ree M ang ysh lak andKrasno vodsk furnish an excepti o n. In
llune, 1 870 . A . Beck er , o f Sarepta,
fo und in M ang ysh lak 16 species, wh ic are enumerated in th e B u lletin
de la S ocz'
é'
le‘ Impér z'
ale cies N atu r al zlrle: de M oscou , part I .,1870 ,
p. 1 26. On acco unt o f i ts small extent. th e co llecti on o f Beck er was
no t, in any way, characteri stic o f th e fauna o f M ang ysh lak , and the
majo r i ty o f Mangysh lak species appeared in Fedch enk o’
s co llection.
Only 5 of th ese species are no t yet fo und in R ussian T urkistan. 4 o f
wh ich , it may almo st po sitively be said, o ug h t to be met wi th th ere,m
’
z .—N aclz
’
a anelata, var . fam u la, Frr . , L i l/10 .174 um’
ta, E h . ,
Or gy z'
a dubia, ausch . , and T /zalpoc/zar es ” sperm , H b . A s regards
th e fifth species,—P/wf odem a(l ag-ia, sem adam Becker)p lus z
'
an'
a, B . ,
— i ts being fo und in M angysh lak may be do ubted. and it may be
tak en fo r anted that th ere i s an erro r in th e locality assigned. In
1 872 , M r . C h ri stoph co llected at Krasno vodsk , but I only saw a few
o f h i s insects and h eard o f o th ers. A lmo st with o ut excepti on, th e
wh o le o f th em are met with in R ussian T urkistan th e only specieswanting are t
—Lycaena C lz r zlrtop/ u'
, S tg r . in lt'
ll . , Psyclz e q uadr ang ular zlr, C h r . , A xioj ena m u ra
, E ichw. , A g r otzlr r onu ba, L . , and
H el z’
o tlz z’
s nuéz'
era, H .S . , but, in my Opini on, t ere sh o uld be no
do ubt as to th e nding o f th ese latter in th e Syr-dar ia province .
I th ink it sufii cient h ere to compare only th e diurnal L ep i dopterao f th eT urki stan faunawith th e number o f species known on th e wh ole E uro
pean terri to ry, and in certain o f th e better investig ated co untr ies o f th eM edi terranean province, since , o f all divi si ons o f L ep idoptera, R /wpalocar e i s th e one wh ich has been best investig ated , bo th in E uropeanterri to and R ussian T urkistan, wh ere th ey consti tute 2 1 7, (76 species)o f all t e species th ere known.
T h e diurnal L epidoptera o f E uro pe and th e adjo ining co untries] ,acco rding to th e latest catalo g ue o f r . O . S tauding er , number inall 456 species, consequently th e 76 species known in T u rk istan consti tute 1 770 .
In Greece. acco rding to O . S tauding er, 130 species, o r abo ut2 857 ” are met wi th ; in A masia and T o kat, acco rding to J. L edererand J. Mann, 162 species, o r abo ut 3670 ; in Brussa with O lympus ,
M ention is no t made of the fo llowing wh ich were taken in S ungaria, anddescribed by E versmann in the Bulletin dc M oscow fo r 1843, 1846, 1848, and1851
—Pam as:x°
m Delpfifur , P. C lan'
m .Lyman:Pi eretiadtr , C om onymplzaS umac,Callz
’
morplza E pione a mm inan’
a, Gno‘M o: stemmatar z
’
a, S ongar z
’
ca
molh‘
culan'
a, and Galle r ia fi lan’
a. C ertain of th ese will probably be fo und, at afuture date, in R ussian T urk istan.
Fo r no tes 5— 1 1 see o rig inal, p. 3 (in Germanand French ) .
A PPE N DIX A .—L E PIDOP TE R A . 87
acco rdi ng M ann, 133 species, o r abo ut in A nato lia,
acco rding L ederer, 72 species, o r abo ut in Syr ia, also
acco rding L ederer , 82 species, o r abo ut 1 870 in T rans-Baikal,A m ur, an inces, acco rding to O . Bremer and E .
M énétr ies, are numbered 157 s ecies , o r abo ut 3573; and finally,in
th e A ltai, acco rding to th e li st o f L ederer , 1 2 1 species, consti tuting
abo ut are fo und. T ak ing the averag e Of species fo r each O f these
co untries at we see that th e 1 77, o fdi u rnal L epidoptera in T u rk istano nly consti tutes abo ut 3 o f th e no rmal fig ure . From th is we may con
clude wi th reat pro babi li ty that th e number o f di u rnal L ep idoptera
inhabiting urk istan sh o uld exceed 1 2 0 .
W i th regard to noctu rnal L ep idoptera o r mo th s , it'
is decidedly im
po ssible , even approximately, to fo rm any trustwo rthy Opini on, as o f
E uropean H eterocera k nown to me , 169 species are fo und in
T u rk istan, and o f M icro lepidOptera only 1 2 2 species ; besides, th e
abo ve qu o ted seven locali ties Wl th reg ard to H eteroceraare to o little
investi g ated to perm i t Of th e fo rmation o f any Op inionwhatever .
C oncerning th e character o f th e fauna o f T urk i stan L epido ptera, th e
co llecti ons made th ere perm it some deductio ns , but only very g eneral
ones , to be drawn. In all th ere are known 36 species in T urk istan.
O f th ese, 92 , o r constitute new species , an 14 , o r appear th ere
in new fo rms, some o f wh ich wi ll in the fu ture pro bably be reg arded as
independent species , and 25 species, acco rding to resent info rmation,
must with th e new species be reco g ni z ed as peo u iar to th e fauna o f
Tu rkistan.
T h e remaining 235 species, o r abo ut 64% (29 o f th em appear new to
th e L ep ido ptera Of th e R ussian E mp i re) , represent fo rms already knownin o th er parts o f E u ro pe and R ussia. A s th e percentag e o f g eneral
E uro pean species i s very g reat, and as th e new and ch i efly character
i stic species do no t, from th ei r facies , belong to exo tic fo rms, we maysuppo se that th e fauna o f T urk istan belong s to th e so -called faunao f th e E uropean terri to A cco rding to th e calculation o f Dr. S tau
ding er , th e fauna o f th eEuropean territo ry is spread o ver from to
square m i les, and to i t (in addi tion to square m i les
o f E uro pe proper) belong , th e wh o le o f N . A sia, extending so uthwards,in th e eastern part, as far as M anch uria, and in th e west as far as th e
so uth o f Persia ; A rmenia and A sia M ino r ; A l er ia and T ang iers ;Greenland, Labrado r , and certain o th er parts o f o rth A merica. T h e
compreh ensi on o f such a vast extent under a g eneral appellati on i s
fullyjustified by th e g
eneral character Of th e fauna o f th ese co untries,an th e g reat resemb ance o f th e individual species .
T h e fauna o fT urk istan furni sh escertain new pro o fs o f th e g eneral co rrectness o f th us extending th e E uropean terri to ry, as in i t are fo und such
species as Callas N astes , var . cocand z'
ca, m . ,alm o st identical wi th a type
livin in Labrado r ; L imem’
tz’
s L apse/2331 2} 772 sim i lar to th e C alifo rnian
L . o r gm’
m’
l,B Sfiz
'
losoma melanosl lg ma, m . , sim i lar to th e N .
American S . acr ea, Dr . Tbeslo r Fedck enk o l , m . ,represents the g enus
known previ o usl in th e so uth o f S pain and N . A frica; Smer lnl/zw
Ifmder m nm'
,{dq var i o us species o f Syntom z
'
dz , and many o th er
fo rms now known in th e western part o f A siaM ino r.
R especting th e po siti on that th e fauna o f T urk i stan sh o uld occupyin the fauna o f E uropean terri to i t may be wi th out h esi tati on assi g ned
to the so uth , o r so -called M e’
terranean pro vince. T h e 261 known
species, o r 7 1 74 o f th e wh o le fauna o f T u rki stan, as is seen from
88 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
th e list, re resent am ixture o f th e species o f A sia M ino r with S . E uro
pean and teppe species o f th e Vo lg aand U ral.Besides th e abo ve-named species. th e fo llowin are particularly in
teresting from a g eo g raph ical po int o f view —P m ia H ockenwar tl u'
,
H och enw . , previo usly fo und o nly in Lapland, Scandinavia, Swi tz erland ,
and Labrado r ; flypena r evo lu tal zlr, Z . , first fo und in C affraria, th en inSyriaand Persia ; Pkasz
'
ane R zpper lar ia, Dup. , only to be fo und else
wh ere in Provence , in th e so uth o f France ; E u rycr eon m ucosal zlr, H .S . ,
allo tted to th e Balkan Peninsula ; and S taz'
rz to ru'
a medz'
nella, S tg r .
,
known onl in A ndalusia but all now fo und in C entral A sia.
I sh o uld.
fu rther mention the H imalayan C o lfax E og‘
ene, Feld. , fo undby th e ex
pedi ti on at a g reat h ei g h t in th e Kh o kand mo untains ; and two
species 0 H eter ocer a, o f th e exo tic g enera Syneda (S . L ang r'
, m . ) andA z el z
’
na (A . maracandar z’
a ,
T h ese fo rms seem to indicate that th e fauna o f T urk istan tends
towards th e exo tic,but C o lfax~ E og ene m ust be reg arded as mo st
pro bably a fo rm spread over th e upper z one o f th e wh o le central po rtion
o f mountaino us A sia, and the speci es o f S) meda and A z el z'
na, onacco unt
o f th ei r peculiar character , do no t qu ite belong to th e exo tic fo rms .
Besides th ese th ree species there are no o th ers wh ich wo uld auth o ri z e
us to class the fauna o f T urki stan as tending towards th e Indian o r
M alayan fauna.
C o ncerning th e distributi on o f th e L epidoptera known in T urki stanam ong vari o us localities and z ones o f altitude, th e fo llowing catalo g ue
comp i led by me will furnish info rmati on. A s is seen from th i s cata
log ue, th e species co llected by Fedch enk o , w ith in th e bo rders o f th e
co untry, have a very unequal distributi on. A n impo rtant difference
exi sts , no t only in a vertical di rection in th e z ones o f alti tude , but also
in a h o r i z ontal di rection. T h e cause of th e latter is no t th e climatic
difference alone , but th e difi erence in th e g eneral ph sical conditi ons
o f th e vari ous locali ties o f T urki stan. T h e watered cu tivated z one, the
clay steppe. and th e sandy steppe o f K i z i l-Kum present so much differ
ence in reg ard to th e conditi ons wh ich influence animal li fe, that
necessar i ly th e fauna must present di fferences in compo sition. T h ese
differences are expressed in th e catalo g ue, wh ere th e o ri'
nal charac
teri stic localities are arrang ed in separate co lumns. T e catalog ue
also sh ows in wh ich o f th e o th er co untr ies are distributed th o se o f
th e fo rms fo und in T urki stan wh ich were earlier known. T h ese data.
present, with o ut do ubt. a g o od base fo r furth er operati ons in th e same
di rection. I consider it premature, h owever , to make now ,on th ese
fo undations, g eneral deductions concerning th e relati ons o f th e faunaeo f th e different localities o f T urki stan among th emselves, o r concerningth e relations o f th e fauna: o f th ese locali ti es to the fauna: o f o th er
co untries o f th e E uropean terr i to ry. I consider i t suflicient to say h ere,that o f the 46 species fo und in th e sands o f K i z i l-Kum , 1 2 , o r mo re
than appear peculiar to th em ; in th e clay steppe, o f 38 species
3, o r 870 ; in th e bo rder z one , oases, and h i lly co untry , o f 284 Species ,
58 , o r abo ut in th e m o untains from to o f 4 1
species, 6, o r abo u t and finally, in th e mo untains from
to o f 28 species co llected there , 8 , o r abo ut 2857” C ompar ingth ese general fi res , we see clearly that th e Ki z i l-Kum and th e
mo untai ns from .00 0'
to o r A lpine z one ,are th e mo st peculiar
prov inces as reg ards fauna. T he bo rder z o ne. oases, and h i llyco untry, o r cultivated z one , i s th e rich est as reg ards th e number
A PPE N DIX A .—L E P IDOP TE R A . 89
of fo rms th ere met with , and in addi tion is no t wanting in peculiarfo rms : th e mo untains from 4 ,500
’to o r sub-A lpine z one, appears
less peculiar , and th e clay steppe very po o r bo th in th e number o f
species taken th ere , and as reg ards pecu liar fo rms .
T h e fo llowing list o f species is comp i led on th e s stern adopted byM essrs. S tauding er and W ock e C atalo g der ep idopteren des
eu ropaisch en Fauneng eb iets ," Dresden
,In th e matter o f
synonyms I have considered i t sufficient to lim it myself, on th is occa
si on, to quo tati ons from th e first auth o r and references to th e wo rkswh ere th ey are inserted ; m o re detai led indicati ons ma be fo und in
th e abo ve-quo ted catalo g ue o f M essrs . S tauding er and ock e. I also
referred to the best known fig ures o f th e species , and i f th e species
was descri bed in th e Fauna L epidoptero lo g icaVo lg o -U ralensis”
o f
E . E versmann, I have made quo tati ons from it, as th e only to lerablyfu ll wo rk wh ich treats o f th e fauna Of R ussian L epidoptera.
C o lumns 1—5 ive th e distributi on Of T urk istan L epidoptera1 . Plains. ) i z ll-Kum sands from 700
’
to 800'
abo ve th e sea.
2 . Downs . )—S teppes from 750’
to abo ve th e sea.
3. places, such as th e banks and adjo ining meadowso f t oases , o r watered and cu ltivated places ; and h i llyd istricts from 750
'
to 4 ,50 0'
above th e sea.
4 . (M o untains .—Districts from to abo ve th e sea.
5. (Peaks. ) o untains from to above th e sea.
90 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Distr ibu tion in other countri es.
R H O PA LOC E RA .
Papili onidae.
Papilio Machao n, L .
I Iypermnestra H elio s, N ick .
Parnassius A po llonius, E v.
C o rybas, F. v.W.
Actins, E v.
M nemosyne, L . E ur . , except S .W,Altai , A r.
Pi eri dae.
Apo riacrataeg i , L . E u r ope, S iberia, Persia, A riaP1eris brassicae, L .
rapae, L .
C allidice. E sp.
L eucodice, E v.
Daplidice, L .
var I . , Bellidice, 0 .
.
E u ropeanI L , raphani , E sp.
1 3 C olias N astes, B. var. oocandica, E rsch .
R hodocera rhamni , var. farinosa, Z.
Lym ni dae.
T heclam i rabilis, n.s. E rsch .
lunulata, n.s , E rsch .
T hesto r Fedchenk o i , n. E m s.
Po lyommatus S o lskyi , n.s. E rsch .
T hersamon, E sp. S . .E E u rope. W A r ia,et (var. I l . Omphale, Klug . A ria
dispar, kvar. m ti lus, Werneb.
Ph laeas, L .
et (var. 1 1 ) E leus, F.
A thamanth is, E v”
C igar i tis Acamas, Klug . S . A z rg bere .Steppes, Syna, 1’er .ria
L ycaenabaetica, L . . S .W E u r oye, W A r ia,neg ou , Seh ifl
'
. E u r ope, A siadi mer , Per sia,A rgus, L .
et var. maracandica, E rsch .
Zephyrus, FmvBlv1m , E v.
Baton, Bgstr.
93 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Names. Distribu tion in other countries.
H ET E ROC E R A .
S i mmo ns.
77. Dei leph ila z yg o ph ylli , O . S . E . R ussia, IV.
78 euph o rbiae, L . C . and S .
79 livo rnica, E sp.
80 . A lecto , L .
8 1 . S merinthus Kindermanni;Ld.
82 . po puli , L ., var. po puleti , Bienert. Persia
83. Macrog lo ssa stellatarum , L . E uropean terr itory , except IV.
84. S esiach rysidi fo rm is, E sp. C . and S . E u rope, except R ussiavar. turanica, E tsch.
Zygsenidu .
Ino tenu ioo rnis, Z. H ungary , S icily , T“my, A siaGeryon, H b.
var . ch rysocephala, N ick . Swi ss A lps, A ustrianobscura, Z. A sia
Zygaena pilo sellae. E spvar. nubigena, L d. E urope, A lpinesogdiana, n.s. . E rsch .
truchmena, E v.
O livieri , B.,var Caucasus, A sia
cocandica, n.s., E rsch .
et var. m ino r , E rsch .
93. Syntom iabactr iana, n.s. , E tsch .
94 . maracandina, n.s. , E tsch .
et var. cocandica, E rsch .
BOM evens.
96. L ithosis lutarella, L .
var. pallifrons, Z. IV. and C .
Arcti i dae.
97. Deiopeiapulchella, L .S . E u rope, A siaM ino r , India, IV.
98. N emeoph ila russula, L . E ur ope, A ltai , S iber ia, A sia
99. A rctiaguttata. n.s. , E rsch .
10 0 . spectabi lis, T ausch .
10 1 . S pilosomafuligi nosa. L ., var. fervida, S tg r.
10 2 . turensis, n.s. , E tsch .
1 03. melanostigma, Brach .
10 4. menthastrt, E sp.
105. C ossus oampico la, E v. S . Ki rg ltese
A PPE N D /‘Y A —L E PIDOP TE R A
Phrag lnatoeciacastaneae, H b. .
var. albida, E rsch .
1 0 7. H ypoptacaestrum, H b. S . E urope;g lo ri o sa, n.s. E rsch . .
Leucoma flavosulphurea, E rsch.
Ocneriadispar , L . C . and S .
sartus, n.s., E tsch .
Bombycidae.
1 1 2 . Bombyx castrensis, L . E u rope, A siaM'
no r, Persia, A lta
1 13. Lasiocampaso rdida, n.s., E rsch.
l otodontidae.
H arpyiaerm inea, E s1 15. Pygaeraanacho reta, N Zand C . E u r ope, Italy , N .
R oom s.
1 16. Acronyctacentralis, n.s. , E tsch .
psi , L .
Bryo ph i lamaeonis, Ld.
A g ro tis nomas, n..s. , E tsch .
fiammatra, F.
simulans, H ufn.
fugax, T r.
fallax, E v.
exclamati onis, L .
so lida, a. .s E tsch .
tri tici , L .
var. aqu i lina, H b. C . Eur ., S . R ussia, Caucas , Siber iaacum inifera, E v.
conspicua, H b.
ypsi lon, R o tt.
seg etum, Sch ifl'
.
H
Mamestra sir i , a.s., E tsch .
L eineri , Frr. , var. cervina, E v. S . R ussia,tr i foli i , R o tt.
i rriso ria, n. .s , E rsch .
sodae, R br.
ch ryso z ona, Bk h . S. Swed. , C . 61“ S .
serena, F., var. Obscura, S tg r. .
14 1 . L uperina immunda. E v.
H adena k irgh isa, E v.
M aud C .
abjects, H b. N . Gr C . E ur . ,
lateri tia, H ufn.
leucodon, E v.
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S I A
Names. Distribu ti on in o ther countr ies.
148. Mycteroplus didymo g ramma, E rsch .
149. C alamiaph ragmttid1s, H b.
1 50 . A rgyro spi la succinea, E sp.
151 . L eucaniaco nig era,F. M S ’ C .E ur . ,
152 . v itellina, H b.
153. Bogdano vi , n.s. . E rsch .
1 54. Amph ipyra trag opo g onis, L . E ur .
1 55. H ipteliaminiag o , Frrrr.1 56. Dysch o rista suspecta, H b. IV. and C . E u r ope, S iberi a1 57. Sco liopteryx libatrix, L . E u r ope, A sia M ino r , S .
"
ber 1a
1 58. Xylom iges conspici llaris. L . C . E u rope, S . R ussia, A lta:
1 59. Calophasia C h risto ph i , n.s., E rsch. .
160 . C ucullia bo rypho ra, F. v . \V. S.E . Russia161 . argentina, F. S . R ussia, W. S iber z i z
162 . Plusia gutta. Gn. S . E u r ope, S i ber i a, A sia Al inor , Per sia
163. circumflexa, L . S . E u rope, A siaM m o r . A lta1
164. h i , H b. . H ungary, S . E urope, A sia M sno r
165. H ochenwarth i, H ochw. Sw itz en , L apel. :oeden, Labra.
166. I Ielio th is jug o rum ,11 .s. E rsch .
167. di saceus. L .
168. tig er, Sch i ff. C .
169. ci ldi , n.s. E tsch .
1 70 . C haricleadelph inn, L . C . and S . E urope, A sia Elinor 11
1 71 . Acontia H ueber i, n.s. E tsch . c
1 72 . lucida. H ufu . S . E u rope, A ltai A siaM i no r, N . Afr rca
1 73. luctuo sa. E sp.
1 74. T halpochares pallidula, I-I -
.S S . K z rg beseS teppe, A sia1 75. g rati o sa, E v.
1 76. g r iseo la, l‘. rsch . . .S S teppe,
1 77. Pho thedes k isi lkumensis, a.s. Ersch .
178. secunda, n.s. E rsch .
1 79. A groph ila trabealis. S c. C . i n S .
.
E u rope, A ltai , A siaet var. nig ra, E rsch . .
180 . M etoponia subflava, n.s. Frsch
18 1 . och racea, n.s. E tsch .
1 82 . E uclidiamuni ta, H b.
1 83. m ir ifica, n.s. E rsch .
1 84. S yneda Lang i , n. .s , Ersch .
185. Pericymaalb identaria, E rr .
186. A eantho lipes regulari s, H b.
187. L eucanitis rada, B.
sesqttistria, E v.
189. cai ltno , L ef.
panaceo rum, M én.
191 . cestis . Mén.
192 . fiexuosa, Mén.
193. spi lo ta, n.s.,E tsch .
1 94. Pseudo ph ia syriaca, Bugu ion
195. C atocalaclo onta, E s
196. puerpera, ioma S .
197. neonympha, E sp.
198l
A PPE N DIX A —L E PIDOP TE R A
Distri bution in o ther countri es.
S pintberops, g lebico lo r, n.s. E rsch .
di lucida, H b. S . E u rope, A s. M i nor , N .W Afr 1caT oxocampacraccae, F.
H ypenaravalis, H .S .
revo lutalis, Z.
Pseudo terpnapruinata, H ufn. C . és’ S .
Ph o rodesma smaragdar ia, F. E u
E ucro stis herbar ia, H b. , var. advo lata,N emo riapulmentar ia, Gn.
Acidalia rufaria, H b. C en.
straminata, T r.
deg enerar ia, H b. E ng land, S .E . E u rope. Aadulteraria, n.s., E rsch
halimodendrata, n.s.,E tsch .
Beck eraria, Lcl.
marg inepunctata, Go ze. C . é ° S . E u r . , A lta1, A s.
flaccidaria, Z. S . R ussia, Caucasus, A s1a
o rnata, S c. E u r ope, A sia .Mino r,N .W
T imandraamatar ia, L . E ur ope, S 1ber ia, Caucasus, A s1aS teganiadalmataria.A z elinamaracandaria, a.s. , E rsch .
H imera S tsch uro vskyi , n.s. E tsch . .
E licriniasubco rdaria, H .S .
H ibernia occataria, n.s., E rsch .
Biston cinerarius, n.s., E rsch .
Boarm ia repandata, L . E urope, S iber ia, A siacocandaria, n.s. , E rsch .
Gno pho s Iveni , n.s. , E rsch .
2 29. Phasiane R ippertaria, Dup. var.
230 . E ubo liaarenacean'
a, H b. A ustr ia, S . E . R ussia, A sia
et var . flav idar ia, E v.
231 . E usarca terrestraria, Ld.
232. L ig ia tnranica, n.s., E rsch .
ci liaria, Mén. .
sim i liar ia, Mén.
235. S terrhaanth oph ilaria, H b.
, albidaria, E tsch .
L ythriapu rpu raria, L .
et var. ro taria, F237. L ith ostege g riseata, Sch ifl
'
. C . E ur ope, S. R ussia, A siaS taudingeri,
Anaitis excelsata, n.s.
E u rope, A sia24 1 . C idaria s., E rsch .
fluviata, H b.
po lyg ramntata, Bkh . .
E upithecm 1nno tata, H ufn.
pum ilata, H b.
95
96 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Names.Distr ibu ti on in other co untries.
M IC RO L EPIDOPT E RA .
PY R A L I D I N A .
C ledeo biaco nsesso ralis, n.s. , E rsch .
armenialis, Ld.
infumatalis, n.s., E rsch .
H ypo tiacr ibellalis, n.s. E rsch .
A g lo ssa p ingu inalis, L .,var. asiatica, E rsch .
A so piaco stalis, F. C . and E . E u r ope, A mu r ,farinalis, L .
T alis quercella, S ch iff.
Sco paria incertalis, Dup. S . E u rope, except R ussia, A siaA po rodes flo ralis, H b. S . E u r ope, A si aM ino r ,E phelis cruentalis, H b.
E mprepes pentodontalis, n.s., EtschA nth o ph i lodes baph ialts, S tg r . Greece, S .E . R ussia,T eg o stomacomparalis, H b. .S . R ussia. A sia
A esch remo n disparalis, H . S . S .E . R ussia. A sia
Bo tys falcatalis, Gn.
sang u inalis, L .
fracti linealis, C h r. in lit.
monialis, E rsch .
cespi talis, Sch ifii , var . intermedialis, Dup.
po lygonalig
b.
H b.,var. mer idionalis, Wk .
nubi alis, H C . and S E ur ope,rubtg inalis, H b.
E urycreon
lgnudalis, H b.
sticticalis, L . E u rope, except extreme N . ,
muco salis, H . S .
clath ralis, H b. S . E .
verticalis, L .
N omo ph i lanoctuella, Sch ifl'
.
O ro bena frumentalis, L . C . 6“ S . E u r . , S iber ia
Margarodes unionalis, H b.
H ydrocampanymphaeata, L . C . E urepe, A
Oh i loni dae.
2 78. Sci rpo phagapraelata. Sc.
2 79. Sch oenobius ntellus, Sch ifl'
. C . E u rope. S .
280 . o rficellus, T hunb. C . E u r .
,N .W GJ‘ S J'I.
28 1 . mucronellus, Sch ifl'
.
282 . C h i lo phmgmi tellus, H b. . C . E urope, N . PV. R ussia
283. C rambuscraterellus, Sc. .var.cassentiniellus, Z. S . E u r " A s. Mm .
284 , inq uinatellus, Sch i fli . E u rope, Syrsa, Persm
perlellus, Sc.
var. Warring tonellus, S taint..
lV. Eu rope, CaucasusE romene ocelles , H w. E ng land,
funiculella, E v.
A PPE N DIX A —L E P IDOP TE R A
2 88. Diozctriag r ella, E v.
90
N ep opteryxanew. Zk .
Dah liella, T 1 .29 1 . Pempeliasemirubella, Sc.
var. sangu inella, H b. C . andS . E ur ope,2 92 . cyr iella, a.s., E rsch .
293. oblitem telh :n.s., E rsch .
2 94. campico lella, a.s. , E tsch .
2 95. nucleo lella, M oesch .
296. l vo rella, u .s., E tsch .
297. Gymnancylabarbatella, a.s., E tsch.
carph ia lixi viella, a.s. E tsch.
Einischnia sateptella, H .S .
yelo is desertico la. S tgr .
rh odoch rella, H .S . ,var. delicatella, M oesch .
couve ens, n.s. , E tsch .
urbicel n.s. , E tsch . .
cn'
brum , Sch i fl'
. . C . and S . E u rope, A ltai ,vestali ella, n.s. E tsch .
.
alh is n.s., E tsch .
liturose la, a.s. , E tsch .
T engstro em iella. n.s. E tsch .
A lispaacervella, n.s. E tsch.
310 . E uz opheraobli tella, L . S .W E u r ope, S .E . Germany ,
31 1 . H omoeoeomasinuella, F.
31 2 . dealbatelln, n.s. , E tsch.313. Anemstia lo tella, H b.
314. ablutella, Z.
315. E phestiaelutella, H b.
316. M elissoblaptes bipunctanus, Z. C . and S .
31 7. anellus, Sch ifil .
T on'
rmcn u.
T o rtrix ch ondrillana, H . S .
C onchylianomadana, n.s., E rsch .
retextana, n.s. , E tsch .
contractana, Z.
Manniana, F. v. R .
Penth inaZeller iana, u .s. E tsch .
Aphelia lanceo lana, H b.
robustana, C h r.
Gmph o li tag raphana, T r.
foenella, L . C . E u rope, Greece, C a
Tm ema.
Gh om ti du .
328. C h o reutis Bjerkandrella, T h unb. 0
var. preti osana, Dup.
S imaeth is par iana, C i .
97
93 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Names. Distribution in other countr ies.
Atyoh idu .
330 . A tych iam inutula, a.s., E rsch .
331 . H apsiferaluridella, Z.
332 . T ineacloacella. H w. C. E u rope, S .E . R ussia, Sardi nia
333. fuscipunctella, H w. E urope, Brussa
334. co lonelle, a.s., E rsch .
335. long ipennis, a.s. , E tsch .
336. caeru lipennis, a.s., E rsch .
337. T ineo lamacropodella, n.s. , E tsch .
Am lepi du .
338. A cro lepiaexsuccella, n.s. , E rsch.
339. H yponomeutapadella, L .
Plutollidu .
340 . E ido
pll
zasiaM essing iella, F. v. R . E ng land,
34 1 . Plute cruci feramm , Z. A ll
Psecadiapusiella, R oemer. C . GJ‘ S . E u r ., W S iber ia, A s.
dist1gmatella. a.s. , E tsch .
Cpyga, Z. E ,u rope aucasus, B russa, Persia
Depnessariafig mmmm lms
u .s . E tsch .
po liatella, u .s, E tsch .
Bryo troph
;g lebpfoo lo rella, m t. Emch .
Parasia pella, E urope, except extremeN .
C erato h oprape
radiosella. u .s., E tsch . .
C lad es biareatella, n.s. , E tsch .
M egacraspedus exo letellus, n.s., E rsch .
Pleuro taao rsella, C hr .
Oecoph o rabisinuella, n.s., E rsch .
354. Graci lariastigmatella, F.
355. phasianipennella, H b.
var. aurog uttella, S tph . E u rope, exceptextreme i V.
Colooph oridu .
356. C o leo ph o raalcyonipennella, Ko ll. N W R ussi ,a C . E u rope,Uta/y , B russa
Lavorni du .
357. L avemadeco rella, S t h . , var .
358. a, n.s. E tsch.
Elaoh isti due.
359. E utalis capitalis, E rsch .
300 . tabidella. H .S .
var. in u i linella, E rsch .
36 1 . S taintoniam inella. S tg r.
362 . H eliodines R oeeella, L .
1 02
06 6 10
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A PPE N DIX A .—N E UR OP TE R A . n ;
N E U R OPT E R A .
BY R OBE R T M A C L A C H L AN ,L ondon.
T H E co llecti on o f N eu roptera made by Fedch enk o afi o rds a to lerablywell defined indicati on o f th e character o f th e N europtero log ical faunao f th e T urk istan countries, wh ich up to th e present has remainedalmo st
enti rely uninvestigated .
N o twith standing th e fulness o f th i s co llection, i t is certainly im
po ssible to draw from it any conclusions re
garding th e number o f
species to be fo und in th o se reg i ons ; and in o r er that such conclusions
sh o u ld be po ssible, we requ i re m o re continuo us and special investiga
ti ons by persons no t burdenedwith th e diversified and fatig u ing labo ursalways connected wi th travel in unk nown co untri es.
T h e character of th e T urki stan N eu roptera, so far as we may judg efrom th e materials co llected by th e expediti on, i s decidedly E uropean
a g reat many o f th e speciesco llected inT urk istanare no t onl E u ropean,but even W est-E u ropean species. T h is sim i lari ty o f th e urk istan to
E uropean fauna i s, h owever , less sharply defined than that o f th e
S iberian N europtera, wh ich I had occasion no t long ag o to investigate .
In th e T urk i stan co llecti on th ere i s an impo rtant number o f new species
wh ich belong to E uropean g enera. On th e o th er hand , in that co llec
tion is remark ed an unimpo rtant m ixture o f th e Indian element,wh ich i s sh own in a species o f the g enus fam i lyA scalapb z
'
dae, and a species o f th e g enus D z’
nar t/z r um o f th efam i ly Tn
'
ck optera. R epresentatives o f th ese g enera have, up to th e
present, been fo und only to th e south o f th e H imalayas . T h i s unim
po rtant m ixture o f Indian fo rms do es no t, h owever , really alter th eth o ro ug h ly mark ed E uropean character o f th e co llecti on.
T h ere are as many as 6 species o f P lampm m'
a in th e co llecti on, o fwh ich 1 7 are new. Do ubtless th e m o st remarkable o f all th e species o fth is fami ly is th e above-mentioned new species of th e g enus Idr z
‘
cem .
Ano th er species -o f the sam e fam i ly i s common in Eastern E uropeA sc. K ob eanem
‘
zlr. Aly rmeleom'
dae are represented by 15 species,! o f
wh ich 7 are new (in that number one new g enus) .T h e presence in th e co llecti on of Gymnam m z
’
a var z'
eg ata, a veryrare 3 ecies inhab iting Italy and Greece, i s very interesting . Amongth e k rysop z
'
dae th e re resentative o f th e new genus C lz rysofi zlrca isvery remarkable. T h e em er obz
'
z'
da are comparati vely few. T h e g enusM antzlr a is represented by one new species. Of th e interestingg enus 124 7 , one specim en i s found in th e co llecti on belong ing ,
perhaps, to th e speci es described from T u rk ey. Of th e Panorp z'
dae,S z
'
alz'
dae, R apfz z'
dzdae, and N emoj ter zdae, th ere are none at all in th eco llecti on ? T h e prom inent speciali ty o f th e co llecti on, with reg ardto P lanz
'
pefzm'
a, i s wi th o ut do ubt i ts r ich ness in M y rmeleom'
d'ae.
M o re than one half o f all th e specimens o f N europteraco llected byth e expedi tion belong to th e Tn
'
clwptera, o f wh ich th ere are in th e
In addi ti on to the species enumerated below , there is A cantltad zlnir acd tam‘
ca,Ramb. from Kuldja, accidentally om itted from th e list.
1‘ One specimen o f Boreas was tak en by Fedch enk o in the environs o f
Samarkand, in the early spring o f 1860 . T h is specimen was unfo rtunatelydestroyed dur ing the transit o f the co llecti on from M o scow to Lo ndon.
8
R US S IA N CE N TR A L A S IA .
co llecti on as many as 40 species, in th e majo ri of instances new .
One is struck wi th th e small number o f species 0 Pk ryg aner’
dae andL z
'
rrm opl u'
h'
dae in th e co llection, and by th e predom inance of species
o f th e g enus flydr opsyclze, wh ich g enerally live in slowly-running
water . A s man o f th e localities vi sited by Fedch enk o are exceeding lyelevated, i t is iflicult to explain th e larg e number o f H ydr opsychefo und by h im , and th e almo st to tal absence from th e co llection o f
R lzyacop l u'
la, wh ich live, as i s k nown, g enerally near swiftly-running
water .
‘ T h e exam inati on o f th e vast materials co llected by Fedch enk o ,belong ing to Tn
’
clwptera, co st me g reat labo ur . N o twith standing mywi sh to treat in detai l as far as po smble all th e materials sent to me,
have unfo rtunately been oblig ed to leave some species o f T r z'
clzopteraundefined and undescr ibed.
T h e fam i ly Eplzemer z'
dae is represented in the co llecti on b abo ut 80s imens, belong ing to th e g enera Bai ti r , C loé
'
on , tag em’
a,
eptoplz lebia, and C entr optz'
lum . A detai led description o f e species
I consider impo ssible, on acco unt o f th e specimens being g reatlychang ed b drying . Eaton,
wh o also saw th e T urk istan Ephemer a ,
sim i larly eclined to mak e a description from dry specimens. One
Epecies, th e identificati on o fwh ich i s certain, is th e common E uropean
8 to
g/debit: marg
'
z'
nata, L .
f rocz'
dae one species o f Caea'
li us, is found in th e co llecti on, and
one wing less species , apparently an undeveloped C lo tl u'
lla.
On tak ing up the exam inati on o f the N eu roptera co llected by Fed
ch enk o , I fo resaw that th e Per l z'
a'
ae wo uld present th e eatest
difliculty to me, as even th e larg est E uropean species are yet from
being sufi ciently investig ated,no t to speak o f the multitudino us small
fo rms . N o t having yet decided to undertak e a mono g raph on the
Per l z'
dae o f the Bntish Isles, I was ver
ydoubtful o f my ab i lity to
properly treat th o se o f C entral A sia. n th e co urse o f time, on a
clo ser acquaintance wi th th e co llection, I qu ite convinced myself that Ish o uld act very wi sely in confining myself to th e indicati on o f th e
probable number of species in each g enus , and only in afew excepti onal
cases permi t myself to descr ibe certain new fo rms. A ltog eth er in th e
co llecti on th ere are mo re than 180 specimens of Per lz'
dae, all belong ingto E u ropean g enera. T h e g reater po rti on o f th e Per l z
'
dae co llected byth e ex editi on belong to th e g enus N emou r a, and to th e little-known
allied o rms.
Finally, th e Ter m z'
tz'
dae are represented in th e co llecti on by some in
completely developed specimens , wh ich I am no t in a po sition to
determ ine.
N E U R OPT E R A , s. rtr .
PLAN IPE N N IA . 4 . Formicaleo , Brunet .
M Y R M I L I O N I D A B . r. Fo rmiealeo tetragmmmicus, Fabr.
1 . Oreeg rie, H agen.2 . lineatus,
t. C reag r is plumbeus, O livier .
3 . Gymnoenemie, Schnei der .
1
6
M
l ym eoeelms,ou t“ E
gan.
l . Gymnocnemtavanegata, Schneider.
2 . majo r, M ed l8 . H u m an, l eeLaehlen, n. gen. 3, Fedchenk o i , Mac
I . Maracandaamoena, MacLachl. , ” J. Lachlan, n.s.
In T urk istan mountains there are exceeding ly few ri vers, compared wi th
E uropean mountains, the culti vated z one being watered by slowly-running canals.
Does not th is explain the fact wh ich struck the autho r i—E dW s w .
1 16 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
PS E UDO N E U R OPT E R A .
T E RM IT IDA L
E r uw eni nxn.
1 . LeptOph lebiamarg inata, L in.
Psocrnn .
Pen man.
l . Di etyopterryx, Pi ctet.
1 . Dictyopteryx O lgae, MacLach , n.s.
1 . Perla oocandica, MacLach lan,2 . cadaverosa,
3. immersa,
ODON A’
I‘
A .
By DR . F. BR A U E R, o f Vienna.
Lmnu uu nu . 6. Oph i og omphul , De Belye.
1 . O ph i omphus se ti uus, C ha
1 . L i bellule , L .
08 rpen IP
8. Onych og omph us, De Belyt .
1 . L ibellulaquadrimaculata, L .
1 . Onychog omphus flexuosus, Ramb.
2. L i belle, Breuer.
1 . L ibellabrunnea, Fonsc.A GR IO N IDA E .
z . albistyla, De S elys.
8 . Croooth eiui l , Breuer . l. Onlopteryx, Leech .
1 . C roco them i s eryth raea, Brullé. 1 . C alo pteryx splendens, H4 . Di plu , Cherp.
1 . Diplax pedemontana, A lli oni .
2 . depressiuscgla, De S elys. 8. Loot“ , Leech .
3. F0 11500
0 10 111.
ii , L estes vi rens, C ha
4. meri di onalis, barber-
g;Fifi“
Anscnmnxn.
8. l ympyene, Cherp.
Acre/i nfi rm .
Sympycna fusca, Vanderl.
Am },
1.
51:50?“
t :‘
T paedisca, Brauer, nonE versm
1 na 11 15 an er
a. m ix, Leech4'
1 . Anax fo rmosus, Vanderl.E rythrommav mdulum , C harp.
z . parthenope, De d s. 5. h ohnure, Chu-p.
Gomph inae. 1 . Ischnurapum i li o , C harp.
8. Gardnleg u ter , Leech .2 senegalense, Ramb.
1 . C o rdulegaster insignis, Schneider. 3. Ag r ion, Fabr .
4 . Gomphnl , W h 1 . Agr ion pulchellum , Vanderl.
1 . Gomphus flavipes, C harp. 2 . cyath igerum , C harp.
[T h ere i s no introducti on to Odonata in Fedch enk o’s wo rk , but th ere
exists an article in German (g iv ing th e locali ties o f th e species, and afu ll descrip ti on o f Sympycnapaedzlrca, enti tled Verz eichniss
der von Fedtsch enk o in T urk i stan g esammelten Odonaten, bearbei tetvon Pro f. Ft iedt . Brauer , in th e Ver fiandlung en o
’
er kai ser lz'
ck
kb’
u fig h t/z en z oo lo‘fikck -botam lrd zen Gesellsclzaf t in W ien. Jah rgang
1880 , xxx. Band, ien, 188 1 and p . 75, 1 882 . .C .]
8. Chloroperle, N ewman, Pictet.
4 . leopteryx, Pictet.
Impteryx montana, Pictet.
tripunctata, Scopo li .
curta, MacLach lan, n.s.
6. 03 111113 , Pictet.
8 . Teeni opteryx, Pictet.
1 . T aenio pteryx maracandica, Mac
Lachlan, n.s.
7 . Kon oura, Latr . , Pictet.
N emours variegata, O li vi er.
o rnata, MacLachlan, n.s.
A PPE N DIX A .—OR TH OPTE R A . 1 17
O R T H OPT E R A .
BY H . D1; S A U S S U R E .
T H E co llecti on o f O rth optera made by Fedch enk o in T urk istan i s so
far complete that it enables us to g iveapretty clear ideao f th echaracterof th e O rth optero us fauna o f th ese h ith erto li ttle investig ated reg i ons.
T h em in
gling th erein of E uropean specieswi th Indian fo rms is surpr i sing ,
as also t e comparatively small number o f species, th e di str ibuti on o f
wh ich is lim ited to T urk istan and th e neig hbouring countries.
T h e species mo st common inWestern and C entral E uropeare th roug h
R ussia and th e C i s-Caucasian steppe distributed as ar as T urk istan, wh ere th ey apparently attain th ei r extreme lim it towards th e
east, and consti tute th e ch ief and fundamental element o f th e local
fauna o f O rth o ptera.
O th er species , wh ich a pear only in S o uth R ussia, and extend as faras T urk istan acbyptera, apparently have th e steppeas th e centre o f th eir di stributi on ; from th e C asp ian S ea, as from a
centre, th ese fo rms are distr i buted over E uropean R ussia, S iberia,T u rk istan and A siaM ino r .
T h ere are much fewer Indian than E uropean species in th e T u rk istanfauna, wh ich may be explained by th e di fference in climate o f India
and T urk i stan. T h e non-E uropean s ecies fo und in T urk istan are
th o se exclusively belong ing to S . A sia H z’
er odu la), wh ich have eith er
only reach ed T u rk i stan, o r are distributed furth er to th eWest—to th eC aucasus, and A sia M ino r . i
W ith th ese South -A siaticspecies o th ers from mo re distant co untries,
particularly from A frica, are m ing led. S uch fo rms, fo r instance,as M anti s w or n and th e g enus O xyfl zesp zlr, pro er to S enegal,extending to T urk i stan pro bably th ro ug h C entral and est A fricaandA rab ia, are especiall remarkable.
T he O rth optero us auna o f T urk i stan presents a very strang e resem
blance to th e E uropean fauna i t i s parti cularly like the fauna o f S o uthR ussia, and contains a lar e uantity o fWest-E uropean species. I t isdisti ng ui shed no t so much y o rms exclusively peculiar to i t, as by th e
concurrence o f species wh ich are no t fo und tog eth er in o th er co untri es.
T h is fauna, tog eth er wi th that o f the C asp ian, S o uth -S iberian and A ralsteppes. and probably that o f A siaM ino r, m ig h t be called th e faunaof th e A siatic steppes.
T he s ceies treated o f below by me were ch iefly co llected byFedch en 0 . Furth er, I have included th e material in m po ssessi on
relative to T urk istan O rth o ptera, co llected b C o lonel ushakevi tch ,
and fo rwarded to me b M r . M aser . In th e i st g iven by me are also
included th e species escribed by vari o us auth o rs from th e co untries
lying near T urk istan, and wh ich i t is necessary to regard as belong ingto th e same fauna.
DE RMA T O PT E RA .
Fo ur icuu ua. E arwigs. 8 . r od ents , L ., et euet.
1 . Labi dura, Leech . 1 . Fo rficulaauricularia, L .
1 . Lab idura ri paria, Pall. b ig uttata, Latr.
8. 14 1118 , Leech .decipiens, Gene.
1. Labiamino r , L .Fedchenk o i, a.r., Sauss.
'
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
34. T eeniaC a rim n.s. 40 . ore.
35. ces‘Zicillz
lssyM o lin. 4 1 . N itz sch .
36. tetrag ona. 4 2 . truncata, n.s.
37. U rogalli (T . tumens, Mehlis; 43. Pseudo podis, n.s.
T . m icrops, Dies ) . 44. o sculata, Goez e.
crassula, R ud. (incl. T . sphe 45. Bo th riocephalus latus, R ud.
nocephala. R ud. ) 46. Bo thridium
perlata, Goez e. 47. L igula
L ist of the species (o f C estodes) fo und in T urk istan, inmanand vari ous animals.
H A M " A L IA
9. T aeniadenticulata.
45. Bo th riocephalus latus.
z . T aeniamerg inata (C ysticercus) .ech inoco ocus (sco lex) .coenurns.
cucumerina.expanse.
ran.a t“ Cat. 0.pre h i rot l . Goat.
T aeniacrassico llis.
2 . Taeniamarg inata (C ysticercus) .
elli ptice.
8 expanse
Arctomys, M armot.
10 . T aeniamami llana. 1 1 . T aeniatransvei saria.
AYE S .
Pterocles elchees. Sand Grouse.
1
gT aeniamalleus. 16. T aenia oh velata.
1
19
36° “3t 7 38. T aeniacrassula.
4 1 . megalops.
Genus et spec. i gnet.
14. T aenia innom inata.
Scolopax, S upt .
15. T aeniaparadoxa.
38. T aeuiacrassula.
Upupe epops. E uropean H ooper.
28. Taenia intricata.
1 2 . T aeniamicro phallos.
13. variabi lis.
Gallus domesticus. Fowl. frug i legus. R ook.
30 . T aenia infundibulifo rm is. 35° Taeniaamnia.
35. cesticillus.
36. tetrag ona.
2 1 . Taeniaserpentulus.Perdix g reen . Greek Partr idge. 24 , constricta.
37. T aenia(U rogalli
l eg eloperdix 1 N M 29 1" S W24 . T aeniaconstr icta.
20 . T aeniavi llosa.
37. 2 2 . T aeniaangulata.
A PPE A ’DIX A VE R M E S . 1 2 1
M aude, s. Osprlmulg us, r. M eeker .
34. Taenia Caprimulg i.
Petrccinelacysnes. BlueR oeb fi lm s/i .
2 3. Tw ig Petroci uclae.31 . T aenia o rientalis.
2 2. Taem‘
aangulata.
32 . T seniapraecox.
M “ , Pelee cench rls. L esser Kestrel.
26. T aeniaundulata. 39. T aeniaperlata.
C inclus equati ons. Dipper . l i lvus stei (l ilvus melanotis 1)
2 7. T aeniapo lyarthra.0
33. deh iscens. 40 . T aeniamasti g opho ra.
R er u n s.
Ag ents sang uinclents. Pseudopus Pallasi i.
4 2. T senia truncate. 43. T aeniaPseudopodis.
P1scz s.
44. Taeniaosculata.
{In returning the pro o f of th e above, Dr . Krabbe i s cod eno ug h to
in o rm me that h is part o f Vermes co llected by Fcdc enk o embracedonly th e C es
'toedea, and that th e N m ato z'
dea, T r ematoda, and A ran
tfwceplzala have been described by Dr . von L instow , o f H ameln, in
Germany, and ubli sh ed in th e A r clu'
v f i r N'
atu rg esclu'
ek te, 1883M . Grube, o Breslau , underto o k th e descri ption o f certain o th er
wo rms, external parasites o f b i rds etc. H e did no t
su rvive, h owever , to complete h is wo rk fo r th e T ravels in T u rk istan,
”
th o ug h M adame Fedch enk o info rms me that, after h is death , th e
descripti on o f th e parasites was publish ed in some German periodicalo f N atu ral H isto ry
—E L ]
APPE N DIX B.
TH E FL OR A OF R U S S IA N T UR KISTA N .
N considering the flo ra o f T urkistan,— if we start, as
with i ts fauna, from the no rth-east, we beg in wi th th e
R ussian bo tanist S ivers, wh o at the end o f the last centurypenetrated to the T arbagatai mo untai ns. We have next
L edebo ur, wh o , in 1 8 2 6, travelled up the I rti sh to Lake
Zaisan, and 1 4 years afterwards publ ished an enumeration
o f plants in the who le R ussian Empi re. Dr. Schrenk also ,
from 1 84 0 to 1 84 3, co llected p lants in S ungaria in the
T arbagatai , A la-T au , and abo ut th e A la-Kul, which were
described first by Fischer and M eyer, and afterwards by
Schrenk, to the number o f 937 species. Further , in
1 84 1 , the neig hbo urho od o f the A la-Kul, and th e upper
courses o f the L epsa, Sarkan, and Baskan r ivers, to the
snow l ine in Eastern S ungaria, were visited by Karelin and
Kiri lo ff, who se co l lectio n numbered 932 ,species.
T hus matters remained unti l S emeno fl'
,in 1 8 57 , cro ssed the
I li , and pushed on to the no rthernmost rang e o f the T hianS hari , called the T rans-I i i, o r S o uthern A la-T au. H is
co l lection o f p lants o f 34 species was described by R eg eland H erder, and to th is I shal l presently recur. T en years
later a jo urney was made further to the so uth by O stenSacken, and as a resu lt abo ut 2 50 bo tanical species weredescri bed by R uprecht in 74 pag es o f the M emo ir : of tire
A eademy of S ciences in Petersburg .
If next we approach T urkistan from th e no rth-west, wehave A lexander L ehmann cro ssing the U rals, and proceed
1 2 4 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Bo tanical Gardens in Petersburg , and the so n, Dr. A lbert
R eg el , a distr ict surgeon in T urk istan. In 1 879, Dr. A lbertR egel made a famo us jo urney beyond the R ussian bo rder to
T urfan. H e has explo red bo tanical ly the reg ions east o f
Ku ldja, also S em irech ia, S ungar ia, the enti re T h ian S haw ,and
all the A la-T au, the d istr icts abo ut T ashkend and Samarkand,Eastern Bo khara as far as Darwaz , S h ig uan, etc., and west
as far as M erv. Wh i lst the yo ung er R egel has thus widelygathered, the elder R eg el has g iven descriptions o f T u rkistan
co l lections. H e published , in 1 8 7 5, N ew Plants Growingin th e T urkistan R eg ion,
”and later have appeared several
mono g raphs (R osaceae, Berber ia’
eae, etc.) from h is pen in the
Gar tenfl o ra, tire T ransactions of tire Botanical Gardens of S t.
Petersburg ,and the “Descr i ption o f new and rare T urkistan
p lants co l lected : by Madame Fedchenko , as wel l as by
K o ro lk o fl'
, Kuschak ewicz (wh o v isited the Pam i r) , A . R eg el,and Krause
”
; but a complete l ist o f the plants o f C entralA sia has yet to be compi led .
“
Fo r the present i t w i ll be seen that o ur avai lable info r
matio n co ncerning the T urkistan flo ra is mo re fragmentary
than that relating to its fauna ; and acco rd ing ly, when I
went to Kew to ask fo r a l ist o f p lants that wo u ld g ive some
idea o f the flo ra o f R ussian C entral A sia, I was to ld thatno such l ist existed , and that, were I a bo tanist, i t wo u ld takeme two years to make one. I fo und , however, at the L innean
S ociety’
s l ibrary ,wh ich was mo st kind ly placed at my ser
vice, th e l ist o f S emeno fl’
s plants as described by R eg el andH erder. I was to ld that the l ist was so far representative
that it m ig ht pro bably be used fo r a fo undation by anyo ne
desi ring to make a fuller l ist, and I therefo re g ive i t below.
E N U M E R A T ION OF PL ANT S C OL L E C T ED BY P. S EM E N O FF,
N O R T H A N D S OU T H OF T H E IN 1857.
BY E . R E GE L AN D F. VO N H E R DE R .
S E M E N OFF’S jo urneys to uch ed th ree extensive distr icts : A) T he
N o rth ern, o r S ung arian A la-Tau (8 ) T h e S ou th ern, o r T rans li A laT au and (0) T h e T h ian S han, abo ut Issi k -Kul.
Madame Fedchenko info rms me that she has commenced to make alist of herT urk istan plants, wh ich , thoug h no t more than half done, numbers 940 species.
A PPE N DIX B .—FL OR A . 1 25
(A) Tire N or tlzer n A la-Tan at its western extrem ity sinks into
th e broad low countr
yof th e S teppe, wh ich extends at an alti tude o f
between to 500 ar is feet to th e Balk hash basin. T h e h i g h land
roper extends easterl to th e low co untry between th e A la-Kul and
Ili , and has a centra crest wi th an averag e h eig h t o f wi th
peak s exceeding I t embraces th e A rassan chain, th e Djonk ep lateau , th e Kopal, Djan s A g ach , A ltyn
-Immel, A laman, and th e
Kalii chains. Only th ree , owever,o f th e numero us r ivers and stream s
o f th is district reach th e Balk hash Lak e, th e o th ers lo sing th emselves
in th e extensive sandy downs and reed marsh es o f th e S teppe.
(8 ) T h e S ou ther n A la-Tan, between th e I li depression and th eIssi k -Ku l plateau , rises at a di stance o f abo ut 40 m i les so uth o f th e
I li , as a co lo ssal rang e, th e central po rti on o f wh ich reach es h ig habove th e snow line. Its crest has an averag e hei g h t o f and i ts
peak s of nearly T h is m ountain chain, of abo ut 130 m i les in
leng th , consists 0 two about equally lo fty, parallel, crystalline-fo rmedcrests, wh ich in th e m iddle are jo ined by a bo ld g rani ticcro ss-yok e.
T h e interval between the crests is filled wi th layers o f sedimentarystone trending from east to west. T h e 11 per part o f th ese strata i sfo rmed of m ountain limestone, th e lower 0 silici o us and clay shales,
probably belong ing to th e transi ti on per iod o f th e m ountai n rang e .
T h e mo st impo rtant secti on of th i s chain i s th e T alg arnyn-T al-C h o k u ,
wh ich attains a h ei g h t o f 1 T o th e west o f th i s m o untain are
situated th e Kesk elen and lmaty passes, to th e east th e C h inbulakand M aibulak passes, all o f th em at a h eig h t o f from to
T h e m o st impo rtant rivers of th i s di strict, and so uth ern tributaries o fth e I li are th e C h ili k wi th its confluent th e Jenish k e, th en th e T alg arri sing in th e T algarnyn
-T al-C h o k u , wi th th e two A lmaty rivers.
(0) s epor ti on of tbcT Iz z'
an S han vi sited by S emenofi'
is separatedfrom th e south ernA la-T au by a plateau about 50 m i les broad and 150long , in wh ich th ere is spread o ut th e basin o f th e Issik -Kul. T h eclimate o f th e surro undin plateaus i s considerably ro ug h er than that
o f th e low co untry o f th e i , wh ich is no t to be wondered at, since th eT h ian S han attains an averag e h eig h t on its crest o f and on its
peak s o f nearly Pari s feet. Fine m o untain streams, m o re than
40 in number , ri sing in th e so uth ern A la-T au and in th e T h ian S han,
r un straig h t acro ss th ese valleys, and transfo rm th e usually steri le
S teppe so i l into ferti le arable land . A m ong st th e streams may bementi oned th e Ko k djar , th e Karkara, th e T i
’
lh , th e T u rg en-A k su , th e
Kach ka-su , th e Zauk u , th e Sary-Djas, and a few so urces o f th e N aryn.
A ll th e m o untain spu rs on both bank s o f th e lak e consist o f crystallinerock s, namely, g rani te and syeni te, wh ich are th emselves g enerallyoverlai d with a sedimentary cong lom erate. T h e main crest of th eT h ian S han ag ain i s no t uni fo rm th ro ug h out i ts wh o le length , butappears between th e Sary
-Djas g o rg e and th e easterly so urces o f th eN aryn to fo rk o ut, and run furth er to th e west in two parallel crests,separated by th e impo rtant long i tudinal valley o f th e N aryn. A m ong stth e mo st impo rtant o f th e passes of th is rang e o f m o untains wh ichS emenofl
‘
vi si ted, is th e Zauk u pass, th e abso lute h ei g h t o f wh ichreach es and th e Kok djar pass attaining a h eig h t of feet.In all th ree districts (A, 8 , may be clearly di sting u i sh ed five (and if
th e snow z one is included, six) natural z ones Tne S teppe z one,
so uth of th e Balk hash Lak e, o f 500'
to occasi onally feet,Paris feet E ng lish ) , and so throughout th is appendix on Flo ra.
1 26 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
includes th e best winter stati ons o f th e nomads, in consequence of its
m i ld climate, and th e alm o st to tal absence of snow. T h i s zone
po ssesses gou ite th e character i sticfl o ra o f th e A ralo -C aspian depression
i n its H a phytes , A r temtsz'
as , A strag als , Tamar i shs , etc. (2 ) fi re
cu ltivated z one o f from 1 ,50 0’
to contains th e finest arable lands.
In i ts h erbaceo us plants th i s z one has much mo re resemblance to
th o se o f th e E uropean, R u ssian, and West S iberian lowlands. N ever
th eless, amon st th em occur also some g enu ine A siaticfo rms such as
S oph o ra alo ecu r o z’
des , R h eum cuneatum , etc. (3) T he Rene-tr eez one o f to contains timber su i table fo r fixed settlements .
T h e P inus Sch r enh z'
ana i s a character i stic p f th is z one. T h e te
mainder o f th e tree veg etation consi sts o f P opu lus tr emu la, P .
suaoeo lens, Betu la mur ophylla, S o r bus A ucupar z'
a, and some species
o f Satin. (4 ) T he A lp ine meadow z one o f from to
includes th e h ealth iest, and fo r th e no u r ishment o f cattle th e riche‘
st,
summer stations o f th e nomads. O f bush es th ere are foundyunzper usPseudosabz
’
na, Car ag'
ana j u bata, some s'
r eas and P otentz'
llas .
T he A lpine plants consist no t only o f i ts own peculiar descripti ons, but
also o f th e A ltai , C aucasian, E u ro pean, and even H imalayan fo rms.
(5) I h e H i g h A lp ine and g lacier z one, from to con
tains the fo llowing disting u i sh ing h ig h A lp ine plants
glacz
'
ali r, H eg em one l z'
lacz'
na, R anuncu lus altaz'
cus , oar
raba p i losa,stellata, etc. (6) T he snow z one from th e
petual snow (1 feet) up to th e tops o f th e mo untains.
[In th e fo llowing li sts , th e R ev . W . W . T yler has k indly suppliedfth e
E ng lish equ ivalents , and after each o rder th e number o f species th erein
fo und respectively in C entral A sia and (br acketed) in Bri tain. Bycompari son o f th ese , M r . T yler remark s,
“ it i s interesting to no te
h ow o rders represented by numero us species at h ome may be loo k ed
fo r in sim i lar propo rti ons in T urk istan.
”I t sh o uld be remembered,
h owever , th at th e res relating to Great Bri tain are furnish ed by manylabo urers wo rk ing o r many years, wh ereas th e C entral A sian list repre
sents th e co llecti on o f one traveller only, du r ing one jo urne and must,
th erefo re, be regarded as incomplete . Bear ing th is inm in h owever , i t
may be no ticed from th e materials befo re us that th e number o f o rdersfo und in Great Bri tain, but absent in T u rk i stan, is about 25, wh ereas thenumber o f o rders found in T u rk i stan, but absent in Britain, i s onl 9 ;and each o f th ese contains a very lim i ted number o f species. anyh undreds o f L ich ens , M o sses , H epaticze , etc. , found in g r eat Britain,are barely mentioned in th e C ryp to g am o us plants o f S emeno fi s li sts,wh ich latter , it may be observed , contain several plants new to science.
I t sh o uld also be added that one locality only i s g iven h ere to each
species o r variety named, wh ereas inth e o ri g inal th ere are sometimes
several ; and vari eties o f a species, o ften numero us in th e o rig inal, are
h ere usuallyconfined to one line—H ZL .)A BBR E VIA TION S
A . N o rth ern A la-T au. M . M ountain.
8 . S o uth ern A la-T au . C h . C hain.
0 . T h ian S han, abo ut Issik -Kul. V . Valley.
P. Pass o r passes. S t. S teppe.
R . R iver.
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Time of bloe E levaN ame in Latinand E nglish . L ocali ty.
som or frui t. ti o n.
37. T ro llius asiaticus, fl typicus Glo6e Flower A Karatau C hain
38. patalus, 8 sibi ri cus Do . 8 R iver A lmaty MayH eg emone li lacina A8 0 M tn. Passes July. 8 to
396. E ranth is long isti pitata PVinter A coni te M o g o l-T au March
4ou . Iso pymm anemono ides 8 0 M tn. Passes July, 7 to 7, 500'
fumari o ides
g randiflo rum July, 8 to42a. A qui leg iag landulo sa, var. jucunda C olumbi ne Ivano vsk -bielak 4 , 50 0
’
lactiflo ra, a leucantha Issyk-Ku
hybrids
Delph inium camptocarpum , y song o ricum Lar kspu rvar . dasycarpumvar. mgulosumcauoasmm, 8 hirsutum
dictyocar um , var. g laberr imum ,
et pubi o rum Ko k pek t T o
Aconitum A uth o rs. U baVal eyL ycoctonum, e vu ipa R i ver Djenish ke Julyro tundi fo lium 8 0 M tn. Passes Julyapo llus, 8 racemosu A lmaty Pass A ug . ,
alpinum Keskelen Pass A ug . ,
Paeoniaanomala, var . hybrida 8 Balyk ty May
I I .—BE R BE R IDE A E 5 Bar ber ry Fam ily .
52. Berberis heteropoda 0 A lmaty Pass , T ub Valley May
53. integerrima Ili Valley Maysibi rica S .E . A ltai M ountains
54 . L eontice vesicar ia I li Vallev Mayaltaica R iver A lbabek
116.—N YM PH A E A C E A E 1 . Water-lily Family .
34 . N ymphaeaBasniniana Water 'L i ly . R iver Ko kpek ty
I I I .—PA PA VE R A C E A E 1 2 Poppy Fam i ly .
55. Papaver alpinum , var. crocanthum 8 Mabulak Pass8 nudicaule Kasu M ountain
pavoninum A ltai M o untains
56. arenarium R iver T uraigyr
57a. C helidonium majus A lmat Pass
576. R oemer ia hybrida M og o-T au
57c. refracta T urk istan
57d. bico lo r Do . T urk istan
58a. Glaucium squam igerum H orned Poppy A raldjel Pass586. elegans Do . M o l-T au
.Do. I li alley
59. C h iaz’
hsperm i iin pendulum Ili Valley
A PP E N DIX B .-FL OR A 1 29
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
IV .—FUM A R IA C E A E 10
C o rydalis rutaefo lia .Fum itory
L edebo uriana Do .
Do .
g laucescensDo .
long iflo ra .Do .
nob ilis Do .
S emenown D o.
Go rtschak o v u Do .
capno idesDo.
FumariaVai llanti i Do .
V —C R U C IFE R A E 1 29 M ustard Fam i ly .
66a. Barbareavulgari s, var. arcuataR ocket
,6 str icta Do .
666. N asturtium lustre Water C ress63c. rachycarpum
66d. Matth io la runcinata
é5e. Fischeri
67 . T urr itis glabra
68. A rabis fruticulosa
69. pendulaC ardam ine impatiens
parv iflo ra
7 1 . Parryasteno oar a
nudicaulis, L ., [3 linearifo lia .
flabellata
72 . M eniocus linifo lius
73. Farsetia spath ulata .
74 . Berteroameans.
75. Psi lonemadasycarpiim
long i stylum
A lyssumminimumS z ovi tsianum
alpestre, a to rtuosum
a. m icrophyllum
6. vulgare
Drabapi losa, a o reades
y commutata
repens, var. leg itima
Wah lenberg i ilacteastellata, a nivalis
Bhebecarparupestri s, a leiocarpa
h irta, a leiocarpa, var.
inm a, L ., y hebecarpa
0 confuse .
nemo rosa, var
B hebecarpa37a. muralis .
876. C ochlearia g randiflo ra
Fumi tory Fam ily.
N ear Ayag us A pri l
Bug un March
Karatau Pass March ,M o untain S pr ings . May
A A yag us, and BienValley, A prilBukonbei M o untain, A pril
8 Kurmenti Pass J une,Ko kdjar Pass June,Bien Valleys May
A Bien Valleys May
8 Djassyl-KulC h imk ent
R iver Ko kpek tyN eig hbo urh o od o f SalairN ear Kh ojend May
Do . A ral S teppe S eptemberT ower 111 11 310 7 41 8 R i vu let M erke A pri lR och C ress A Keyssyk
-A us Pass MayDo . 8 R iver Djenish ke June
B i tter C ress B0 R ivs. T algar, T ilh . May, June0 0 Zaisan distr ict.
A raldjelPass ; 0 Sary-djas, MayR ivulet M erkeS . T h ian S hari M ts.JulS o urces o fMai-Dschi lilc, MayA rganaty M o untains MayB Kopal, V ierny S eptemberA rganatinsk MayT urk istan May,Kasu M o untains
M adwort S o urces o f M ai-Dsch i lik , MayDo . M o g o l
-T au A pri lDo . Zmeino g o rsk in A ltaiDo . Banks o f the IrtishDo . Kasu M o untains
T urg en Pass
T urg en and Zauku Passes, June,Sartau M o untain
S ar tan M o untainKo kdjar PassKo kdjar PassKaratauT sch in-Bulak June,A laman C hain
M ar ita-K i ll e e
Sartau M ountainR iver MerkeS yrjanowskKara S u
I li Valley
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
88 . T h laspi cochlearifo rme
oerato um
arvense,
perfo liatum , L .
90 . M egacarpaea laciniata
gigantea
91 . E uclidium syr iacum
92a. tataricum
926. C h o rispo ra Bung eana
B p ilulosatenella
a g labriuscula
h ispidasi bi rica94
95. MalcolmiaafricanaB stenOpetala .
7 intermedia
runcinata
L edebo uriBungei
B lasiocarpa
96. H esperis matronalis
aprica Do.
chyrh i za Do .
gunawarensis, var. hi rtula. Do.
97. L eptaleum fili fo lium
98. S isymbr ium junceum H edge musta
Bsoong o ricum Do .
brassicaefo rme Do .
heteromallum Do .
L oeselli i Do .
S o ph ia H ixweea
1 0 2 .
10 3.
1 0 4 .
1 0 5. E rysimum
1 0 76
1 0 7c. T etracme
nudum , S ewerz owi , et alliaria
co nto rtuplicatum ,var . parviflo rum P
brev ipesT hahanum
C heiranthus, hum illimum
versico lo r, Bdentatumy integerrimum Do .
Do .
Do .
Do .
Do.
Do .
Do.
B strictum Do .
canescens, var . subintegerrimum Do .
repandum Do .
q uadrico rnis, B long ico rnisP10 8 . T aph rospermum altaicum
109. Camelinamicrocarpa
B brevi styla1 10 . E utremaE dwardsi i
1 1 1 . alpestre
1 1 2 . C apsella rocumbens
1 13. ursapasto ris
Djenishke
Apr il, May
T algar .
Guq ewskR ivulet M erk e
V ierny . A pr'il
8 Ayaguaand A lmaty, MayV iernyR iver
yKnlg trt
R iver Dalg ut
enish
t
i eo hmic
Kuian
ViernyR iver Kok
u
k ty . MayS iuliuk ti- aR i ver I li
A yag usV ierny .
0 M tn. Passes
R iver Kalg uttyM o g o l-T auV iem
g. Mayteppe . May
T algar MayZaisan district . MayR iver KokN ei ghbourg
e
ooilyDjel-T au M tn.
V iernyT urk istanM og o l
-T au
Ko kdjar PassR iver M erke
U ral S teppeSchary .
0 KarkaraA rassan
E verywhere, roadsides, etc. Feb.
R US S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
N ame in Latinand E nglish . L ocali ty , 3:
VI I I .—DR O S E R A C E AE 2 S ande-w l y .
1 27. Parnassia lustr is. C ro ss of In Mamh lands
1 28 . manni , var. subacaulis Pm 8 O S treams
IX.—POLYGA L E A E 1 M um —t Fam i ly .
1 29. Po lygalavulgaris, B comosa Al i lkwort 8 0 T uraigyr
X .—S ILE N E A E
Diantlms campestns, Bg laberalpmus, var. S emenovucrtni tus
superbus (fl . alb.
var. subo btusus
recticanlis
Gyso ph i lamuralis
acutifo lia, var. Gmelini .
panicu lata
altissimaVaccariav
S ilene inflata var .
1"
nana
nutans
alta10a
chlo rantha
1 52 . saxati lis
153. Lychnis apetala
Bcaespitosar uralensis
1 53a. Floscnculi .
1536. sibi riea
154. Acantho phyllum spinosum
1 55. paniculatum
XL—A L S IN E A E 2 2 C lti ekweed Fami ly .
156 Sag ina L innaei Pear lwort T arbagatai M tns. June1 57 g lobulosa Do. 8 R iver C h ililt
158. verna, Bvulgar is, var . micropetala Do . A Ko pal C hainvar. macropetala Do . Ivano vsk Snow Mats.
al tris var. Do . 8 Ko pal hain1 9. Alsine b i o ra, Bcarnalosa K urtnenty Pass . J1 Vi llaran, B psi losperma R iver Zauku
R iver Ko kpekty JaneA Kapnl C hain8 0 A ltsu ValleyDjel-T auR iver Kask elen
ViernyViernyKirg hese S teppe
K irg hese S teppeR iver R etlrara
Valleys in A latau
Issyk-Kul Plateau.
Kurmenty Pass
N ear Salai rKi rg hese S teppeZaisan
,
Kurmenty Pass:Kopal C hain
R iver Ko kpelttyR iver T abga
N ear K0 pal
T o ert-Koel
I li ValleyN ear Salair
Kirg hese S teppeGrantiboden
C h i lik ValleyKurment Pass
R iver T e es
A PP E N DIX B .—FL OR A
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
161 . A renaria long i fo lia162 . g raminifo liavar.
1 63. yllifo lia
164 . M oeh ring ia
ser
fiterifo lia, B intermedia,6 ang ustifo liar umbro sa
5 g racil164a. S tellarianemo rum , et vars.
1 65. g lauca, et vars.
166. C erastium pilo sum
trigynum , et vars.
maximum , Bfalcatumlith ospermum var. 8 todah uncum
vulgatum , Bg landulosumalpinum var.
inflatum
arvense var .
XIL—L IN E A E 1 Flax Fam i ly.
1 74. L inum perenne Flat 8 R iver A lmaty
XI I I .—M A L VA C E A E 5 (8) , MM allow Fami ly .
1 75. Lavatera thuring iaca T ree M allow B V ierny . June,1 76. A lthaea o flicinalis . M arsh M allow 8 N ear V ierny
Bpallida Do . T own Ko kpeltty1 77. nudiflo ra Do. 8 Vierny1 78. Malvabo realis M allow 8 V ierny
XIV.—H YPE R IC E N E A E 5 S t. fi An
’
r Wor t Fami ly .
1 79. H ypericum A sycron S t. yoAn’
r U baValley1 80 . perfo ratum Do . C h i li k Valley
h irsutum Do . Bo ggy clay g ro undscabrum var. Do . R iver Kaldjirhysso pifo lium , et vars. Do . Zaisan district
XV.—A C E R A C E A E 1 M aple Fam ily .
183. Acer S emeno vn M aple 8 Almaty Valley 3 to
XVI . -GE R A N IA C E A E 10
Geranium sibi ricum C ranes6i lltubero sum Do.
albiflo rum Do.
pratense Do .
afli ne Do .
saxattle Do .
co llinum vars. Do.
rectum var. Do.
divaricatum Do.
E rodium S emeno vi i S tarks/ri ll
XV II . -BA L S A M IN E A E 1 Balsam Fam i ly .
194. Impatiens yarviflo ravars. Bauam A B Mm. Passer 4 to
Ki rg hese S teppeR iddersk
8 R iver DjenishkeR iver Kaldp r
Islands in R iver Obi
R iver T abulgatyMarka-Kul JV i llage O so tsch icha
R iver Kurmenty May,6 6,50 0'
Zarevno-A lexandrovsk
8 0 M tn. Passes May, 7-900’
R iver L epsa.
R iver T argu
0 R iver Kare
ltaraMarka-Kul
R iver Karkara
R iver AlmatyKopal C hain
C fam 6ill Fam i ly .
8 Kopal
N ear Barnaul
0 R iver Zauk u
A R i ver Kopalka
R iver A lbabekA 8 R iver Kopal
Bukon
8 0 R iver A lmatyA S teppe near R iver I liA S teppe near R i ver Ili
R U S S IA A ’ C E N TR A L A S IA .
Name in Latinand E nglish . L ocality ,
T ime of 1110: Elmsom or (11 111. ti on.
XVII I .—ZYGOPH YL L A C EA E 4 Bean, Caper , and Gariamm Fam i ly .
195. Zygophyllum brachypterum Zaisan distr ict Maymacropteran M tns. o i Do lon-Kara
196. T ribulis terrestr is . R iver I li
197. 2yg ophy11a0 ea Valley
XIX.—R UT A C E A E 3 R ue Family.
198. Pegantrm H armgla I li Valley
199. H aplo hyllum 1eve1s11 8 N ear R iver Lepsa-3,5p
latifo lium N on Baskan
XX .—DIOSM E A E 1 allied 10 R ue Fou
‘
ly .
20 1 . Dictamnus Fraxinella N ear the R iver Kaldjat
XXL—C E LA S T R IN E A E 1 St Fam ily .
XXI I .—R H AM N E A E 2 (2 ) BueAtAoe-n Fami ly .
20 3. R hamnus catharticus 8 R iver T urguenN itrar iaSch ober i Zaisan Plateau
XXI I I .—PA PIL ION A C E A E 1 24
20 5. T hermopsis lanceo lata206. alpina20 7 . M edicag o platycarpa208 . 1
'
alcata
var. deserto rum
209. T rigonellacancellata2 10 lycerata
2 1 1 . M elilo tus ba
2 1 2 . ofiicinalis2 13. ratense
2 14 . rag iferum2 15. lupinaster, et vars.
2 16. repens
co rniculatus .
2 18. Glyci rrh izaasperr ima2 19. Bdeserto rum2 20 . 6 intermedia2 2 1 . t typica2 2 2 . C araganaarbo rescens2 23. frutescens
2 24 . B mo llis2 25. 7 intennedia
2 26. pygmaea
2 2 7. traganth o ids i et vars.2 28. juhata2 29. H alimodendron argenteum
230 . S phaerOphysasalania
False Fami ly .
Santasch Pass
R iver A lmaty‘
to
R i ver Karkara
Ili ValleyK i rghese S teppeT he Black Irt1ah
A 8 R iver T algar
I li ValleyKirghese S teppeV ierny .
A rassan C hainV ierny .
ViernyIssylt-Kul
B A rassan C hain
N ear
sell
S er
piopo l
Djus-agachy
.
Zaisan distr ict
T s:ghese S teppe
l-rys
T sch i lizmValley
A rkalyk
0 M erlte, Issylt KtilZauku Pass
I li ValleyR iver Ko lgutty
R U S S IA JV C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latin and E ng lish .
A stragalus litho ph i lus
buch to rmensis
2390
290. 11cm
291 . ch lo rodontus (a.r .
292 . lanug ino sus
293. lasioPetalus
294. soabr isetus Mai-ti lbe . M ay295. hypo gaeus Bajan-Baku rah . M ay296. testicu latus N ear Barnaul
297. Pallasi i A rassan
298. C icer song o ricum var. R iver IGarkai'a299. V iciasepium Veto/1 , Tare Ki rg hese Steppe
300 . megalo tropis
C racca
li lacina
sylvatica
00 5 13 13
mu lticaulis
altaicus
tuberosus
pratensis
309. 1.111t pis1to rm is
310 . palustr is
31 1. O ro bus iathyro idesvernus
31 2 . subv1llo sus
313. S emeno vu
314. luteus
315. albus var.
316. H edysarum splendens var .
31 7. so ng o ricum
3 18. po lymo rphum , et vars.
319. neg lectum N ear Ko pal
320 . obscurum A 8 M 10 . Passes to
32 1 . S emeno vn A rganaty
32 2 . sati va, et vars. T arbagatai
323. pu lchella B V ierny
324 . A lhag i C amelo rum A I li Vaylley
325. 8 0 pl.0 raalo pecuro ides A A rassan C hain
326. Ammodendron S ieversu I li Valley
XXIV F—AMYGDA L E A E 4 A lmond and Plan Fami ly .
327. A mygdalus nana A lmond District o f Zaisan
328 . Prunus A rmeniaca. C her ry
329. ro stratavar. Do .
330 . adus Zaisan M o untain
XXV.—R O S A C E A E 47 R osare Fam i ly.
331 . Spiraeatrilobata . M eadow Sweet A rkat M ountains
332 . hypenci fo lia, Bmicro phylla A K i rg hese S teppe
333. Oblong l fo lla Do. 8 0 111 the Valleys to
334 . crenata Do . Distr ict o fZaisan
A PPE N DIX B .- FL OR A . 137
N ame in Lainand E ng lish . L ocality.
Time “ N 99 E levasom or frm t. t10n.
335. S piraeamedia
336 laevigata
U lmaria
Dryas octo petalaGeum strictum
rivale
alpina
A lchem illavulgaris
Ag r imoniaeupato ria
pilosa
S ibbaldiaprocumbensDryadanthe BungeanaC hamaerhodos erecta
Po tenti llasupina
no rweg ica
pensylvanica, et vars.
sericea, et vars. 3 to
multifidavar. 5 to
fragario idesT uraigyr
R iver Karkara 5,50 0 .to 6.00 0'
B T urai gyr 6, 0 0 0’
Salair
K i rg hese S teppe
Lake Marka-Kul
fruticosa, et var.
C omarum Salesso vm 6 to
Fragariamo schata
R ubus caesius
H ulth em iaberberifo lia
R o sa pimpinellifo liavar .
platyacantha
acicularis var.
cinnamonea
laxa
Geblerianavar.
XXVI .—POMA C E AE 7 Apple and Fear Fam i ly .
378. C rataegus sang uinea H awthorn R iver Baskan
379
iii :332
pinnati fida Do . Issyk Kul ValleyC otoneaster vulgaris Kalgut
Jnummulariavar. 0 T ub alleymultiflo ra T uraigyr Pass
383. Pyrus Malus . 0 Valleys
334 aucuparia M ountain A 0. Valleys
District o f Zaisan May, June0 Ko kdjar ValleyB V iernyN ear R idders
0 R iver Karkara 5,500 toDistr ict o f ZaisanN o rth K irg hese S teppe
A B 0 A laman M o untams
Marita-Kai
B ViernyBulton in K irgh ese S teppe
M nts. in T arbagatai
B 0 Valleys
Dj il-T auB V iernyK i rghese S teppe
B A rkat M ountams
A B 0 Mari ta-Kul
0 A k k ia
B 0 S eyrelt-tas
B Buk onbai
R iver Kulun-Ketsen
K i rg hese S teppe
B T uraigyr
B T arbag‘
atai
0 K i r hese S tep0 Zau 11 Valley
8 R iver Kaldj i rB Vierny
SA K i rg hese te
B Buk unbai .
ppe
A B KopalA R iver Kara-Sn
A k su ValleyR iver Schulba
A I li Valley
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
N ame in Latinand Eng lish .
XXVI L—ON AGRA R IAE 5 E vening Pri mrose Fami ly .
385. E pilobium ang usti fo lium PVi llow IIer6 B C h ili lt Valley386. lati fo lium Do. Kebin Valley387. h irsutum, et vars. Do .
388 . palustre Do.
339. ro seum Do. Valleys
XXVII I .—H A L O R AGE A E 1 A llied to E veni s
Z’Pr i mrose Family , but aquatic ;
sometimes called M are’
s T'
l 0 7 (Balfour) .
390 . Myriophyllum vertici llatum Water M ilfoil Kirghese S teppe
XX IX .—L YT H RA R IA E 1 Lem my.Fami ly .
391 . Lythrum vi rgatum L oosestnfi [Kirghese S teppe
XXX.—T AMA R IS C IN E A E 6 Tamar isk Family .
392. Myricariaalo pecuro ides R iver Bion
393. davur ica Ko kjar Pass394 . Tamarix elongata I li Valley395. laxa K i hese S teppe
396. Pallasu var . I li alley397. h ispida I li pick et-station
XXXI . PO R T U LA C EA E 1 (r). Purslane Fami ly .
398. C laytoniaJoanneana Ivanovsky Djelok
XXXI I .—PAR ON YC H IE A E 1 Knotwort Fam ib'.
399. H erniariag labra R upture Wort | Ji1~T a11
XXX I I I .—C R A S S U L A C E A E 14 (I S). S tonea'
op Fami ly .
Umbi licus afii nis Ivar/elw rt Ji l-TauL ievenu Do.leucanthus Do.
spino sus Do.
platyphyllus Do.
glpestris Do .
emcno vu Do . 6S edum quadrifidum
,o o o
g elidum
coccineum
R h odio la var.
7 tenui fo liumurpureum
wetsu
hybridum
A rassan o o
Ki rg hese S teppe
Jassyl-KulKopal C hainKesk elen PassIvanovsky BielokT urguen
-baschZauku Valley 8 ,50 0
’
I vano vsky S now M ountainsT amgaly
-tas
Salai r
K0 pa1 C hain|A B J11-T au
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latin and E nglish.
H eracleum dissectumPachypleurum alpinum
Daucus caro taScandix pi nnatifida, var.
A nth r iscus sylvestris
nemo ro sa
C haerophyllum Presco tt"
sphallerocarpusCach rys odontalgwa
macrocarpaPleuro sperrnum austriacum
A ulaco spermum anomalumSch renk ia vag inata
XXXVI I.—C APR IFO L IA C E A E 9A do xamoschatellinaV iburnum Opulus Guelder R oseL onicera tatarica
XylosteumB macrocalyxh ispida
Bh irsutio r
y alpina
caerulea, var.
Bvi llosa
microphylla, var.hum ih sKarelini
XXXVI II .—R U BIA C EA E 10
A sperulaA perine Woodmfh umi t
'
usa, var. Do.Galium m ati le, var. Beds-tram
rubio ides, var. Do.
bo reale Do.
B latit'
olium Do.
verum, et var Do.
cruciatum, var. Do.
tenu issimum Do.
so ng o ricum Do.
verticillatum, var. Do .
XXXIX .—VA L E R IA N E A E 7 Valer ian Fami ly .
489. Patriniasibi rica i' Ivano vslty S now M o untains
490 t rupestr is, et var.“
1‘ B T uraigyr June
491 . Valer ianellaplag io stephana C o rn Salad A Keyssyk-A us May
492 . Valeriana tubero sa Valer ian District o f Zaisan May493. g lo bulariaefo lia Do. 0 Zauk u Pass June, 9 to494. petroph ila Do . A Ke ylr-A us May495. o thcinalis, et var. Do . A B algar Valley May.
A PPE N DIX E .—FL OR A
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
XL .—DIPS A C A C IE A E 6 Teasel Family .
496. M o r inak o ltanica Khojend497. D ipsacus az ureus A Keyssyk
-Aus
498. C ephalariasyriaca 0 Bo ro ldai and A rys:May499. Scab iosacaucasica, et var. Scabi ous 8 T u
50 0 . O livieri Do. A Km 11
50 1 . och ro leuca Do. 8 C h i lik
XL I .—C OM POS IT A E
50 2 . T ussi l
zgo Farfara .
503. A ster p1uns
504. flaccidus
50 5.
'
l ripo lium
506. Galatellag randiflo ra
50 7. dracunculo ides
508. H aupti i
509. y tenuifo lia
510 . C alimens altaica
51 1 . R h inactina limoni it'
o lia
51 2 . E rig eron canadensis
51 3. acris, var.
514. astero ides
51 5. sero tina
516. unitlo rus
517. S o lidago V1rgaurea518. Brachyactis ci liata .
519520 . Karel
52 1 . Inula
52 2 . Br itannica
523524
XL I I .—S E N E C ION IDE AE 53 Groundsel Family .
Xanth ium S trumarium Bur-weed B ViernyBidens tr i parti ta I li ValleyR ich teriapyreth ro ides A 0 Sary-djas
Ach illea impatiens SalairPtarm ica, var. Ko kpek tym illet
'
o lium, et var. T own o f C himkent0 Bo ro ldai
trich ophylla IA 111 ValleyTanacetum inodo rum , vars. K0pa1 C hain
Gmelini GurjewslrL eucanthemum SalairL edebo uri i 0 Sary
~djasvulgare Ko kpek tyfrut1culosum A B A rassantomentosum A A laman C haintaur icum , vars. i Kolgutty, Ilipulch rum 8 C Saryd
-jas 8 to
(1 C omposi te, or S unfl ower Family .
C oltsfoot 8 Issyk Valley 6 to0 M ountain Passes June8 0 A laman C hain 8 to
A A rassan
B C hi lik ValleyK i rg hese S teppeK i rg hese S teppeSalai r
8 0 ZaukuA B 0 T ith Valley8 Vierny
{finishke1ernyIssyk-KulB KopalA lmaty ValleyA k-k ia
A C hubar-AgachSaline so ils
B A lmaty ValleyI
S
Jistrict (its an
e o
0 R i
‘
irge‘
r
pigarkara‘
142 R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latinand E nglish. L ocali ty. y oga?
T anacetum alatavicumtransi liense 6 toS emeno v u (n. s. )
A rtem isia Dracunculus.
g lauca var.
commutatavar.
sco par ia
O liveriana
mari tima
ZL ercheana
q monogyna
junceasacro rum vai'.ponticavar.
vulgaris
annua
sericea
tu tris
frigz aS ieversiana
H elich 11m anato licum
Gnap ium s lvaticum
Bysubalpinum
dio icum
Bco rymbo sumleonto podium var . 6 to 99 00
0
F1lag o arv ensis
L igularia altaica
macro phylla
A ronicum altaicum
Do ronicum o blong ifo lium var. 6 0 00'
C acalia hastata
S enecio vu lgar is var.
subdentatus
raealtus
aco bea
sibi ricus
paludo sus
nemo rensis
C inerar iacampestris
XL I I I.—C YN A R E A E 93 I lz istle Family .
Acanth ocephalus amplexifo lius P B M erke
Ech inops R itro Sandy so i lsphaerocephalhs P B A lmaty Valley
Saussureapygmma, et vars. A lpme Saw-wort A BO Ko pal C hain
pycnocephala Do . 8 Jenish keco ronatavar. Do . 8 L e sa
crassi fo lia Do . A r alyltlatifo lia Do . Ivanovsky S now M ountaimdisco lo r Do . S alairsalicifo lia, et vars. Do . AB T arbagattair ig ida Do . A rkalykS emenovn (n. s. ) Do. A Ili v
'
alley
Tansy B S eyrelt-tasDo. 8 0 Valleys
Do . 8 S eyrek-tas
Wormwood 8 KurmentyDo . Salai r
Do . I vano vsky SnowMo untainsDo . 8 JenishkeDo. A Ili ValleyDo . I li ValleyDo . Ki rghese S teppeDo . A la-Kul
Do. A KeyssyltDo. 8 C h 1li lt
yValley
Dd. Salai r 1
Do . 8 ValleysDo . 8 A lmaty ValleyDo . 8 T urguen PassDo . 8 Kehm ValleyDo . A rkalykDo . Salai r
y
0 Bo ro ldaiGurjewsk
8 KurmentyPass
Sartan
GurjewskB0 Karkara
R i ver T ar .
T akyr alg
Ko pal, A rassan
d
? K
ap papal C hain .
. L eo s Bane 8 K0parU lba \i
)
al
l
ley .
Jenish lteDo . MarkaKulDo . 8 A lmaty ValleyDo . Ko kpek tyDo . 0 T urDo . C h ilik
Do . Ivano vsky
l
Snow M ountainsM arsA Flea Wort Jel-T au
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
N ame in Latin and E nglish .
Sco rz onera 7 intermedia
Marschalliana
tuberosaB7 crisps.
64 2 . Picris h ieracio ides
64 3. Lactuca undulata
v im inea. var. B
646. C h oi
ridri lla
T araxacum o fficinale
caucasicum
B g labrumlaucanth um
teveni
S trepto rhamph us h ispidulus
C repis rig ida, B songo r ica
tecto rum
multicaulis
Bcong estasibi rica
lyrata
H eteracia S z ovi tsu
S onchus o leraceus
arvensis var.
Yo ung iadiversifo lia
flexuo sa
M ulgedium az ureum
tataricum
B flocoosum
7 integ rum
sibi ricum
XL IV .—C A M PA N U L A C E A E 10 (1
Glossocom iaclematidea
Phyteumaargutum
Sewerz owi
C ampanula si ni rica
g lomerata
rapunculo idesBS teveni , et vars.
ro tundifo lia
S ewerz o wi
Aderihpho rapo lymo rpha, et vars
XLV.—PYROL A C E A E 3 PVinter Gr een, or E rrola, Fami ly .
679. Pyro la ro tundifo lia
680 . secunda
681 . M oneses g randiflo ra
Scor z onera 0 M ountainPasses 8 toDo . 8 0 Vieru 2 , 50 0
'
Do . Kly inLaisan M o untainsKeyssyk
-A usKo kpelttyI li
A R iver I li8 R iver Assy
4 to
5 to
H owl-weed 6,500-7.50 0’
5 to
I0 11
Winter GreenA K0pa1 C hainDo . 8 R iver A lmatyDo .
'8 R iver A lmaty
R iver A lmatyS o uth A ltai
0 R iver T ekes .
giver A
lmaty
wer A matyKo kpelttyR iver I li
uarr ies o f Salai r0 karaPlateau
Quarries o f Salair8 A lmaty Valley
Campannla Fami ly .
8 0 R iver M erlte
O C h i rch ikT urk istan
S . A ltai
8 Quarries o f Salair . June,R iver Buk on
8 0 Issyk Kul
Quarr ies o i' Salair . J0 Bo ro ldai
B A k k ia .
XLVI .—PR IM U L A C EA E 16 Pri mrose Family .
Pr immaco rtuso ides 0 Kopal C hainmacrocal Do . Marks-Kn]
nivalis, farm Do . 0 Kurmety Pass
plg idavar. Do .
h
.
S
.
0 ca Do . et tr ese te
Androsace
"
15115
0 511
pa
i 0 A ralgdiel Pppe
v. lati fo lia i' B A lamanK.
septentrionalis Kopal C hainv. lacti t
'
o lia B 0 T urguen Passmaxima T uraigyrfili fo rm is C h ing u ildy
C o rtusaMatth io li 7 B K0 pa1 C hainS emenov i i Schaty Pass
Glaux mari tima Black Salt Wort 0 R iver C hu ValleyL ysimach iavulgaris L oom-tr ij e R iver Ko kpelttyA nagallis arvensis . Pimpernel 0 Vierny
XLVII .—O L E AC EA E 1 Olive Fam i ly .
698. Fraxinus po tam0ph ila (n. s.) A sA T ree A I li , Bugun 1 to 2 50 0
XL VI II .—A POC YN A C E AE 1 Dog6aneand Per iw ink le Fam ily .
699. A pocynum venetum Fly T rap I Kirghese S teppe
XL IX—A S C L E PIADEA E 2
C ynanch C h ing ui ldyB long it
'
o li um M o untains ofDo lo nl:ara
L—GE N T IA N A C E A E 20
70 2 . E rythraeapulchellaB70 3. GentianaAmarella
704. falcata
70 5. tenella
706. aurea, var. B70 7 . barbata
70 8. verna, B alata709. altaica
7 10 . prostratavar.
71 1 . decumbens
71 2 . Kurroo
7 13. O li vieri
7 14 . frig idavar.
7 1 Pneumonanthe
7 1 septemtida
7 1 7 . macrophylla
718. Pleur e carinthiaca
719. Anaga11dium dicho tomum
720 . Swer tia o btusa
72 1 . marg lnata
A rassan S o urces
8 0 Mai -balalt
B and Salai rKasu M r
untains
R iddersk
d
o
i rgfhain
tepan ace SO Sary djas
teppe
Kopal C hain
8 0 K o irak M tn. 8 toIsles 0 R i ver Ob
’
i .
Ivano vsky Snow M ountains
8 islair
Al1ver matyGurjewskN ear R iddenlr
0 Sary-djas
R O S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA
N ame in and 111 3111 1 .
L I .—PO L E MON IA C EA E 2 Polemoni um Fami ly .
72 2 . Ph lox sibi rica PAlox Gurjewslt723. Po lemoni um caeruleum . yaeob
'
s Ladder 8 0 T uraigyr
L I L—C ON VO L VU L A C E A E 6 C onvolvulus Fami ly .
724. C onvo lvulus Go rtschaltovu B ind Weed Ili Valley 2 , 500 to 0 00'
72 5. lineatus Do . A 0 A rassan S ourcesMay, 3 to 5 0 0 0'
726. subserioeus Do . Ili Valley
72 7. Pseudo -C antabrica Do . I li Valley728. S emeno vi i Do . I li Valley
729. arvensis var. Do . 0 KarkaraPlateau
L I I I .—C U S C U T E A E 2 Dodder Fam i ly .
730 . C uscuta laniflo ra . iver Kok pek ty
731 . upul i fo rmis, var . B . iver Schulba
L IV.—BO R AGIN E A E 35 Forag e Family .
H elio tropum europaeum var . A and K i rg hese S teppe
N onnes picta A 8 Kayssyk Pass 1 10
Anchusa i talica Zarevna-A lexandro vsk Maymyo so tidiflo ra ZarevnaA lexandro vslt May
Onosma echi o ides, et vars. K i rg hese S teppe
Gmelini BalaKaldjirsimplicissimum 8 R iver M erke
L i th o spermum o flicinale A Karatal ValleyPulmonar iam o llis . Marka-Ku1
A m ebiaco rnuta A Ili Valley
perennis 0 R iver T ekes
M yoso ti s palustris Zaisan district
caespitosa Do . Quarries o f Salairsi lvatica Do . K i rg hese S teppe
B alpestris Do . Kopal C hain .
stricta Do . T uraigyr PassE ri tr ich ium v i llosum. et vars. B 0 R 1ver T ekes
sericeum P Gurjewskrupestre Zmeinog o rslt
pectinatum . T abulgat Pass
pedunculare P T he Blac Irtish
E chino spermum Redowskn, etvars. Pn’
eély Samp/z i re Salai r July, A ug ustmicrocarpum , et vars. Do . A B 0 T urk istan
deflexum Do . 0 and Zaisan M ountainsomphalo ides Do . Quarries of S emenowskbarbatum Do . S erg iopo lLappula Do . Ko lt ltty July, A ugust
H eterocaryum rig idum P I li alleyA sperug o procumbens M adwor t A and T urk istan
C ynog lossum o fiicinale H ound’
s T ong nc R i ver Ko kpek tyvi ridifio rum Do . 8 R i ver A ssy
S o lenanthus ci rci natus i' A R iver L epsanigr icans, et vars. 8 0 Karkara 4 to
R indera tetraspis and K i rg hese S teppe
ech inata Bo ro ldai
R och elia le1oa rpa R i ver Ko ldj tr
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latinand English .
8 17. Pedicularis rubens
8 18. do lich o rh iza 6 to
8 19. comosa Gurjewsk820 . physocalyx, et var. Do . 8 T uraigyr 3 to
82 1 . versico lo r 0 Kurmen Pass 9 to
82 2 . M elampyrum cristatum Quarries 0 8 2 1111
LVI I .—O ROBA N C H A C E A E 4 B room R ape Fami ly.
823. Ph ilipaeasalsa P
224 . O ro banche amoena
25.
826. cernua
LVI I I .—S E L AG IN A C E A E 1 Globular iaFamily .
82 7. Gymnandrabo realis var. P A 8 0 Zauk u Pass
L IX—L ABIA T A E828. E lsho ltz iacr i stata
829. M enthasylvestris
830 . arvensis 4 to831 . L yco pus exaltatus
832 . O riganum vu lgare
833. T hymus se llam , et vars.
834 . H ysso pus o cinalis
835. Salvia Sclarea
836. sylvestr is
837. Ziz iph o raclino podio ides
838. tenu i o r
839. N epeta lavandulacea
840 . densiflo ra
84 1 . nuda 5 to84 2 . Glech oma Apri l843 ucranica
844. Dracocephalum stam ineum 7 to84 5. imberbe846. altaiense
integr ifo li um
nutans
alpina
850 .
peregnn
851 . etero hyllum
852 . R uyac iana8 3. alpinum
854. Lallemantia R oyleana855. Prunellavul var .
856. Scutellaria pinavar .
857 . onentalis var
858. S everz o v n
859. Ier iculata860 . Betonica o cinalis var. . May, July861 . S tachys sylvatica Wound wor t Salai r
862. palustris var. Do . Distri ctOf Zaisan
or M int, Fami ly .
GurjewsltVierny .
8 A lmaty ValleyI li Valley
8 C h i lik
A 8 Mai-Bulair .
U lbaValley in A ltai
Bo ro ldai MayA R iver Ko k pek tyA B 0 Karltara Plateau JulyR i ver C h ilik .
GurjewsltaT abul y Pass0 Iss lt
:rK‘
ul
Salair
0 Zauku ValleyA 8 Kopal C hainA 0 T elres ValleyA 8 R iver T algarR iver T alc
A B and Mar a-Kul . 6 to 8 ,0 0 0’
A B T urguen Pass to 8,0m’
0 and K1rghese S teppeZarevno-N ik o laievsk
0 R iver KarkaraI li ValleyC h irch ikBarnau l .
A 0 R iver T ub . Magi:
to
C himltent
Salai r
A PPE N DIX B .—FL OR A 1 49
N ame inLatinand E nglish .
L eonurus g lancesceus 3 toLamium amplexicaule
albumLag ochi lus diacanthophyllus 1 to 2 ,50 0
'
pungensPhlom is spectabilis
tuberosato
LX.—PL UMBAGIN A C EA E 1 1
878. Acantho limon dia nsio ides 0 Zauku Valle879. H 0 enackeri B B 0 Zauku Val ey880 . Ala-Kai district88 1 . 0882 .
S tatice Gmelini A la-k ul districtmyrianthacas ia0 to epissutl
'
ruticosa Salt Lake near A rkatSemeno vii Katu H i ll, Ili
LXI .—PL AN T AGIN A C E A E 6
889. Plantag o major , et var. A Salair .
890 . maxima R i ver Ko lguty891 . Salai r
393 8 A la-Tau R ivers893. R iver Karatau
894
L XI I .—C H E N OPODIA C E A E 34 Goosefoot Fami ly .
Goose-foot and Irtish Valley JuneDo . uku
Do . 8 C h i lik .
P 0 I k -Kul
P Ili alleyA xyr is P Ili Valley
90 1 . A triplex laciniata . OraeAe Ili Valley
90 2 . Do . A rkat
903. Obione verruci fera Do . AlaKul
E uro tiacerato ides P B0 T eltes ValleyC eratocarpus arenarius P
C amt’
o rosma ruthenica P
90 7. Ag ri ophyllum lateriflo rum P Ili Valley 1 ,500 to 2 ,50 0'
GurjewsltB Salair
8 gh imltent
allAlmaty V
I? Sara-bulak
ey
Ili Valley
giver C hi rch ikiver Ko lt t
R idderskpelt y
C h imkent
B and K i rg hese S teppe 4 to
R US S IA N CE N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in 11 1111 and E nglish .
908. C o rispermi (incog .)Kalidi um fo liatum
Kalostachys caspia
H alocnemum strobilaceum
Schang inia lini fo lia
S uaedaphyso ph o ra
altissima
S uaedasalsa
Salso la ltatiafl‘inis
lanata
brach iata
rig ida
A rbuscula 3 to
H aloxylon Ammodendron
O faiston monandrum
G irgensohniao pposi tiflo ra
Anabasis phyllopho ra
N an0 phytum erinaceum
Petrosimoniacrassifo lia
LX I I I .—AM A R AN T A C E A E 1
929. Amarantus paniculatus A marantA A S . ofKopal
LX IV.—POLYGO N E A E 25 Bneh eat Fam i ly .
930 . Callig onum leucocladum P
931 . flavidum P
932 . R h eum rhaponticum R AM
933. leuco rh i z um Do .
934. E modi Do .
935. spicit’
o rme
936. Oxyria renifo rm is
937. R umex crispus
938. aquaticus939. A traphaxis sp inosa
canescens
laetevi renslarceulatavar. 1 to
pung ensPo lygonum acetosum
cognatumav1culare
wh ibium, et var.
n osum
lapath iflo rumV1y1parum 6 to 8, 0 0dE 1sto rta
convo lvulus
po lymo rphum
var. songo ricum
May,
Kara-Sn
A rkat
Ili ValleyA la-Kul
R iver KlyR iver L epsa .
R iver KlySKi hese teppe
Sigma:l liPV‘
alley111 ValleyIli ValleyS eyrek
-tas
T ert Ko l M o untains
A laKul
I li ValleyB T uraigyr Pass
Bion
Kirg hese S teppe
Ki rg hese S teppe
Salt S o ilsR i ver Bulton
0 Zaisan M o untai nsZaisan M o untains
R iver Karatau
Zauku PassB0 Ko kjarK ir hese S te
ppe
Kar
Ili Valley
gtch-I
éaraM oun
1ver hangan
1B
K
Valleo
B M em.
8 0 A lt-11m
it‘tin
'
1
Salai r eyIsles of R iver
.
Obi .
B
Z‘
C
uI
Kl
0 C hain .
Salai rpal
B JC IIIShke a a
B Sartau M ountai n
0 Zauku
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S I A .
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
LXXI .—U R T IC A C E A E 2 N ettle Family .
993. U rticacannabina S ti ng i ng N ettle 0 Mai-hula): to
994. Parietariam icrantha Pelli tory Zauku Pam
LXXIL—BE T U L A C E A E 1 B i rd Fam i ly .
995. Betulaalba. et var Bim i aR iver Takyr
L XXI II .—GN E T A C E A E 1 fainted Fi r Fami ly .
996. E phedravulgaris P B T urk istan 3 to
LXXIV.—A BIE T IN E A E Fi r and Pine Fami ly .
697. Abies Smi th iana Spruce Fi r B0 Marks-Kul 5 to
698. Pinus L edebourii f i r . Marks-Kul
699. sylvestris Do . Sandy so ils
Lxxv .—C U PR E S S IN EA E 3 Yew, Juniper , Fam ily.
1000 . Juniperus Sabina 4 to
10 0 1 . Pseudo-sabi ua
1002 . nana o i'
Zaisan
L XXVI .—T YPH A C E A E 3 Cat-tai l Fam i ly.
1003. T yphaang usti fo lia R eed Mace, Bu ll R ees/1 Ko kpek ty10 04. steno phylla Do . Do . A ral
pe
S teppe .
100 5. Laxmanni Do . Do . C h i rch ik
LXXVI I .—A RO IDE A E 1 A r um Fam ily .
1006-7. E minium L edebouri P Boro ldai
LXXVI I I .— N A IADE A E 6 Pondweai Fami ly .
10 08. N aias majo r P A ral See1 0 09. R uppiamari tima Caspian S teppe1 0 10 . Zannichelliapalustris Syr
-daria
1 0 1 1 . Po tamogetonnatans K irg hese S teppe . A ug ust
10 1 2 . lucens S yr-daria
10 13. perfo liatus Ki rghese S teppe Aug .
L XXIX .—JU N C AGIN E A E 1 A llied to Water-Plantain Famrly .
10 14 . T rig loch in maritimum A r row Grass Mai C h ili k May
Lxxx.—A L ISM A C E A E 4 Water-Plantain Fam i ly .
1 0 1
2. A lismaplantag o , et var .
1 0 1 ranunculo ides
10 17. Sag i ttariasag 1ttifo lia
10 18 . Damasonium umbellatus
A PR E A ’DIX B .—FL OR A
N ame in Latinand E nglish .
L XXXI .— BU T OMA C E A E 1 Em a, R usk Family .
1 0 19. Butomus umbellatus F lower ing R ush Kokpek ty
L XXXI I .—O R C H IDE A E 6 Ore/ris Fam i ly .
1 0 20 . Orch is latit'
o lia, et vars. Ore/ris B 0 S o uth A ltai to
1 0 2 1 . incamata . Do . A Ko pal July1 0 2 2. Gymnadeniaco no psea . fl ag rant one/1 R iver R 1ddersk July1 0 23. Plantanthera vir idis, et vars. Fr og o re/ais B0 Zauku June, 6 to1 0 24 . Go odyera repens Goodyera B enishke
1 0 25. C ypripedium macranthum outh Altai
L XXX I I I.I ris tenui fo lia
ruthenica
unitlo ra
humi lis .
big lum is
Guldenstaedtianasong o rica
caueasica
laucescens
avissima, et
C rocus alatavicus
LXXX IV.-AM A R YL L IDE A E 2 A mary llis Fam ily .
1 0 37. Ixio li rion tataricum , et vars. M ountain T urkistan May, 2 to
1 0 38. T urk istan . July
LXXXV.—SM IL AC E A E 1 Smi lax Fami ly.
1039. Po lyg onatum S ewerz owi
Lxxxv l .—L IL IA C E AE 58 L i ly Fami ly .
E ryth ronium dens canis, et vars. P lvano vsky SnowM tn. July, 6,0 00'
T ulips Gesner iana Kirg hese S teppeBo rszcz owi Do . Kara-Kum S teppe Mayaltaica, et vars. Do . A BO T algar May, June, 1 to 6,0 00 ’
sylvestris, et vars. Do . A B 0 Kg h . S t. Ma , June, 1 toO rithyia hetero phylla P B0 T ski s PassJu y, 7, 50 0 to ,0 0 0
'
Gag ea lutea S tar of BetAle/zem Marka Lake . y, Junefilit
’
o rm is Do . Marks Lake . May, Junem inima Do . K i rg hese S teppe . A pri l, M ayL io ttardi Do . A A ral May,ch lo rantha Do . In the S teppe . M ay,bulbi fera Do . K irg hese S teppe . M ay,
L loydiasero tina P 0 A ral . May, 6 10Fr111llanamino r Ko k pek ty . A ri l
ruthenica K ir hese S teppe A pri 2 10
verticillata . On eath lands A pri l
ladi tlo ra;et var. B0 Issylr-bash Ma
May7 to
werz owi Kara-Tau
I R IDEA E 1 1 In“
: Fami ly .
1 7a 1r i : A Kirg hese S teppe A ril, MaDo . S o uth A ltai ay
y
Do . 8 T 1 Pass ame,Do . T ers ltk on Valley ay,Do . Do lok -Km JuneDo . 0 K i ese S teppe t to
Do . S teppe MayDo . T urk istan
Do. A Kyssylt
Do . Barnaul
C roat: A A lp ine M eadows
154 Jet/551.4117 C E N TR A L A S IA .
N ame in Latinand E nglish. L ocali ty.
Elf:
L ilium martagon
Schonoprasum Batrosanguineum
sabu lo sum
man leumPallasi i
rubellum
steno hyllum . May,mo sc tum 5,50 0 to 6,0 0 0
'
callidictyon
subtilissimum
obliquurn
alataviense
S emeno vi
S teveni var .
paniculatum
str ictum .
lineare
flavidum
nutans
tataricum
O reoprasum
platyspathum
easpium
I liense
tulipifo lium , et var.
S ewerz owi
A kaka
o reo h i lum
E remurus taicus,H enning iaA ucheriana
robusta
Seloniaso iana
H emeroeah s flava
Asparagus tr ich Ophyllus, eto
vars.
mari timus, et var.vertici llatus
LXXXVI I . —ME LA N T H A C E A E 1 C olt/ti on»: Fami ly .
1 098. Ven trum album W/u’
tclu lleoore lB T abulgaLake
LXXXVI II.—JU N C E A E 6 l m .
1099. L uz ulacampes tris Wood nah B 0 M tn. Passes July, 8 to1 100 . communis . Do . KarkaraPlateau 5,50 0 01 10 1 . lamprocarpus Do . 8 In marshy places to
1 10 2 . bulbosus, et vars. Do. 0 Zaisan M tus. June, 8 to1 1 0 3. bufoni us Do . 0 Karkara Plateau
AJuly, 5,50 0
'
1 104 . T enageja Do . Kirg hese S teppe . A ugust
Ki rghese S teppe . MayS trauch ern . June
’
8 O Ko kjar June, to
8 0 A lmaty July, 5 to
Ara
tt
gppe
n t e t
C h inguilde
yypf
Bo ro ldai
DO IOD' Kam o
B On rock s
lyn . A1 ese te u
R igger 10 1111111"?e
. Junge, 5, 50 0
0 T eltes Pass July, to
0 Santash PassB K irg hese S te
ppe . A ug . ,
R iver U ral A ug .
8 S alai r A ug . ,
Ko k pek ty JuneT arbagatai
.
6 to
On 0 1a so i l .
Ko k pe ty
A ral S teppe .
B On rocks A ug ., 4 ,00d
yI li Valley . May,Bo ro ldai . MayKho kandM o untains May
8 On marl so i ls A ug . 6 to
0 A lmuty June, 1 , 200 toKara-T au . May,
B T al ar . June, z to 3, ooo'
T ur istan MayBarnaul . May, June
A Ki rg hese S teppe . May, A ug ustZaisan M ountains . MayBogdo
R U S S IA N CE N T R A L A S IA
N ame ln Latiu and E ng liah .
1 155. FestucaovinaB1 156. rubra Jane, sai d1 15 elatior1 15 aruudiuaceafl
altaica 0 Zauku 7 toBrachypodium innatu
ch renk ianum 0 Kurmeny Pas . A ug . ,
0 M eadows
tecto rum .
6”W 5 1m
}.1 1 5. o wo
1 166. macrostachya, et 6 .
1 167 . Danthouiae1 168 . epheloch loasongo rica1 169. Dactylis g lomerata
A eluropus li tto ralis A In salt so i ls A ug .,
intermediusPoaalpina
bulbous flaltaica
sero tina
nemo ralis Zaisan M o untains A ug . ,
annua
E ng rostis poaeo ides, et vars.
pilosaA tropis oouvo lutaGlycer iafluitaus
aq uaticsAmado Phragmi tesM elieaci liata
altissimanutans
Sch ismus minutus
H ieroch loe bo realisA ntho n uthum odo ratum
A rrheuatherum elatias S outh A ltai
A venapubescens, etB S o uth A ltai
ratensis
avescens, et 5Deschampsiakoeleri o id
caespi tosaaraleusis
l QO I .
Lasiagro stis splendensPo lypogonmaritimus
S tipacapi llata
pennata
S z o vi tsiana
1 2 10 . Pti lag rostismongho liea
A PPE N DIX B .—FL OR A
N ame in Latin and E nglish .
A ristida pungens
C ynodon dactylonB
asperum
Boehmeri
alpinum
Alopecurus ruthenicus
geu iculatus
C rypsis Bo rszcz owialo pecuro ides
sch oeno ides
aculeata
S etaria vi r idisi talica
A ndropogon Ischaemum
XC I.—BA LAN OPH O RE A E 1 A llied lo the 0m m .
1 2 26. C ynomo rium oocciueum P Ili Valley June,
XC I I .—C R YPT OGAMA E (81 2 2 7. H orretai l U ral R i vers A ug . S ept.
1 2 28 . C lub M om R idderslt
1 2 2 9. Po lypodiurn vulgare Polypody A rkat M ountains . May, 1 ,20 0'
1 2 30 Wo odsiag labella, et 5.
Woodria A Zaisan M o untains . une,8,0 0 0
'
1 2 3 1 Asplenium septentrionale K irghese S teppe ay,1 2 32 . C harafoetida var. T own A yagas 1 ,30 0
’
1 2 33. Fontinalis antipyretica R iver Buk on
1 2 34 . Marchantiapo lymo rpha L i on -ar t Marks Lake
0 S o uth Altai8 0 Sartan
T uraigyr
C h in
gui ld
A ral S teppe S ept.
I li Valley A. ug .,
C aspian S teppe . A ug .
Zaisan M ountains A ug .,
. .A ugAug ., 2 to
APPE N DIX C .
BIBL I OGR A PH Y OF R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
S H O R T descr iptio n o f the metho d in wh ich the
fo l lowing l ists o f bo o ks have been compi led w i l l beinteresting . I trust, to g eneral readers, and perhaps usefu lalso to any wh o may attempt the l ike hereafter. R emem ber
ing that as extensive a kno wledg e as can po ssibly be
o btained o f all l iterature bear ing upo n h is subject is nowadays
the first req u isite fo r an autho r attempting a'
standard wo rk,
”
I made my way to the Br itish M useum , asking fo r bo o ks
upo n R ussian C entral A sia. By the co urtesy o f Dr. Bo ndand M r. Garnett, I was taken to the modern bo o ks o f
g eo g raphy and travel in A sia, in th e g eneral l ibrary, andfo und myself befo re 1 2 presses, some 30 feet h ig h, each
co ntaining abo ut 1 8 shelves a yard long , o r as many
vo lumes, say, as wo u ld fi l l a shelf 60 0 feet in length.
T hese I exam ined , my amanuensis meanwh i le co pying the
particu lars o f all such bo o ks as treated o f th e afo resaid
reg i o n ; after wh ich departmental l ibraries o f the M useum
were lo o ked thro ugh. A sim i lar process was repeatedsubseq uently o n vario us occasi o ns at 8 0 shelves o f th e
l ibrary o f th e R oyal S ociety, 30 at the Ind ia O ffice, and
so o n,unti l I had v isited fo ur-an
’
d-twenty l ibraries.
"
A s a next step, I proceeded to search vario us l ibrary
Bri tish M useum : N atural H isto ry Museum
General L ibrary. M ineralog ical Department.
Department of Or iental M S S . Geo log ical do .
Department o f C o ins. Bo tanical do .
Zoo log ical Department. C ambridge University L ibrary.
E thno log ical do . IndiaOfi ee L ibn ry.
160 R U S S I A N C E N TR A L A S IA .
info rmation o r travel ; name o f ed ito r o r translato r ; name
o f ser ies o r period ical p lace and date o f publ icatio n. T he
titles were then classified under th e 9 heads o f 1 , C entral A sia
in g eneral 2,Bo khara 3, Khiva 4 , Kh o kand 5, Ku ldja ;
6, S iber ia (Western) 7 , T urk istan 8, T u rkmenia and 9,
Maps,— the only Map-ro om searched , however , being that o f
th e Geo g raph ical S ociety. A fter th is th e ti tles under eachhead ing were arranged chro no lo g ical ly,no t necessari ly acco rding to the year o f publicatio n, but with regard to the date
when Ike informati on was obtained. Each title was then num
bered from the co mmencement, and cro ss-references inser ted.
In th is manner has been comp i led what is, I ho pe, a
to lerably complete bibl io g raphy o f Eng l ish bo o k s on
R ussian C entral A sia, w ith th e additio n o f a sti l l larg er
number in French and German, and a few In R ussian
these last being fo r the mo st part tho se in my own po sses
sion, o r in the L o ndon l ibrar ies. Furth er info rmation con
cerning R ussian bo ok s is to be met wi th in th e exce llentbibl io g raphy o f M ejow,
wh ich g ives 1, 397 titles, no t only o f
bo o ks, but o f pamphlets, papers, and even newspaper articles
upon C entral A sia in g eneral, and T urk istan in particular.It wo u ld be ung racio us onmy part to o mi t the expressi o n
here o f my thanks fo r the unbo unded co urtesy, kindness,and attention shown to me by the L o ndo n l ibrarians and
thei r assistants ; and this appl ies no t only to l ibraries where
I had the ri ght o f entrance, but to l ibrarians upon whom I
had no claim whatever.
I was g ratified to learn from a R ussian acq uaintance in
Petersburg , wh o had o fficial ly v isited the pr incipal l ibraries
o f Euro pe, that he considered o urs in the Br itish M useum
the best, and I have met w i th the wri ting s o faFrench bibl io
g rapher, wh o Speaks h ig hly o f L o ndon l ibrar ians. Eng land,indeed , has reason to be pro ud o f its l ibraries and l ibrarians,but, by way o f practical conclusio n,
”I wish to po int o ut that
we are in one respect p itiably— I had almost said unpardon
ably— po o r, fo r, r ich as o u r l iteratu re is, we have no t a subj ect
catalo g ue thereto . If one asks a l ibrar ian, H ave yo u abo o k
by such an ant/to r“Yes
”o r N O
”i s speed i ly fo rthco m ing ;
A PPE N DIX C - PR E PA C E T O B I BL I OGR A PH Y. 161
but i f one asks, H ave yo u a bo o k on such a subj ect the
l ibrar ian is either dependent o n h is o wn reso u rces, o r on
reference to a number o f incomp lete biblio g raphical wo rks.
T he inq u i rer, therefo re, if h e be a carefu l wr i ter, must
make a bibl io g raphy fo r himself, and what that means, the
reader may judg e from what has preceded . T o co l lect the
70 0 ti tles in the fo l lowing l ist co st me abo ut 30 jo urneys toL o ndo n
,v isits (sometimes several) to 2 4 l ibrar ies, exam ining
th e bo o ks on a q uarter o f a m i le o f shelves, a search
thro ug h 1 0 l ibrary catalo g ues, 1 9 bibli o g raph ical wo rks, and8 indexes to publicatio ns some o f wh ich extended o ver halfacentury ! N ow i f th iswere requ isi te fo r a comparatively small
to pic like R ussian C entral A sia, let th e reader judg e whatamo unt o f labo u r wo u ld be needfu l fo r an o rd inary subject.What a bo o n, then, m ig ht be bestowed upon li terary men,
and thro ugh them , be i t remembered , o n thei r readers, and
what g lo ry added to o ur l i teratu re, if some g enero us patron
o f letters, assisted by enthusiasticvo lunteers, wo uld comp i le,
at fi rst, perhaps, a subject catalo g ue o f Eng l ish bo o ks.
T here is now in co urse o f preparation an Eng l ish d ictionarythat, when comp leted ,
w i ll be th e mo st tho ro ug h, by far,
in any lang uag e, in th e pro secution o f which th e ed i to r ialstaff is assisted by hundreds o f vo lunteers. C o uld no t a
like effo rt be set on fo o t in the interest o f bibl io g raphy ?C o u ld no t some benefacto rs be fo und to bear th e expense
o f the ed ito r ial staff ? Many a fo rtune has been beq ueathedo r g iven fo r a less wo rthy o bject, th e ti tle o f th e wo rkm ig ht perpetuate the name o f the do no r , and abundance o f
vo luntary help co uld he enl isted . Financial ly, such a wo rkm ight no t pro bably pay, because o f the l im i ted number o f
co pies that wo u ld be so ld, but its accompl ishment wo u ld bea crown to o ur l i terature to th e end o f all time.
N o t that such a bibl io g raphy, however, wo u ld leaveno th ing mo re to be desi red . T here wo u ld yet remain the
much-needed universal index to Eng l ish l i terature. T h e
T imes newspaper has, if I m istake no t, promulgated an
autocratic law,with which fo r o ne I hearti ly sympathi z e,
that it wi l l rev iew no bo o k that has no t on the title-pag e
R U S S IA JV C E N TR A L A S I A .
h o nestly printed th e date o f publ icatio n. O ne co uld
almo st wish that the T inter , and every o th er publication,wo u ld decl ine to rev iew any bo o k (with in certain l im i ts) thathas no t an index ; fo r no autho r, speak ing g eneral ly, who
wri tes a th o usand pag es o f clo sely printed and perh aps valu
able matter, is justified in no t pro v id ing h is reader withcontents o f chapters that h e may see where he is g o ing ,
o r w ith an index to show whence he has come.
T h ing s are impro v ing , however, in th is respect, and
autho rs may be rel ieved o f much ted io us labo ur by p lacingtheir wo rk s in th e hands o f pro fessional index-makers.
T here has been fo rm ed also a society, cal led th e I ndex
S ociety , th e o bject o f wh ich is to make and publ ish indexes
to valuable bo o ks now w itho ut them . T h e soci ety has
already issued one o r two valuable wo rk s, no tably , A Gu ide
to the L iterature o f Bo tany,”and “A n Index to T itles o f
H o no ur, but fo r lack o f funds i t can do but l ittle.
I g lad ly mention th is in case any wh o read these l ines
sh o u ld be d ispo sed to send th e society help in m o ney, o r
th e o ffer o f hono rary assistance in mak ing indexes, o r do inganyth ing towards the sugg ested bibl io g raphy o f Eng l ishl i terature. C ommunications wi l l be thankfu l ly received byth e S ecretary , M r .W . T . R iseley, O ffices o f th e Index S ociety.8 , Jo hn S treet, A delphi , L o ndon, W .C .
M eanwh i le I append my bibliog raphy, ar rang ed clzrono
A BBR E VI ATIO N S .
you r nal of th e R oyal Geog r aph ical S ociety.
Pr oceeding s of the R oyal Geog raph ical S ociety .
P .G .M Petermann’s Geog raph i rclzeM i ttlzei lang en .
I z vestia(i Zap isk i ) Kavkaz skag o o tdiela Imperato rskag o
R usskag o Geo g raph ich eskag o Obstch estva (N otes,Z [also M emo irs] o fth e C aucasian secti on o fth e Imperial
R ussian Geo g raph ical S oci ety) .T ranslated. Par .
E di ted.
V . Vo lumes.
L and. L ondon
sig nifies repeti tion o f preceding auth o r’s name.
Square brack ets enclo se th e known o r suppo sed dates o f travel.
o r wh en th e info rmation was acqu i red.
164 R US SA IN C E N TR A L A S IA .
17 0 0—18 0 0 .
33. Sh erefoddin Ali Zaadi . Zafer nameh (Boo k o fVicto ries). T r. into French byPoti s do laCro ix. Par is, 172 2
34 . Abul Ghaai . H isto o f the T urk s, M , and T atars. 1 730
35 Mi r Abdoul Kar im uk hary. T exte ersan. Par is, 1875H isto i re de l
’Asie C entrale, depuis les dem iéres années du régnede N adir
C hfih [1 740 T r . , Charles Bohofor . Pam , L ero ux, 1876
T he Geneal cal H isto ry o f the T atars.
S hedjre-i T ur i (T urk ish Genealogy) . Pub. by R omanz o fl'
. Kazan, 1825Bahadfir chfini sistoria M ong o lomm et T ataro rum (H isto ry o f the
Djagatai Language of the 18th century) , do 0 . Fr i ha. Cazani
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4 1 . Btrahl onberg . Description o f N o rth and East o f E uro pe. L ondon, 1 73
4 2 . General H isto ry o f the T urks (H isto ry o f the T atars) and the E mpi res fo undedby them
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111 T atary and L ower A sia. Bo o k 1 . L ondon, 1 759
43. Pallas, P . 8 . Voyag es en di fl'
erentes provinces de l’empire de R ussie. T r . ,
Poyi o ino . 5 T omes. 85-93Landres, Prey do . I I isto ire des déco uvertes de Pallas, Gmelin, etc. 1 78 1
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4 5. M osh eim ,I1 . H isto riaT artaro rum E cclesiastica. H elm tadi , 1 79 1
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48 . A li -Bey. V oyage en A frique et en A sie [180 3 18 14
49. Eph remov, P . 8 . S transtvo vanie Ph i lippa p remo va v K irgh i z sk o i stepi ,Bukhariy, Kh ivu , etc. (T ravels o f P. E ph remo fi
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m th e K irg h ese steppe,
Bo k hara, Kh iva, etc. ) Kazan, 18 1 1
50 . Pr ice. D. C h ro no logical retro spect o r mem o irs o f the princi pal events o f
M uhammadan h isto ry. 182 1
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s Mag .
A siat. 1826
T ravels in C entral A sia in the years [18 1 2 T r . by C aptain
H enderson 1872
53. M urray . H . H isto rical account o fDisco veries and T ravels inAs ia. E din. , 1820
54 . Bi tter , Kar l . A llegemeine verg leichende Geo graph ic. Ber lin,182 2-59
55. Marsdon,W i ll iam. N um ismata O r ientalia Illustrata. T he O riental C o ins,
ancient and m odern, o f h is co llection descri bed, etc. L ondon, 1 823
56. M or i or . T he A dventures o f H aji Baba. 1824
57. Bonk ovsk'i, M . Joseph . S upplement sa l h isto i re g énérale des H uns, des
T urcs, et des M ong o ls, etc. S t. Petersbu rg , 1824
58 . Klaproth , Juli us. M émo i res relatifs a l’A sie. Par is, 182 4
59. M in A siatique, o u R evue Géo g raph i que et h isto r ique de l'
A sie
C entrae et S eptentrionale. Pam , 182 5N o tices sur les troubles survenus récemment dans l
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A sie C entrale. N o uv .
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62 . Praehni i , Ch . R ecensio numo rum \I 11hammedo rum . Academ iae Imp .
S cient. Petropo li tanae. Inter pr imaacadem iae Imp. saeculariaed ita.
PetrapoIi , 1826
63. L edebour , C . F. von. R eise durch die S oo ngarische Ki rg isen-step e (and
A tlas to h is travels) . ”In 182964 . Flo ra R o ssica, si ve enumeratio plantarum in to tius Impem R ossici.
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L ondon, 1830
67 . Bosenmi iller . Biblical Geo g raphy o f C entral A sia, 2 vo ls. L ondon, 1836
68. Levsh ine, A . J. O pissanie K irg i z-Kazach ikh o rd i stepei . (Description o f
the h o rdes and steppes of the Kirg hese Kazaks. ) S t. Peterranrg , 1832
A PPE N DIX C .—BIBL I OGR A PH Y. 165
69. Levahine,A . J. Description des h o rdes et des steppes des Kirgh i z
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T r. par Per ry do Prgny , revue at E . Charmin . Par is, 1 84 0
70 . Descr iz i one delle O rde dei{fih i z i-Kazak i . M i lan, 1 84 0
7 1 . H eeren, A . K. L . H isto rische erk e. H isto rical R esearches into the
Po litics, etc. , o f the Asiaticnations o fantiqu ity. Oxford, 1832-4072 . H elmet-son, G. van. R eise nach der K irg isen S teppe 184 1
73. C o qui lles marines tro uvées dans les sables de Karakum (German) ,2 -2
74 . Bear It. B. , andH olmersen, G. B. Bei tra‘
ge z ur Keuntniss des R ussisch en
R eiches und der ang ri nz enden L i nder Asiens. S t. Peters-bu rg , 184 1
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under General Pero vsk i T r. J. M ich ell. C alcutta, 1 867
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77. Hag emeistor , Jules do . E ssai sur les reso urces terr ito r iales et commerciales
de l’
A sie Occidentale, le caractere des habitans, leur industrie, et leur
o rganisation. Beitrage z ur Kenntniss (1. R uss. R eiches. S t. Peters-burg , 1839
78. new , raux. E xpo sé des guerres de T amerlan et de Schahro k h dans l'
A sie
Occidentale. Bru t e/lee, 1840
79. Wi lson, H . H . A rianaAntiqua: Antiqui ties and C o ins o fA fg hanistan. 184 1
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8 1 . Beer , K. B. von. Klimader K irg isen ste
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83. M emo ir of the co untries abo ut the C aspian and A ral S eas. T r. oyCapt. M oria . L ondon, 1 840
84 . Leonhard, Gustav. H andwo rterbuch der t0pog raph ischen M ineralog ie.
H eidelberg , 1843Finn, James. T he O rphan C o lony o f Jews in C h ina.
L andon, Wertheim , 1843 ; N isbet, 1872
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Basiner , T . P. J. N aturw issenschaftlich e R eise dur die Ki rg isensteppe
und Kh iva. S t. Petersbu rg , 1848
88. Buchanan, Claudi us. C h ristian researches in Asia. W ith no tices o f th e
translation o f the Scr i tures into the O riental languag es. L ondon, 184989. Khani k ofl , I ., and T o toi , P,
L ist o f posi ti ons in S o uth-western parts o f
C entral A siadeterm ined astronom ically (in R uss) . 1850
90 . S piso k mest v S evero -z apadno i chasti S rednei A 511. (L ist o f
BPo si tions in no rth-western parts o f C entral Asia. ) S t. Petersburg , 1855ch ur in, J . S o branie S viedieni i o narodakh , obitavsh i k h v S rednei A si i v
drevni ia vremeni . (C o llection o f info rmati on concerning the peo ples
dwelling in C entral A sia in ancient times. ) S t. Peterrburg , 1851
I 8 5 0—l8 60 .
L olowel, Joach im. Géo g raph ie du moyen Ag e. e eller , 1 852Bung e. Bei trag z u r Kenntu iss der Flo ra R usslandsund der S teppen C entralA siens. Alexandr i Lehmann, R eliquiae bo tanicas. 1852
l obcldn, P. Ocherk i byta Kalmyk o v Kh oshouto vskag o ulusa. (S ketcheso f th e li fe o f the Kalmuks of the Kh oshout tribe. ) S t. Petersbu rg , 1852
A briss des R ussisch en H andels mi t dem mi ttleren A sien.
2 1 5. 18 7Go lovin, Ivan. R ussiaand T urkey, and thei r destiny. L ondon, 18546011111, J. Bi rds o f Asia. Published by A utho r. 1 855Geo g raph ische N o tiz en. Zur Bo tanisch en Geog raph icand Onog raph ie von
C entral Asien. 163. 1855l oseh ol , A . Bemerkungen iiber die naturh isto rischen, insbeso ndere die geo
ostisch-hydro g raph ischen Verbaltnisse der S teppe zw ischen den Fli issen
und T u i , Kumak und S yr-dar ia. M it ernem Vo rwo rt und Bemer
kungen von vonH elmorsen—Bei trage z ur Kenntu iss d. R uss. R eich e
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104 . S t. Martin,V. dc. M émo i re Analytique sur lacarte de l
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A sie C entrale. 1858
18 60—18 7 0 .
Lyde, Samuel. A sian M tery in the h isto ry o f the A nsai reeh . L ondon, 1860
T rade R o utes o f C ent A sia. T r . from the R ussian N autical M agaz ine,1 862
B ., and Laos, W. Nassau (E dito rs) . T h e T arikh i Baihak i .
Publish ed in the Biblio th eca Indica. Calcutta, 1862
M ed, W. Kurz er Berich t ilhet cine R eise in den A ltai Bull. de
l’A cad. de S t. Petersburg . p . 534 . 1863
Kun er Berich t i iher cine in [1862 ] unternommene R eise in der
iistlich en Ki rg isen-steppe. Bull. de I
’A cad. de S t. P. , p. 4 15. 1863
Berich t iiber cine in [1863] unternommene R eise in den cestlich en
A ltai . Bull. de I’
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r . de S t. Petersburg , p. 26 1 864Die H austh iere der Ki rg i sen. Zeitschnft fi ir E thno lo g ie. Band
Ber li n, 187 1-2
K irgh ise. Jo urnal A siati que, Oct , p. 309. 1865Khani kcfi , I . do. M émo ire sur lapar ti e méridionale de I
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Ber g , E rnst von. R eperto rium der L iteratur i iber die M ineralog ie,Geo lo g ic,Palmonto log ie, Berg
-cud H i ittenk unde R usslands bis z um Sch lusse dosxv i i i .
Jah rh underts. S t. Petersbm g , 1862
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un fauxDervich e dans l A sie C entrale. T r . par E . D. Porgues.
Do . do . E dition abrég ée par J. Bélin do Launay . Par is, 1877Gesch ich te Bocharas oder T rans-O raniens. S tu ttgar t, 1872
S k etches o f C entral A sia. L ondon, 1868
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glo -R ussian Frontier questi on : a series o f
po litical papers. T r. by P . E . unnett. L ondon, 1874R ussiaand her Dependencies. Fraser
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s Mag , A pr i l. 1864Davi es. A co py of M r . Dav ies
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O rdered by the H ouse o f C ommons to be printed, 1 7 Feb . 1 864Zalesk i , B . L aviedes steppesK i r h iss
—descr iptions et contes. Par is, 1865
Veni uk of, M ., and Captai nVali ancf. T h e R ussians in C entral A sia, thei r
occupa1 ion o f the K i rgh ise S teppe, and th e line o f the S yr-Dar ia, thei r
po li tical relations wi th Kh i va, Bo k hara, and Ko kan : also descriptions o f
C h inese T u rk estan and Dz ungaria. T r . by J . and B . M ich ell . L o ndon, 1 865'
l h e Pam i r and the S o urces o f th e A mu-Daria. T r . by J . Mich ell .
p. 248. 1 866L es plus récentes explo rations russes en A sie. I . M . R h einthal it Kash
gar ; I I . M . N ik itinaKh o kand. R ussische R evue. S L Peter sbu r 18 6N o tes on L ak e Issyk
-Kul and the R iver Koshkar . T r. by itM itch ell. J.R G . S . . p. 560 . 1 862
Die R ussisch -asiatischen Grenz lande. T r . by Von Krahmer .
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168 R U S S IA N CE JVTR A L A S IA .
168. M o ist . 3 . A ., and V. H . Trotsky, Edi ted by. R ussk il T urks tan. S bo rnik
iz dannyipo po po vodu Po litek hnichesk o i vystavk i . (R ussian T urk istan,vo l. i . , Geo ph ical statis
ties and m iscellany, published in connectio n W i th
the Po lytec ntcexh ibition ; vo ls i i i . , A rticles on E thnogra by, A rts,R ural economy, N atural H isto ry, and T urkistan m ilitary afl
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G aph o f the Valley o f the O xus by H enry Ynlo. L ondon, 1872
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no. T urk istan. N o tes o f a Journey in R ussian T urk istan.Kh o kand, Buk hara, and Kuldja. L ondon. 1877
171 . E lv es, H . J. Geog raph ical distribution o f AsiaticBirds. Pro . o f Zo o log .
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down to the present time o f the Geog raphy and H isto ry o f C entral A sia.T r . by TheodoreWirgman. L ondon, 1874
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T urkestan. P. vo l. p . 529 1880T urk estan and the countries between the Br i tish and R ussian
dom ini ons in A sia. Mapped on the basi s o f the surveys made up to
fi le , 1 inch 32 m i les. Deh raDun, S eptember, 188 1
692 . T urkestan and parts o f Adjacent C o untri es. In Syriac, Greek , and Latin. )693. Kas
pnsk o e M o re. (R ussian C hart , wi th surroundings o f the C asp ian. )
lwaenburg . J . B. Greenh oug h . N o va descri ptio geo g raph ies T
T artary (R ussian Em ire in A sia) w ith ethno log ical matter .
695. Weller , B . Bo tanical ap sh owing the distribution and lim i ts o f C ultivationo f some of th e pr inci pal Plants mo st usefu l to man.
Zo o lo g ical Map sh owi ng the distri buti on and range o f some o f th e
principal members of the Animal K ingdom .
697. E thno g ra
fih icheskaya karts A z i iatsk o i R oesn. (E thnog raph ical Map o f
A siatic ussia. )698. E thnog raph ical Map o f theWo rld, sh ow ing the Geo graph ical distribution o f
th e vari eties o fman. With diagrams sh owing the occupation ofall nati ons,and distr ibuti on o fman acco rding to relig i o us belief.
699. Arro' m i th , J. T he C o untry between the A ral and C aspian.
700 . T he C aspian S ea, Kh iva, and the surro undin co untry.
70 1 . Karta T urkestanskag o vo iennag o o k ruga. so stav eua prr T urkestansk omvo enno -topog raph icheskom o tdiela v [1877] g oduei po noveish im sviediennam . Scale, 1 E ng lish inch 40 versts. S t. Peter sbu rg , 1 882
70 2 . Blacki e, W . 6 . C omprehensive A tlas and Geo graphy. L ondon, 1883
L I S T O F A U T H O R S ,
WIT H R E FE R E N C E N UM BE R S T O T H E IR WO R KS IN T H E
FO R EGO IN G BIBL IOGR A PH Y.
Abbo tt, J. , 3 2 Bo gdano ff, M . N ., 40 3A ber igh
-M ay, 195 Bo gdanowi tch , E ., 200
A bich , H ., 10 3, 60 2 Bonvalo t, G., 330
A bramof, General, 323 Bonyard, E . H . . 490
A bramo f, N ., 495, 496 Bo rsz cz o w , E l, 599-60 1
A bu T aleb Khan, 47 Bo ulger . D. C .. 24 7A bu ] Ghaz i, 34 Brandt, J . F 86A bulfeda, 509 Brauer, 534A damo li , J. , 540 Bretschneider, E . 161-63A la-eddin A taM elik Dju Brodowsky, M . , 20 7veini , 282 Bro o ke, S i r V .
,197
A li Bey, 43 Buchanan, C laudius, 88A lpherak y. s. , 47r Bung e. 93Am i o t, 4 33 Bunnett, F. E . 1 26
A rrowsm ith , I ., 699, 70 0 Burnaby. F., 396Ascelin,
N . , 13 Burnand, F. C . , 399A ssemani , 2 Bu rnes, A . , 299, 30 0 .
A stley, T ., 10 Burslem , R o llo , 514A tk inson, Butak o fi
'
, A . , 350 , 351 , 675A tk inson, M rs , 44 5
C ahua, L eon, 230Baber , 24 -27 C ampbell, D. , 46
Beer , K . B . , 74-8 1 C ancri n, G . von, 484Baker, V .
, 2 23 C apus, G ., 258 261 , 330 ,Bak onlin, 665 431 , 580 82Balbi , A . 672 C hapman, E . F., 291Basiner , T J. 87 C harr iere, E . , 69Bates, C . E. 40 7 avanne,J. 689Behm , E . , 152 , 159 erkask i . Bek o vi tch ,Bell, E . , 154 C herkassofi
'
, A . , 497Benjam in. J . B.
, 1 1 7 C larke, F. C . H ., 189,Berez in, P. , 270 , 27 1 404 , 469Berg , E . , 1 15 C lavijo , R Gonz alez , 2 1
Berg ero n, P 13 C ono lly, A . , 345, 346
Bergmann, 437, 438 C ontar ini , Ambro ise, 13Btchurrn, 91 C o rdier, H ., 459, 460
Black ie, G ., 70 2 C o urtei lle, Pavet de,Blaremberg , Gen. von,372 . C oxe, W ., 4 79626, 62 7 Grenloch H . HH .
, 156
Daly, 568Daubrée,
F
26
8.Daukes, FDavies, 1 28Davis, S ir F 65Debelak , Julius, 199De Blocquevi lle, H ., 60 4De Bode. 30 3, 591Detremery, 40Degreg ie, J. , 631
De utgne, 43De H ell, xo gfi' 5959 596Delacro ix. Petit, 33. 4 74De Launay, J. B. , 1 2 1
De Mandev ille, J., 13
De Marny, N . P. B., 567De Pigny, Fevry, 69De Pise. R ustician, 19De R ubruquis, G . , 13, 20De T assy, G .
, 308Di lke, A sh ton, 461Dm i tro vsky, N . V.
, 32o rn, B. , 2 72 , 2 73mgendo rf, 583
Dresser, H E . , 566Drygalsk i , A . von. 572lat, M irza H aidar, 6
Duncan, 196
E bu Bek ir M ohammed binDjafarunN arshak h i , 283
Edwards, H . S . 2 74E lwes, H . J., 17 1E phremov, F. S ., 49E rsch o fl
'
, 534E rsk ine, 25E versman, Edouard, 294E vliya E fl
'
endi , 30
E r is , 333
R US S IA N CE N TR A L A S IA .
Fauntho r
Q.. P. , 687
Fawoett, 235F221, U llah Khan, 7Fedchenk o,A . ,4 16
6w83o 68‘
Fedo ro w , , 487Feisalin, M ustava, 309Ferr ier , J . P. 17Fo rsyth , D. 1
Finn, James, 85Finsch ,Fischer,Fo rgues, E . D. 1 20
Feynes, S ieur, 31
Frii hn, de C . 39, 62Frost, T h omas, 257
Gaubi l, 432
Gavan i . M odesto , 318Gerstfeldt, 1 16
Gloukho vskoy, M ., 320Gobineau, C omte de, 142Go ldsm id, F. J. 180Go lovin, Ivan, 96Go lubef, A . , 520Go uld J
w97
472 .Gowan, W473
Greenh o h , J . B., 694Grodek o N . J.,
Gro ver, 306, 30 7G i inther, A . , 178G i issefeld, F. L . , 671Guyard, M
H agemeister, J. de, 77H alton, 1
H ammer ,Joseph , 2 77, 2 78H auptmann, A ., 370H eeren, A . H . L ., 71l lellwald, F. von, 181-83H elmersen, G. von, 72-74 ,99. 30 1 . 657-660
H enderson, 52H envey, F.
, 4 20
H erder, F 450H io uen T hsan ,
H ochstetter ,H oninsk i
, 667H owo rth , H . H ., 2 24 , 397H umbo ldt.A . , 481-84 , 598H utton, J., 206
Ides, C . Ysbmnd, 476-78I tiefl
'
, General, 359I insh i , 24 , 26Imbault-H uart, C 256In nafl
'
, 3136
Ivano v, N . .P , 347Iwanow, D. , 572
erd. v. , 571
Karaz ine, 2 79, 280Katelin. 442 . 594Kazantsefl
'
, £ 112 , 31Keane. A . H . ,
Ker, D , 385, 386xc. 1 74 77. 534
Khani k ofl; N . , 89, 90 , 1 13,
;g9y “lo t 340 1
Kh o roshk h in, A . P., 573Kie H . 389 574Khmm
Ko enen, A . von, 40 1
Ko lo k o ltz o f, C o l. ,377Koner , W . , 540Kosch ku l, F.
Kostenko , 2 2 2 , 32 1 , 322,
534Kuh lewem , G 354Kuhn, A . von, 42 0
Kuropatk in, A . N .
473. 64 1 . 68:
Laharpe. 506La] , M o han.Landres, Frey de,Lansdell, H . , 50 7, 508Latham , R . G. , 2 36L edebo ur, C . F. , 63, 64L ees, W. N assau, 10 7L ehmann, A . , 93L e ean, G 28 1L e ewe] , Joach im , 92Lentz , P. B. , 251
L erche, P. 18 1 , 365, 366,S42 : S43
L evsh ine, A . JH
70l
ifh tenstein, H
T heam
b tch 2
1mm, W . S . 3.41s 5
L omak in, 623L omonosso f, A ., 424
(L ong . James .) 193
Maas, A . , 670
MacGahaaA ., 387, 388McG illim y, W 48 1
MacLach lan, 534Maiefl
'
, N . A ., 168 , 2 1 4 ,
339. 54 59Maksheev, 518, 519Maloma, M ., 661
Markham , C .. 2 1
Markono fl'
, C o l, 609Marsden, W . , 16, 55Marshall, L . , 329Mu te“ . 534Martens, M . F., 238, 239Marthe F 137. 4 17. 52 4M
zn im C u 646-653
1 534M e mmed Salih , 338M ehemmed Yum f. 286M einers, C ., 480M ejow , 2 15eyendorfl
jBaron, 29 1-3
M eyer.
eyend
C . A . 490 . 49 !
Mi Ch env 160 751 130 1 l 3l o
I 33, 44 6 44 7. $ 30M ichell, R . , 157 ,3 3 3, 333 , 326. 337»351 14 15. 42 2 . 454. 533. $ 38.
592 , 614, 628M 1ddendo rf, A .. 255, 493M ielg unow, 60 5M iles, T he, 66M ilman, H . H ., 51 1M i
l:-
h
A bdoul Kerim'39
M i rAll
M i r q t U llah , 51M ira M ohammedKhan, 8
M i i llendo rfl'
, O . F 462M i i llendo rfl
'
, P. G 462M 0 00 7. C aptain. 453
gomwi
t sgfi ’o rgan 4 1 31
M44 0
6464. 610
oner ,
M o rley, N67. [14
40610 7
M osheim , L . 4 5M o tcho ulsk i , V 458M o uchketo fl
'
. L , 22 7-29M o un vi efl
'
, M . N . 342M unsh i Sadik Mi na, 285M um yfi . 17.53
188
A khalOasisand India, 656
A lrmo linslro i oblasti O20 1 , 50 1
Amu-daria, 40 2Amu dariaE xpedi tion,632633
Am
géDaryinsk omO tdielie,
5A ral. S eaof, 355A ralsee, N ivellement, 398A stralrhanaKh iva, 3A z i iatsk o i R ossii678
Balkhash, 456Bouk hane, A fl
'
ai
Boulrhar ie, C aptivi t
335Bntish S ubject, 135
C aspian Sea. 693C auease, T ravaux publiésau , 634 , 635
C aucasienne,637
C ent
gal A s1a, A rt1cles on,
13C entralasien, N eueWerlte
fiber, 1 72
C entral Asian Question,l 43a l 73
C entral A sia, R ussians in,267
C entral Asian R outes, 106
C h iwa. 353
ug land and R ussia, 24 0
E ng land,”C entral A sian
Question, 2 75
34en,
M émo ires,
Geograph ischesausM i ttelas1en, 2 76
Geographische, N o ti z en,98
AN ON YMOUS .
m. 45!
Kara-Kum, 575Kh ivaen Mars, 371Ko kan, A rticles on, 313Kokan, Jo urney to , 4 1 1
Manuscri ts, 489M ennoni tes, 331M erv £1 Samarcand, 60 3M eteo ro log ische Beo bach
tung en, 40
M ong o lia, ussian E x
plo rations 111 , 198
N aturalistes, Bull. S oc.
des, 266
N o tices géo graph iques sur
Kh o kand, 4 10
O ld Bed o f Oxus, 24 1 , 51 2O renburg nach C h iwa,
Oxus E xpedi tion, 625
Pall Mall Bud
gft, 551
Parliaments epo rts,23Po st Map o f ussia, 6
3776
Po st-road Bo o k , 248
R ecuei l d’
i tinéraires. 233R ussiaand C entral AsianKhanates. 166
R ussiaand Dependencies,1 2 7
R ussia, E thnog raph icalMap o f. 697
R ussia, T eleg raph Map o f,677
R ussian C alendar, 245R ussian slaves, 249R ussi sche Fo rschungen, Wo rld,149
R U S S IA N C E N TR A L A S IA .
Sm i th -Dd. S37. S38. 673Satanic R eview, 550Semiparatinsk o i , 50 2S em iriechensk o i , 468
S ibi ri Za.
no i 504S redni i 184
Vsepoddanneisk iy o tchet,
E thnog ra 1021Map o f, 698
ph
g en, 455T rans Caspian, Orgamanti on du, 63 640
T ravaux aph iques,147
T urcoman S teppe, 630 , 666
T urcomans Yomo uds, 616
T ureomane, Population,
593. 624T urcomanen, U nter den,66 6. 645
“23
5 13 0 . 557. 584. 539»
Tu rki stan A nnual, Index
to , 553Tnu kes/an Gaz ette, 54 1T urkatan Gaz ette, Index
to . 569T urkestan, Klimavon, 559T urkestan, N ach rich ten6 118. 585
T urk istanT emperatur , 552T urk estanische Industrie
70 1T u rk estanskag o Zapish i ,578
T urk s, H tsto ry o fthe, 42