TYPES OF THEORIES
• BIOLOGICAL – UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES COMMON TO EVERYONE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL – PART OF INDIVIDUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY, DIFFERENT ACROSS INDIVIDUALS
• SOCIAL – EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, DIFFERENT ACROSS CULTURES
THREE THEORIES
• CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• CAUSE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
CONCEPT
• PSYCHOLOGICAL - M.I. PART OF INDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHY
• BIOLOGICAL - M.I. IS DISCRETE GROUP OF SYMPTOMS THAT INDICATE DISEASE
• SOCIOLOGICAL - DISTRESS AS RESPONSE OF NORMAL PEOPLE
CAUSES
• PSYCHOLOGICAL - INTRA-INDIVIDUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
• BIOLOGICAL - GENETIC AND NEUROCHEMICAL, BRAIN-BASED
• SOCIOLOGICAL - EXTERNAL STRESSORS, RELATIONSHIPS, ROLES, CURRENT
TREATMENTS
• PSYCHOLOGICAL - CHANGE PERSONALITY
• BIOLOGICAL - CHANGE BRAIN
• SOCIOLOGICAL - CHANGE CIRCUMSTANCES
HISTORY
• AROSE AT BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY
• DOMINANT FOR MOST OF CENTURY
• STILL INFLUENTIAL BUT NOW BIOLOGICAL THEORY DOMINANT
• COGNITIVE THEORY PROBABLY DOMINANT IN PSYCHOLOGY
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
• BEFORE FREUD• MENTAL ILLNESS =
INSANITY• BIOLOGICAL CAUSES• HOSPITAL
TREATMENT
• AFTER FREUD• MENTAL ILLNESS
BROAD• PSYCHOLOGICAL
CAUSES• OUTPATIENT
TREATMENT
DYNAMIC CONCEPT
• MENTAL ILLNESS CONTINUOUS WITH NORMALITY
• SAME MECHANISMS UNDERLIE BOTH – DREAMS, JOKES, SLIPS OF TONGUE
• SYMPTOMS AS ASPECT OF TOTAL BIOGRAPHY
CONCLUDE
• SYMPTOMS IN THEMSELVES ARE NOT FOCUS
• PARTICULAR DIAGNOSES NOT IMPORTANT
• MUST INTENSIVELY ANALYZE EACH INDIVIDUAL TO UNDERSTAND AND TREAT SYMPTOMS
CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• ALL BEHAVIORS MOTIVATED
• MOTIVATIONS ARE UNCONSCIOUS
• UNCONSCIOUS ROOTED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
• TRAUMAS (REAL OR PERCEIVED) ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT
CAUSES (CONT.)
• SYMPTOMS REPRESENT REGRESSIONS TO EARLIER STAGES - ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC
• SEXUAL REPRESSIONS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX - COMBINATION OF SEXUALITY AND AGGRESSION
INTRA-PSYCHIC CONFLICT
• ID – INSTINCTS ESPECIALLY AGGRESSION AND SEXUALITY
• SUPEREGO – MORALITY
• EGO – ATTEMPTS TO MEDIATE BETWEEN ID AND SUPEREGO
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• UNCONSCIOUS - PROTECT VS. ANXIETY
• REPRESSION - MOST GENERAL
• PROJECTION - INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL
• INTROJECTION - EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL
• DISPLACEMENT - ONE EXTERNAL TO ANOTHER