taxonomy

How we classify organisms based upon structural similarities and

differences

Carolus Linnaeus

• The “Father of Modern Taxonomy”

• Established methods for classifying and naming organisms that are still used

• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE– Two name names

Five kingdoms system

• The most general classification– Monera – bacteria– Protist– Fungi– Plants– animals

Kingdom Monera• Prokaryotic

– No membrane-bound organelles

– No nuclear membrane • Unicellular• Some are

heterotrophic• cyanobacteria are

autotrophic because they perform photosynthesis

Protists

• Eukaryotic– Membrane-bound organelles– Nuclear membrane

• Mainly unicellular• Some are heterotrophic and some are

autotrophic

protozoa

• These do not have cell walls

• Examples include ameba and paramecium

Algae • These protists have

cell walls and chloroplasts

• These protists are autotrophic

• Some are multi-cellular like sea weed!

Blue algae

fungi• Fungi are eukaryotic• Fungi can be

unicellular – Yeast and bread mold

• Fungi can be multicellular– mushrooms

• All fungi are heterotrophic

• A fungus lives on its food source• They absorb the nutrients they need from

the environment• Digestive enzymes are secreted into their

food source for EXTRACELLULAR digestion

• The end products of digestion (nutrients) are absorbed

Plants • All plants are

multicellular• All plants are

eukaryotic• All plants are

autotrophic• Plant cell walls are

made of cellulose

bryophytes• No true roots stems

or leaves• No vascular tissue to

circulate food or water• They are only a few

centimeters in height• Must live in a moist

area – mosses

Tracheophytes • True roots, stems and

leaves• They have vascular

tissue to circulate food and water

• They can grow to great heights

• They can live in many different environments

Animals• All animals are

eukaryotic• All animals are

multicellular• All animals are

heterotrophic

Classification

Kingdom – most generalPhylum – related classesClass – related ordersOrder – related familiesFamily – related genusGenus – related speciesSpecies – most specific

Species name

• Based on a system of binomial nomenclature

• The Latin version of the genus and species of an organism– Members of a species must be able to

successfully reproduce and have fertile offspring

Human versus chimpanzee

• Human– Animalia– Chordata– Mammalia– Primates– Hominid– Homo– Homo sapien

• Chimpanzee– Animalia– Chordata– Mammalia– Primates– Pongid– Pan– Pan troglodyte