SYNOPSIS RAM FINAL JUNE

SYNOPSIS OF P.G. RESEARCH PROBLEM ON:

“FISHERY BIOLOGY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OFNEMIPTERUS JAPONICUS (BLOCH, 1791) LANDED AT

VERAVAL, GUJARAT”

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. K. L. MATHEWPROFFESOR & HEAD

DEPT. OF FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF FISHERIES

JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVERAVAL, JUNAGADH, GUJARAT

Submitted by:

Name: RAMCHANDRA KHILERIRegistration No.: J4-00986-2012

Degree for: M.F.Sc. (FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT)

Submitted to:

DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND DEAN FACULTY OF P.G. STUDIES

JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYJUNAGADH-362 001

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF FISHERIES

JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVERAVAL – 362 265

1

Date of Submission: 07-06-2013 Current Semester: ІІ

SYNOPSIS OF P.G. RESEARCH PROBLEM

1 Name of the Student : Ramchandra Khileri

2 Name of degree submitted

for

: M.F.Sc.

3 Registration No. : J4 – 00986 – 2012

4 Major Subject : Fisheries Resource Management

5 Minor Subject : 1. Aquaculture

2. Fish Processing Technology

6 Name of Major Advisor : Dr. K. L. Mathew

7 Title of Research Problem : “Fishery Biology and Population

Dynamics of Nemipterus japonicas

(Bloch, 1791) Landed at Veraval,

Gujarat”

8 INTRODUCTION:

2

Nemipterus japonicus belonging to the family Nemipteridae is

locally known as "Rani fish". It forms one of the important

offshore catches (Kuthalingam 1966). The year 2011 has witnessed

an increase of 4.8 lakh tonnes increase in the catch to that of

the previous year. The provisional marine fish landings of India

have been estimated as 3.83 million tonnes for the same year. The

contribution of different categories of marine catch has been for

pelagic fishes 56%, demersal fishes 26%, crustaceans 14% and

molluscs 4%. Threadfin bream landings in India have increased to

1, 74,079 t from 1, 29,539 t, the highest catch coming from

Kerala in 2011 (CMFRI 2011). This exhibits a trend of 99.6%

increase. It has contributed 9% to the total landings in Kerala

and 55.9% of the demersal landings. Bulk of the catch (98%) has

been due to

trawlers and the rest by gillnets and hooks & lines. The

spawning stock biomass of N. randalli and N. japonicus in Malabar is

reported to be > 30% of the stock at its unexploited level, which

indicates the regeneration capacity of the resources (CMFRI

2011).

The average of annual landings of N. japonicus has increased

from 5,551 t during 1950-60 to 9,209 t during 2001-10. During

3

2008-10, threadfins have contributed 0.31% to the marine fish

landings in India. Bulk of the catches comes from states of

Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Andhra

Pradesh (CMFRI 2011).

Threadfin bream, fishes belonging to the family

Nemipteridae is an important group of food fish along the

Saurashtra coast. It forms one of the major exploited marine

fishery resources in Gujarat, as it has good domestic and export

demands. The total threadfin bream landings in Gujarat have been

29,019 t in year 2011, which is 10.32% higher than the previous

year. It is caught mainly by multiday trawlers (97.86%) followed

by single day trawlers (2.13 %) at a catch rate of 0.42 kg h-1

and 1.33 kg h-1 respectively. The fishery is dominated by N.

japonicus (55.77%), N. randalli (40.6%) and N. bipunctatus (3.6%), in

small quantities at Veraval. Non-penaeid and penaeid prawns like

Solenocera, Acetes, Loligo, crabs, Squilla, Chirocentrus and Leiognathus spp. are

the major components of food to N. randalli and N. bipunctatus (CMFRI

2011).

Threadfin bream is exploited mainly from 40-100 m depth, by

a variety of gears. However, the major contribution comes from

multiday trawl nets (Zacharia 1998).

There is considerable information available on N. japonicus

caught off Saurashtra coast regarding its sex ratio, maturity,

4

spawning season, food and feeding habits, length-weight

relationship and population dynamics. However, the present study

is envisaged for gathering information to know the effects of

global warming on the biological and behavioral aspects of the

species with an emphasis on its breeding season.

9 PRACTICAL UTILITY OF THE RESEARCH:

N. japonicus is exported mostly as raw material for surimi

processing in India. Recently, it is also exported in frozen form

to more than 30 countries around the world, including China,

Singapore, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc. Thus, the present study

aims to provide an insight into the fishery, population

characteristics and yield estimates of N. japonicus caught by

trawlers and lands at Veraval.

The present investigation will also help us to know the

maturity status of the species in different seasons, which will

be helpful in knowing the status and profile of body components,

as it is used for surimi based products. The results of the

present study will help in devising strategies for managing the

fishery of this particular resource at a healthy and sustainable

level.

5

10 OBJECTIVES:

The present experiment is proposed with the following main

objectives.

(1) To study the population dynamics of N. japonicus off

Saurashtra coast

(2) To study the biology of N. japonicus off Saurashtra coast

11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Murty (1984) studied on the fisheries of threadfin breams

(Nemipteridae) and on the biology of N. japonicus (Bloch) such as

length-weight relationship of males and females, peak values of

relative condition factor, spawning season, length at first

maturity, fecundity, linear relationship between length and

fecundity and between weight and fecundity, and the various

growth parameters. The catches of N. japonicus have reached the

highest in 1977 (1336945 t). In 1978 (393361 t) and 1979 (271386

t), the catches have been low, when both the effort and the catch

rates have also in declined. In addition, there is significant

difference in length-weight relationship of males and females.

The length at first maturity is estimated as 125 mm in females.

The estimated fecundity ranges from 23049 to 139160 in fishes of

134-199 mm length. In this length range, there is linear

relationship between length and fecundity, and also between

6

weight and fecundity. N. japonicus attains 185 mm, 255 mm and 285 mm

at the completion of the first, second and third years,

respectively, at Kakinada. The various growth parameters are

estimated as: L a = 314 mm, K = 0.75142 and t, = - 0.17309

years.

Gopal and Vivekanandan (1991) studied on the threadfin bream

fishery and the biology of N. japonicas of Veraval. The annual

average threadfin bream landings from 50,252 trawl units have

been 1928.5 tonnes in Veraval during April 1987 to March 1990.

The catch per unit effort has been high during December to March.

N. japonicus, which has formed 82.6% of the threadfin bream

landings, is observed to mature at 180 mm total length. The von

Bertalanffy growth parameters has been K = 0.733, t = - 0.1167

and L = 337 mm. N. japonicus has exhibited preference to feed on

crustaceans, especially Acetes spp.

Zacharia and Natarajn (2003) studied on the fishery and

biology of threadfin bream, N. japonicus from Mangalore & Malpe. The

growth parameters of N. japonicus, which was exploited from the

Arabian Sea of Karnataka are estimated as LM = 33.0 cm and K =

1.0 yr-1. The estimated value of has remained at 1.87 and the

mean Z value at 5.65 with the exploitation rate of 0.68. The

virtual population analysis has revealed that the maximum fishing

mortality occurs as the fish reach about 25.5 cm. Thompson and

7

Bell analysis has revealed that the present yield of 3,416 t can

be increased to the MSY level of 35,011 tonnes by increasing the

effort by 10% whereas the MSE would be increasing to 80% of the

present fishing effort.

Kizhakudan et al. (2008) studied on the fishery of threadfin

breams along Saurashtra coast (Gujarat), and some aspects of

biology of N. japonicus and N. mesoprion. The length-weight

relationship was estimated in six species of threadfin breams

occurring in the commercial trawl landings at Chennai during the

period 2007-2008. The parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the exponential

length-weight relationship of the form W = a Lb are presented for

either sex of N. mesoprion, N. japonicus, N. bipunctatus, N. zysron, N.

peronii and N. nematophorus. The regression coefficient ‘b’ has

ranged from 2.8 in N. nematophorus to 3.1 in N. bipunctatus amongst

these species. The relationship has differed significantly

between sexes (p < 0.05) in N. mesoprion and N. zysron. The t-test on

the b-values for all these species has revealed that the slopes

did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) from the isometric value of

3.

Raje (1996) studied on the biology of N. mesoprion (Bleeker)

from Veraval (Gujarat) such as maturity, spawning, fecundity and

feeding habits. The length-weight relationship in N. mesoprion is

calculated to be log W= -10.7134 + 2.9124 log L. The Kn values

have been calculated separately for males and females in relation

to months and their group sizes. Females have attained 50%8

maturity at 134 mm. This species has appeared to spawn from

September to March. The fecundity estimates have ranged from

5,344 to 64,369 ova in the size range 104-198 mm. The males

dominated the commercial catch and the male to female ratio was

2.57:1. Empty stomachs occurred in high percentage in both males

and females. This species is a demersal carnivore feeding on

crustaceans, fishes, molluscs and annelids in the order of

preference.

Manojkumar (2004) studied some aspects on the biology of N.

japonicus such as maturity, spawning, sex ratio, fecundity and

feeding habits. The length weight relationship of N. japonicus from

Veraval waters is derived to be Log W = - 4.7338 + 2.9902 Log L

(r = 0.9786). Matured females have appeared in the fishery at 140

mm body length. The size at first maturity has been estimated as

183 mm. Spawning occurs mainly from November to December and in

February. The females have marginally dominated the fishery and

the sex ratio between males and females was 1:1.01. The fecundity

has ranged from 14212 to 46387 and it has increased depending

upon the increase in the size of the fish. Fishes with empty

stomach have occurred in high percentage. This species is a

carnivore and feeds on Acetes spp., penaeid prawns, crabs,

squilla, squids, juvenile fishes and fish larvae in this order of

preference.

Vivekanandan & James (1984) studied on the length-weight

relationship in four species of threadfin breams from Madrasand.

The regression coefficients of length-weight relationship of9

males and females of N. mesoprion are found to be significantly

different at 5% level. In N. tolu, N. delagoae and N. luteus, the

differences have not been significant. Hence, a regression

equation common to both sexes is recommended for each of the

latter three species.

Vivekanandan E. & James D. B (1986) studied on the

population dynamics of N. japonicus in the trawling grounds off

Madras. The author has found that N. japonicus has matured at 145 mm

total length and has had an extended spawning season from June to

March with maximum spawning activity in December - March. The

length-weight relationship of fish can be expressed as: log W = -

4.8665 + 2.9661 log L. The von Bertalanfly parameters of growth

are estimated thus as: K = 1.004; t„ = 0.2257; Leo = 305 mm. The

natural mortality and fishing mortality rates are estimated at

2.5254 and 0.4599, respectively. Both the annual stock (2300 t)

and the standing crop (731 t) has been higher than the estimated

annual catch (336 t), indicating that the present fishing effort

can safely be increased without the stock being affected.

The growth parameters of N. japonicus exploited from the

Arabian Sea off Karnataka are estimated as LM = 33.0 cm and K=1.0

yr-1 (Zacharia 1998). The approach of using data after correction

for selection studies has given better estimates as compared with

the estimates from uncorrected data. The estimated value of M has

been 1.87 and that of the mean Z value has been 5.65 with an

exploitation rate of 0.68. The virtual population analyses have

10

revealed that the maximum fishing mortality has occurred at 25.5

cm body length.

In the trawling grounds off Cochin, N. japonicus has dominated

during south-west monsoon and its spawning season has been a

prolonged one extending from May to November (Joshi 2010). The

estimated VBGF parameters have been Lα= 318 mm, K= 0.69 yr-

1(males), and Lα = 265 mm, K= 0.77 yr-1(females) indicating

marked growth differences between the two sexes of N. japonicus. The

study has also indicated that the present fishing effort along

Cochin has reached an optimum level. The maximum yield in the

present level of F can be obtained by increasing the length at

first capture by 177% of the present yield. Unless the reduction

in cod-end mesh size is not stopped, it will lead to recruitment

of overfishing over a period of years.Kizhakudan and Rajapackiam (2011) studied on the length-

weight relationship in six species of threadfin breams occurring

in the trawl landings at Chennai. The length-weight relationship

was estimated in six species of occurring in the commercial trawl

landings at Chennai during the period 2007-2008. The parameters

‘a’ and ‘b’ of the exponential length-weight relationship of the

form W = a Lb are presented for either sex of N. mesoprion, N.

japonicus, N. bipunctatus, N. zysron, N. peronii and N. nematophorus. The

regression coefficient ‘b’ was found to range between 2.8 in N.

nematophorus to 3.1 in N. bipunctatus. The relationship was found to

differ significantly between sexes (p < 0.05) in N. mesoprion and N.

11

zysron. The t-test on the b-values for all these species has

revealed that the slopes have not varied significantly (p > 0.05)

from the isometric value of 3.

12 MATERIALS AND METHODS:

12.1 Population Dynamics of Nemipterus japonicus

1)Location : Veraval fish

landing centre (20°54'912'' N,

70°21'355''E), which is situated

along the western coast of Gujarat,

India

2)Year & Season of Experiment : March 2013 to February

2014

3)Design : Simple

Random sampling

4)Treatments : Months: 9;

Location: 1

5)Replications : Nos. 4 per

month (i.e., 25 fishes each at

we

ekly interval)

6)Materials :

12

The materials required for conducting the experiment are the

followings.

a) N. japonicus landed at Veraval fish landing centre (Nos.

25/week)

b) Measuring tape

c) Electronic balance

d) Labels

7)Methodology :

Multi stage stratified random sampling method (developed by

CMFRI) will be followed for estimating the monthly and annual

catch of N. japonicus landed by trawlers at Veraval landing

centre. From the fishes stratified into multi stage size groups,

25 N. japonicus fishes will be randomly collected from different

areas on a weekly basis.

8)Observations to be recorded: (1) Length (mm)

(2) Weight (g)

(3) Sex

(4)

Length at first maturity (mm)

12.2 Biology of N. japonicus

1) Location : Veraval

fish landing centre (20°54'912'' N,

13

70°21'355''E), which is situated

along the western coast of Gujarat,

India

2) Year & Season of Experiment : March 2013 to February

2014

3) Design : Simple

Random sampling

4) Treatments : Months: 9;

Location: 1

5) Replications : Nos. 4 per

month (i.e., 25 fishes each at

1. weekly interval)

6) Materials :

The materials required for conducting the experiment are the

followings.

a) N. japonicus landed at Veraval fish landing centre (Nos.

25 per week)

b) Measuring tape

c) Electronic balance

d) Labels

e) Specimen bottles

f) Forceps

g) Scissors14

h) Formalin

i) Compound microscope

j) Ocular and stage micrometer

7) Methodology :

N. japonicus collected for the studies on population dynamics

will be utilized for this investigation also. The abdomen of the

fishes will be cut opened to get their gut and gonads. The gutwill be cut opened for the collection of dietary components

present in it and also for their identification, recording the

number of items belonging to each category and their weights. The

volume of each category will be recorded.

Ovaries of female fishes will be collected and they will be

preserved in 5% formalin. The weight (g) and the status (stage

III and above) of the gonads will be recorded. Moreover, three

pieces of the ovary weighing 1 g each from the anterior, middle

and posterior portions of the ovary will be taken and examined

for the number of ova present in them to determine the fecundity

(James et al. 1978). The ova diameter (mm) in each sub sample of

the ovary will be studied under a trinocular microscope using

calibrated ocular micrometer (Narsimham 1994).

8) Observations to be recorded: (1) Extent of gut distension

(empty, 1/4th, 1/2th, 3/4th

Or

full based on the visual observations) 15

(2) Total length of the fish

(3)

Total length of the gut

(4)

Total length of the gonad

(5) Identification of gut

contents (to the possible

Taxonomic level)

(6)

Number and weight of each category of food items

(7) Total

weight of the gut contents (g)

(8)

Volume of each category of gut contents (ml)

(9)

Maturity stage of gonad

(10)

No. of ova (in 1g tissue each from anterior,

Posterior & middle of the ovary)

(11)

Diameter of ova (mm)

12.3 Statistical Analysis:

16

Length – weight relationship will be calculated separately

for both the sexes as described by Le Cren (1951).

W = aLb ; where W = weight, a = constant, L = length,

b = slope.

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters viz., asymptotic length

(L∞) and growth co-efficient (K) will be determined using the

ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) module of FiSAT

(Gayanilo et al. 2005).

The growth performance index will be calculated from the

final estimates of asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient

(K; Pauly & Munro 1984).

The age at zero length (t0) will be calculated following

Pauly’s (1979) empirical equation given below:

log (-t0) = -0.392 – 0.275 log L∞ - 1.0381 K

where t0 = age at zero length, L∞ = asymptotic length, K = growth

coefficient.

Natural mortality (M) will be calculated by the empiricalformula (Pauly 1980). Total mortality (Z) will be determined

from the length converted catch curve using FiSAT software

(Pauly 1983). Fishing mortality (F) will also be estimated

(Pauly 1980).

17

F = Z - M; where F = fishing mortality, Z = total

mortality,

M = natural mortality

Exploitation ratio (E) will be estimated using the equation

proposed by Narsimham (1994).

F

E = ; where F = fishing

mortality, Z = total mortality

Z

The maximum sustainable yield will be calculated by the

equation given by Gulland (1979).

MSY = Z x 0.5 x B; where Z = total mortality, B =

biomass.

The relative yield per recruit (Y/R) and biomass per

recruit (B/R) at different levels of fishing mortality will be

estimated using FiSAT (Gayanilo et al. 2005).

The month-wise sex ratio will be determined and Chi-square

test will be performed to test the homogeneity of male and

female distribution (Narsimham 1994).

The Index of relative importance (IRI) of various food

items in the gut will be calculated by the method given by

Pinkas et al. 1971. The IRI will be computed as given below:

18

IRI = (%N + %V) x %F

Where N = number of various food items, V = volume and F =

frequency of occurrence.

Different maturity stages will be observed (James et al.

1978) and the size at first maturity will be determined by

plotting the percentage of matured specimens (stage III and

above) against their total length.

Fecundity will be calculated by gravimetric method given by

James et al. (1978).

The gonadosomatic index (GSI) will be calculated by the

formula of Kume and Joseph (1969).

Weight of gonad

GSI =

x 100

Weight of fish

Data will be statistically analyzed using standard methods

as per the analysis of co-variance (Snedecor & Cochran 1967) and

Chi-square test (Le Cren 1951).

19

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. 2011. In: Annual

Report of CMFRI; 2010-11. Published by Central Marine

Fisheries Research Institute. Cochin, pp 32.

Gayanillo Jr. F. C.; Sparre, P. and Pauly, D. 2005. FAO-ICLARM

Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II). User’s Guide. FAO

Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 8, Revised version.

FAO, Roma, Italia.

Gopal, C. and Vivekanandan, E. 1991. Threadfin bream fishery and

biology of Nemipterus japonicus of Veraval. Indian J. Fish. 38(2):

97-102.

Gulland, J. A. 1979. Report of the FAO/UNDP workshop in the

fishery resources of the Western Indian Ocean – South

Equator. FAO, Rome, 10FC/DEV/79/ 45: 1-37.

James, P. S. B. R.; Gupta, T. R., and Shanbhogue, S. L. 1978.

Some aspects of the biology of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus

Linnaeus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 290(1 & 2): 120-137.

Joshi, K. K. 2010. Population dynamics of Nemipterus japonicus

(Bloch) in the trawling grounds off Cochin. Indian J. Fish.

57(1): 7-12.

Kizhakudan, S. J. and Rajapackiam, S. 2011. Length-weight

relationship in six species of threadfin breams occurring

20

in the trawl landings at Chennai. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 53(2):

268 – 271.

Kizhakudan, S. J.; Thomas, S.; Kizhakudan, K. J. and Zala, M. S.

2008. Fishery of threadfin breams along Saurashtra coast

(Gujarat), and some aspects of biology of Nemipterus

japonicus (Bloch, 1791) and N. mesoprion (Bleeker, 1853). J.

Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 50(1): 43-51

Kume, S. and Joseph, J. 1969. Size composition and sexual

maturity of Gill-fish caught by Japanese long line

fishery in the Pacific Ocean east of 130 degrees W Bull. Fr

Sears Fish. Res. Lab. No. 2.

Kuthalingam, M. D. K. 1966. Notes on some aspects of the fishery

and biology of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) with special

reference to feeding behaviour. Indian J. Fish. 12: 500-506.

Le Cren, E. D. 1951. The length weight relationship and seasonal

cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch

(Percafluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol. 20: 201-219.

Manojkumar, P. P. 2004. Some aspects on the biology of Nemipterus

japonicus (Bloch) from Veraval in Gujarat. IndianJ. Fish.

51(2): 185-191.

Murty, V. S. 1984. Observations on the fisheries of threadfin

breams (Nemipteridae) and on the biology of Nemipterus

japonicus (Bloch) from Kakinada. Indian J. Fish. 31: 1-18.

Narasimham, K. A. 1994. Mortality, spawning and sex ration of the

ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus off Kakinada. J. Mar.

Biol. Ass. India. 36(1&2): 199-204.21

Pauly, D. 1979. Theory and management of tropical multi-species

stocks. A review with emphasis on the south-east Asian

demersal fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 1: 35 pp.

Pauly, D. 1980. On the interrelationships between natural

mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental

temperature in 175 fish stocks. L. Cons. Ciem. 39(2): 175-

192.

Pauly, D. 1983. Length converted catch curves. A powerful tool

for fisheries research in tropics (Part-1) ICLARM Fish byte.

1(2): 9-13.

Pauly, D. and Munro, J. L. 1984. Once more, on the composition of

growth in fish and invertebrates. Fishbyte. 2(1): 21.

Pinkas, L.; Oliphant, M. S. and Lverson, I. L. K. 1971. Food

habits of albacore, Bluefin tuna, and bonito in

California waters. Sacromento; California Department of

fish and game, Fish Bull. 152: 1-139.

Raje, S. G. 1996. Some observations on the biology of Nemipterus

mesoprion (Bleeker) from Veraval (Gujarat). Indian J. Fish.

43(2):163-170.

Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. 1967. Statistical methods,

oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta. 593 pp.

Vivekanandan, E. and James, D. B. 1984. Length weight

relationship in four species of threadfin breams from

Madras. J. Mar .Bio. Ass. India. 26: 132- 35.

22

Vivekanandan, E. and James, D. B. 1986. Population dynamics of

Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) in the trawling grounds off

Madras. Indian J. Fish. 33: 145-54.

Zacharia, P. U. (1998). Dynamics of the threadfin bream,

Nemipterus japonicus exploited off Karnataka. Indian J. Fish.

45(3): 265-270.

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threadfin bream, Nemipterus mesoprion from Mangalore &

Malpe. Indian J. Fish. 50(1): 1-10.

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Mr. RAMCHANDRA KHILERI has made an oral

presentation of the synopsis in FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

department on 10-03-2012 in the presence of advisory committee

members, other faculty members and P. G. students. The student

has incorporated all the suggestions.

Signature of major guide and the members of the advisory committee:PARTICULARS NAME DESIGNATION SIGNATURE

Major Guide Dr. K.L. MATHEW

Professor & HeadDept. of Fisheries ResourceManagement College of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval

Co-Guide Dr. K. H. VADHER

Assistant ProfessorDept. of aquacultureCollege of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval

Member Mrs. SWATIPRIYANKA SEN DASH

Scientist, Demersal fisheries division

23

Veraval regional centreCMFRI

Member Mr. T.H. DAVE

Assistant Professor Dept. of Fisheries ResourceManagement College of Fisheries, JAU, Veraval

Member Dr. S.L. VARMORA

Associate Professor Dept. of Agril. StatisticsCollege of Agriculture JAU, Junagadh

Recommended by:

Professor In-Charge of P. G. Center

Principal

College of Fisheries

Veraval

Approved by:

DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND DEAN P.G. STUDIES

JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

JUNAGADH

24