TCS-10 / ITOP Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean
in the Pacific
Experimental Plan V4.2 July 31, 2010
www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/itop/
2
v1.0July7,2009–D’Asaro,Lee,Chen,Graber,Vincentv1.1Sep.16,2009–edittedbyD’Asaroanddistributedforcommentsv2.1Nov.6,2009–edittedbyD’AsaroanddistributedtoPIsv3.0April9,2010–editedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsv4.0July24,2010–edittedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsv4.2July31,2010–edittedbyD’AsarowithinputfromPIsUnlimitedDistribution
3
TABLEOFCONTENTS1.ITOPExperimentalGoals .................................................................................................5
2.ExperimentalStrategyandResources.........................................................................7
3.ITOPMoorings .....................................................................................................................93.1LongtermTyphoonMoorings ...............................................................................................93.2ASISEASIMoorings ................................................................................................................ 11
4.ITOPAircraftOperations............................................................................................... 164.1C130Aircraft............................................................................................................................. 164.2DOTSTARaircraft.................................................................................................................... 174.3AirdeployedFloatsandDrifters ...................................................................................... 174.4Operationsoverview.............................................................................................................. 204.5CatalogofFloatandDrifterDeploymentScenarios .................................................... 214.6CatalogofStormFlights ........................................................................................................ 284.7TypicalFlightSequence ........................................................................................................ 31
5.ITOPShipbasedOperations ........................................................................................ 325.1ShipTasks.................................................................................................................................. 325.2MooringDeployment,March‐April,2010,R.C.Lien .................................................... 325.3ASIS/EASIDeployment,24July‐Aug.12,2010,H.Graber ............................................ 325.4ITOPandIWISECruises,15Aug.–Oct.20VariousPI .................................................. 325.4.1IWISE(M.Alford)August15(orearlier)toSept.10(orearlier). ............................... 325.4.2COLDWAKESCIENCECRUISE(chiefscientist:S.Jayne)............................................... 325.4.3FLOATRECOVERYCRUISE(chiefscientist:TBA)Upto3weeks. .............................. 335.4.4OR‐1Cruises ........................................................................................................................................ 33
5.5FinalRecovery,28Oct‐17Nov.2009–R.C.Lien .............................................................. 336.ITOPSyntheticApertureRadarProgram ................................................................ 347.ITOPOperationsCenter................................................................................................. 367.1 OperationsCenterStaffandFunctions ........................................................................ 367.2 Team1(T1) ......................................................................................................................... 367.2.1ScienceDirector................................................................................................................................ 367.2.2OperationsDirector ........................................................................................................................ 367.2.3FacilityStatusCoordinator .......................................................................................................... 367.2.4LeadWeatherForecaster ............................................................................................................. 377.2.5Forecastsupportstaff(2‐3people) ......................................................................................... 377.2.6LeadOceanographer....................................................................................................................... 377.2.7Oceanographicsupportstaff(2people) ................................................................................. 377.2.9ShipCoordinator .............................................................................................................................. 377.2.10CommunicationsSpecialist ....................................................................................................... 38
7.3 Team2(T2) ......................................................................................................................... 387.3.1MissionScientist............................................................................................................................... 387.3.2OperationsDirector‐2 .................................................................................................................... 387.3.3AircraftCoordinator ....................................................................................................................... 38
4
7.3.4FloatPilot.............................................................................................................................................. 397.3.4RealtimeDataCoordinator .......................................................................................................... 397.3.5LeadNowcaster ................................................................................................................................ 397.3.6Communicationsspecialist .......................................................................................................... 39
7.4 AircraftSupportCenterStaffandFunctions .............................................................. 393.4.1GuamAircraftSupportCenter.................................................................................................... 39
7.5ControlCenterOperations ................................................................................................... 407.5.1 DailyScienceMeeting(DSM)................................................................................................... 40
7.5.2 DailyPlanningMeeting(DPM) .................................................................................... 407.5.3 DailyscheduleandIOPPreparations................................................................................... 417.5.4 MissionUpdate ............................................................................................................................. 427.5.5 Pre‐flightPlanningProcess ..................................................................................................... 427.5.9 AircraftMissionDe‐briefing..................................................................................................... 427.5.10 Forecastpreparation ............................................................................................................... 43
7.6SoftwaresupportforITOPOperations ............................................................................ 438.OperationsandSupportLogistic .......................................................................................... 448.1 ITOPMontereyOperationsCenter............................................................................................ 448.2 GuamOperationsCenter ............................................................................................................... 44
9.Modeling,SimulationandPrediction........................................................................ 459.1ModelingGoals......................................................................................................................... 459.2Models......................................................................................................................................... 45
10. ITOPPrincipalInvestigators .................................................................................. 47
5
1.ITOPExperimentalGoals
ITOPaimstostudytheoceanresponsetotyphoonsinthewesternPacificOcean,focusingonthefollowingscientificquestions:
• Howdoesthecoldwakeofatyphoonformanddissipate?Typhoonsproduceacomplexthree‐dimensionalresponseoftheunderlyingoceanincludingstrongsurfacecurrents,upwellingofthethermocline,intensemixingacrossthethermocline,theradiationofnear‐inertialinternalwavesandtheformationofacoldwakebehindthestorm.Thecoldwakepersistsforatleastseveralweeksafterthetyphoonpassage,withacombinationofsolarheating,lateralmesoscalestirring,lateralmixingbybaroclinicinstabilityandcontinuedverticalmixingdeterminingtherateandcharacterofwakedissipation.Thewakeisalsoexpectedtomodifytheatmosphericboundarylayerandthebiologyandchemistryoftheupperocean,particularlypCO2.ITOPseekstomeasuretheoceanresponseindetail,withparticularemphasisonthemechanismsofcoldwakeformationanddissipation,andtocomparethesemeasurementswithmodelresults.
• Whataretheairseafluxesforwindsgreaterthan30m/s?Tropicalcyclonesdrawtheirenergyfromtheunderlyingwarmocean.Theirintensitydependsontheexchangeswiththeocean;agreaterfluxofheatandmoisturetothestormleadstoastrongerstorm,butalargerdragontheoceanleadstoaweakerstorm.Theseexchangesarepoorlyparameterizedinexistingtyphoonforecastmodelsleadingtoerrorsintheabilityofthesemodelstopredicttyphoonintensity.Thefirstreliableestimatesoftheexchangecoefficientsatthesehighwindspeeds,madeduringthelastdecade,haveshownadramaticdecreaseindragcoefficientrelativetopreviousparameterizations.ITOPseekstomakeadditionalmeasurements,athigherwindspeedsandunderalargervarietyofconditions.
• Howdooceaneddiesaffecttyphoonsandtheresponsetotyphoons?Oceanmesoscaleeddiesareexpectedtomodulatetheoceanresponsetotyphoonsbyvaryingthedepthofthepycnoclineandthustheintensityandlocationofthecoldwake.This,inturn,willchangetheair‐seafluxesandthustheintensityofthetyphoon.Thuswarmeddiesactastyphoonboosters,bylimitingtheamountofcoolinginthewakeandcoldeddiesactastyphoondampers.ITOPseekstostudytheseinteractionsindetail.
6
• Whatisthesurfacewavefieldundertyphoons?Theair‐seaexchangedependscriticallyonthestateoftheoceansurface,mostimportantlycharacterizedbythesurfacewaves.Thewavefieldsbeneathtyphoonsarecomplex,withmultipledominantwavedirectionsvaryingandinteractingacrossthedifferentstormquadrants.Moderncoupledair‐seamodelsoftropicalcyclonesincludeexplicitmodelsofthewavefieldsfromwhichtheair‐seaexchangeratesarecomputed.Morepractically,theenormoussurfacewavesproducedbytyphoonsareofgreatinterestinthemselves.ITOPseekstomeasurethesurfacewavefieldunderneathtyphoons,tocomparethesemeasurementswithmodelsandtoassesstheirimpactonair‐seaexchangeandremotesensingsignatures.
• Howistyphoongenesisrelatedtoenvironmentalfactors?OverthetropicalwesternNorthPacific,themonsoonenvironmentcontainsfavorablelarge‐scaleconditionsrelatedtotropicalcycloneformationandintensification.Themonsoonandtropicalcycloneactivityvaryinresponsetomultiplesynoptic‐scaleandintraseasonalphenomenasuchaswavesinthemonsoontroughandtheMadden‐JulianOscillation.ITOPseekstoexaminehowtheselarge‐scaleenvironmentalfactorsaffecttheformationandintensificationoftropicalcyclones.
• TyphoonforecastingAlthoughtheprimaryaimofITOPistyphoonresearch,muchofthedatagatheredbyITOPwillbeimmediatelyusefulforoperationalforecastingoftyphoons.ITOPseekstomakesuchdataavailabletoallregionalforecastingorganizationsand,asmuchaspossible,workwiththemtoimprovetyphoonforecastingduringtheexperimentalperiod.
7
2.ExperimentalStrategyandResourcesITOPwillfocusontyphoonsintheWesternPacificOcean.Theexperimentaldomainisapproximatelytheregionshowninthefigurebelow,excludingtheSouthandEastChinaSeas.Thisisclimatologicallytheregionofhighesttropicalcycloneoccurrenceintheworld.ITOPwilluseavarietyofexperimentalapproachestomeasuretyphoonsandtheocean’sresponsetothem.Theexperimentalmeasurementsbeganin2008,withenhancedmeasurementsthroughtheSpring,SummerandFallof2010andanintensivemeasurementperiodinAugust–Octoberof2010.
Figure1.ITOPResources
Amooredarray,locatedintheregionofmaximumtyphoon,frequencywasdeployedstartingin2008.DuringITOP,itwillbeenhancedwithadditionalmooringsdeployedandrecoveredbyUSandTaiwaneseresearchvessels.Duringtheintensivemeasurementperiod,twoC130softhe53rdAirForceReserveHurricaneHunterSquadronwillbebasedinGuam.Theseaircraftwillmeasurethepropertiesoftyphoonsusingonboardsensorsanddeploydropsondes.TheseeffortswillcomplementthoseoftheexistingDotStartyphoonsurveillanceprogrambasedinTaiwan.TheC130swillalsodeployarraysoffloatsanddriftersinfrontoftyphoonstomeasuretheoceanresponse.Afterthepassageofthetyphoon,
Latitude(oN)
Longitude (oE)
110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 15010
15
20
25
30
35
40
Taiwan
Guam
OkinawaMoored
Array
C130
ITOP 2010 - Resources
DotStar
Pickup
Gliders
Survey
Vessels
US & Taiwan Air-Deployed
Floats, Drifters
Satellites, Models, Forecasts
Philippines
CONTROL CENTER MONTEREY, CA
8
additionalfloatsanddrifterswillbedeployedintothewake.AUSresearchvesselwillrapidlydeployintothetyphoon’swake,surveythewake,deployadditionalglidersanddriftersandrecovertheair‐deployedfloatsanddrifters.Theprogramwillbeguidedbysatellitemeasurementsofthestormandtheoceanandbynumericalmodelsoftheatmosphere,oceanandofthecoupledatmosphere‐oceanevolutionofthetyphoons.Duringtheintensiveperiod,operationswillbedirectedandcoordinatedfromacontrolcenterlocatedattheNavalPostgraduateSchoolinMonterey,CaliforniaandanoperationscenterinGuam.
9
3.ITOPMoorings
3.1Long‐termTyphoonMooringsThreeATLASsurface‐buoymooringsandtwosubsurfaceADCP‐CTD‐chainmooringshavebeendeployedinthewesternPacificOceansinceMarch2009andwillbemaintaineduntiltheendof2010typhoonseason(Table1).Eachsurfacemooringisequippedwithasuitofmeteorologicalsensorsandaseriesofmorethan10temperaturesensorsintheupper500m(Fig.1).Somehaveconductivitysensors.Eachsubsurfacemooringisequippedwithoneupward‐looking75‐kHzLongRangerandachainof7‐8SBE37CTDsensors(Fig.2).Measurementsofairpressure,airtemperature,seasurfacetemperature,windspeedanddirection,humidity,solarradiation,subsurfacetemperatureandbuoypositionsaretransmittedviaIridiumsatellitesevery2‐6hrs.InAugust2010,onemoresurfacemooringandonesubsurfacemooringwillbedeployed.AtotaloffoursurfaceATLASmooringsandthreesubsurfacemooringswillbeoperationalduringtheITOPIOP.
Table1.ITOPMooringPositionsandDepths
Site Longitude Latitude NominalDepthA2 123o12.54’E 21o07.47’N 5656mSA2 123o16.28’E 21o13.94’N 5640mA1 127o38.24’E 20o20.20’N 5628mSA1 127o32.00’E 20o22.46’N 5685mA3 126o03.32’E 18o54.26’N 5680m
Plotsofreal‐timemeasurementsaredisplayedinTaiwaneseURLhttp://140.112.68.246/~itopandanUSURLhttp://kirin.apl.washington.edu/~itop.Thesewebsitesarepassword‐protected.Password,meteorologydata,andsubsurfacetemperaturedatamaybeprovideduponrequestbyITOPcollaboratorstoDrs.DavidTang,YihYang,orRen‐ChiehLien.
10
Figure2.SchematicdiagramofmooringA1andphotoofITOPbuoy.MooringsofA2
andA3aresimilartothatofA1.
Figure3.Schematicdiagramofsubsurfacemooring
11
3.2ASIS‐EASIMooringsTheprincipalobjectiveoftheexperimentistoobservetheair‐seainteractionduringthepassageofatyphoon.TwotandemmooringsofanAir‐SeaInteractionSpar(ASIS)andExtremeAir‐SeaInteraction(EASI)buoyswillcontinuouslymeasuretheatmosphericandoceanicpropertiesinresponsetotheforcingbyatyphoon.Thetwosetsofbuoyswillbedeployedinpairs,anASIStetheredtothemooredEASIbuoy. Table2.ASIS/EASIPairLocationsASIS/EASI #1 21 00 N 127 00 E ASIS/EASI #2 19 30 N 127 00 E Thisspacingwillbelargeenoughtopermitabetterchancetocapturetheinfluenceofatyphoonandmeasuredifferentregionsundertheinfluenceofthesametyphoon.Alltwosetsofbuoyswillbeequippedtomeasureair‐seafluxesofmomentum,heatandmomentumaswellasthedirectionaloceanwavespectra.Inaddition,thebuoyswillalsomeasurethemeanmeteorologicalandoceanographicparameters.SomestatisticsoftheASISandEASIdata(meanwindspeed,waveheights,etc)willbeavailableinnear‐realtimeandviaARGOSand/orIridium. Table 3: List of equipment to be deployed on EASI and ASIS buoys
Sensors Measurement Comments EASI: Solent R2A sonic anemometer 3D wind, virtual temp. Pressure sphere anemometer 3D wind K-Gill anemometer Wind (u,w) LICOR LI-7500 CO2/H2O analyzer CO2/H2O fluctuations CLASP aerosol spectrometer Sea spray aerosol Columbia Res Lab SA-307HPTX Linear acceleration Precision Navigation TCM-2 Compass angle (yaw) Systron Donner GC1-00050-100 Angular motion (rates) Rotronic MP101A Humidity, air temperature Brancker TL/Huygrun Seamon Water temperature, depth WOTAN (ambient noise) Wave breaking Setra 278 barometer Pressure ASIS: Wave staff system Surface elevation, MSS SonTek Dopbeam current meters 1D current, turbulence SonTek acoustic Doppler
velocimeter 3D current, turbulence
Brancker TL/Huygrun Seamon Water temperature Columbia Res Lab SA-307HPTX Linear acceleration Precision Navigation TCM-2 Compass angle (yaw) Systron Donner GC1-00050-100 Angular motion (rates) Gill anemometer vane Wind speed
12
Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) Buoy
Description:
The Air Sea Interaction Spar buoy is a surface measurement platform that was developed by the
University of Miami, Environment Canada, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the mid 1990’s
to make directional wave and air-sea interaction measurements with a minimal drag profile. A typical
instrument payload includes a capacitive wave wire array, wind, temperature and current sensors and a
variety of other meteorological and oceanographic sensors with an ARGOS satellite uplink for mean
measurements. The aluminum framework consists of multiple spar sections in a pentagonal shape (max
width approximately 8 ft (2.4 m), length -including tapered section- of 15.5 ft (4.7 m ) which contains 8
capacitive wave wires – the directional wave array- that taper down to a single main pipe that is 12 in
(0.30 m) diameter and 14 ft (4.3 m) long. At the other end, a meteorological tower rises 10 ft (3.1 m)
above the wave array section, giving the buoy a total length of about 40 ft (12 m) in the current
configuration. The overall weight, with a full battery and electronics load is roughly 3300 lbs (1495 kg) and
can vary by a few hundred pounds depending on the instrument loading.
Contacts:
Dr. Hans C. Graber
305.421.4952
Dr Neil J. Williams
305.421.4656
13
!
!"#!$%&'#(#!)*'"+#,!-.&#',/&*0.!1203!
"#$!!%&'$($!")'*#$+!$,&$'+-&).,!/01234!
56.7!)8!+!8-)$,&)9)-!($+86'$($,&!:;+&9.'(!
5+8$<!.,!&#$!=$,$'+5;$!>?@1A!B!($&$'!
56.7!<$8)C,!<$=$;.:$<!57!&#$!D2!>+=7!+,<!
68$<!57!>AEF!+(.,C!.&#$'8G!!3&!($+86'$8!+!
=+')$&7!.9!.-$+,.C'+:#)-!+,<!
($&$.'.;.C)-+;!:+'+($&$'8!&#+&!+'$!68$96;!
),!<$&$'(),),C!9;6%$8!.9!(.($,&6(!+,<!
$,$'C7!+-'.88!&#$!+)'*8$+!5.6,<+'7*!&#.6C#!
&#$!:;+&9.'(!)8!=$'8+&);$!+,<!-+,!#.8&!+!
=+')$&7!.9!),8&'6($,&+&).,G!!
%&'()*&+)*,!HIGJ!9&!/KGL(4!M)<$N!LI!9&!/BGH!(4!;.,CN!+,<!OGJ!9&!/LGO!(4!#)C#!M)&#.6&!
(+8&8N!LH*LB!9&!/!BGP*QGO!(4!#)C#!M)&#!(+8&8!'+)8$<!<$:$,<),C!.,!-.,9)C6'+&).,!
!-.(**!/0+12).1,!+::'.%)(+&$;7!HRNIII!;58!/RHPJ!SC4!9.'!&7:)-+;!:+7;.+<!
"&3!4(&567,!HBNJII!;58!/QPBB!SC4!96;;7!;.+<$<!M)&#!:+7;.+<!+,<!(+8&8!
819&.2:!$)*730'()727&+)!;21:+2<T!A6+;N!'$<6,<+,&!<+&+!+-U6)8)&).,!878&$(8!/.,$!9.'$!
+,<!.,$!+9&4!M)&#!96;;!(.&).,!($+86'$($,&!:+-S+C$!+,<!<+&+!8&.'+C$!.,;7!;)()&$<!57!
+=+);+5;$!#+'<!<')=$!-+:+-)&7!/&7:)-+;;7!8$=$'+;!#6,<'$<!V54W!V);;!6;&'+8.,)-!
+,$(.($&$'8N!!X)*F.'!F?L*YL?!+,+;7Z$'N![.&'.,)-!+)'!&$(:$'+&6'$!+,<!'$;+&)=$!
#6()<)&7N!0::;$7!\3[!+,<!\2\!'+<).($&$'8N!2$&'+!1)'!\'$886'$N!!:;+&),6(!'$8)8&+,-$!
&#$'(.($&$'!9.'!#6;;*5+8$<!8$+M+&$'!&$(:$'+&6'$N!+,<!+!=+')$&7!.9!+6&.,.(.68!8$+*
8:'+7N!-6''$,&N!&$(:$'+&6'$N!:'$886'$N!+,<!8+;),)&7!($+86'$($,&8!(+<$!57!
),8&'6($,&8!(.6,&$<!.,!&#$!(..'),C!.'!$%&$',+;!#6;;!86'9+-$8G!!
8(:('(731,!1'C.8!.,$*M+7!-.((6,)-+&).,8!+'$!+;'$+<7!),!68$N!M)&#!M+7!:;+,8!&.!
$%:+,<!-+:+5);)&)$8!&.!&M.*3')<)6(!-.((6,)-+&).,!),!LIIOG!!
!
A'G!>$);!]G!^);;)+(8!!
[2@12*1@\!
D,)=$'8)&7!.9!@)+()!
PBII![)-S$,5+-S$'!F8M7!
@)+()N!_X!KKHPO!
KIJGPLHGPBJB!
,M);;)+(8`'8(+8G()+()G$<6
F.,&+-&T!!
A'G!^);;)+(!@!A'$,,+,!!
[2@12*1@\!
D,)=$'8)&7!.9!@)+()!
PBII![)-S$,5+-S$'!F8M7!
@)+()N!_X!KKHPO!
KIJGPLHGPQOR!
M<'$,,+,`'8(+8G()+()G$<6!
14
15
!"#$!"#$#"%&'()"*+",-+./0"0''1*+2"
"
"
For ITOP the goal will be to deploy the EASI and ASIS buoys in tandem
with the ASIS buoy tethered to the EASI hull and the EASI hull moored to
the bottom with an inverse catenary type mooring. Above is an image of the
buoys tethered during a recent deployment in the Atlantic.
16
4.ITOPAircraftOperations
4.1C130AircraftTwoUSAFC‐130JaircraftwillbeoperatedfromGuamduringtheintensiveoperationsperiod.Thesearedeployedfromafleetofseveralsimilaraircraftfromthe53rdWeatherReconnaissanceSquadronatKeeslerAFB,MS.Aircraft,datasystem,dropwindsondeandSFMRsystemspecificationsareprovidedinthefollowingTable. Table 4. General Specifications Aircraft type WC-130H, J Model Aircraft Powerplant Allison Turboprop (4), 4000+ horsepower Aircraft size 132’ 7” wingspan, 99’ 6” length, 38’ 6” height Speed >350 mph Ceiling >33,000 ft. Maximum Range >4000 miles Maximum takeoff weight 155,000 lbs. Crew 6 (pilot, copilot, navigator, flight engineer,
aerial reconnaissance officer, dropsondes system operator)
Flight level Data System Specifications Improved Weather Reconnaissance System Temperature Rosemount thermistor Dewpoint Edgetech 137-C3 dewpoint hygrometer Altitude Radar altimeter Pressure AirResearch Pressure altimeter Winds Multiple pressure and navigation parameters Position Global Positioning System (GPS) Sampling rate 1, 10 second selectable archive rates. Dropwinsonde System Specifications Sonde system AVAPS-II, Vaisala RD-94 Sonde expendable size 16” x 2.75” (diameter), 323g Sonde fall rate 10.5 m/s, 2100 ft/min (depending on altitude) Sonde position GPS triangulation – 2Hz Sonde winds GPS derived with drift – 4Hz Other measurements Pressure, temperature, humidity – 2Hz Data system Relay to aircraft. Edited and formatted message
to ground following end of each drop via satcom.
SFMR system Specifications Frequency 4.6-7.2 GHz Channels 8 Mounting Wing Pod Output Wind Speed and Rain Rate
17
Data system Formatted message to ground via satcom AXBT System Specifications Frequencies Sonobuoy - UHF Channels 3 AXBT, 1 AXCTD Storage Digital and backup analog tape Data System Post-flight processing and distribution via GTS TheC130’stobeoperationalfromAugust20toOctober20,2010.Atotal300flighthoursavailable,200uptoOctober1and100afterOctober1.About800dropsondesandAXBTwillbeavailable.
4.2DOTSTARaircraftITOPoperationswillbecoordinatedwiththeTaiwaneseDOTSTARprogramwhenappropriate.DOTSTARusesanASTRA‐SPXaircraftwiththefollowingspecifications:Table5
Flight time: 6 hours Flight height: 43,000 feet
Flight speed: 720 km/hr AIDC crews: 3 persons
On-board scientists: 3 persons Instrument: Airborne Vertical Atmosphere Profiling System (AVAPS), Flight level data, satellite phone
ContactinformationforDOTSTAR
Chun‐ChiehWu,ProfessorandChairmanDepartmentofAtmosphericSciencesNationalTaiwanUniversityNo.1,Sec.4,RooseveltRd.Taipei10673,TaiwanTELandFAX:886‐2‐2363‐2303Email:[email protected]
4.3Air‐deployedFloatsandDriftersLagrangianfloats–PIEricD’Asaro
Atotalof10Lagrangianfloatswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC‐130aircraftin‘L‐size’boxes.Afterdeployment,thefloatswillmakeashortprofile,surfacetorelaytheirpositionandthenslowlyprofileandsettleontoadeeplayerforabout12hours,inordertoequilibratetothewater.Theythenmoveupwardintothesurfaceboundarylayerandfollowthethree‐dimensionalmotionofthewaterparcels.Afteraboutadaytheysurfacetosendpreliminarydataandapositionandthenresumetheirboundarylayermission.Afterthestormhaspassedtheyrepeatedlyprofileanddriftintheboundarylayer,surfacingaboutonceadayasshowninthefigurebelow.
18
Allfloatsmeasurepressureattwopositionsalongthefloatat1Hz(toinferfloatdepthandsurfacewavespectra)andtemperatureandsalinityatthefloatbottomevery30seconds.Therewillbe3variants:
• 4Gasfloats–alsomeasurebroadband(30Hz‐50kHz)sound,oxygenandgastension.Label‘LGxx.’
• 4Vectorfloats–alsomeasuretemperatureandsalinityatthetopofthefloat(1.4mabovethebottomsensors)andvelocityrelativetothefloatandpressureat16Hz,0.5mbelowthefloatbottom,andbroadband(30Hz‐50kHz)sound.Label‘LVxx.’
• 2Wakefloats–alsomeasuredownwellingPARanddownwellingE490,chlorophyllfluorescenceandopticalbackscatter.Label‘LWxx.’
Muchofthedatawillbetransmittedinnear‐realtime.However,thefloatswillneedtoberecoveredtoobtainthehigh‐frequencypressure,shearandsounddata.Contact:EricD’Asaro([email protected])orMichaelOhmart([email protected])206‐543‐1300
Figure4.MissionsofLagrangianandEMAPEXfloats.
EM‐APEXfloats–PIThomasSanfordandRen‐ChiehLienAtotalof14EM‐APEXfloatswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC‐130
aircraftin‘L‐size’boxeslabeled‘LExx’.Thesefloatsrepeatedlyprofilefromthesurfaceto200mwithoccasionaldeeperprofilesataspeedofabout1m/s.Theymeasuretemperature,salinityandvelocityalongtheprofileswitharesolutionofaboutameter,resultinginthewell‐resolvedevolutionofthesequantitiesshownintheaboveFigure.Thefloatsreportdataandapositionatthetopofeachprofile,innear‐realtime.Mostofthedataistransmittedinnear‐realtime.RecoveryofmostoftheunitsisdesirableforuseinfutureONRprograms.Contact:[email protected]@apl.washington.edu(206)543‐1300
19
TyphoonDrifters–PI:PeterNiilerandLucaCenturioni Atotalof65drifterswillbeair‐deployedfromtheC130in45boxes(42”cubesonpallets).AllwillbetrackedbyArgos,measureseasurfacetemperature(65),airpressure(45)andprovidethesedatainnearrealtime(2hourdelay)totheGTSsystembyServiceArgos.Therewillbe3variants,allwithadditionalmeasurements:
•InfrontofTyphoondeployment:(ADOS/SVP‐B–20boxeswith2unitseach).ADOS(“SonicT‐Chain”schematicdrifterbelow)alsomeasureswindspeedanddirectionandsubsurfacetemperatureevery15mto150m.Expendable•Wakedeployment:(SVP‐T(z)–20boxeswith1uniteach).Measuretemperatureat11mand19m.Expendable.•Wakedeployment:(Super‐drifters–5boxeswith1uniteach)Super‐driftersalsomeasurewindspeedanddirection,downwellingradiation,temperatureand3‐dvelocityinvariableresolutionat30locationsto150.SubsurfacedatawillbereturnedviaIRIDIUMsatellitephoneandstoredwithindrifter.Superdrifterswillneedtoberecovered.
InadditiontotheGTSsitefordatathatismaintainedbyServiceArgos,SST,airpressure,windand15mresolutionsubsurfacetemperaturewillbedisplayedinnearrealtimeontheMBARIwebsite.
TheC130aircraftcancarry14drifterboxesor10boxesifAXBT’sarealsobeingdeployed(JangmideploymentinTCS‐2008).Theaircraftcannotpenetrateastormwiththeboxesonboard.AXBT’scannotbelauncheduntilaftertheboxeshavebeendeployed. Contact:PeterNiiler([email protected]‐534‐4100)orLucaCenturioni([email protected]‐534‐6182)
20
4.4OperationsoverviewTheaircraftoperationswillhavethefollowinggoals:
1. Conductsurveillanceondevelopingstorms2. Deployoceanographicfloatsanddriftersaheadofstorms3. Conductreconnaissanceintostormspassingovertheoceanographicarray4. Deployoceanographicfloatsanddriftersintothestormwake5. Studyocean‐storminteractionsusingAXBTsanddropsondes6. Makedetailedmeteorologicalstudiesofstorms
Thetypicalsequenceofstormflightsisshowninthefigurebelow
Figure5.Typicalsequenceofaircraftoperations:A.Surveillanceflightsaremadeaheadofthestorm.B.Floatsanddriftersaredeployedaheadofthestorm.C.Reconnaissanceismadeintothestorm.D.Floatsanddriftersaredeployedintothewake.
Asasuitablestormentersordevelopsintheoperationsarea,aseriesofsurveillanceflightswillbetargetedtobettercharacterizethestormandtoimproveforecastsofitstrackandintensity.IfthestormisnearTaiwan,thiswillbedone
Target Area
Track Error
C130
DotStar
Survellience of Developing or Approaching Storms
GoalsSurvey stormand environment
TasksPenetrate stormSurvey environmentDropsondesSFMRAXBT
A Float and Drifter Deployments
0 -1 day
DriftersEM-APEX
Lagrangian
GOALSDeploy floats and/or driftersabout 1 day ahead of stormand outside gale force winds
Storm mini-reconaissance
34 kt winds
TasksDeploy floats and driftersStorm penetration Dropsondes SFMRAXBT
B
Storm Reconnaissance
0 -1 dayGoal
Measure storm structureas it passes over thefloat and drifter array
COLD WAKE
TasksStorm penetrationDropsonde dropsSFMRAXBT
C Wake Float and Drifter Deployments
COLD WAKE
Lagrangian WakeDrifter Wake
Wake Survey Ship
GoalsDeploy floats/driftersSurvey wake
TasksDeploy floats and driftersDropsonde/AXBT deploymentsCoordinate with ship
D
21
cooperativelywiththeTaiwaneseDOTSTARaircraft.Adecisiontodeployoceanographicsensorsintothestormwilltriggerthefollowingsequenceofflights.
OneormorelinesoffloatsanddrifterswillbedeployedacrosstheexpectedtrackbyaC130.Thelineswillprovidemeasurementsonbothsidesofthestormandallowfortheexpecteduncertaintyinthepredictedstormtrack.Deploymentswillbemade24‐26hourhoursaheadofthestormpassageoverthedeploymentareaandinwindsbelowgaleforce.
Oncethedeploymentismade,oneormorereconnaissanceflightsmeasuringthestructureofthestormasitpassesovertheoceanographicarrayarerequired.Someofthesemeasurementscanbemadeonthereturnflightfromthedeployment,asshowninFig.5B.Themainreconnaissancemissions,however,willbedoneondedicatedmissionusingabutterflyorsimilarlydensepatternsoverthestorm(Fig.5C).
Thetyphoonwillmixtheunderlyingoceancreatingaregionofcolderwatercalledthe“coldwake”typicallyformingtotherightofthestormtrack.Additionalflightswillfocusonmeasuringthisregion.Floatsand/ordrifterswillbedeployedintothewake,mostlikelynearthepreviouslydeployedarray.OneormoreadditionalflightsmaysurveypartsofthewakenotsampledbythefloatsanddriftersusingAXBTs.TheseflightsmaybecoordinatedwithsurveyworkbytheR.V.Revelleinthecoldwake.
Dedicatedmeteorologicalandstorm‐oceanflightswillalsobeconducted,particularlyonstormsinwhichfloatsanddriftersarenotdeployed.Theseflightswillusedropsondes,AXBTandSFMRmeasurements.
Dependingonthestormlocation,itmaybeappropriateforsomeflightstorecovertoKadenaAFBonOkinawaratherthanrecoveringtoGuam.Forexample,theaircraftconductingthebuoydeploymentflight(Fig.5B)mightrecoverytoGuamandthenconductastormreconnaissanceflight(Fig.5C)thefollowingday.
4.5CatalogofFloatandDrifterDeploymentScenariosThefollowingpagesshowsomeoftheexpectedfloatanddrifterdeploymentscenarios.Actualdeploymentsmaydifferindetailfromthoseshown.Othervariations,notshownheremayalsoberequired.
22
Figure6
23
Figure7
24
Figure8
25
Figure9
26
Figure10
27
Figure11
28
4.6CatalogofStormFlightsThefollowingpagesshowseveralstormpenetrationflights.Actualdeploymentsmaydifferindetailfromthoseshown.Othervariations,notshownheremayalsoberequired.
Figure12
29
Figure13
30
Figure14
31
4.7TypicalFlightSequence
Figure15
Theabovefigureshowstheflightsequencedevelopedduringa‘dryrun’exerciseinOctober,2009forTyphoonMelor.The6daysequencebeginswith2surveillanceflights,oneperdayusingaircraftAandthenaircraftB.AlineofdriftersisthendeployedbyaircraftBwithashortstormreconnaissanceonthesameflight(i.e.Fig.9B).Thenextdayincludestwoflights,areconnaissancebyaircraftBoverthepreviouslydeployedlineanddeploymentofasecondlinebyaircraftA.Twoflightsalsooccuronthefollowingday,reconnaissanceoverthesecondlinebyaircraftBandawakeflightbyaircraftA.
Thissequenceofflightsusesabout78flighthoursabouthalfthefloatsanddrifters,andaboutonethirdofthedropsondesandAXBTs.Atotalof2‐3suchdeploymentsareexpected.Itislikelythatstormflightsequenceswillincludeseveralmoresurveillanceflightsandthatsomeofthestormsinvestigatedbytheseflightswillnotbesuitableforfloatanddrifterdeployments.
32
5.ITOPShip‐basedOperations
5.1ShipTasksTheITOPshipsneedtoaccomplishthefollowingtasks:
• Deploythe3long‐termmoorings• DeploytheASIS/EASImoorings• Surveyoneormorecoldwakes• Deployregularandmicrostructureglidersintooneormorecoldwakes• Recoverupto29air‐deployedfloatsanddrifters• Recoverthelong‐termandASIS/EASImooring
Thefollowingsectionsdescribecurrentlyscheduledcruisesandadditionalneeds.
5.2MooringDeployment,March‐April,2010,R.C.LienTheR/VRevelleservicestheTaiwanesemooredarray
5.3ASIS/EASIDeployment,24July‐Aug.12,2010,H.GraberTheR/VRevellewilldeploytwoASIS/EASImoorings.
5.4ITOPandIWISECruises,15Aug.–Oct.20VariousPIThisblockofR/VRevelletimewillbesharedbetweenITOPcoldwake
surveysandIWISEpilotworkwiththedetailedscheduledependingontheoccurrenceoftyphoons.
5.4.1IWISE(M.Alford)August15(orearlier)toSept.10(orearlier).InternaltidestudyinLuzonStrait(27days).Interruptedifthereisa
typhoon.Ifthecruiseisinterruptedearly(withmorethan2weeksofshiptimeleft),theIWISEgroupwillprobablyreturnaftertheITOPoperations(6weeks).
5.4.2COLDWAKESCIENCECRUISE(chiefscientist:S.Jayne).Thiscruisefocusesonmeasuringtheevolutionofthecoldwakeofatyphoon.
Thegoalistogettothewakeassoonaspossibleandsampleforaslongaspossible(upto3weeks).Thiscruisewilloccurduringtheaircraftperiod,betweenAug20andOct23.Startingon8/20,thetwobasicscenariosare:
1. Ifthereisastormbefore9/25,theshipwillsailassoonasasuitablestorm
occurs,returningafter3weeks.Afloatanddrifterrecoverycruisewillfollow.
2. Ifthereisnotyphoonbefore9/25,theshipwillsailon9/25andconductmeasurementsoftheKuroshioandinternaltidesnearLuzonStrait.Whenastormoccurs,itwillpositionitselftoavoidthestormandenterthewakeassoonaspossible.
33
Shipoperationsincludeunderway‐CTD,gliderdeployments,micro‐structureprofiles,CTD/LADCPstations,watersamplingandfloat,drifterandgliderrecoveriesasconvenient.
5.4.3FLOATRECOVERYCRUISE(chiefscientist:TBA)Upto3weeks.Thenon‐expendablefloatsanddriftersair‐deployedneartyphoonswillbe
recoveredduringtheColdWakeSciencecruiseifitdoesnothinderthescienceoperations,butotherswillneedtoberecoveredonasecondcruisewithalimitedscienceparty.ThiscruisewillrecoverthemostvaluableassetswiththeprioritiessetbytheITOPcontrolcenter.
5.4.4OR‐1Cruises SeveralOR‐1cruisesduringthisperiodwillservicetheTaiwanesemooredarrayandperhapsconductadditionalcoldwakesurveys.Thesemaypresentadditionalopportunitiestorecoveryfloatsandgliders.
5.5FinalRecovery,Nov.6‐Nov.26,2010–R.C.LienThisR/VRevellecruisewillrecoverallfixedassetsandasmanyremainingmobileassets,floats,driftersandgliders,asispossible.
34
6.ITOPSyntheticApertureRadarProgramTheSARprogramwillhavethefollowinggoals:
1. ImagingofstormswithSAR2. GeneratewindandwavefieldsaswellaspressurefieldsfromSARdata3. Derivestormmorphologicparameters4. Collectadditionalsatellitedataforenvironmentalparameterssuchas
scatterometer,altimeter,passivemicrowave,EOsensorsetc.5. CollecthighresolutionSARimagesofstormcenterstostudysurface
roughnessanddetailsofstormcenter6. Collectmarineradardatafromshipofwindsandwavesawayfromstorm
center7. CollectallavailablesatellitedataforSSTfields
Figure1showsanominalsatellitecollectionplan(carpetplanning)tocoverthedifferentdevelopmentstagesoftyphoons.
Figure16
Nominalsatellitecollectionplan.
A satellite collection plan will be developed in advance to cover the ITOP
regionwithnearlycontinuousSARandEOimagingduringtheintensiveobservationperiod. As storms develop we plan to make also special collects using highresolutionimagingmodesandmultipolarizationtodeterminemoredetailsofstormcharacteristics,especiallyneartheeyeandeyewall.
35
The satellite datawill be directly downlinked to different ground stations,someintheITOPregionlikeUSAFEagleVisioninGuamand/orgroundstationsinTaiwan and Singapore for near real time acquisitions. For somewhat delayeddownlinksusingstore&forwardorrelayservices,CSTARSwillacquireandprocessdata togeneratewindandwave fields formodelers,aircraftandshipresearchers.AlldatawillbearchivedandprocessedatCSTARS.
SatelliteAssets
SARsensors
RadarSat1 (Cband,microwaveSAR–ScanSARmode)ERS2 (Cband,microwaveSAR–StripMapmode)ENVISATASAR (Cband,microwaveSAR–WideSwathmode)ALOS/PALSAR (Lband,hiresopticalµwaveSAR)RadarSat2 (Cband,veryhiresmicrowaveSAR) TerraSARX (Xband,veryhiresmicrowaveSAR) CosmoSkyMed (Xband,veryhiresmicrowaveSAR)
EOsensors
SPOT4 (hireselectroopticalvisible)SPOT5 (veryhireselectroopticalvisible)ENVISATMERIS (medreselectroopticalvisible)FormoSat2* (veryhireselectroopticalvisible)MODISTERRA/AQUA (medreselectroopticalvisible)
36
7.ITOPOperationsCenter
7.1 OperationsCenterStaffandFunctions ITOP operations can require up to 24 hour per day support in the MontereyOperations Center (MOC) during Intensive Operations Periods (IOPs). It isnecessarytohavetwoteamsofkeystaffintheMOCtosupportoperations.Team1(T‐1) will be the daily shift of people to handle typical support operationswhenthereareno IOPsplannedorunderway. Team2 (T‐2)willbe the special shift tosupportactivitiesduringIOPsorotherspecialoperationalperiods,asrequired.Itisimportant to note that in some casesmore than one of the key functionsmay behandledbyasingleindividual.
7.2 Team‐1(T‐1)
7.2.1ScienceDirectorResponsibilitiesasamemberoftheOCTare:
• Maymakego/no‐godecisionsforday’smission;• Can be responsible for real time coordination of aircraft, depending on
thetimingofoperations;• Mayparticipateinaircraftpost‐flightdebriefing.
7.2.2OperationsDirector• Convenesandco‐chairstheDailyPlanningMeeting;• ProvidesStatusReportsummarytoDailyPlanningMeeting;• ResponsibleforformandcontentofDailyOperationsSummary;• Communicatesmissionplanstofacilitymanagers;• Communicates notification requirements to airspace agencies (civilian
andmilitary)incoordinationwithaircraftfacilitystaff;• ImplementsthedailyITOPOperationsPlan;• AssignsdutiestoOCTpersonnel;• Coordinatesaircraftpost‐flightdebriefings;• May have an operations support assistant to help complete the duties
describedabovewithincriticaltimingconstraintsoftheprojectplanningprocess.
7.2.3FacilityStatusCoordinator• Monitors the status of all ITOP facilities, including the use of all
expendableresources;
37
• Provides daily (or more frequent) updating of the ITOP Field Catalogstatusreport;
• PresentsasummarystatusbriefingattheDailyPlanningMeeting;• Maintains an allocation/utilization account of flight hours and
expendablesfortheSSC.
7.2.4LeadWeatherForecaster• Responsible for the preparation and presentation of planning forecast
information for the PIs,MPT and operations staff for the Daily ScienceMeetingandtheDailyPlanningMeeting;
• Responsible for scheduling forecasting and nowcasting support for theMOC;(incoordinationwiththeOperationsDirector);
• ResponsiblefortheformandcontentofthedailyforecastsummarytobeincludedintheFieldCatalog.
7.2.5Forecastsupportstaff(2‐3people)Thesepeoplewillassisttheleadforecasterwiththepreparationofallforecasts,documentationandimageryduringtheshift. Thissupportwillalsoincludetheuploading of products and imagery to the ITOP Field Catalog for usewith theElluminatesoftwareduringthedailyplanningprocess.
7.2.6LeadOceanographer• Responsible for the preparation and presentation of oceanographic
environmentandpredictionsat theDailyScienceMeetingandtheDailyPlanningMeeting;
• Responsible for scheduling oceanographic support for the MOC;(incoordinationwiththeOperationsDirectorandleadforecaster);
• Responsible for the formandcontentof thedailyoceansummary tobeincludedintheFieldCatalog.
7.2.7Oceanographicsupportstaff(2people)These people will assist the lead oceanographer with the preparation of allforecasts, documentation and imagery during the shift. This supportwill alsoincludetheuploadingofproductsandimagerytotheITOPFieldCatalogforusewiththeElluminatesoftwareduringthedailyplanningprocess.
7.2.9ShipCoordinator• ActsasarepresentativeoftheshipoperationsgroupattheMOC.• Attendsdailybriefing,perhapsviaElluminate
38
• Responsible for ensuring that ship group is aware of upcoming andongoingaircraftoperationsthatmightrequireshipsupport.
• Responsible for ensuring requirements for float and buoy recoveriesplaced on the ship group by proposed aircraft operations can beaccomplishedbytheshipgroup.
7.2.10CommunicationsSpecialist• Establishes, monitors and maintains telecommunications (utilizing
Elluminate software, chat or other tools) between MOC and othercoordinationsitesduringDSM,DPMandotherspecialmeetings;
• Supports exchange of special operational data products between MOCandothercoordinationsites.
7.3 Team‐2(T‐2)
7.3.1MissionScientist• Monitorsmissionoperations;• Supports onboardFlight Scientists via chat and image (wherepossible)
updating;• Considersandapprovesmissionchangesandmodificationsthatmaybe
requiredduringflightoperations;• PositionmayrotateonanIOPbasis.
7.3.2OperationsDirector‐2• ResponsibletocarryouttheresearchmissionprescribedbytheMPT;• CoordinatesalloperationalaspectsofIOPassuringefficient,effectiveand
safeutilizationoffacilitiesinadynamicweatherenvironment;• Orchestratesaircraftmissionsandiscognizantoffacilitylimitationsand
operational constraints especially when alterations to original missionplans are requested or required by weather conditions or equipmentfailure;
• Leadspreflightbriefings;• Theremaybeassistantsonhandtoaidinthecompletionofkeytasksby
theoperationsdirectorduringIOPs;• PositionmayrotateonanIOPbasis.
7.3.3AircraftCoordinator• PrimarypointofcontactbetweenMOCandon‐boardflightscientists;
• Providesupdatedinformationtoaircraftduringflightoperations;
39
• Participatesinpre‐flightbriefingsanddebriefings.
7.3.4FloatPilot• ResponsibleformonitoringoperationofEM‐APEXandLagrangianfloats• Modifiesfloatsamplingprogramstoreflectchangesindeploymentplans
orstormchanges• Taskmaybe sharedbymultiplepersons, someofwhommaybeoffsite
andparticipateviaElluminate.
7.3.4RealtimeDataCoordinator• Responsible for coordinating the special observations from all field
system including dropsondes from aircraft and data from floats anddrifters
• Responsible for relaying any special driftsonde launch requests to theDriftsondeCoordinationCenter.
7.3.5LeadNowcaster• Responsible for the preparation of preflight briefing packages for all
aircraftparticipatingintheIOP;• Monitors weather conditions and short term forecasts during IOP
operations, providing continuing updates to the Mission Scientist andOperationsDirector;
• Provides reports and products for the aircraft Flight Scientists, asappropriate;
• May have additional assistants to the nowcaster to assure that keydeadlinesandinformationflowaremaintainedduringtheIOPs.
7.3.6Communicationsspecialist• Setsup,maintainsandmonitorschat linkswithallaircraftduring flight
operations;• Assures timely and complete upload and download of data products
betweenMOCandaircraftduringflightoperations;• AssistsAircraftCoordinator,especiallyduringmulti‐aircraftoperations.
7.4 AircraftSupportCenterStaffandFunctions
3.4.1GuamAircraftSupportCenterTherearekeyfunctionsthatwillbesupportedonGuam.Thesepositionsaresupported throughout the deployment period but not on a 24 hour a daybasis.
40
FacilityandCenterSupportCoordinator• Actsas liaisonbetweenEOL facilities support staff andNRLP‐3
operations;• Primary point of contact between GuamAircraft Support Center
andMOCformissionplanningandoperationssupport;• ActsasliaisonbetweenEOLstaffandAndersenAFB.
GroundMissionSupportScientist• ActsasLiaisonbetweenUSAF53rdWeatherWing,MOCandother
projectscientistsduringmissionplanningandflightoperations;• ProvidesrealtimetexttotheUSAFC‐130duringflightoperations
viaUSAFcommunicationssystem.InFieldDataManagementSpecialist
• Provides ground support for processing of ELDORA radar dataincludingQuick‐lookdatasets, analysis, andELDORA imagery fortheITOPFieldCatalog.
InFieldFloatandDrifterSpecialist• Prepares floats and drifters for deployment in cooperation with
the53rdWeatherWing.
7.5ControlCenterOperations
7.5.1 DailyScienceMeeting(DSM)TherewillbeaninformalmeetingattheMOCofinterestedScienceGroupmembersbeginning each day at approximately 2100 UTC to discuss potential missionobjectivesfortheneworcontinuingIntensiveObservingPeriod(IOP). Amemberoftheforecastteamwillprovideabriefweatherandoceanupdatecoveringthenextoperational period. All project participants are encouraged to participate in thisDailyScienceMeeting(DSM).Remoteparticipationviaconferencecall,usingweb‐basedElluminatesoftwareandtheEOLFieldCatalogtoolsarealsoencouraged.TheDSMmaybecancelledifnooperationsarelikelyforthenextday.ThekeyresultsfromtheDSMshouldbeasetofprimaryandsecondaryscienceobjectivesthatwillbediscussedandfinalizedintheDailyPlanningMeeting(DPM).
7.5.2 DailyPlanningMeeting(DPM)The ITOP field programwill have a generalmeeting each day to discuss relevantissues, remaining resources and status, science objective status, current weather,synoptic situations and outlook as well as PI science mission proposals. Thismeetingwillinvolveparticipantsfromallnationsinvolvedintheproject.TheITOPDaily Planning Meeting will be convened at 2300 UTC (1600 Local Time [LT] inMonterey,CA,0900LTinGuamand0800LTinTokyo,Japan)bytheITOPMonterey
41
OperationsCenterandsupportingcentersinGuam,Japan,KoreaandChina(seeFig.4.1). This time was chosen to allow participation of as many groups as possibleacross10 timezones. TheDPMwillbeheldsevendaysperweek throughout thefieldseasonbeginning17Augustandconcluding20October2010.The Daily Planning Meeting will be co‐chaired by the ITOP Science Director andOperationsDirector. The agenda for themeetingwill be consistent eachday andincludethefollowingitems:• Statusofaircraft,ship,floatanddriftersystems;
• Datamanagementandcommunicationsstatusreport;
• Forecastdiscussionfrom24‐36hours,specialproducts;outlookto72hours;
• Report on the status of scientific objectives and results of the last mission
and/orupdateonthestatusofanon‐goingmission;
• Missionselection,staffassignment,andscheduleofoperations;
• Logisticsoradministrativematters;
• Otherannouncements.
7.5.3 DailyscheduleandIOPPreparations
ThetypicalschedulefordailyprojectplanningwillincludeonsetactivitiesofanIOPin ITOP. In addition to the scientificplanningandpriority settingduring theDSMand DPM and priority decisions by the MPT, it is important that key personnelassignmentsbemadefortheupcomingIOP.Theseinclude:
• Lead mission scientist(s) (located in the MOC). These will be selected tomatchscienceobjectivesandrequiredfacilities;
• On‐board flight scientist(s), air reconnaissance weather officer, missionobserverforeachaircraft;
• Otherscientificpersonneloneachaircraft
• Key operations center staff (i.e. Operations Director‐2, Nowcaster, AircraftCoordinator).
Notifications will be made directly to all flight, ship and float/drifter facilitiesimmediately at the end of theMPTmeeting. Notificationswill be provided to allparticipants and collaborating international participants via the preparation andtimely distribution of the Daily Operations Summary under control of theOperationsDirector(usuallyavailableby0100UTC). Thisdocumentwillbemadeavailablevia the ITOPFieldCatalogandwillbeopenlyaccessiblebyall interestedprojectparticipants.TheDailyOperationsSummarywillbepreparedatleastoncea
42
dayfollowingtheDPMbutwillbeupdatedbytheOperationsDirectoraschangingplanswarrant.Contentwillinclude:
• SummaryofongoingandplannedITOPoperationsanddatacollection;
• ProposedmissionobjectivesfortheupcomingornextphaseofanIOP;
• Schedule details for all aircraft and other special observations asappropriate;
• Facilitystatus;
• Otherschedulehighlightsforthenext24hours.
The preparation of aircraft flight tracks, dropsondes, AXBT and float/drifter droplocations (if required) for submission to controlling air traffic agencies will beaccomplished immediately following the daily planning process described above.Each aircraft facility andmission scientists at the aircraft support centerswill beresponsibleforpreparingtheflightplans.Theseflightplanswillthenbesubmittedtotheairtrafficagenciesasrequired.Theadvancenotificationwilltypicallybe24hoursaheadoflaunchtimewiththeprovisionforupdatingifrequired.AdvancednotificationofMTSAT rapid scan satellite datawill typically need tobemadeseveraldaysinadvanceofanevent.TheserequestswillbethroughtheJMAusingagencychannelsestablishedpriortothefieldseason.
7.5.4 MissionUpdateDuringrapidlychangingoruncertainweathersituationsaspecialweatherupdatewillbeprovidedatapproximately1800UTCfortheScienceDirectorandOperationsDirectortoconfirmormodifythenextday’smissionplan.
7.5.5 Pre‐flightPlanningProcessTypically,apre‐flightbriefingisheldabout2hoursaheadofthescheduledaircrafttake‐off These briefings are meant to provide any update in facility status,adjustmentstoflightplan,ifpossible,currentobservations,andshorttermweatherforecastfortheareaofinterest.Thecontentwillbesimilarforallfacilities.
7.5.9 AircraftMissionDe‐briefingAircraft flight crew and scientists will participate in a de‐briefing following eachresearch flight. This will include aircraft facility and instrument status, a briefsummaryofflightoperationsandmissionhighlights,andaircraftavailabilityforthenextmission. Any operational or in‐flight coordination issueswill be brought upand discussed at this time. Typically, the Operations Director and ScienceDirector/MissionScientistintheMOCwillfacilitatethismeeting.
43
7.5.10ForecastpreparationThe T‐PAC Forecasting Team will be organized to support all aspects of projectplanning and operations. The Lead Forecasters will reside at the MOC and willdevelop a support staff to provide forecasting and nowcasting expertise on alloperationaldaysoftheprojectsaswellasbeforeandduringIOPs.
7.6SoftwaresupportforITOPOperationsITOPoperationswillbesupportedbyinteractivedatabasesbasedatNCAREarthObservingLaboratory(EOL),attheMontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute(MBARI)andattheNavalResearchLaboratory,Monterey(NRL).AllofthesecanbeaccessedthroughtheITOP‘FrontPage’atwww.eol.ucar.edu/projects/itop/. EOLwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingatmosphericdataandmodeloutputandinsupportingtheformsandtablesusedtospecifyflightoperations. MBARIwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingoceanographicdataandmodeloutput. NRLwillhaveprimaryresponsibilityforcollectinganddistributingremotesensinginformation.
44
8.OperationsandSupportLogistic
8.1 ITOPMontereyOperationsCenterThe ITOPMontereyOperationsCenter(MOC) is locatedat theNavalPostgraduateSchool(NPS)inMontereyCA.TheMOChasoverallresponsibilityfortheconductofoperations during the field phase of ITOP. TheDaily ScienceMeeting (DSM) andDPMbothoriginatefromtheMOCandareopentoallprojectparticipantsusingtheElluminate® real‐time Internet video teleconferencing system. Daily operationssummaries are generated at the MOC as well as Science Summaries and otherupdatesasrequired.
8.2 GuamOperationsCenterTwoUSAF C‐130ReconnaissanceAircraftwith dropsondes, deployable floats andbuoysandSFMRwillbebasedatAndersenAFBontheislandofGuam.BothaircraftwillnormallyconductoperationsinthevicinityofGuam(approximately1000nmiradius)tosupporttropicalcycloneformationmissions.ortheycanflyamissionandrecoverinOkinawa,Japan,atKadenaAFB.
TheGuamoperationscenteraswellaslodgingforprojectparticipantswillbeat theGuamMarriott in thehotel areaonTumonBay inwest centralGuam. It isapproximately a 30‐minute drive from Tumon Bay to theMain Gate at AndersenAFB. Participants will need to clear security and vehicle inspection beforeproceeding into the base. Foreign nationals may need to be escorted by a U.S.citizeninordertogainaccesstothebase.
45
9.Modeling,SimulationandPrediction
9.1ModelingGoalsOneoftheprimarygoalsoftheITOPprogramistoimprovetheunderstandingofhowtyphoonsandtheupperoceaninteractsinordertoimprovetyphoonandupperoceanmodels.ModelsandsimulationswillbeusedinITOPto:
1) ProvideaccuratestateestimationoftheWesternPacificOceanandoverlyingatmospherethroughdataassimilatingoceanandatmospherepredictionsystems
2) Provideforecastoftyphoonformation,track,intensitytoassistinselectingindividualstormsforstudyinthefieldprogram
3) Provideestimatesoftheimpactofthetyphoonontheocean(stratification,currents,waves)toassistinselectingstormsforstudyinthefieldprogram
4) Provideestimatesoftheinteractionofthetyphooncoldwakewithoceanmesoscalefeatures
5) Providesimulationsoftheevolutionofthetyphooncoldwake6) Provideestimatesofcriticaloceanandatmosphericparametersrealtimeor
inpost‐stormanalysesthatcanbecomparedtoobservationsmadeinthefieldprogramtovalidatemodelpredictions,toprovideerrorestimatesandtolookforconsistentvariationsthatmayhelppointtoimprovedmodelphysicsorparameterizations.
9.2ModelsThetyphoonmodelswillincludeallgenerallyavailableoperationaltyphoonpredictionmodelsrunsmadebythemajorweatherpredictioncenters(ECMWF,JMA,NCEP,FNMOC,JTWC)andavarietyofnewR&Dcoupledatmosphere‐oceanmodelscurrentlyunderdevelopment.HighresolutionLEStypemodelsoftheupperoceanwilllookatoceanicprocessesonthescaleofasubsectionacrossthetyphooncoldwake.Someofthecoupledatmosphere‐oceanmodelswillincludeasurfacewavecomponent.Thefollowingtableprovidesacurrentlistofmodelsexpectedtobeusedorrunduringtheexperiment.ThecurrentaimistohaveallresearchmodelsoperationalfortheIntensiveOperationalPeriodwithoutputgoingtotheOperationsCenter.ItisexpectedthatafterthefieldprogramaseriesofreanalyseswillbemadeincorporatingnewphysicsorparameterizationsarisingfromtheITOPprogram.Model Type Lead OutputtoNOGAPS Operational EOL OperationsCenterHWRF Operational EOL OperationsCenterECMWF Operational EOL OperationsCenterJMA Operational EOL OperationsCenter
46
GFS Operational EOL OperationsCenterUKMet Operational EOL OperationsCenterGNCOM Operational Allard OperationsCenterfrom
NRL‐SEASNFS Op/R Ko/Chao OperationsCenterfrom
NRL‐SHycom OP/R WHO? OperationsCenterfrom
NRL‐SCoupledMM5/PWP/WW3“UMCM”
R ShuyiChen OperationsCenterfromUMiami
CoupledWRF/ARW/PWPCWRF
R ShuyiChen OperationsCenterfromUMiami
COAMPS/SWAN/NCOM(ESMF)
R Allard/Cook OperationsCenterfromNRL‐S/M
COAMPS‐TCNowaves
R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle/Jin
OperationsCenterfromNRL‐M
COAMPS‐TC+Swan/WW3
R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle/Jin
OPERATIONSCENTERfromNRL‐M
COAMPS‐Adjoint R Hao/WangS.Chen/Doyle
OPERATIONSCENTERfromNRL‐M
WakeLESUW R Harcourt OperationsCenterfromUW
WakeLESNCAR R Sullivan OperationsCenterfromNCAR
PWP3D R Price OperationsCenterTheResearchModelsexpecttogetinitialandboundaryconditionsfromoneormoreofGFS,NOGAPS,JMA,ECMWFandGNCOM,HYCOMandNRL‐MWWIII.Inpostfieldcampaignreanalyses,agreementsmaybereachedonconsistentconditionsforinitiationandforcing.
47
10. ITOPPrincipalInvestigators
PI MOORING
AIRCRA
FT
SHIPS
REMOTESEN
S
Mod
els
OpsCen
ter
preiop
prestorm
storm
post‐storm
analysis
Allard x x Black x x x x x x x x xCenturoni x x x x x x xChao x xChen x x x x x x x xSueChen x x x x x x x xD'Asaro x x x x x x x x xDoyle x x x x x x x xElsberry x x x x x Foster x x x x x x x Graber x x x x x x x x xHarcourt Harr x x x x x x x x xJayne x x x x xKo x x x x x x x xLien x x x x x x xLee x Sanford x x x x x x x Rainville x x x Price x x x x x x St.Laurent x x x x xSullivan x x x x Velden x x x x xWackerman x x x x x xWalker x x x x x xWang x x x x x x x
48
PI MOORING
AIRCRA
FT
SHIPS
REMOTESEN
S
Mod
els
OpsCen
ter
preiop
prestorm
storm
post‐storm
analysis
Tang,TY x x x x x x x xWu,CC x x x x x x x xChang,MH x x x x x x x xChern,CS x x x x x xLin,II x x x x x x x xWang,J X X X X X X XJan,S x x x x x x XHuang,CF x x x x XHo,CR x x x x x x XChien,H x x x x x XLiang,WD x x x x x xShiah,FK x x x x x XYang,Y x x x x x x x XLee,YH x x x x XYang,YJ X x x x x x x x