TRAINING OF TRAINERS(TOT) SKILLS.
NAADS AASPs From Buliisa District.2013
CONTENT.
• What is a training?• Aims and objective of
Carrying out Training.• Important questions to
remember here are.• Important aspects and
skills in a training session.
• Presentation.• Training Needs
Assessment.• Selection of Training
Content.• Training Techniques.• Tips on general
Management of a training programme.
• Training Programme Evaluation.
• Training Report.
What is training?
• A training is “a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skills behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities” J.Kenny and M.R.Reid
• In brief: “A training is a development of skills that people will use in performing their jobs.”
Aims and objectives of Training.
• To provide knowledge and skills for people to use in performing their jobs.
• To enable the participants (Trainees) acquire new specific skills and techniques of performing their job.
• To enable the participants cope with innovations and techniques required in performance of their jobs.
Important questions to remember here are:
• What do I want the Farmers to know?• What I want the Farmers to remember?• What do I want them to be able to do?
Important aspects and skills in a training session.
• A relaxed climate for participants should be established.
• Participants’ expectations should be clarified.• Training program objectives and schedule
should be made clear.• Norms of behavior (Ground rules may be set).
Presentation:
• Official opening.• Introductions.• Expectations.• Goal and objectives.• Schedule.
Training Needs Assessment.
• Number of participants.• Space requirement.• Equipment and supplies.• Type of seating /tables available.• Pens and pencils.• Nails.• Security of Training materials etc.
Selection of Training Content.
• Having developed learning objectives based on needs assessment; there is need to develop an agenda appropriate to the time frame available.
• There is also selection of training materials appropriate for teaching.
Steps 1:Developing an agenda.
1. How much do you have to cover the content?2. How will you break the content into its
component parts?3. Can you cover the parts in the available time?4. How much of it can be covered in one hour?5. What will have to be left out?
Steps: Selecting Appropriate Materials.
• Its easier to use existing materials than develop your own.
• First check and see what materials already exist that you may use.
• Know about your participants e.g-What language do the speak and understand well?-How well do they read those language?-How do they like the materials to be presented e.g.
Pictures or graphics.
Some questions to ask are:
• What materials would help them learn?• What materials would be useful as resource
materials?• Do the materials clearly define the terms ,do
they compare or contrast important points in the content and do they provide analogies to help the trainees learn?
TRAINING TECHNIQUES.
• There are generally six training methods commonly used in training. The selection of these methods should depend on:
• The training content• Training materials available• The participants etc.
Selecting Training Methods.
• Training content for a learning objective will determine the teaching approaches "Training Methods.”
• Training methods serves two important purposes:
-Provide a means to the learners ,to learn the specific training content you have outlined.
-They keep the learner interested and involved in the training so that learning is improved.
TYPES OF TRAINING METHODS:
• There are a variety of training methods available .We shall focus on 9 mostly commonly used:
1. Case study.2. Group study.3. Role play4. Demonstrations
5.Lecture/exposure.6. Brainstorming.7.Reading8.Structured exercise.9. Trainer presentation.
CASE STUDY
• This is a training technique where participants are given information about the situation and are directed to come to a decision or solution to a problem concerning the situation.
• The cases presented should be as close to reality as possible.
• The main uses of the case study method include.
-Problem identification and solving in atypical situation.
-Developing analytical skills.-Gaining confidence in decision
making.-Changing /modifying attitudes.-Promotion of team work.
CASE STUDY.
Advantages• Provide concrete subjects
for discussion.• Provides active learner
involvement.• Stimulating performance
required after training.• Learning can be observed.• Participants’ experiences
can be brought into use and shared with others.
Disadvantages:• Information must be precise
and up to date.• Time consuming to produce• Difference between the
training situation and real world may not be recognized.
• Participants can become too interested in the case content and loose track of the critical issues.
ROLE PLAY:
• This is where participants are interested with a situation ,which they are expected to explore by acting out the roles of those represented in this situation.
• The players should be carefully selected and should be properly prepared for their roles.
ROLE PLAY:
Advantages:• It allows change /modifications of
attitude.• Development of interactive
knowledge and skills.• Enables people to see the
consequences of their actions on others.
• Can generate interest in the subject.
• Active participation is generated.• Provides a living example of the
situation being studied.
Disadvantages:• Role players learn more
than observers.• Observers may be passive
until the exercise is discussed.
• Success depends on the imagination of the players.
• Attitude change may be short lived.
DEMOSTRATION:
• Demonstration is a presentation of a method for doing something by actual performance ;the trainer shows the learners what to do and how to do it.
• With his/her associated explanations ,the trainer indicates why ,when, where and how something is done. This is normally combined with other methods.
DEMOSTRATION:
Advantages:• Aids understanding and
retention.• Stimulates the participants
interest.• Can give participants a
mode to follow.• Large groups can handled.• Easy to capture participants
attention.• Involves participants.
Disadvantages:• Must be accurate and
relevant to participants.• Written examples require
expertise and time to prepare.
• Trainers demonstration may be difficult for all learners to view.
• Requires ample time for preparation.
BRAIN STORMING.
• This is where participants suggest ideas on a given issues, which are later discussed.
• The trainer normally engages the participants in a brain storming session by asking question to the participants.
BRAINSTORMING:
Advantages:• Stimulation of interest on
the part of participants.• Active participation in the
learning process allows for enhancement and clarification of issues through discussion.
• Helps participants to learn from experience.
Disadvantages:• Participants can be easily
derailed.• Difficult to apply to a large
audience• Requires amlpe time.
STRUCTURED EXERCISE:
• Learners take part in an exercise that enables them to practice new skills.
STRUCURED EXERCISE:
Advantages:• Aids retention .• Allows practice of new skills
in a controlled environment.• Learners are actively
involved.
Disadvantages:• Requires preparation time.• May be difficult to tailor to
all learners’ situations.• Needs sufficient class time
for exercise completion and feed back.
GROUP DISCUSSIONS:
• This is where participants discuss issues being trained in groups.
• This training technique enables learning to be derived from the participants rather than the trainers.
• It is very adequate when there is thorough knowledge of the subject by the participants.
GROUP DISCUSSION:
Advantages:• Keeps participants
interested and involved.• Participants ‘
resourcefulness can be revealed and shared.
• Learning can be observed.• Participants’ activities can
be high and less dependant on the trainer.
Disadvantages:• Requires plenty of time.• Passive participatants may
not learn from the discussion if it is not well moderated.
LECTURE/EXPOSITION:
• A lecture is a straight talk or exposition possibly using visual or other aids, but with out active group participation.
• A lecture is very appropriate where the trainer knows more the participants do and where the size of the population is large.
LECTURE/EXPOSITION.
Advantages.• A large amount of materials
can be covered with in a limited time.
• One trainer can handle a large audience at the same time.
• Content and sequence are completely under control of the trainer .
• Ensures consistency of the information.
Disadvantages:• Does not allow for immediate
feedback from participants.• The attention of the participants
can be easily be destructed.• Lack of participants ‘activity ;
participants role passive.• Knowledge / information
imparted by talking is not easily memorable unless its followed up with amore practical technique.
READING:
• Written material is used to present new information to learners.
READING:
Advantages.• Saves time(Learner can read
faster than trainer can talk).• Materials can be retained
for later use.• Ensures consistency of
information.
Disadvantages:• Can be boring if used too
long without interruption.• Learners read at different
paces.• Difficult to gauge if people
are learning.
TRAINER PRESENTATIONS:
• The trainer orally presents new information to learners.
TRAINER PRESENTATIONS:
Advantages:• Keeps group together and
on the same point.• Time control is easier.• Useful for large group (25 or
more)
Disadvantages:• Can be dull if used too long
without learner participation.
• Difficult to gauge if people are learning.
• Recitation is limited.