taxonomy How we classify organisms based upon structural similarities and differences
Feb 09, 2016
taxonomy
How we classify organisms based upon structural similarities and
differences
Carolus Linnaeus
• The “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
• Established methods for classifying and naming organisms that are still used
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE– Two name names
Five kingdoms system
• The most general classification– Monera – bacteria– Protist– Fungi– Plants– animals
Kingdom Monera• Prokaryotic
– No membrane-bound organelles
– No nuclear membrane • Unicellular• Some are
heterotrophic• cyanobacteria are
autotrophic because they perform photosynthesis
Protists
• Eukaryotic– Membrane-bound organelles– Nuclear membrane
• Mainly unicellular• Some are heterotrophic and some are
autotrophic
protozoa
• These do not have cell walls
• Examples include ameba and paramecium
Algae • These protists have
cell walls and chloroplasts
• These protists are autotrophic
• Some are multi-cellular like sea weed!
Blue algae
fungi• Fungi are eukaryotic• Fungi can be
unicellular – Yeast and bread mold
• Fungi can be multicellular– mushrooms
• All fungi are heterotrophic
• A fungus lives on its food source• They absorb the nutrients they need from
the environment• Digestive enzymes are secreted into their
food source for EXTRACELLULAR digestion
• The end products of digestion (nutrients) are absorbed
Plants • All plants are
multicellular• All plants are
eukaryotic• All plants are
autotrophic• Plant cell walls are
made of cellulose
bryophytes• No true roots stems
or leaves• No vascular tissue to
circulate food or water• They are only a few
centimeters in height• Must live in a moist
area – mosses
Tracheophytes • True roots, stems and
leaves• They have vascular
tissue to circulate food and water
• They can grow to great heights
• They can live in many different environments
Animals• All animals are
eukaryotic• All animals are
multicellular• All animals are
heterotrophic
Classification
Kingdom – most generalPhylum – related classesClass – related ordersOrder – related familiesFamily – related genusGenus – related speciesSpecies – most specific
Species name
• Based on a system of binomial nomenclature
• The Latin version of the genus and species of an organism– Members of a species must be able to
successfully reproduce and have fertile offspring
Human versus chimpanzee
• Human– Animalia– Chordata– Mammalia– Primates– Hominid– Homo– Homo sapien
• Chimpanzee– Animalia– Chordata– Mammalia– Primates– Pongid– Pan– Pan troglodyte