A MULTIBAND PIFA ANTENNA FOR MOBILE DEVICES
Presented By : Under the Guidance of :
Naveen Kumar Garima Saini
M.E. ECE (Regular 2011) Assistant Professor , ECE Deptt.
NITTTR, Chandigarh NITTTR, Chandigarh
Outline
Introduction Antennas for Mobile Handheld Devices Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) Structure Comparison between various antenna structures
Literature Survey Inferences Drawn Problem Definition
Objectives Design Methodology Simulations & Results Conclusion Future Scope Publications References
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Introduction
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Introduction
An Antenna converts electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or
vice versa.
Need of Antenna :
For transmission and reception of the radio signal.
Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its
electrical connection to the electromagnetic field.
For electromagnetic waves carry signals through the air (or through
space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss.
Wireless performance is completely dependent on a high performance
antenna design and implementation.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Antennas for Mobile devices
The type of antenna that is used with a particular type of phone is normally
determined by dimensional considerations and specific absorption rate (SAR)
regulations.
One has to make some kind of compromise among volume, impedance
bandwidth and radiation characteristics of an antenna while making the smallest
possible antenna.
Antenna used in mobile handheld devices supporting several frequency bands
can have one of the following structure :
Single band Antenna
Multiband Antenna
Reconfigurable antenna
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Antennas for Mobile devices (Contd.)
Following are main types of antennas used in cellular phones:
External Antennas
Monopoles (whips)
Helical
Internal Antennas
Microstrip antennas (MSA)
Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA)
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Comparison Table
Antenna Type/
Parameters
Monopole Slot Microstrip Patch
PIFA
Radiation Pattern
Omnidirectional Roughly Omnidirectional Directional Omnidirectional
Gain High Moderate High Moderate to high
Modeling & Fabrication
Modeling is somewhat difficult
Fabrication on PCB can be done.
Easier to fabricate and model
Easier fabrication using PCB
Applications Radio Broadcasting, vehicular antenna
Radar, Cell Phone base stations
Satellite Communication, Aircrafts
Internal antennas of Mobile phones
Merits Compact size,Low fabrication cost and simple to manufacture, Large bandwidth support
Radiation characteristics remains unchanged due to tuning, Design simplicity
Low cost, Low weight, Easy in integration
Small size, Low cost, Reduced backward radiation for minimizing SAR
Problems Difficult fabrication at higher frequencies (>3GHz)
Size constraint for mobile handheld devices
No bandpass filtering effect, surface-area requirement
Narrow bandwidth characteristic
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)
PIFA is also referred to as short-circuited
microstrip antenna due to the fact that its structure
resembles to short-circuit MSA.
The shorting post near the feed point of PIFA
structure is a good method for reducing the
antenna size, but this result into the narrow
impedance bandwidth which is one of the
limitations.
By varying the size of the ground plane, the
bandwidth of a PIFA can be adjusted and
optimized.
The location and spacing between two shorting
posts can be adjusted accordingly.
L
W
Ground Plane
Radiating Patch
Feed point
h
LpWp
Typical PIFA Structure
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Basic Equation
Lp + Wp = λ/4 (1)
Where Lp is Top patch length
Wp is Top patch Width
λ is wavelength corresponding to resonant frequency
When W/Lp=1 then
Lp + h = λ/4 (2)
When W=0 then
Lp + Wp + h = λ/4 (3)
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Effect of Parameter Variation in PIFA
Parameters Effects
Length Determines resonance frequency
Width Control impedance matching
Height Control Bandwidth
Width of shorting plate Effect on the anti-resonance and increase bandwidth
Feed position from
shorting plate
Effect on resonance frequency and bandwidth
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey [1] 1.pdf
Rashid Ahmad Bhatti, Ngoc-Anh Nguyen, Viet-Anh Nguyen and Seong ook Park, “Design of
a Compact Internal Antenna for Multi-Band Personal Communication Handsets”, IEEE
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Page(s):1-4, 2007.
● Authors proposed a compact multiband antenna with reduced height.
● Proposed antenna operates at DCS, PCS, UMTS, WiBro, ISM/Bluetooth and WLAN 5
GHz bands.
● F-shaped slot is created on the top radiating patch and its dimensions are optimized to
enhance band coverage of 5 GHz band.
● The total volume of the antenna is 1.5 cm3.
Conclusion :
● Use of extra shorting strip enhances bandwidth at lower band while slot on the patch
enhances bandwidth at higher band. The height of the PIFA is less compared to
conventional structures thus, reducing overall volume.April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey [2] 2.pdf
A. Cabedo, J. Anguera, C. Picher, M. Ribo and C. Puente, “Multiband Handset Antenna
Combining a PIFA, Slots, and Ground Plane Modes”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas
And Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 9, Page(s): 2526 – 2533, 2009.
Authors proposed PIFA structure along with slots on the ground plane.
Antenna covers low frequencies (GSM 850/900) & high frequencies (DCS, PCS,
Bluetooth, UMTS).
Three slots are used which has two functions mainly i.e. to tune the ground plane
resonance at low frequencies & to act as parasitic radiator at high frequencies.
Conclusion :
Use of slots on ground plane enhances bandwidth both at low & high frequencies
without increase in the volume of the antenna.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey [3] 3.pdf
Sinhyung Jeon, Hyengcheul Choi, and Hyeongdong Kim, “Hybrid Planar Inverted-F
Antenna with a T-shaped slot on the ground plane”, ETRI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 5,
Page(s): 616-618, 2009.
●A novel antenna was proposed by authors. The structure make use of T-shaped ground
plane along with rectangular patch to achieve resonance at desired frequencies.
●The frequency bands covered by the antenna are DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth and S-DMB
bands.
Conclusion :
●The structure of top patch is simple in construction and introduction of T-shaped slot on
ground plane resulted in resonance at 2.4 GHz band with enhanced bandwidth coverage.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey [4] 4.pdf
H.F. Abu Tarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter and S.W. Cheung, “Multiband Inverted-F
Antenna With Independent Bands for Small and Slim Cellular Mobile Handsets”,
IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, Page(s): 2636 – 2645,
2011.
Proposed antenna design have independent control on the resonant frequency bands
which are UMTS(2.09 GHz), m-WiMax(3.74 GHz) & WLAN (5 GHz).
The structure consists of slotted radiator supported by shorting walls and small
ground plane.
Conclusion :
Ground plane of the antenna has minimal effect on performance and it is also not
too sensitive to human hand and phone housing.
Electronics components can be placed closer to the antenna resulting in overall size
even more compact and thin.April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Literature Survey [5] 5.pdf
C. Picher, J. Angueral, A. Andújar, C. Puente1, and S. Kahng, “Analysis of the Human
Head Interaction in Handset Antennas with Slotted Ground Planes”, IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 2, Page(s): 36 – 56, 2012.
●Authors studied and analyzed different configurations of slotted ground plane for human
head interaction.
●Results showed that the slots on the ground plane are useful in increasing bandwidth
coverage and efficiency of the antenna structure.
●Authors observed that interaction of human head with the antenna adds losses to antenna
affecting efficiency and radiation patterns.
Conclusion :
●Analysis showed that PIFA with two open ended slots performs well as compared to PIFA
without slots covering more number of frequency bands.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Inferences Drawn
Now-a-days more and more radios are being integrated into single wireless
platform to allow maximum connectivity and ever increasing need of having
several functionalities in devices.
Multiband antenna approach using PIFA structure results in size reduction, low
SAR values, enhanced bandwidth coverage and good gain. These can be achieved
by employing several techniques to modify the basic structure and using ground
plane to support the main patch.
PIFA is also good choice to be used for LTE and WiMAX bands as for MIMO
applications, antennas small in size with good isolation are required.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Problem Definition
Single-band antenna supports only one or two frequencies of wireless service. And these
days more & more wireless standards are being supported by the devices. So they
employ several antennas for each standard.
This leads to large space requirement in handheld devices.
One foreseen associated problem with the antenna design for such devices is to cover 4G
LTE bands while still covering DCS 1800, PCS 1900, UMTS 2100, WiMAX and
WLAN/Bluetooth bands.
Thus, due to space constraints in mobile devices, covering multiple bands with a single
antenna structure is the need of the hour.
Therefore, the thesis work is directed to make a multiband antenna and it can be
achieved by using low profile antenna structures like PIFA with additional features to
enhance the bandwidth coverage and other important performance parameters.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Objectives
The objectives of the Thesis work are as follows:
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Design Methodology
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Selection of Design Parameters PIFA structure is designed using HFSS software keeping some parameters in view
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Lg70 Wg1
1.2
Wg40 Lg2
22
Lp25 Wg2
2
Wp15 L1
36.7
Ls3.8 L2
11.5
Ws2.4 L3
27.3
H 1.6 L455
Lg112 L5
13
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Simulations & Results
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Proposed Designs
Proposed Design 1
Proposed Design 2
Proposed Design 1
Wp
Ls
Lg
h
Wgs
L2
L1
Wg
Ws
L3
Lp
Lgs
Detailed Dimensions 3D View in HFSS
Detailed Dimensions
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Lg58 H 1.6
Wg40 Lgs
14
Lp25 Wgs
a1.5
Wp15 L1
36
Ls4 L2
21.9
Ws3.4 L3
15.6
Return Loss (S11)
Gain (dB)
3D Radiation Pattern
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Proposed Design 2
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Detailed Dimensions 3D View in HFSS
Wp
Ls
Lg
h
Feed Wire
Ground Plane
Top Patch
L2
L1
Wg
L3
Wg2
L4
L5
Wg1
Lg1
Lp
Lg2
Ws
Detailed Dimensions
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Lg70 Wg1
1.2
Wg40 Lg2
22
Lp25 Wg2
2
Wp15 L1
36.7
Ls3.8 L2
11.5
Ws2.4 L3
27.3
H 1.6 L455
Lg112 L5
13
Return Loss (S11)
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
1900 MHz
1311 MHz 2834 MHz 5172 MHz 5596 MHz
2.40 GHz
5.40 GHz
Gain (dB)
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
3D Radiation Pattern
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Validation of Results
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Validation of Results
Antenna
Design/
Parameters
Volume
(mm3)
Resonant
Frequencies
Gain (dB) % Efficiency
(η)
Frequency Bands Covered
Design in [10] 1500 1.8 GHz, 2
GHz , 2.4 GHz
& 5 GHz
2.41, 2.86,
3.43 & 4.14
respectively
91, 92, 90 & 87
respectively
DCS (1710-1880 MHz), PCS
(1880-1990 MHz), UMTS (1900-
2200 MHz), WiBro (2300 - 2390
MHz), ISM / Bluetooth (2.4 - 2.48
GHz) and WLAN (5.1-5.9 GHz)
Proposed Design 1425 1.94 GHz, 2.42
GHz & 5.42
GHz
2.63, 4 &
6.18
respectively
96.9, 96.1 &
92.67
respectively
GPS L1 band (1575.42 MHz),
GLONASS-M L1 band (1602
MHz), DCS (1800 MHz), PCS
(1900 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz),
Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), 4G
LTE (1.7 GHz, 2.3 GHz & 2.6
GHz), & WLAN (5.2 GHz).April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Conclusion
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Conclusion
There are few conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis work:
The designed multi-band antenna, built on PIFA structure, is very sensitive to any
changes to the dimensions of the structure including the ground plane.
Ground plane of the antenna is used as a radiator resulting in overall size reduction
and improvement in the operating bandwidth.
There is 5% reduction in overall volume of the proposed antenna as compared to
design in [10].
Also there is significant improvement in gain and radiation efficiencies at obtained
resonant frequencies.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Future Scope of the Work
The antenna prototype can be developed which can be used to study the
performance of the antenna with human interaction and investigate the Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR) value by employing human model testing.
The antenna structure can be placed inside a handheld device casing and it can be
analyzed using an Anechoic chamber.
The design proposed in this thesis work can be extended for supporting MIMO
applications for the devices which supports LTE and WiMAX technologies.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
Publications
Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Novel Low Profile Planar Inverted-F Antenna
(PIFA) for Mobile Handsets”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications (IJSRP), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013.
Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Compact Planar Inverted-F Antenna with
Slotted Ground Plane”, International Journal of Electronics & Communication
Technology (IJECT), Volume 4, Issue 2 Ver. 3, Page(s): 399-401, June 2013.
Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Multiband PIFA with Slotted Ground Plane for
Personal Communication Handheld Devices”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Development (IJERD), Volume 7, Issue 11, Page(s): 70-
74, July 2013.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
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8) Y. Belhadef, N. Boukli Hacene, “PIFAs antennas design for mobile communications”, 7 th IEEE International Workshop on Systems, Signal
Processing and their Applications, Page(s): 119 – 122, 2011.
9) Hassan Tariq Chattha, Yi Huang, Xu Zhu, and Yang Lu, “An empirical equation for predicting the resonant frequency of planar inverted-F
antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.8, Page(s): 856 – 860, 2009.
10) Rashid Ahmad Bhatti, Ngoc-Anh Nguyen, Viet-Anh Nguyen and Seong ook Park, “Design of a Compact Internal Antenna for Multi-Band
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Handsets”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, Page(s): 569 – 572, 2008.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
References Contd.
12) Ya-Chung Yu and Jenn-Hwan Tarng, “A Novel Modified Multiband Planar Inverted-F Antenna”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
Vol. 8, Page(s): 189 – 192, 2009.
13) J. Cho, C.W. Jung and K. Kim , “Frequency-reconfigurable two-port antenna for mobile phone operating over multiple service bands”, IEEE
Electronics Letters, Vol. 45 No. 20, Page(s): 1009 – 1011, 2009.
14) A. Cabedo, J. Anguera, C. Picher, M. Ribo, C. Puente, “Multiband Handset Antenna Combining a PIFA, Slots, and Ground Plane Modes”, IEEE
Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 9, Page(s): 2526 – 2533, 2009.
15) H. Rhyu, J. Byun, F.J. Harackiewicz, M.J. Park, K. Jung, D. Kim, N. Kim, T. Kim, B. Lee, “Multi-band hybrid antenna for ultra-thin mobile phone
applications”, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 45, No. 15, Page(s): 773 – 774, 2009.
16) Chih-Hsien Wu and Kin-Lu Wong, “Ultra wideband PIFA with a Capacitive Feed for Penta-Band Folder-Type Mobile Phone Antenna”, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 8, Page(s): 2461 – 2464, 2009.
17) Sinhyung Jeon, Hyengcheul Choi, and Hyeongdong Kim, “Hybrid Planar Inverted-F Antenna with a T-shaped slot on the ground plane”, ETRI Journal,
Vol. 31, No. 5, Page(s): 616-618, 2009.
18) Houda Halheit, Andre’ Vander Vorst, “A Simple Wideband Antenna for Mobile Handset”, 3rd IEEE European Conference on Antennas and
Propagation, Page(s): 553-555, 2009.
19) Xingyu Zhang and Anping Zhao, “Enhanced-bandwidth PIFA Antenna with a Slot on Ground Plane”, Progress in Electromagnetic Research Journal
Symposium (PIERS) Proceedings, Page(s): 1268-1272, 2009.
20) Qinjiang Rao and Dong Wang, “A Compact Dual-Port Diversity Antenna for Long-Term Evolution Handheld Devices”, IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, Vol. 59, No. 3, Page(s): 1319 – 1329, 2010.
21) Jong-Hyuk Lim, Gyu-Tae Back, Young-Il Ko, Chang-Wook Song, Tae-Yeoul Yun, “A Reconfigurable PIFA Using a Switchable PIN-Diode and a
Fine-Tuning Varactor for USPCS/WCDMA/m-WiMAX/WLAN”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 7, Page(s): 2404 –
2411, 2010.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
References Contd.
22) Do-Gu Kang and Y. Sung, “Compact Hexaband PIFA Antenna for Mobile Handset Applications”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
Vol. 9, Page(s): 1127 – 1130, 2010.
23) H.T. Chattha, Y. Huang, X. Zhu and Y. Lu, “Dual-feed PIFA diversity antenna for wireless applications”, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 46, No. 3,
Page(s): 189 – 190, 2010.
24) D. Kearney, M. John, M.J. Ammann, “Miniature Ceramic PIFA for UWB Band Groups 3 and 6”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.
9, Page(s): 28 – 31, 2010.
25) Hattan F. AbuTarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter and S. W. Chuang, “Small and Thin Inverted-F Antenna with Insensitive Ground Plane for Mobile
Handsets”, IEEE Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, Page(s): 109 – 112, 2010.
26) Wen Xing Li, Xing Liu, Si Li, “Design of A Broadband and Multiband Planar Inverted-F Antenna”, IEEE International Conference on Communications
and Mobile Computing, Page(s): 90 – 93, 2010.
27) Yamina Belhadef, Nourediene Boukli Hacene, “Design of New Multiband Slotted PIFA Antennas”, International Journal of Computer Science Issues
(IJCSI), Vol. 8, No. 4, Page(s): 325-330, 2011.
28) Jong-Hyuk Lim, Zhe-Jun Jin, and Tae-Yeoul Yun, “A Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA Using a PIN Diode for Mobile-WiMAX Applications”, IEEE
Intelligent Radio for Future Personal Terminals, International Microwave Workshop Series, Page(s): 1 – 2, 2011.
29) David Kearney, Matthias John, and Max J. Ammann, “Miniature Ceramic Dual-PIFA Antenna to Support Band Group 1 UWB Functionality in Mobile
Handset”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 1, Page(s): 336 – 339, 2011.
30) H.F. Abu Tarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter, S.W. Cheung, “Multiband Inverted-F Antenna with Independent Bands for Small and Slim Cellular Mobile
Handsets”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, Page(s): 2636 – 2645, 2011.
31) H.I. Hraga, C.H. See, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, D. Zhou, S. Adnan, I.T.E. Elfergani, F. Elmegri, P.S. Excell, “PIFA Antenna for UWB Applications with
WLAN Band Rejection using Spiral Slots”, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference, IEEE Antennas and Propagation, Page(s): 2226 – 2229, 2011.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
References Contd.
32) Dong-xiang Lv, Li-guo Liu, Ai-qun Long, “Research and Simulation Design on Ultrathin Tri-band RF Antenna”, 13 th IEEE International
Conference on Communication Technology, Page(s): 315-318, 2011.
33) C. Picher, J. Angueral, A. Andújar, C. Puente1, and S. Kahng, “Analysis of the Human Head Interaction in Handset Antennas with Slotted
Ground Planes”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 2, Page(s): 36 – 56, 2012.
34) Manoj K. Meshram, Reza K. Animeh, Ankur T. Pimpale, and Natalia K. Nikolova, “A Novel Quad-Band Diversity Antenna for LTE and
Wi-Fi Applications With High Isolation”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 9, Page(s): 4360 – 4371, 2012.
35) Y. K. Park and Y. Sung, “A Reconfigurable Antenna for Quad-Band Mobile Handset Applications”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And
Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 6, Page(s): 3003 – 3006, 2012.
36) C.H. See, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, D. Zhou, H.I. Hraga, P.S. Excell, “Broadband dual planar inverted F-antenna for wireless local area
networks/worldwide interoperability for microwave access and lower-band ultra wideband wireless applications”, IET Microwaves,
Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 5 , No. 6, Page(s): 644 – 650, 2012.
April 12, 2023National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh