Top Banner
35

Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

May 01, 2022

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen
Page 2: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts

81

In collaboration with

Michael Brenner · Astrid Deuber-Mankowsky · Sander Gilman Raphael Gross · Daniel Jütte · Miriam Rürup

Stefanie Schüler-Springorum · Daniel Wildmann (managing)

edited by the

Leo Baeck Institute London

Page 3: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen
Page 4: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Ismar Schorsch

“Better a Scholar than a Prophet”

Studies on the Creation of Jewish Studies

Mohr Siebeck

Page 5: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Ismar Schorsch, born 1935; 1957 B.A., Ursinus College; 1961 M.A., Columbia University; 1962, Rabbinic Ordination, Jewish Theological Seminary; 1969 Ph.D in History, Columbia University; 1986–2006 chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York; 1991–2010 president of the Leo Baeck Institute in New York; currently holds the titles chancellor emeritus and Herman Abramowitz distinguished service professor of Jewish History.

ISBN 978-3-16-159297-3 / eISBN 978-3-16-159298-0 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-159298-0

ISSN 0459-097X / eISSN 2569-4383 (Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio-graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2021 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems.

The book was printed on non-aging paper and bound by Hubert & Co. in Göttingen. The cover was designed by Uli Gleis in Tübingen. Image: Alexander Marx, Librarian and Professor of Jewish History at the Jewish Theological Seminary (1903–1953), a student of Moritz Steinschneider and creator of the Seminary᾿s renowned library. Courtesy of the Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary, New York.

Printed in Germany.

Page 6: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

For Jonathan, Rebecca and Naomiin whose precious lives the story continues

Page 7: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen
Page 8: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Preface

The compilation of this volume of essays published by me since I steppeddown as chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary in 2006 coincideswith my 50th year at the Seminary. At the insistence of Prof. Gerson D.Cohen, my Doktorvater and role model, I returned from Columbia in 1970after having earned my doctorate, and where I had already started teaching,never to leave. From that perch I was able to observe and contribute to theremarkable explosion of Jewish studies in the colleges and universities acrossAmerica and beyond. I remember vividly the early days of the Association ofJewish Studies when our hopes did not extend beyond imagining but oneJewish generalist at a school. Today at many a university there is in fact acluster of Jewish specialists covering a panoply of Jewish subfields and mostastonishing of all, Germany with the institutionalization and funding of Jew-ish studies in its universities has become the third dominant center for Jewishscholarship behind Israel and America. Wissenschaft des Judentums has re-turned to the land of its origins, and German is once again an indispensablelanguage of Jewish studies, not to read what was published before 1939, butwhat is coming out of Germany today.

In that half-century the Seminary became my Heimat as well as my home.It provided me with the space and stability, the library and resources, thecolleagues and students and the challenges and stimulation to grow inwardlyand outwardly. Above all, it encompassed my determination to live in twoworlds, one enchanted by the ritual, values and literature of traditional Ju-daism and the other invigorated by the bracing power of critical scholarship.Since its founding the Seminary has nurtured an ethos of two truths, cherish-ing equally the inspiration that comes by way of poetry as well as the knowl-edge mediated through prose. A single lens was never sufficient for it toexhaust the meaning of a text or the nature of historical reality. Quintessen-tially an interpretive culture, Judaism read Torah for peshat and derash, forthe plain meaning of a text and for its imaginative reworking. And it was thatundogmatic and appreciative mindset which enabled the Seminary facultytime and again to advance the fields of Talmud, Bible, Jewish theology, me-dieval Hebrew poetry and Jewish literature with groundbreaking scholar-ship. A culture of mutual respect gave rise to an interactive relationshipbetween sacred texts and critical scholarship that valorized a quest for under-standing.

Page 9: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

VIII Preface

That precious culture became my Heimat because I embraced it intellec-tually, religiously and administratively. For twenty years the Seminary evencalled upon me as chancellor to bear the responsibility to sustain, enrich anddisseminate the ethos it embodied. Toward that end I steadfastly wrote aTorah comment on the weekly parasha in a religious voice that never be-trayed my scholarly integrity. Canon Without Closure, a selection of thosecomments that came out in 2007, gives ample evidence that faith and criticalscholarship are not only compatible but mutually fructifying.

When I retired from the chancellorship, I eagerly resumed full-time schol-arship still fascinated by the turn to Jewish history in the nineteenth centurypioneered largely by German Jews. My years in administration had maturedmy thinking and improved my writing without dulling my research tools. Iwas drawn to the dramatic eruption of new knowledge and the urgent needfor contextualization that together dictated an ever deeper understanding ofthe history of its sacred texts. When I knew less, I had imagined writing thenarrative history of that revolution of the mind. But even now the languagesrequired, the fields to master and the interplay to unravel far exceed mycompetence.

What this volume does offer is a rare glimpse of the whole: the erosion ofthe hegemony of talmudic study in Ashkenaz, the emergence of subfields likemidrash and medieval liturgical poetry, the turn to the East and the lure ofIslam and early efforts at the incorporation of biblical criticism into thepurview of Jewish studies. Wissenschaft des Judentums was of twofold im-portance to the destiny of German Jewry: it complemented its hard-foughtoutward political emancipation with a bitterly contested internal intellectualemancipation and it overtly challenged the dominant Christian theologicalconstruct of supersession. Ultimately, the failure to dislodge that deeplyengrained construct from the vaunted “value-free” institution of the Germanuniversity would deprive German Jewry of the cultural respect it sorely nee-ded to make a fragile political and social integration a lasting achievement.

Erev Shavuot 5780 (May 28, 2020) Ismar Schorsch

Page 10: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Table of Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................ VII

Part I: Introduction

Identity-Formations in Conflict: The Emergence of Jewish Studies in Post-Napoleonic Germany .......................................................................................... 3

Part II: Wissenschaft Matters

1. Catalogues and Critical Scholarship: The Fate of Jewish Collections in Nineteenth-Century Germany ................................................................. 29

2. Wives and Wissenschaft: The Domestic Seedbed of Critical Scholarship ..................................................................................... 40

3. Moritz Steinschneider on the Future of Judaism after Emancipation .......... 57 4. Schechter’s Indebtedness to Zunz ............................................................... 66 5. Schechter’s Seminary: Polarities in Balance ............................................... 73 6. Scholem on Zunz: An Egregious Misreading .............................................. 95 7. Missing in Translation: The Fate of the Talmud in the Struggle for

Equality and Integration in Germany ........................................................ 112 8. Unity amid Disunity: The Emergence of the German-Jewish

Einheitsgemeinde ...................................................................................... 128

Part III: The Hebrew Bible

9. Leopold Zunz on the Hebrew Bible ......................................................... 137 10. In the Shadow of Wellhausen: Heinrich Graetz as a Biblical Critic ........ 158 11. Coming to Terms with Biblical Criticism ................................................ 179

Page 11: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

X Table of Contents

Part IV: Orientalism

12. Converging Cognates: The Intersection of Jewish and Islamic Studies in Nineteenth Century Germany ............................................................... 199

13. Moritz Steinschneider: The Vision Beyond the Books ............................ 237 14. Beyond the Classroom: The Enduring Relationship between

Heinrich L. Fleischer and Ignaz Goldziher ............................................... 267 List of First Publications ................................................................................. 303 Index of Modern Authors ................................................................................ 305 Index of Subjects ............................................................................................. 311

Page 12: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Part I

Introduction

Page 13: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen
Page 14: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Identity-Formations in Conflict:The Emergence of Jewish Studies in

Post-Napoleonic Germany

Unlike the pioneers of critical scholarship in Eastern Europe at the beginningof the nineteenth century, the founders of Wissenschaft des Judentums inGermany were not autodidacts. Yet given the formidable obstacles they hadto overcome, their turn to history was a remarkable intellectual achievement.To be sure, they gained their formal education in German gymnasiums anduniversities. But few career paths awaited them upon graduation and moneyto publish was always hard to come by. Moreover, their scholarship wascultivated entirely outside the framework of the university. That esteemedinstitution of scholarly preeminence in nineteenth-century Germany neverbecame a haven for Jewish scholarship, neither in the early stages of itsevolution nor later as a locus for its pursuit. Despite its professed ethos ofvalue free scholarship, the German university remained a Protestant insti-tution that trained the clergy for the Evangelical Church, studied the HebrewBible from a Christian perspective and exhibited complete academic indiffer-ence to the history and culture of post-biblical Judaism, even as it excluded allscholars of Jewish studies and nearly all other Jews with expertise in otherdisciplines from the ranks of its faculty. In short, the university was notimmune to the hostility to Jews and Judaism that pervaded German society, adeep-seated animosity that impeded the acquisition of full emancipation forJews until 1871 and thereafter thwarted the extension of equality to them asdictated by law in many sectors of public employment and German society.1

From its earliest days, the founders of Wissenschaft des Judentums wrotein German rather than Hebrew like their Eastern European counterparts inorder to reach an educated German readership. Writing solely in Hebrew orYiddish, traditional Jews until the generation of Mendelssohn felt little com-punction to explain themselves to their suspicious Christian neighbors. And

1 Eleonore Sterling, Judenhass (Frankfurt a.M.: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1969);Shulamit Volkov, “Antisemitism as a Cultural Code – Reflections on the History andHistoriography of Antisemitism in Imperial Germany,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book(hereafter LBIYB), 23 (1978), 25–46; Thomas Albert Howard, Protestant Theology and theMaking of the Modern German University (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Page 15: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

4 Identity-Formations in Conflict

German would remain the dominant medium of critical Jewish scholarshipas it spread worldwide until the Nazis extinguished the symbiosis. More thana century of prodigious German-Jewish scholarship in countless new direc-tions had failed to counter the toxic effect of German nationalism. Academicappointments in Jewish fields were made at the Sorbonne, Cambridge, Har-vard and Columbia long before 1964 when the first Jewish chair was belat-edly created in Germany at the Freie Universität in the American zone ofBerlin.

Thus 200 years after its birth in 1818, Wissenschaft des Judentums is notonly firmly embedded in institutions of higher learning around the globe, butalso surprisingly in Germany itself, where in Potsdam there is even a Schoolof Jewish Theology consisting of a cluster of Jewish academics. With some800 to 1000 books on Jewish subjects published annually today in Germany,the German language has once again become an indispensable tool for doingJewish scholarship.2 Utterly unimaginable in 1945, Germany currently ranksjust behind Israel and the United States as the third most productive centerfor Jewish scholarship in terms of quantity and quality. Critical Jewish schol-arship, a veritable revolution of the mind, was indubitably the most far-reaching contribution that German Jewry pioneered in its confrontation withmodernity.

I

The lifespan of Leopold Zunz overlapped with that of Leopold von Ranke,lending meaning to serendipity. Zunz was born in 1794, one year beforeRanke, and died in 1886, the same year as Ranke. Although in 1848 Rankewas a member of the faculty committee at the University of Berlin that turneddown Zunz’s request for an appointment to a professorship in Jewish historyand literature, the path-breaking historical scholarship of both men mani-fested a striking affinity. Both wrote history from the bottom up, ever insearch of hard facts that rested on plausible, if not irrefutable evidence. Ac-cordingly, both engaged in an indefatigable search for new knowledge farbeyond the ken of conventional historians and both deemed all periods andculture equally worthy of intensive study. The ultimate philosophic import oftheir painstaking endeavors would emerge only after a sufficient accumula-tion of reliable particulars.

The hallmark of Zunz’s remarkable 1818 bibliographic essay “On Rab-binic Literature” that surveyed the terrain of post-biblical Jewish history was

2 In conversation with Renate Evers, Director of Collections at the Leo Baeck Institute,New York.

Page 16: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

5Identity-Formations in Conflict

its sustained quest for new knowledge. The orderliness, specificity and com-prehensiveness of the essay with its delineation of topics and subfields, andcitation of relevant literature is truly astounding. At the time Zunz was but athird-year student at the university in Berlin, founded in 1810 in reaction toNapoleon’s humiliating defeat of Prussia and occupation of its capital. By1818 Prussia was absorbed in the midst of a frenetic rejection of all traces ofFrench influence including the emancipation of its Jewish subjects. Germannationalists had effectively mobilized students and urban dwellers to vilifyand extirpate all expressions of French rationalism and Jewish otherness.3 Atthe university Zunz found himself in a class taught by Friedrich Rühs whostood at the forefront of a phalanx of conservative intellectuals out to denyJews equality in Prussia. Unlike France, they contended, Prussia was a Chris-tian state and the deplorable condition of its Jewish subjects had everythingto do with Judaism itself rather than with medieval Christian oppression.

With Rühs, an authority on medieval history, Zunz chose history as theweapon for his counter-offensive and in so doing, his erudition unfurled theagenda of more than a century of Jewish scholarship to come. More proxi-mately, he implied that too little was known of the tortuous history of theJewish experience to conduct a fair and informed debate on the state ofGerman Jewry. New knowledge would eventually show that Jews were heirsto a religious culture no less grand and ennobling than the one Germannationalists rushed to embrace in their abhorrence of French rationalism. Inretrospect, however, the encounter ominously anticipated that the Christianidentity incorporated by German nationalism in its furious flight from theWest would never tolerate German Jews imbued by Wissenschaft des Juden-tums with pride in their millennial past as equal citizens.4

Isaac Marcus Jost, Zunz’s erstwhile compatriot, confronted the urgencyof the moment more directly. The generation of new knowledge was at best along term strategy. To address the ongoing deliberations of Prussian states-men and bureaucrats, Jost set about to hastily compile and publish in Ger-man from 1820 to 1828 a nine-volume narrative history from the Maccabeesto the eighteenth century on the basis of the faulty, bigoted and truncatedsources already well known. Like Zunz, Jost validated the turn to history andhis appended excursuses on the Bible and Talmud contained nuggets of me-

3 Eleonore Sterling, “Anti-Jewish Riots in Germany in 1819: A Displacement of SocialProtest,” Historia Judaica, 12 (1950), 105–42; Jacob Katz, “The Hep-Hep Riots in Ger-many of 1819: The Historical Background” (Hebrew), Zion, 38 (1973), 62–115; Uriel Tal,“Young German Intellectuals on Romanticism and Judaism – Spiritual Turbulence in theEarly 19th Century,” Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, 3 vols. (Jerusalem: AmericanAcademy for Jewish Research, 1974), 2, 919–38.

4 Ismar Schorsch, Leopold Zunz: Creativity in Adversity (Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press, 2016), 7–23.

Page 17: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

6 Identity-Formations in Conflict

thodological originality. But overall his highly negative depiction of Rabbin-ic Judaism and its medieval Ashkenasic offspring recycled the animosity ofthe radical wing of the German Enlightenment of the eighteenth century,while conceding the demand of German conservatives that Judaism neededto be reformed, if not discarded before Jews could become eligible for Prus-sian citizenship.5

When the crescendo of German nationalism turned to violence againstJews in many parts of Germany in 1819, a small group of vulnerable andanxious young Jewish intellectuals gathered in Berlin to hammer out anideology and program to advance the cause of emancipation in Prussia. Theyworked intensively on many fronts to project a commitment to collectiveself-improvement that would defend and complete the partial emancipationextended in 1812 by Prussian liberals who had come to power in the wake ofNapoleon’s humiliating victory. Zunz served as the heartbeat of that enter-prise and his brand of critical scholarship was its most lasting contribution.The modest journal he edited bore the name Wissenschaft des Judentums,which was soon to become the banner for the entire movement and its hand-ful of essays constituted what Zunz envisioned by the turn to history. First,the study of Jewish history required the systematic utilization of non-Jewishsources. Second, to fully grasp any episode, institution or literary documentunder study, one needed to be attentive to the likelihood of external influ-ence. Jewish history did not occur outside of an influential context and couldno longer be fathomed in isolation. And finally, the most valid primarysources for a subject were those close to it in terms of time and place. In a tourde force Zunz constructed a biography of Rashi solely on the basis of infor-mation garnered from his own writings and contemporaries. The under-standing of our most venerated figures and sacred texts stood to benefitenormously from an academic method that stripped them from the fictions ofmythological thinking.6

The Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews (Verein für Cultur undWissenschaft der Juden) ceased functioning in the early days of 1824. Farahead of its time, it exercised no influence on the ruling plutocracy of theBerlin Jewish community or on the Prussian government. In a gesture oflament, Zunz retained its papers and alone remained faithful to its scholarlyvision. From 1824 to 1831 he toiled as the foreign correspondent of a leadingBerlin newspaper, where he perused and excerpted the foreign press from8 am to 1 pm. On his own time, he devoured every Jewish book and manu-script he could lay his hands on and in 1832 unexpectedly produced the first

5 Idem, “From Wolfenbuettel to Wissenschaft – The Divergent Paths of Isaak MarkusJost and Leopold Zunz,” LBIYB, 22 (1977), 109–28.

6 Idem, “Breakthrough into the Past: The Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Ju-den,” LBIYB, 33 (1988), 3–28.

Page 18: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

7Identity-Formations in Conflict

classic of the Wissenschaft movement. Its intent was to allay the dread ofreligious reform by a reactionary government. The German synagogue ser-mon was not an innovation of Jews seeking emancipation, but simply themost recent genre of an ancient tradition to invest the words of Scripture withmeaning through creative imagination, a form of reading found already inScripture itself. In making that bold argument, Zunz dated and ordered avast body of diverse rabbinic literature to construct more than a millennialhistory of midrashic literature. Not only had midrash prevented the meaningof the Hebrew Bible from ever devolving into a fossil, but it also transformedJewish identity from a static to a dynamic reality.

For all his brilliance, Zunz never denied his indebtedness to others. Inclosing his forward, he paid special tribute to the erudition and generosity ofShlomo Yehudah Rapoport in Lemberg, whom he had cited no less than 110times in his book. Years later Zunz would herald Rapoport as the Azariah deRossi (the astounding Renaissance forerunner of Wissenschaft des Judentumsin sixteenth-century Italy) of his generation, the veritable founder of its criti-cal scholarship. It may well have been, however, Zunz’s essay on Rashi in1823 that moved Rapoport to embark on composing in the following decadehis own celebrated six teeming Hebrew biographical essays on rabbinic lu-minaries from the tenth and eleventh centuries enthralled by the world ofIslam. A three-year correspondence between the two men readied Zunz towrite; to answer a Rapoport epistle often demanded of Zunz half a day ofpreparation.7

Born in 1790, Rapoport was a talmudic prodigy tempered by the Haskalah(the Hebrew Enlightment). As a young adolescent, he met Nahman Kroch-mal, the leader of that movement in Galicia, who soon became a lifelongfriend and mentor. In a highly insular society dominated by Hasidism, to-gether they dared to pore over classical Jewish texts from a critical perspec-tive. In 1816, at age 31, Krochmal felt the need to defend himself publicly in aheartrending letter to the leading rabbinic sage in Zolkiew from scurrilousattacks by local Hasidim because of his relationship with a harried Karaitesurvivor in the neighborhood. To do critical scholarship in Berlin was alonely pursuit; in Galicia it could be downright perilous.8

The point of interfacing these distant venues is to stress that the mindsetthat matured into critical Jewish scholarship appeared independently in dif-ferent corners of Europe. It did not simply emanate from Berlin. And nothingdocuments Zunz’s appreciation of this cross-fertilization more than the vastcorpus of his correspondence. When Krochmal died in 1840, Zunz honored

7 Idem, Leopold Zunz, 55–91.8 The Writings of Nachman Krochmal (Hebrew), ed. and introd. Simon Rawidowicz

(London/Waltham, MA: Ararat Publishing Society, 1961), 413–16.

Page 19: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

8 Identity-Formations in Conflict

his deathbed wish to edit and bring out his unfinished manuscript, eventhough the two men had never met. Zunz sensed just how original Kroch-mal’s deep study of all layers of Jewish creativity from the Bible to Kabbalahmight be and how important it was to disseminate its findings in both Easternand Western Europe.9 Nothing alleviated the grinding isolation of committedscholars nor stimulated their own thinking more than the constant exchangeof serious letters. For students of the Wissenschaft movement these lettersoften provide vital commentary on the texts these solitary pioneers wereengaged in writing.

Zunz’s Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden, historisch entwickelt(The Synagogue Sermons of the Jews Studied Historically) not only unfurleda monument to the revelatory power of critical scholarship, but also readied afertile field of research destined to yield a bounty of unending harvests.Across Europe several generations of scholars were inspired by his work tostudy and edit the midrashic texts he had painstakingly detected, identifiedand ordered chronologically. In 1845, Berlin’s gifted conservative-leaningrabbi Michael Sachs introduced his splendid volume of translations of Se-phardic Hebrew poems from Spain with a sweeping essay in which he asser-ted that the intuitive, non-rational mindset of the authors of midrash gavethem special insight into the spiritual world of the Hebrew Bible. It was onlywith the swift ascendancy of Islam in the ninth and tenth centuries that Greekscience and philosophy in Arabic garb began to erode that affective intimacy.Eight years later, Sachs displayed again his affinity for midrash with a largeanthology of midrashic gems felicitously retold in German poetic form. Bothvolumes inspired Heine’s profusion of German-Jewish poems in the finalyears of his tormented life.10

Sachs was but the first of Zunz’s acolytes. By the beginning of the twenti-eth century, midrash had mushroomed to be the largest subfield of Wissen-schaft des Judentums as measured by the entries of The Jewish Encyclopedia,itself a grand capstone of nineteenth-century critical scholarship. A seminalcontributor to that upsurge was Adolph Jellinek, a yeshiva prodigy fromMoravia, who in 1843 translated into German with many annotations Adol-phe Franck’s French survey of the history of Kabbalah. During his fourteen-year stay in Leipzig, Jellinek studied Arabic at the university with HeinrichLeberecht Fleischer, Germany’s leading Orientalist, and ranged robustlyover the entire terrain of midrash and Kabbalah. By the early 1850s he wasarguing compellingly that the primary author of the Zohar was Moses deLeon, a late thirteenth-century Spanish mystic at war with the philosophical

9 Ismar Schorsch, “The Production of a Classic: Zunz as Krochmal’s Editor,” LBIYB,31 (1986), 281–315.

10 Michael Sachs, Die religiöse Poesie der Juden in Spanien (Berlin: Veit, 1845); idem,Stimmen vom Jordan und Euphrat (Berlin: Veit, 1853).

Page 20: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

9Identity-Formations in Conflict

legacy of Maimonides, and not the second-century romantic Tanna, RabbiShimon ben Yohai.

In 1853 Jellinek began to publish at intervals a Hebrew periodical pro-grammatically called Beit ha-Midrash (The House of Midrash) in which overthe next quarter century he would publish and comment upon some 89 ob-scure midrashic texts often saturated with the vocabulary of Kabbalah. Thefirst volume Jellinek adorned with a florid Hebrew dedication to LeopoldZunz, to whom he would return in the German introduction to his first text.Jellinek forewarned his readers that he was not about to repeat what Zunzhad to say about each of the texts he was going to publish. For no seriousstudent of midrash would dare to approach these texts without Zunz’s bookin hand. In truth, he averred that “we can only come to appreciate this grandwork when we enter into its details, for it is only then that we come to marvelat the care and deep knowledge with which the master works.”

In 1865 Jellinek moved to Vienna to become an exemplar of the German-Jewish pulpit rabbinate without leaving his scholarship behind. Toward thatend he opened an institute for the study of rabbinic literature and the prepa-ration of students for the rabbinate in 1862. With his faculty of Isaac HirschWeiss and Meir Friedmann (Ish Shalom), he turned Vienna into an emporiumof research on midrash. Both men enriched the field with a gamut of valuableeditions of midrashic texts. Years later, Weiss acknowledged in his memoirsthat as an aspiring young scholar he pored over Die gottesdienstlichen Vor-träge “as assiduously and carefully as I was wont to study the Talmud andPoskim (halakhic decisors).”11

Solomon Schechter’s love of midrash owes much to the three years hespent in the 1870s at the feet of Weiss and Friedmann in Jellinek’s rabbinicalschool, a debt he would repay with his 1887 edition of Avoth de Rabbi Nathan,the first critical edition of a rabbinic text in the Wissenschaft era. In lateryears he wrote an appreciative essay about each of his teachers. Nor is it anaccident that three years after the death of Zunz in 1886, he honored him witha biographical essay that included a generous outline of Die gottedienstlichenVorträge to introduce the English-speaking world to its inestimable contents.Though unfinished and to be published only posthumously, the essay con-firmed Zunz’s influence down to the third generation of Wissenschaft schol-ars and indeed beyond.12

Zunz’s reach also extended far beyond the borders of Prussia and Saxony.In 1868 Salomon Buber, the grandfather of Martin, published for the firsttime the text of Pesihta de Rav Kahana, a Palestinian midrash from the end of

11 Ismar Schorsch, “Scholem on Zunz: An Egregious Misreading,” (in this volume).12 Idem, “Schechter’s Indebtedness to Zunz,” Jewish Historical Studies. Transactions of

the Jewish Historical Society of England, 48 (2016), 9–16.

Page 21: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

10 Identity-Formations in Conflict

the seventh century, arranged according to the order of its festival calendar.Without ever seeing a manuscript of the original, Zunz had reconstructed,identified and dated the text on the basis of some 200 passages in later rab-binic literature that he had managed to assemble, a monumental tribute toZunz’s tenacity, ingenuity and erudition. Before the end of his lengthy intro-duction, Buber, who was to edit yet other midrashic texts, broke into praiseof Zunz:

Before I finish I must thank the great reconnoiter, rabbi and scholar extraordinaire, mo-renu-ha-rav Lipmann Zunz, may his flame continue to burn brightly, who served as myeyes in several matters. Notwithstanding that in some places he missed the mark, becausehearing is not the same as seeing, and the Pesikta eluded the sight of this great scholarwhereas it lies before me today, I will sing his praises with a full heart, for it is entirelydeserving. A scholar is to be preferred to a prophet. He was the first to point out theexistence of a Pesikta text which had disappeared completely until now. I am sure that hewill celebrate the reemergence of this treasure into the light of day as he beholds it with hisown eyes.13

Yet another third generation Zunz acolyte was Julius Theodor, who hadgraduated from the Breslau Seminary in 1878. To further his singular dedi-cation to the study of midrash, he chose to remain in the rabbinic post of thesmall Posen community of Bojanowo. In a series of penetrating essays pub-lished in the scholarly journal of the Seminary, Theodor profoundly deep-ened the internal analysis of early midrashic works. On the occasion of the100th anniversary of Zunz’s birth in 1794, Theodor celebrated three of hisirreversible achievements: “That which he demolished will never be restoredand that which he proved will never be undone and most significantly, therevolution he inaugurated in scholarship has few parallels in the entire histo-ry of scholarship.” By the time of his own death in 1923, he had completed 80percent of his monumental critical edition of Bereishit Rabba, which Cha-noch Albeck finished by 1936. And it was Albeck who was to make sure thatZunz’s influence would extend to Israel by having his Die gottesdienstlichenVorträge translated into Hebrew and updated in the 1940s.14

What had drawn Zunz to the study of midrash in the first place was itsunending creativity. In apparent contrast to the corpus of Jewish law, itpermitted a freedom of individual expression that prevented the sacred Can-on from ever closing. The divine word bore an infinity of meanings thatenabled each generation to meet its needs through an exercise of religiousimagination. Ineluctably, by the end of the nineteenth century Wissenschafthad revealed how midrash fed into and fertilized new genres of human ex-pression such as piyut, fictional biography, folklore, mysticism, theology, the

13 Idem, “Scholem on Zunz.”14 Ibid.

Page 22: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Modern Authors

Albeck, C. 108 Albright, W.F. 184 Alexander, G.E. 129, 132, 134 Angelier, F. 295 Aschheim, S.E. 110 Bacher, W. 106, 118, 231, 285 Baer, S. 103 Bamberger, F. 123, 144 Baron, S.W. 133, 238 Baudissin, W. 289 Bechtoldt, H.-J. 112, 126, 138, 142, 144 Beer, B. 102 Belke, I. 286, 290 Ben Yehuda, E. 148, 226 Ben-Chorin, S. 112 Ben-Horin, M. 76, 80, 82, 85, 89 Bentwich, N. 66, 69, 72, 78–82, 84–85,

87 Berdichevsky, M.J. 107 Berliner, A. 32, 142 Bernfeld, I. 50, 253 Bernfeld, S. 123, 125, 177 Biale, D. 96–97 Bialik, H.N. 107 Bilski, E.D. 45 Bischoff, E. 113 Blau, B. 134 Bloch, J.S. 117 Bobzin, M. 200 Brämer, A. 131 Brann, M. 17, 40, 46, 124, 151–152,

157–159, 182 Braun, E. 45 Brecher, G. 240–241 Brenner, M. 128, 131, 163 Brettler, M.Z. 147, 164

Breuer, E. 143, 158, 161 Breuer, M. 131, 133 Brisman, S. 32, 229 Brockelmann, C. 227 Brody, R. 113 Brüll, N. 120–121 Brumlik, M. 26 Buber, S. 103 Burstein, M. 132 Carlebach, E. 122 Cassel, D. 122–123, 260 Cohen, H. 173 Cohen, J. 114–115 Cohen, R.I. 82 Cohn, M.J. 271 Conrad, L.I. 285–286, 293–294 Cowen, P. 73–74 Craig, G.A. 203 Craster, E. 34 Davidson, H.A. 259 Davidson, C. 86 Davidson, I. 72, 80, 106 De Wette, W.M.L. 145–147 Delitzsch, F. 117, 233, 247–248 Derenbourg, J. 231 Dubnow, S. 129 Dukes, L. 264 Duschak, M. 239, 241 Eisenmenger, J.A. 201 Elbogen, I. 142, 146, 274 Ellenson, D. 132 Epstein, I. 114 Eron, M. 138–139, 153 Ewald, H. 138, 277, 224

Page 23: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

306 Index of Modern Authors

Fackenheim, E.L. 173 Fierstein, R.E. 182 Fine, D.J. 92 Finkelstein, L. 75, 93, 184 Fishbane, M. 140 Fishman, T. 113 Fleischer, H.L. 202–203, 219, 274 Fraisse, O. 267 Frank, A. 230 Frankel, Z. 101, 123 Freidenreich, H. 133 Freund, I. 129–130, 133 Friedman, S. 19 Friedmann, M. 105 Fries, J.F. 116 Fück, J. 202, 244 Fürst, J. 32–33, 35, 122, 271, 274 Gafni, C. 158 Geiger, A. 11, 13–15, 138, 154–155,

175, 210–212, 293 Geiger, L. 11–12, 32, 130–131, 138, 144 Geller, S.A. 181 Gerber, N. 199 Ginsberg, H.L. 180, 184, 186–187, 194 Ginzberg, E. 81 Ginzberg, L. 106–107 Glatzer, N.N. 25, 41–56, 144, 253, 287 Goldberg, A. 250 Goldberg, H.E. 85 Goldin, J. 75 Goldschmidt, E. 112 Goldschmidt, L. 124–127 Goldziher, I. 156, 205–206, 243, 247,

267–268, 273, 275–279, 281–289, 291–293, 296–297, 299

Gosche, R. 210–211, 216–218, 226–228, 230–231, 240, 297

Grab, W. 26 Gräber, E. 153 Graetz, H. 19, 79–80, 107, 115, 123,

154, 157–158, 160–174, 176, 182, 201

Grafton, A.T. 29 Greenberg, M. 157, 187–189, 191, 193 Greive, W. 26

Gruenewald, M. 132 Grünbaum, M. 107 Ha’am, A. 139, 177 Haber, P. 268, 275 HaCohen, R. 138–139, 141, 151, 153 Halkin, A.S. 193 Haran, M. 140 Harris, H. 292 Hasselhoff, G.K. 258 Heine, H. 112 Heinemann, Y. 108 Heller, B. 282, 285, 293 Heller, M.J. 113 Hellwing, I.A. 117 Henne, T. 26 Herlitz, G. 120 Hertz, D. 42, 45 Herxheimer, S. 166 Heschel, A.J. 94 Heschel, S. 211 Hirschfeld, H. 122, 241 Hiscott, W. 26 Hoffmann, D. 119, 124–125, 155 Holborn, H. 201 Honigmann, P. 134 Hopkins, S. 297 Howard, T.A. 3 Huhn, I. 297 Hyman, P.E. 54 Idel, M. 111 Isler, M. 32–33 Italiener, B. 52 Ivry, A.L. 210 Jahuda Ibn Pakuda, B. ben 261 Japhet, S. 140 Jellinek, A. 100–101 John, U. 203 Jones, E. 127 Jost, I.M. 31, 43, 121, 141, 154, 202 Kadari, T. 106–107 Kalmar, I.D. 199 Kaplan, L. 138

Page 24: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Modern Authors 307

Kaplan, M.A. 42 Karpp, G. 174 Katz, J. 5, 115–116, 131, 201 Kaufmann, D. 144 Kaufmann, Y. 157, 173, 179–181, 187,

192–193 Keller, V. 132 Kirschner, B. 120 Kister, M. 67, 75 Kohut, G.A. 214, 242, 249 Koningsveld, P.Sj. 206, 270, 295 Kramer, M. 200 Krapf, T. 157, 188–189, 192–193 Kraus, H.-J. 144, 154, 174 Kretschmann, C. 26 Krochmal, N. 7 Landauer, S. 232 Langton, D.R. 88 Lazarus, M. 286 Lebrecht, F. 36 Leiman, S. 122 Levine, B.A. 194 Levy, J. 120, 220, 246 Lewis, B. 200–201 Liberles, R. 131, 133 Liska, V. 110 Loewe, H. 290 Loewe, R. 66 Long, B.O. 184–185 Löw, I. 296 Lowenstein, S.M. 44, 143 Malter, H. 255 Maimonides, M. 262 Mangold, S. 200, 202–204, 206, 222–

223, 287 Manuel, F.E. 116 Marchand, S.L. 200, 202 Marcus, J.R. 215 Margolis, M.A. 182 Marx, A. 34, 46–48, 64–65, 212–213,

216, 229, 238–239, 243, 249–252, 265

Massmann, S. 26 Maybaum, S. 42, 46, 155

Meirovich, H.W. 67, 183 Meisel, J. 169, 173 Meyer, M.A. 131 Michael, R. 154, 158–160, 169 Miller, J. 82 Miller, M.L. 239 Mintz, A. 112, 122 Mintz, S.L. 76 Morais, S. 182 Morgenstern, M. 128, 133 Munk, S. 259, 261 Neubauer, A. 231 Neusner, J. 114 Nicholson, E. 194 Niehoff, M.R. 11, 101, 141, 146 Ormos, I. 285 Pasto, J. 147 Patai, R. 286 Paul, S. 185 Penslar, D.J. 128, 199 Perlitt, L. 138, 160–161, 223 Pinner, M. 122 Plaut, G.W. 112 Polansky, A. 129 Popper, J. 154 Porges, M.B. 158, 162 Preissler, H. 207, 217, 221–222, 234,

243–246, 255, 270, 276, 296 Puschner, M. 26 Pyka, M. 157, 173 Rabinowicz, R.N. 37 Rabinowitch, S.P. 109 Rabinowitz, D. 179 Rahmer, M. 107 Rawics, M. 120 Rawidowicz, S. 7, 252 Rawnitzki, Y.H. 107 Rees, D.A. 35 Reif, S.C. 67–68, 77 Reissner, H.G. 46 Rengstorf, K.H. 247–249 Reuschel, W. 222

Page 25: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

308 Index of Modern Authors

Rice, E. 127 Rofé, A. 145 Rogerson, J.W. 144–145, 146 Rohling, A. 117 Rohrbacher, S. 115 Römer, T. 161, 170, 177 Rosen, D. 144 Rosenmann, M. 46, 104, 229 Rubashaw, Z. 139 Rudersdorf, M. 203 Sachs, M. 8, 100, 143, 264 Salsberger, G. 112 Sammter, A. 120 Sandler, A. 132 Sarna, N. 154, 157, 175, 185, 189–190 Schad, M. 144 Schäfer, P. 95, 203 Schechter, S. 61, 66–71, 73, 75, 77–78,

82–86, 89–93, 98, 105, 108, 110, 183 Scheiber, A. 156, 282 Scheyer, S. 262 Schieferl, F.X. 116 Schiller-Szinessy, S.M. 66 Schine, R.S. 110 Schirmann, H. 263 Scholem, G. 35–37, 58, 61, 95–97, 109–

111, 124 Schorsch, I. 5–10, 14, 17–19, 21–23, 25,

29, 57–58, 60, 64, 68, 70–72, 95, 102, 105, 110, 117, 130–131, 141, 147, 167, 173, 199, 213, 241, 245–246, 252, 256–257, 265, 270, 273–274, 277, 287–288

Schwab, M. 209, 250 Schwarz, L.W. 187 Schwartz, S. 98 Scult, M. 74, 77, 80, 82, 93, 181 Seeman, D. 179 Seybold, C.F. 202, 204, 221 Shalom, M.I. 123 Shargel, B.R. 85, 181 Shavit, Y. 138–139, 153 Silberstein, J. 133 Simon, R. 206, 247, 296 Simon, U. 189

Ska, J.L. 158–159 Slyomovics, P. 193 Speiser, E.A. 190 Soloweitshik, M. 139 Sommer, B.D, 173, 176 Sperling, S.D. 189, 191 Spottiswoode, W. 242 Stein, J.B. 76, 79 Steinschneider, M. 22, 34–38, 59–64,

68, 132, 142, 207, 213–215, 229, 231, 235, 237, 240–246, 248–253, 255–266, 291–292

Steinthal, H. 286, 290 Stemberger, G. 104–105 Sterling, E. 3, 5, 25–26 Stern, E. 112 Stockhorst, S. 66 Strack, H.L. 118 Tal, U. 5, 183 Theodor, J. 107 Thorbecke, H. 207 Thulin, M. 151 Tov, E. 162 Trautmann-Waller, C. 292 Türk, M. 134 Ullmann, L. 211 Vargon, S. 138, 153, 169 Vatke, W. 145, 177 Viezel, E. 161 Vogel, K. 203 Volkov, S. 3, 134 Von Hammer, J. 202 Von Hehl, U. 203 Vörös, K. 281 Wagner, E. 212, 214 Wagner, S. 205 Weber, F. 79, 116 Weil, Go. 57 Weil, Gu. 211 Weinfeld, M. 169–170 Weitzman, S. 170 Wellhausen, J. 169, 178

Page 26: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Modern Authors 309

Wertheimer, J. 183, 187–188 Wiener, Ad. 62 Wiener, Al. 132 Weis, R.D. 175 Weiss, I.H. 104 Wiese, C. 178, 204, 221 Wilke, C. 210 Winter, J. 99, 120 Wolf, G. 55 Wolin, R. 110

Wünsche, A. 99, 107, 118, 120 Ya’ari, A. 74, 77 Yahuda, A.S. 261, 265 Zadoff, N. 110 Zunz, L. 12, 29, 31–32, 43, 49, 95, 97–

98, 103, 105, 121, 137, 139–151, 202, 226, 253–254, 256, 265

Zussman, Y. 75

Page 27: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen
Page 28: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Subjects

Abulafia, Abraham 100 Adler, Cyrus 93 Aggada 99, 106, 118, 119, 141, 256, 260 Albeck, Chanoch 10, 107, 108 Albright, William Foxwell 183–185 Alt, Albrecht 186 Anger, Rudolf 229, 230 Anti-Semitism 20, 23, 25, 99, 116, 117,

119, 124, 183, 284 Apocrypha 91, 102, 119 Asher, Abraham 229 Ashkenazi see Jewry, Ashkenazi Avoth de-Rabbi Nathan 9, 67–69, 105 Bacher, Wilhelm 106, 118n, 160, 231,

234, 262, 292 Bahir 35 Bandinel, Bulkeley 33 Baneth, Eduard 231 Barth, Jacob 231 Baudissin, Wolf 289 Beer, Bernhard 101–102 Beer, Michael 249 Beerman, Levy Moses 42 Bellermann, Johann Joachim 121 Ben Sira 68, 76, 88, 91 Benjamin, Walter 109, 110 Berdyczewski, Micha 107–108 Bereshit Rabbah 10, 98, 107 Berliner, Adolf 291 Bernfeld, Simon 125 Bernstein, Aron David 150–151 Bertheau, Ernst 232–233 Bialik, Hayim Nahman 107–108, 109,

193 Biblical criticism 91–92, 179–195, 287,

291–292

– and Graetz 158–178 – and Zunz 137–157, 167–168 Bibliothèque nationale 204, 250, 253,

300 Bischoff, Erich 113, 120, 124 Bleichrode, Isaak 124 Blickerman, Elias 185 Blood libel 122 Bodleian Library 22, 32, 33, 50, 76, 146,

213–214, 228, 229, 252–253, 254, 259, 261, 262, 263

Bomberg, Daniel 113, 124 Börne, Karl Ludwig 50 Brann, Markus 124, 156–157 Brecher, Gideon 62–63, 239–241, 261 British Museum 32, 50, 76, 253 Brockelmann, Carl 227 Brockhaus, Hermann 223, 229, 230 Buber, Martin 191 Buber, Salomon 9–10, 102–103 Buddha 263–264 Buxtorf lexica 148 Byron 49 Cairo Geniza 23, 38, 67, 68, 76–77, 83,

90, 92, 105–106, 199 Canning, George 50 Caspari, Carl 207–208 Cassel, David 123, 240, 257–258, 260 Cassel, Selig 64–65 Chasidism see Ḥasidism Chiarini, Luigi 121–122 Christianity 20, 22, 25, 26, 72, 80, 99,

102, 114–116, 118, 121, 168, 192, 200–201, 214, 223, 235, 257, 260, 265

Page 29: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

312 Index of Subjects

– and scholarship 29, 72, 78, 79, 80, 91, 138, 160, 161, 164, 170, 176–177, 178, 183, 186, 187, 248, 265

– and the Zunzes 44–46, 51, 54 Chronicles 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 150,

171 Church Fathers 11, 102, 107, 160 Chwolson, Daniel 216–218, 219, 245 Cohen, Gerson D. 179, 180 Cohn, Moses J. 271 Columbia University 4, 185 4 Communal secession 128, 130–134 Communal unity see Einheitsgemeinde Conservative Judaism 74, 85, 87, 93,

179, 188 Cowen, Philip 73, 74 Daniel 140, 144, 163, 165 de Goeje, Michael Jan 206, 276, 298–

299 de Lamartine, Alphonse 49 de Leon, Moses 8, 100 de Perceval, Caussin 202 de Sacy, Sylvestre 202, 204–205, 208,

209, 217, 221, 243, 245, 282 de Wette, Wilhelm Martin Lebrecht

144–146, 166 Delitzsch, Franz 118, 174, 206, 207,

247–248, 249, 264, 265, 289 Derenbourg, Hartwig 23, 300 Derenbourg, Joseph 23, 38, 231 Deuteronomy 137, 144–145, 149–150,

155, 171, 184, 194 Deutsche-Morgenländische Gesellschaft,

die (DMG) see German Oriental Society

Dieterici, Friedrich Heinrich 249 Documentary hypothesis 149, 154, 157,

170, 180, 184, 190, 287 Dorn, Bernard 217 Dozy, Reinhart 275, 291 Dubnow, Simon 181 Dukes, Leopold 264 Ebers, Georg Moritz 276, 277n, 278 Ecclesiastes 158, 163–164, 176

Ehrenberg, Julie 41, 42, 43–44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54

Ehrenberg, Philipp 40, 41, 42, 43–44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 55

Ehrenberg, Samuel Meyer 40, 42–43, 44, 47

Ehrentreu, Heinrich 37 Eichhorn, J.A.F. 32 Eiger, Akiva 219 Einheitsgemeinde 129–134 Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas 115–116,

117, 121, 201 Ettenberg, Sylvia 86 Emancipation 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16,

17, 25–26, 30, 55, 58–59, 61–62, 70, 72, 87, 96, 116, 128–129, 134, 178, 238, 255

– Catholic 50 Enlightenment 96 – German 6, 256 – Hebrew see Haskalah Entdecktes Judenthum 115–116, 121,

201 Eötvös, József 269, 274–275, 276 Esther 20, 137, 163, 165, 176 Ewald, Heinrich 52, 137n, 138, 160,

164, 166, 177, 223–225 Exodus 137, 155, 156, 170, 172, 190,

191 Ezekiel 137, 140, 150, 154, 167–168 Ezra-Nehemiah 140, 145n Finkelstein, Louis 93, 183–185 Fiqh al-lugha 272, 276, 296–298 Fischel, David Gabriel 43 Fleischer, Georg 269 Fleischer, Heinrich Leberecht 8, 23, 120,

174, 199, 202–203, 204–205, 206–221, 222, 223, 224–226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232–236, 237, 241–247, 249, 250, 252, 267–302

Fox, Seymour 188 France 5, 13, 14 Franck, Adolphe, 8, 230

Page 30: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Subjects 313

Frankel, Zacharias 16–19, 23, 47–48, 66, 67, 105, 106, 123, 162, 173, 182, 221, 224, 228, 244, 256–257

Frazer, James 80–81 Freud, Sigmund 127 Freudenberg, Moses Wolf 289 Freund, Ismar 133 Freytag, Georg Wilhelm 209, 211, 245 Friedlander, David 121 Friedlander, Israel 84, 183 Friedmann, Meir (Ish Shalom) 9, 104–

105, 123 Fries, Jakob Friedrich 116 Fürst, Julius 35, 118, 143, 211, 214, 231,

274 Fürstenthal, Raphael J. 261–262 Gabirol, Solomon (Shlomo) ibn 14, 60,

210 Gans, Eduard 45, 46n, 50, 153n Geiger, Abraham 11–15, 16, 21, 23, 40,

54, 58, 69, 83, 90, 138n, 154–155, 174–175, 210–212, 214, 216, 221, 225, 228, 231, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 271, 279, 291, 292

Geiger, Ludwig 40, 212 Genesis 124, 137, 150–151, 154, 155,

156, 170, 172, 189, 190, 256, 257n German Oriental Society 103, 137, 199,

210, 212, 213, 215, 221–236, 244, 270, 271, 277, 280, 298, 299

Gesenius, Wilhelm 36, 120, 218 Gillman, Neil 193 Ginsberg, H.L. 179–180, 183, 184, 185,

186–187, 194 Ginzberg, Louis 81, 84, 105, 107–108 Glatzer, Nahum N. 41 Glaubenswissenschaft 18 Goethe 44, 249, 284 Goldenthal, Jacob 227 Goldschmidt, Lazarus 112, 124–127 Goldsmid, Sir Isaac Lyon 50, 253 Goldziher, Ignaz 156, 205–206, 231,

235, 245, 247, 267–302 – and discrimination 284–286

– Gemeinde post in Budapest 279–282, 287, 289–290

– and Islam 292–295 – and Judaism 286–287, 291–292 – on myth 286–289, 290 Goldziher, Laura 268 Gordis, Robert 183 Gosche, Richard 208, 210, 215, 228–229 Gottheil, Richard 78 Graetz, Heinrich 19–21, 25, 77, 79, 83,

107, 123, 124, 154, 156, 158–178, 182, 220, 228

– on monotheism 172–174 Graf, Karl Heinrich 156, see also Graf-

Wellhausen hypothesis Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis 155, 156,

157 Greenberg, Moshe 180, 187–188, 189,

190–191 Greenberg, Simon 187 Gruenewald, Max 57, 132 Grünbaum, Max 107 Gutzkow, Karl 45 Ha’am, Aḥad 84, 109, 110, 138–139,

181, 192, 193 Halakhah 10, 11, 13, 15, 37, 71, 82, 119,

201, 256, 260 Halberstam, Solomon Hayyim 69, 80 Halevi, Judah (Yehudah) 14, 231, 232,

240, 261, 300 Hamburg 31–32, 34, 40, 45, 47, 50–51,

53, 64, 128, 131, 132–133, 142, 173, 266

von Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph 201–202, 272

Harden, Maximilian 125 Harnack, Adolf 174 Hartmann, Anton Theodor 164 Harvard University 4, 72, 81 Ḥasidism 7, 78, 88, 89, 129 Haskalah 7, 261 Hassler, Konrad Dietrich 209, 221 Hatala, Péter 275, 278 Hatam Sofer see Schreiber, Moses

Page 31: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

314 Index of Subjects

Hebrew Bible 3, 7, 8, 11, 15, 20–21, 25, 63, 71, 72, 91, 97, 99, 112, 202, 207, 218, 224, 239, 243, 247, 283

– and Graetz 158–178 – at JTS 179–195 – and Zunz 137–157, 167–168 Hebrew poetry 14, 99 Hebrew Union College 93 Hebrew University 36, 57, 95, 187 Hegel 19, 45, 173n, 183 Heine, Heinrich 8, 50, 112n, 153n Heinemann, Yitzhak 108 Hengstenberg, Ernest Wilhelm 170 Herder, Johann Gottfried 45, 166 Hertz, Joseph H. 67, 183 Herxheimer, Salomon 166n Heschel, Abraham Joshua 93–94 Hildesheimer, Esriel 133 Hirsch, Samson Raphael 12–13, 58, 104,

105, 131, 271 Hirschfeld, Hartwig 231 Hochschule 63, 216, 246, 287, 290–291 Hoffman, David 118–119, 124–125, 155 Holdheim, Samuel 54 von Humboldt, Alexander 49 Hosea 168, 170, 194 Hurgronje, Christian Snouck 206, 270,

295 Hyman, Paula 41, 54 Ibn al-Sikkīt 273, 297–301 Ibn Ezra, Abraham 148, 259 Isaiah 168–169, 170, 179 Islam 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 38, 77, 100, 199,

211, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223–224, 227, 231, 232, 235, 247, 248, 256–260, 262, 263, 265, 283, 284, 285, 292–295, 296

– and circumcision 240–242, 248 Islamic studies 199–206, 214, 227, 233,

267–268, 269, 270 Isler, Meier 32, 40, 47 Jellinek, Adolph 8–9, 100–101, 104,

111, 228, 229–230, 242 Jeremiah 140, 167, 169, 179

Jerome 102 Jesus 88 Jewish law see Halakhah Jewish mysticism 35, 36, 78, 87–89,

140, see also Kabbalah Jewish Studies 3, 17, 63–64, 72, 80, 114,

269, see also Wissenschaft des Judentums

Jewish Theological Seminary of America 73–75, 79, 81–86, 92, 94, 105

– admission of women 85–86 – and biblical criticism 179–195 Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau

17–19, 21, 54, 62, 64, 71, 92, 98, 105, 106, 118, 120, 124, 151, 159, 170, 181–183, 204, 265

Jewry – Alexandrian 16 – Ashkenazi 6, 13, 14, 23, 112, 117,

175, 199, 254, 257, 260 – English 66, 105 – German 4, 5, 13, 17, 23, 30, 46, 60,

62, 129–134 – Hungarian 131 – Islamic 22, 23, 77, 199, 211, 214,

219, 232, 258–260, 262, 265 – Russian 129 – Sephardi 8, 13, 14, 148, 182, 199,

240, 241, 254, 260–261, 263, 264, 265

– Spanish 14, 23, 148 Job 141, 159, 162, 167 Jolowicz, Heimann 240 Jost, Isaac Marcus 5, 21, 30–31, 57, 117,

121, 141, 147, 154, 201, 254 Judaism, post-Biblical 3, 4 Judeo-Arabic 22, 38, 218–219, 227, 232,

240, 254, 274n, 295 Kabbalah 8, 9, 35, 36, 58, 60, 97, 100–

101, 111, 139, 160, 229–230, 235, 260

Kallir, Elasar ben 148 Kaplan, Mordecai 74, 84, 185, 194 Karaites 7, 148, 161–162, 247, 248 Kármán, Móric 292

Page 32: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Subjects 315

Karo, Joseph 263 Kaufmann, David 40, 71, 144n, 151–

152, 231 Kaufmann, Yehezkel 157, 173, 179–182,

185, 186–191, 192–195 Kautsch, Emil 174, 175 Kitāb al-alfāz 297–301 Klausner, Yosef 193 Kohn, Sámuel 279 Kohut, Alexander 231 Koran see Quran Krehl, Ludolf 269 Krochmal, Nahman 7–8, 21, 66, 67, 90,

168, 225, 252 Kuzari 231, 232, 240, 256n, 261, 300 Landauer, M.H. 35 Landauer, Samuel 231, 232 Lazarus, Moritz 279, 290, 291 Lebrecht, Fürchtegott 36, 291 Leiden 22, 33 Lepsius, Karl Richard 50 Letteris, Meir 228 Leviticus 137, 150, 155, 156, 170–171 Levy, Jacob 120, 219–220, 246, 273–

274 Levy, Moritz Abraham 231 Lewandowski, Louis 49 Lewes, George Henry 49 Lewy, Israel 67, 105 Lilienthal, Max 34–35 Löw, Immanuel 231, 233, 245, 296 Löw, Leopold 292 Luther, Martin 20, 112n Luzzato, Samuel David 21, 101, 122,

138, 152–153, 168, 182 Maimonides 9, 14, 23, 67, 88–89, 101,

209, 210, 216, 228, 247, 258–259, 261–262, 266

Martini, Raymond 115 Marx, Alexander 58, 84 Masoretic text 143, 159, 161–162, 174 Massignon, Louis 295 Maybaum, Sigmund 155 Melton Research Center 188

Melton, Samuel 188, 190 Mendelssohn, Moses 3, 89, 114, 256n,

257 – Bible Translation 112, 143, 161,

166n Merzbacher, Abraham 36 Meyerbeer, Giacomo 249 Micah 170 Michael, Heimann Joseph 32, 142 Midrash 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 24, 25, 31,

66, 70, 71, 72, 92, 97–101, 102, 104, 105–108, 109, 111, 118, 119, 139–141, 145, 147, 160, 161, 202, 234, 254, 256, 257, 273

Mises, Isaak 234–235 Mishnah 11, 13, 18, 66, 119, 212 Muhammed 11, 241–242, 245, 256, 294 Montefiore, Claude G. 66, 75, 78–79 Morais, Sabato 182 Müller, Friedrich Max 287, 288 Muller, Markus 232 Munich 22, 34–38, 124, 232 Munk, Salomon 23, 38, 209–210, 212,

224, 225, 228, 229, 249–250, 254, 259, 260–262

Naḥmanides 88–89, 100 Nationalism 84, 93 – German 4, 5, 6, 20, 25 Neubauer, Adolf 231 Neumann, Salomon 69–70 New Testament 49, 117, 160, 274n, 292 Nicholas I, Tzar 122 Nöldeke, Theodor 118n, 138n, 175, 206,

215, 232, 295–296 Numbers 137, 150, 156, 170 Olshausen, Justus 166 Oppenheimer, David 31, 32 Orientalism 23 Orthodox Judaism 58, 62, 87, 91, 92,

128, 132, 155, 168n, 179, 291 Paul, Shalom 185 Pentateuch see Torah Peshat 13, 176, 181, 189, 195

Page 33: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

316 Index of Subjects

Pesiqta de Rav Kahana 9–10, 102–103 Pharisees 15 Pinner, Ephraim Moses 120, 121–123 Piyut 10, 24, 25, 60, 68, 70, 72, 102,

147–148 Popper, Julius 154 Poznanski, Samuel Abraham 73–74, 77 Prayerbook 24, 59–62, 228 Prophets 140, 156, 161, 164, 167–169,

182, 186, 218 – Early 180, 194 Protestantism 3, 20, 21, 115–116, 128,

158, 178, 183, 202, 218, 221, 222, 232

Prussia 5–6, 12, 13, 25, 30, 32, 41, 58, 102, 129–130, 131–132, 133, 170, 176, 234, 248–249, 250

Psalms 20, 24, 25, 60, 70, 91, 140, 142, 144, 145–146, 159, 162, 166–167, 169, 176

P’shat see Peshat Pugio fidei 115 Pulszky, Ferenc 276 Qumran 67, 77 Quran 11, 203, 204, 207, 211, 242, 247,

256, 274n, 283, 296 Rabbinic Judaism see Judaism, post-

Biblical Rabbinic literature 7, 9, 19, 30, 104, 114 Rabbinowicz, Raphael Nathan 36–37 Rahmer, Moritz 107 Ramah Camps 85 von Ranke, Leopold 4, 29 Rapoport, Shlomo Yehudah 7, 43, 59,

66, 208–209, 210, 212, 214, 225, 228, 251

Rashi 6, 7, 124 Rathenau, Walter 134 Rawicz, Victor Meyer 120–121 Rawnitsky, Jehoshua Hana 107–108 Reform Judaism 15, 54, 58, 83, 87, 90,

92, 128, 134, 154–155, 210, 216 Reiske, Johann Jakob 243 Remusat, Abel 221

Renan, Ernst 164, 209, 250, 284, 287 Riesser, Gabriel 50, 58 Ritschl, Albrecht 174 Rödiger, Emil 215, 225, 227–228 Rohling, August 117–118, 120 Rosenzweig, Franz 287 Rubo, Julius 42 Rühs, Friederich 5, 30 Saadia Gaon 23, 231, 252, 259, 263, 292 Sabians 216–217 Sachs, Michael 8, 22, 54, 99–100, 143,

225, 228, 264 Sammter, Ascher 120 Sarna, Nahum M. 188–191 von Schabelski, Elsa 125 Schecter, Mathilde 75, 77, 80, 85 Schechter, Solomon 9, 66–72, 73–94,

98, 105–106, 108, 111, 183, 185, 191 – and Conservative Judaism 87–94 – public persona 77–81 Scheyer, Simon 262 Schiller-Szinessy, Solomon Marcus 66,

72 Schleiermacher, Andreas August Ernst

222, 226 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 49 Scholem, Gershom 35–36, 37, 57–58,

61, 95–97, 108–111, 124 Schreiber, Moses 128, 131 Schreiner, Martin 231 Schürer, Emil 174 Sephardi see Jewry, Sephardi Simchowitz, Salom Schachna 234 Simon, Uriel 189 Smith, Robertson 205–206 Society for the Culture and Science of the

Jews 6, 153n Soncino, Joshua Solomon 113 Song of Songs 20, 158, 163, 164, 176 Speiser, E.A. 187 Spiegel, Shalom 179 Spinoza 287, 289, 290 Stade, Bernhard 289 Stamm, Theodor 49 Steinheim, Salomon Ludwig 47

Page 34: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

Index of Subjects 317

Steinschneider, Auguste 237, 243, 249, 250n, 251, 259, 264, 266

Steinschneider, Moritz 21–23, 24, 33–35, 37–38, 46–47, 48, 57–65, 68, 69–70, 96, 98, 123, 146, 207, 208, 212–216, 217, 221, 228–229, 230, 231, 233, 235–236, 237–266, 269, 290, 291–292

– on education 62–64 – and faith 61–62, 64 – on Hebrew 244–245 Steinthal, Heymann 286, 290, 291 Strack, Hermann 118 Strauss, David Friedrich 49, 52 Sulzberger, Mayer 76, 80, 82, 89 Supersessionism 15, 21, 91, 156, 177,

221 Synagogue 24–26, 31, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92,

100, 102, 105, 109, 141, 142, 146–147, 149, 265, 286

Synagogue sermon 7, 8, 31, 97, 254 Szold, Benjamin 159 Szold, Henrietta 85–86 Talmud 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19 63, 66,

67, 78, 99, 102, 112–127, 139, 159, 179, 181, 234, 239, 240, 241, 273, 289, 291, 292

– Christian attacks on 114–118, 123 – European printing history 113 – Goldschmidt’s translation 124–127 – Munich manuscript 36–37, 124 – Yerushalmi 18, 76, 82, 119 Taylor, Charles 80 Tchernowitz, Chaim 193 Teachers Institute 74, 84–86 Tha’ālibī 276, 296–299, 301 Theodor, Julius 10, 97–98, 106–107 Tiktin, Solomon 90 von Treitschke, Heinrich 20, 25 Trefort, Ágoston 275, 278 Torah 21, 25, 60, 61–62, 70, 92, 102,

104, 114, 138, 139, 142, 145, 149, 150, 152–153, 154–155, 156, 161, 169–172, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 194, 218, 287, 292

Ullman, Lion 211 University of Berlin 4, 5, 20, 25, 30, 43,

46n, 122, 249 University of Cambridge 4, 66, 68, 72,

76, 79–81, 90 Vámbéry, Ármin 288 Varnhagen, Rahel 49, 52 Veit, Moritz 143 Victoria, Queen 50, 127, 253 Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der

Juden see Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews

Wahrmann, Mór 281 Weber, Ferdinand 79, 116 Weil, Gotthold 57, 58 Weil, Gustav 211 Weimar 23, 129, 133, 134, 249 Weiss, Isaac Hirsch 9, 104 Wellhausen, Julius 21, 154, 157, 160,

167, 169–171, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186, 194, see also Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis

Wetzstein, Johann Gottfried 296–301 Winter, Jakob 98–99, 118, 119–120 Wissenschaft des Judentums 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,

9, 10, 15, 17–18, 21, 24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 58, 66, 68–69, 71, 74, 79–80, 88, 95–96, 109–111, 121, 138–139, 150, 153, 157, 160, 176, 203–204, 214, 229, 232, 237, 252, 254, 261, 265, 291

– and Islamic studies 199–206, 211, 232

Wohlhill, Friederike Reichel 52 Wolf, Friedrich August 144 Wolf, Gerson 55 Wolf, Johann Christian 31, 258 Wright, William 297–299 Writings 139–140, 161, 163–167 Wünsche, August 98–99, 107, 118, 119 Yahuda, Abraham Shalom 295 Yavneh 73, 74, 127 Yehuda, Eliezer ben 148, 226

Page 35: Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen

318 Index of Subjects

Yiddish 3 Zakkai, Yoḥanan ben 73, 74, 127 Zechariah 141, 168 Zeitschrift der Deutschen-Morgenlän-

dischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG) 137–138, 151, 199, 208, 210, 212, 214, 223, 225, 226–232, 244, 269–270, 271, 272, 273, 277

Zephaniah 169 Zionism 35, 57, 84, 85, 93, 96, 109, 132,

189, 193 Zohar 8, 100, 230 Zunz, Adelheid 40–56, 235, 251, 253 Zunz, Leopold 4–5, 6–8, 9, 10–11, 12,

13–14, 16, 17–18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–

26, 30, 31–32, 36, 40–56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65,66, 68, 69–72, 80, 83, 90, 92, 95–111, 121,130, 137–157, 167–168, 176, 202, 212–213, 214, 224–226, 227, 231, 235, 236, 237, 243, 244, 246, 250, 255–256, 265, 287, see also Hebrew Bible and Zunz

– religious observance 52–54, 151–152

– and Steinschneider 251–254 Zunz Bible 142–144 Zunz Foundation 23, 235–236, 246,

253–254 Zvi, Shabbetai 128–129