SYNOPSIS OF P.G. RESEARCH PROBLEM ON:
“FISHERY BIOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OFNEMIPTERUS JAPONICUS (BLOCH, 1791) LANDED AT
VERAVAL, GUJARAT”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. K. L. MATHEWPROFFESOR & HEAD
DEPT. OF FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVERAVAL, JUNAGADH, GUJARAT
Submitted by:
Name: RAMCHANDRA KHILERIRegistration No.: J4-00986-2012
Degree for: M.F.Sc. (FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT)
Submitted to:
DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND DEAN FACULTY OF P.G. STUDIES
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYJUNAGADH-362 001
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVERAVAL – 362 265
1
Date of Submission: 07-06-2013 Current Semester: ІІ
SYNOPSIS OF P.G. RESEARCH PROBLEM
1 Name of the Student : Ramchandra Khileri
2 Name of degree submitted
for
: M.F.Sc.
3 Registration No. : J4 – 00986 – 2012
4 Major Subject : Fisheries Resource Management
5 Minor Subject : 1. Aquaculture
2. Fish Processing Technology
6 Name of Major Advisor : Dr. K. L. Mathew
7 Title of Research Problem : “Fishery Biology and Population
Dynamics of Nemipterus japonicas
(Bloch, 1791) Landed at Veraval,
Gujarat”
8 INTRODUCTION:
2
Nemipterus japonicus belonging to the family Nemipteridae is
locally known as "Rani fish". It forms one of the important
offshore catches (Kuthalingam 1966). The year 2011 has witnessed
an increase of 4.8 lakh tonnes increase in the catch to that of
the previous year. The provisional marine fish landings of India
have been estimated as 3.83 million tonnes for the same year. The
contribution of different categories of marine catch has been for
pelagic fishes 56%, demersal fishes 26%, crustaceans 14% and
molluscs 4%. Threadfin bream landings in India have increased to
1, 74,079 t from 1, 29,539 t, the highest catch coming from
Kerala in 2011 (CMFRI 2011). This exhibits a trend of 99.6%
increase. It has contributed 9% to the total landings in Kerala
and 55.9% of the demersal landings. Bulk of the catch (98%) has
been due to
trawlers and the rest by gillnets and hooks & lines. The
spawning stock biomass of N. randalli and N. japonicus in Malabar is
reported to be > 30% of the stock at its unexploited level, which
indicates the regeneration capacity of the resources (CMFRI
2011).
The average of annual landings of N. japonicus has increased
from 5,551 t during 1950-60 to 9,209 t during 2001-10. During
3
2008-10, threadfins have contributed 0.31% to the marine fish
landings in India. Bulk of the catches comes from states of
Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Andhra
Pradesh (CMFRI 2011).
Threadfin bream, fishes belonging to the family
Nemipteridae is an important group of food fish along the
Saurashtra coast. It forms one of the major exploited marine
fishery resources in Gujarat, as it has good domestic and export
demands. The total threadfin bream landings in Gujarat have been
29,019 t in year 2011, which is 10.32% higher than the previous
year. It is caught mainly by multiday trawlers (97.86%) followed
by single day trawlers (2.13 %) at a catch rate of 0.42 kg h-1
and 1.33 kg h-1 respectively. The fishery is dominated by N.
japonicus (55.77%), N. randalli (40.6%) and N. bipunctatus (3.6%), in
small quantities at Veraval. Non-penaeid and penaeid prawns like
Solenocera, Acetes, Loligo, crabs, Squilla, Chirocentrus and Leiognathus spp. are
the major components of food to N. randalli and N. bipunctatus (CMFRI
2011).
Threadfin bream is exploited mainly from 40-100 m depth, by
a variety of gears. However, the major contribution comes from
multiday trawl nets (Zacharia 1998).
There is considerable information available on N. japonicus
caught off Saurashtra coast regarding its sex ratio, maturity,
4
spawning season, food and feeding habits, length-weight
relationship and population dynamics. However, the present study
is envisaged for gathering information to know the effects of
global warming on the biological and behavioral aspects of the
species with an emphasis on its breeding season.
9 PRACTICAL UTILITY OF THE RESEARCH:
N. japonicus is exported mostly as raw material for surimi
processing in India. Recently, it is also exported in frozen form
to more than 30 countries around the world, including China,
Singapore, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc. Thus, the present study
aims to provide an insight into the fishery, population
characteristics and yield estimates of N. japonicus caught by
trawlers and lands at Veraval.
The present investigation will also help us to know the
maturity status of the species in different seasons, which will
be helpful in knowing the status and profile of body components,
as it is used for surimi based products. The results of the
present study will help in devising strategies for managing the
fishery of this particular resource at a healthy and sustainable
level.
5
10 OBJECTIVES:
The present experiment is proposed with the following main
objectives.
(1) To study the population dynamics of N. japonicus off
Saurashtra coast
(2) To study the biology of N. japonicus off Saurashtra coast
11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Murty (1984) studied on the fisheries of threadfin breams
(Nemipteridae) and on the biology of N. japonicus (Bloch) such as
length-weight relationship of males and females, peak values of
relative condition factor, spawning season, length at first
maturity, fecundity, linear relationship between length and
fecundity and between weight and fecundity, and the various
growth parameters. The catches of N. japonicus have reached the
highest in 1977 (1336945 t). In 1978 (393361 t) and 1979 (271386
t), the catches have been low, when both the effort and the catch
rates have also in declined. In addition, there is significant
difference in length-weight relationship of males and females.
The length at first maturity is estimated as 125 mm in females.
The estimated fecundity ranges from 23049 to 139160 in fishes of
134-199 mm length. In this length range, there is linear
relationship between length and fecundity, and also between
6
weight and fecundity. N. japonicus attains 185 mm, 255 mm and 285 mm
at the completion of the first, second and third years,
respectively, at Kakinada. The various growth parameters are
estimated as: L a = 314 mm, K = 0.75142 and t, = - 0.17309
years.
Gopal and Vivekanandan (1991) studied on the threadfin bream
fishery and the biology of N. japonicas of Veraval. The annual
average threadfin bream landings from 50,252 trawl units have
been 1928.5 tonnes in Veraval during April 1987 to March 1990.
The catch per unit effort has been high during December to March.
N. japonicus, which has formed 82.6% of the threadfin bream
landings, is observed to mature at 180 mm total length. The von
Bertalanffy growth parameters has been K = 0.733, t = - 0.1167
and L = 337 mm. N. japonicus has exhibited preference to feed on
crustaceans, especially Acetes spp.
Zacharia and Natarajn (2003) studied on the fishery and
biology of threadfin bream, N. japonicus from Mangalore & Malpe. The
growth parameters of N. japonicus, which was exploited from the
Arabian Sea of Karnataka are estimated as LM = 33.0 cm and K =
1.0 yr-1. The estimated value of has remained at 1.87 and the
mean Z value at 5.65 with the exploitation rate of 0.68. The
virtual population analysis has revealed that the maximum fishing
mortality occurs as the fish reach about 25.5 cm. Thompson and
7
Bell analysis has revealed that the present yield of 3,416 t can
be increased to the MSY level of 35,011 tonnes by increasing the
effort by 10% whereas the MSE would be increasing to 80% of the
present fishing effort.
Kizhakudan et al. (2008) studied on the fishery of threadfin
breams along Saurashtra coast (Gujarat), and some aspects of
biology of N. japonicus and N. mesoprion. The length-weight
relationship was estimated in six species of threadfin breams
occurring in the commercial trawl landings at Chennai during the
period 2007-2008. The parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the exponential
length-weight relationship of the form W = a Lb are presented for
either sex of N. mesoprion, N. japonicus, N. bipunctatus, N. zysron, N.
peronii and N. nematophorus. The regression coefficient ‘b’ has
ranged from 2.8 in N. nematophorus to 3.1 in N. bipunctatus amongst
these species. The relationship has differed significantly
between sexes (p < 0.05) in N. mesoprion and N. zysron. The t-test on
the b-values for all these species has revealed that the slopes
did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) from the isometric value of
3.
Raje (1996) studied on the biology of N. mesoprion (Bleeker)
from Veraval (Gujarat) such as maturity, spawning, fecundity and
feeding habits. The length-weight relationship in N. mesoprion is
calculated to be log W= -10.7134 + 2.9124 log L. The Kn values
have been calculated separately for males and females in relation
to months and their group sizes. Females have attained 50%8
maturity at 134 mm. This species has appeared to spawn from
September to March. The fecundity estimates have ranged from
5,344 to 64,369 ova in the size range 104-198 mm. The males
dominated the commercial catch and the male to female ratio was
2.57:1. Empty stomachs occurred in high percentage in both males
and females. This species is a demersal carnivore feeding on
crustaceans, fishes, molluscs and annelids in the order of
preference.
Manojkumar (2004) studied some aspects on the biology of N.
japonicus such as maturity, spawning, sex ratio, fecundity and
feeding habits. The length weight relationship of N. japonicus from
Veraval waters is derived to be Log W = - 4.7338 + 2.9902 Log L
(r = 0.9786). Matured females have appeared in the fishery at 140
mm body length. The size at first maturity has been estimated as
183 mm. Spawning occurs mainly from November to December and in
February. The females have marginally dominated the fishery and
the sex ratio between males and females was 1:1.01. The fecundity
has ranged from 14212 to 46387 and it has increased depending
upon the increase in the size of the fish. Fishes with empty
stomach have occurred in high percentage. This species is a
carnivore and feeds on Acetes spp., penaeid prawns, crabs,
squilla, squids, juvenile fishes and fish larvae in this order of
preference.
Vivekanandan & James (1984) studied on the length-weight
relationship in four species of threadfin breams from Madrasand.
The regression coefficients of length-weight relationship of9
males and females of N. mesoprion are found to be significantly
different at 5% level. In N. tolu, N. delagoae and N. luteus, the
differences have not been significant. Hence, a regression
equation common to both sexes is recommended for each of the
latter three species.
Vivekanandan E. & James D. B (1986) studied on the
population dynamics of N. japonicus in the trawling grounds off
Madras. The author has found that N. japonicus has matured at 145 mm
total length and has had an extended spawning season from June to
March with maximum spawning activity in December - March. The
length-weight relationship of fish can be expressed as: log W = -
4.8665 + 2.9661 log L. The von Bertalanfly parameters of growth
are estimated thus as: K = 1.004; t„ = 0.2257; Leo = 305 mm. The
natural mortality and fishing mortality rates are estimated at
2.5254 and 0.4599, respectively. Both the annual stock (2300 t)
and the standing crop (731 t) has been higher than the estimated
annual catch (336 t), indicating that the present fishing effort
can safely be increased without the stock being affected.
The growth parameters of N. japonicus exploited from the
Arabian Sea off Karnataka are estimated as LM = 33.0 cm and K=1.0
yr-1 (Zacharia 1998). The approach of using data after correction
for selection studies has given better estimates as compared with
the estimates from uncorrected data. The estimated value of M has
been 1.87 and that of the mean Z value has been 5.65 with an
exploitation rate of 0.68. The virtual population analyses have
10
revealed that the maximum fishing mortality has occurred at 25.5
cm body length.
In the trawling grounds off Cochin, N. japonicus has dominated
during south-west monsoon and its spawning season has been a
prolonged one extending from May to November (Joshi 2010). The
estimated VBGF parameters have been Lα= 318 mm, K= 0.69 yr-
1(males), and Lα = 265 mm, K= 0.77 yr-1(females) indicating
marked growth differences between the two sexes of N. japonicus. The
study has also indicated that the present fishing effort along
Cochin has reached an optimum level. The maximum yield in the
present level of F can be obtained by increasing the length at
first capture by 177% of the present yield. Unless the reduction
in cod-end mesh size is not stopped, it will lead to recruitment
of overfishing over a period of years.Kizhakudan and Rajapackiam (2011) studied on the length-
weight relationship in six species of threadfin breams occurring
in the trawl landings at Chennai. The length-weight relationship
was estimated in six species of occurring in the commercial trawl
landings at Chennai during the period 2007-2008. The parameters
‘a’ and ‘b’ of the exponential length-weight relationship of the
form W = a Lb are presented for either sex of N. mesoprion, N.
japonicus, N. bipunctatus, N. zysron, N. peronii and N. nematophorus. The
regression coefficient ‘b’ was found to range between 2.8 in N.
nematophorus to 3.1 in N. bipunctatus. The relationship was found to
differ significantly between sexes (p < 0.05) in N. mesoprion and N.
11
zysron. The t-test on the b-values for all these species has
revealed that the slopes have not varied significantly (p > 0.05)
from the isometric value of 3.
12 MATERIALS AND METHODS:
12.1 Population Dynamics of Nemipterus japonicus
1)Location : Veraval fish
landing centre (20°54'912'' N,
70°21'355''E), which is situated
along the western coast of Gujarat,
India
2)Year & Season of Experiment : March 2013 to February
2014
3)Design : Simple
Random sampling
4)Treatments : Months: 9;
Location: 1
5)Replications : Nos. 4 per
month (i.e., 25 fishes each at
we
ekly interval)
6)Materials :
12
The materials required for conducting the experiment are the
followings.
a) N. japonicus landed at Veraval fish landing centre (Nos.
25/week)
b) Measuring tape
c) Electronic balance
d) Labels
7)Methodology :
Multi stage stratified random sampling method (developed by
CMFRI) will be followed for estimating the monthly and annual
catch of N. japonicus landed by trawlers at Veraval landing
centre. From the fishes stratified into multi stage size groups,
25 N. japonicus fishes will be randomly collected from different
areas on a weekly basis.
8)Observations to be recorded: (1) Length (mm)
(2) Weight (g)
(3) Sex
(4)
Length at first maturity (mm)
12.2 Biology of N. japonicus
1) Location : Veraval
fish landing centre (20°54'912'' N,
13
70°21'355''E), which is situated
along the western coast of Gujarat,
India
2) Year & Season of Experiment : March 2013 to February
2014
3) Design : Simple
Random sampling
4) Treatments : Months: 9;
Location: 1
5) Replications : Nos. 4 per
month (i.e., 25 fishes each at
1. weekly interval)
6) Materials :
The materials required for conducting the experiment are the
followings.
a) N. japonicus landed at Veraval fish landing centre (Nos.
25 per week)
b) Measuring tape
c) Electronic balance
d) Labels
e) Specimen bottles
f) Forceps
g) Scissors14
h) Formalin
i) Compound microscope
j) Ocular and stage micrometer
7) Methodology :
N. japonicus collected for the studies on population dynamics
will be utilized for this investigation also. The abdomen of the
fishes will be cut opened to get their gut and gonads. The gutwill be cut opened for the collection of dietary components
present in it and also for their identification, recording the
number of items belonging to each category and their weights. The
volume of each category will be recorded.
Ovaries of female fishes will be collected and they will be
preserved in 5% formalin. The weight (g) and the status (stage
III and above) of the gonads will be recorded. Moreover, three
pieces of the ovary weighing 1 g each from the anterior, middle
and posterior portions of the ovary will be taken and examined
for the number of ova present in them to determine the fecundity
(James et al. 1978). The ova diameter (mm) in each sub sample of
the ovary will be studied under a trinocular microscope using
calibrated ocular micrometer (Narsimham 1994).
8) Observations to be recorded: (1) Extent of gut distension
(empty, 1/4th, 1/2th, 3/4th
Or
full based on the visual observations) 15
(2) Total length of the fish
(3)
Total length of the gut
(4)
Total length of the gonad
(5) Identification of gut
contents (to the possible
Taxonomic level)
(6)
Number and weight of each category of food items
(7) Total
weight of the gut contents (g)
(8)
Volume of each category of gut contents (ml)
(9)
Maturity stage of gonad
(10)
No. of ova (in 1g tissue each from anterior,
Posterior & middle of the ovary)
(11)
Diameter of ova (mm)
12.3 Statistical Analysis:
16
Length – weight relationship will be calculated separately
for both the sexes as described by Le Cren (1951).
W = aLb ; where W = weight, a = constant, L = length,
b = slope.
Von Bertalanffy growth parameters viz., asymptotic length
(L∞) and growth co-efficient (K) will be determined using the
ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) module of FiSAT
(Gayanilo et al. 2005).
The growth performance index will be calculated from the
final estimates of asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient
(K; Pauly & Munro 1984).
The age at zero length (t0) will be calculated following
Pauly’s (1979) empirical equation given below:
log (-t0) = -0.392 – 0.275 log L∞ - 1.0381 K
where t0 = age at zero length, L∞ = asymptotic length, K = growth
coefficient.
Natural mortality (M) will be calculated by the empiricalformula (Pauly 1980). Total mortality (Z) will be determined
from the length converted catch curve using FiSAT software
(Pauly 1983). Fishing mortality (F) will also be estimated
(Pauly 1980).
17
F = Z - M; where F = fishing mortality, Z = total
mortality,
M = natural mortality
Exploitation ratio (E) will be estimated using the equation
proposed by Narsimham (1994).
F
E = ; where F = fishing
mortality, Z = total mortality
Z
The maximum sustainable yield will be calculated by the
equation given by Gulland (1979).
MSY = Z x 0.5 x B; where Z = total mortality, B =
biomass.
The relative yield per recruit (Y/R) and biomass per
recruit (B/R) at different levels of fishing mortality will be
estimated using FiSAT (Gayanilo et al. 2005).
The month-wise sex ratio will be determined and Chi-square
test will be performed to test the homogeneity of male and
female distribution (Narsimham 1994).
The Index of relative importance (IRI) of various food
items in the gut will be calculated by the method given by
Pinkas et al. 1971. The IRI will be computed as given below:
18
IRI = (%N + %V) x %F
Where N = number of various food items, V = volume and F =
frequency of occurrence.
Different maturity stages will be observed (James et al.
1978) and the size at first maturity will be determined by
plotting the percentage of matured specimens (stage III and
above) against their total length.
Fecundity will be calculated by gravimetric method given by
James et al. (1978).
The gonadosomatic index (GSI) will be calculated by the
formula of Kume and Joseph (1969).
Weight of gonad
GSI =
x 100
Weight of fish
Data will be statistically analyzed using standard methods
as per the analysis of co-variance (Snedecor & Cochran 1967) and
Chi-square test (Le Cren 1951).
19
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. 2011. In: Annual
Report of CMFRI; 2010-11. Published by Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute. Cochin, pp 32.
Gayanillo Jr. F. C.; Sparre, P. and Pauly, D. 2005. FAO-ICLARM
Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II). User’s Guide. FAO
Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 8, Revised version.
FAO, Roma, Italia.
Gopal, C. and Vivekanandan, E. 1991. Threadfin bream fishery and
biology of Nemipterus japonicus of Veraval. Indian J. Fish. 38(2):
97-102.
Gulland, J. A. 1979. Report of the FAO/UNDP workshop in the
fishery resources of the Western Indian Ocean – South
Equator. FAO, Rome, 10FC/DEV/79/ 45: 1-37.
James, P. S. B. R.; Gupta, T. R., and Shanbhogue, S. L. 1978.
Some aspects of the biology of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus
Linnaeus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 290(1 & 2): 120-137.
Joshi, K. K. 2010. Population dynamics of Nemipterus japonicus
(Bloch) in the trawling grounds off Cochin. Indian J. Fish.
57(1): 7-12.
Kizhakudan, S. J. and Rajapackiam, S. 2011. Length-weight
relationship in six species of threadfin breams occurring
20
in the trawl landings at Chennai. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 53(2):
268 – 271.
Kizhakudan, S. J.; Thomas, S.; Kizhakudan, K. J. and Zala, M. S.
2008. Fishery of threadfin breams along Saurashtra coast
(Gujarat), and some aspects of biology of Nemipterus
japonicus (Bloch, 1791) and N. mesoprion (Bleeker, 1853). J.
Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 50(1): 43-51
Kume, S. and Joseph, J. 1969. Size composition and sexual
maturity of Gill-fish caught by Japanese long line
fishery in the Pacific Ocean east of 130 degrees W Bull. Fr
Sears Fish. Res. Lab. No. 2.
Kuthalingam, M. D. K. 1966. Notes on some aspects of the fishery
and biology of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) with special
reference to feeding behaviour. Indian J. Fish. 12: 500-506.
Le Cren, E. D. 1951. The length weight relationship and seasonal
cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch
(Percafluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol. 20: 201-219.
Manojkumar, P. P. 2004. Some aspects on the biology of Nemipterus
japonicus (Bloch) from Veraval in Gujarat. IndianJ. Fish.
51(2): 185-191.
Murty, V. S. 1984. Observations on the fisheries of threadfin
breams (Nemipteridae) and on the biology of Nemipterus
japonicus (Bloch) from Kakinada. Indian J. Fish. 31: 1-18.
Narasimham, K. A. 1994. Mortality, spawning and sex ration of the
ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus off Kakinada. J. Mar.
Biol. Ass. India. 36(1&2): 199-204.21
Pauly, D. 1979. Theory and management of tropical multi-species
stocks. A review with emphasis on the south-east Asian
demersal fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 1: 35 pp.
Pauly, D. 1980. On the interrelationships between natural
mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental
temperature in 175 fish stocks. L. Cons. Ciem. 39(2): 175-
192.
Pauly, D. 1983. Length converted catch curves. A powerful tool
for fisheries research in tropics (Part-1) ICLARM Fish byte.
1(2): 9-13.
Pauly, D. and Munro, J. L. 1984. Once more, on the composition of
growth in fish and invertebrates. Fishbyte. 2(1): 21.
Pinkas, L.; Oliphant, M. S. and Lverson, I. L. K. 1971. Food
habits of albacore, Bluefin tuna, and bonito in
California waters. Sacromento; California Department of
fish and game, Fish Bull. 152: 1-139.
Raje, S. G. 1996. Some observations on the biology of Nemipterus
mesoprion (Bleeker) from Veraval (Gujarat). Indian J. Fish.
43(2):163-170.
Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. 1967. Statistical methods,
oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta. 593 pp.
Vivekanandan, E. and James, D. B. 1984. Length weight
relationship in four species of threadfin breams from
Madras. J. Mar .Bio. Ass. India. 26: 132- 35.
22
Vivekanandan, E. and James, D. B. 1986. Population dynamics of
Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) in the trawling grounds off
Madras. Indian J. Fish. 33: 145-54.
Zacharia, P. U. (1998). Dynamics of the threadfin bream,
Nemipterus japonicus exploited off Karnataka. Indian J. Fish.
45(3): 265-270.
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threadfin bream, Nemipterus mesoprion from Mangalore &
Malpe. Indian J. Fish. 50(1): 1-10.
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Mr. RAMCHANDRA KHILERI has made an oral
presentation of the synopsis in FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
department on 10-03-2012 in the presence of advisory committee
members, other faculty members and P. G. students. The student
has incorporated all the suggestions.
Signature of major guide and the members of the advisory committee:PARTICULARS NAME DESIGNATION SIGNATURE
Major Guide Dr. K.L. MATHEW
Professor & HeadDept. of Fisheries ResourceManagement College of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval
Co-Guide Dr. K. H. VADHER
Assistant ProfessorDept. of aquacultureCollege of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval
Member Mrs. SWATIPRIYANKA SEN DASH
Scientist, Demersal fisheries division
23
Veraval regional centreCMFRI
Member Mr. T.H. DAVE
Assistant Professor Dept. of Fisheries ResourceManagement College of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval
Member Dr. S.L. VARMORA
Associate Professor Dept. of Agril. StatisticsCollege of Agriculture JAU, Junagadh
Recommended by:
Professor In-Charge of P. G. Center
Principal
College of Fisheries
Veraval
Approved by:
DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND DEAN P.G. STUDIES
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
JUNAGADH
24