Types of territoriality State Ethnic Religious Racial Fears of “Balkanization” (splitting state) But common defiance of outsiders.

Types of territorialityState

Ethnic

Religious

Racial

Fears of“Balkanization”(splitting state)

But commondefiance ofoutsiders

Pan-isms(Uniting same group from different states)

Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish

Religious: Pan-Islamic

Racial: Pan-African

States: Pan-American

Kurds

Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria.

Many Kurdsfor state ofKurdistan.

States pit Kurdsagainst each other

Iraq

Ethnic:Arabs vs.Kurds

Religion:Sunnis vs.Shi’as

Rulers areSunni Arab

IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs.IRAQ (Sunni Arab)

Yet Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq,Iranian Arabs fought for Iran

(State territoriality won)

Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88

Iranians

Iraqis

ARMENIA (Christian) vs.AZERBAIJAN (Shi’a Mulsim)

Yet Shi’a Iran stayed neutral,fearing ethnic Azeris in NW Iran (Ethnic territoriality won)

Armenia-AzerbaijanWar, 1988-94

Armenian (above) and Azeri views

Kashmir conflict(CHINA)

INDIA

PAKISTAN CHINA

KASHMIR

INDIA (Hindu) vs.PAKISTAN (Muslim)

British India partitionedinto two states, 1948.

Kashmir had Muslimmajority but Hindu ruler.

Wars split Kashmirbetween India,Pakistan, and China(all now have nukes)

Indian andPakistanipropagandamaps

Nile River

Mediterranean Sea

British Palestine1918-48

Arab ethnic majority

Jewish religious minority grew in 1940s

UN Partition Plan, 1948

• Jewish State (Israel)

• Arab State (Palestine)

• International Zone (Jerusalem)

Israeli Jews vs. Palestinians. other Arabs

Israeli Settlementsand Palestinian

towns in theWest Bank, 2000

Israeli settlers see ashistoric Jewish homeland

Palestinians compareillegal settlements to

Apartheid

Israel

Zionism:Jewish (religious) territoriality

Israelis are multiethnicEuropean, Middle Eastern,Newer Russian, Ethiopian immigrants

Arab Israeli minority

Palestinians (in West Bank and Gaza Strip)

Arab (ethnic) territoriality

Palestinians are multireligiousMuslims and Christians

Ethnic nationalist movement, but some newer Muslim groups

Water & Israel’sborder

Palestinianautonomy, 2000

Gradual turnover of Israeli-Occupied areas to Palestinians

for “Two-State Solution”

Plan collapsing askillings increase

Wall, Barrier orNew Border?

Israelis: “Security Barrier” tokeep bombers out of Israel.

Palestinians: “ Wall” isolatesvillages, cuts water access

Jerusalem: Holy City to Jews, Muslims, and Christians

Jerusalem

West (Israeli);East (Arab)with Israeli settlements

Palestinian and Israeli propaganda maps

Palestinian mapwithout Israel

Israeli map lumping together Arab states;depicting tiny defenseless Israel

Cold War propaganda map: “Red menace”

View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War

Lumping failed to recognizedifferences among Communists,

or local causes of conflict

Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic, Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other.

“Clash of Civilizations” theory

Fails to recognize differences within each “bloc.”

Most sources of conflict are local (often ethnic), not religious.

Often blames the victimfor the conflict.

The West shares responsibilityfor conflicts

(military aid arms both sides)

“Clash of Civilizations” theory

Lumping Arabs or Muslims after Sept. 11

How Many Americans View the World

Cartoon:

Bush’s Viewof the World

Problem:some formerallies laterseen as “evil”

GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS

State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy

and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy

State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy

and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy

Growth of Russian Empire

Africancolonies

Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

Divide-and-conquer

Ethnic nations split betweenand within colonial empires

(British, French, Russian)

But “clean” ethnicboundaries also not possible

BerlinConferencedivides mapof Africa, 1884

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory(Whoever controls Pivot Area can control the world)

The “Great Game” between Britain and Russia, 1800s-1900s

Enlargement ofSoviet bloc after

World War II

BerlinWall,

1961-89

NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1945-89

Changes in Europe, 1990-93

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2002

Kosovomilitaryzones

EuropeanUnion

Began as EuropeanEconomic

Community(EEC), 1957.

Stronger in 1994

10 new membersto join, 2004

euro

United Nations member states

Switzerland 2002

Other international alliances