Types of territorialityState
Ethnic
Religious
Racial
Fears of“Balkanization”(splitting state)
But commondefiance ofoutsiders
Pan-isms(Uniting same group from different states)
Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish
Religious: Pan-Islamic
Racial: Pan-African
States: Pan-American
Kurds
Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria.
Many Kurdsfor state ofKurdistan.
States pit Kurdsagainst each other
IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs.IRAQ (Sunni Arab)
Yet Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq,Iranian Arabs fought for Iran
(State territoriality won)
Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88
Iranians
Iraqis
ARMENIA (Christian) vs.AZERBAIJAN (Shi’a Mulsim)
Yet Shi’a Iran stayed neutral,fearing ethnic Azeris in NW Iran (Ethnic territoriality won)
Armenia-AzerbaijanWar, 1988-94
Armenian (above) and Azeri views
Kashmir conflict(CHINA)
INDIA
PAKISTAN CHINA
KASHMIR
INDIA (Hindu) vs.PAKISTAN (Muslim)
British India partitionedinto two states, 1948.
Kashmir had Muslimmajority but Hindu ruler.
Wars split Kashmirbetween India,Pakistan, and China(all now have nukes)
Indian andPakistanipropagandamaps
UN Partition Plan, 1948
• Jewish State (Israel)
• Arab State (Palestine)
• International Zone (Jerusalem)
Israeli Settlementsand Palestinian
towns in theWest Bank, 2000
Israeli settlers see ashistoric Jewish homeland
Palestinians compareillegal settlements to
Apartheid
Israel
Zionism:Jewish (religious) territoriality
Israelis are multiethnicEuropean, Middle Eastern,Newer Russian, Ethiopian immigrants
Arab Israeli minority
Palestinians (in West Bank and Gaza Strip)
Arab (ethnic) territoriality
Palestinians are multireligiousMuslims and Christians
Ethnic nationalist movement, but some newer Muslim groups
Palestinianautonomy, 2000
Gradual turnover of Israeli-Occupied areas to Palestinians
for “Two-State Solution”
Plan collapsing askillings increase
Wall, Barrier orNew Border?
Israelis: “Security Barrier” tokeep bombers out of Israel.
Palestinians: “ Wall” isolatesvillages, cuts water access
Palestinian and Israeli propaganda maps
Palestinian mapwithout Israel
Israeli map lumping together Arab states;depicting tiny defenseless Israel
View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War
Lumping failed to recognizedifferences among Communists,
or local causes of conflict
Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic, Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other.
“Clash of Civilizations” theory
Fails to recognize differences within each “bloc.”
Most sources of conflict are local (often ethnic), not religious.
Often blames the victimfor the conflict.
The West shares responsibilityfor conflicts
(military aid arms both sides)
“Clash of Civilizations” theory
GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS
State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy
State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy
Divide-and-conquer
Ethnic nations split betweenand within colonial empires
(British, French, Russian)
But “clean” ethnicboundaries also not possible
BerlinConferencedivides mapof Africa, 1884
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory(Whoever controls Pivot Area can control the world)
The “Great Game” between Britain and Russia, 1800s-1900s
EuropeanUnion
Began as EuropeanEconomic
Community(EEC), 1957.
Stronger in 1994
10 new membersto join, 2004
euro