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Survey of the PrimatesSurvey of the Primates
Classification of the order Primates
Classification of the order Primates
Superfamily:End -OIDEA
CebOIDEA
Family:End -IDAE
CebIDAE
Subfamily:End -INAE
ColobINAE
Genus and species:Both in italic or underline; First letter of genus= capital letter
Pongo pygmaeus
Alternative classificationPrimates
Prosimii Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Primates
Strepsirhini Haplorhini
Order
Suborder
Order
Suborder
Monkeys, apes and humans
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans
Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Prosimii - Prosimians
Early diverging
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
“primitive”(retained more ancestral traits)
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Prosimian Characteristics:Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia
Lorisiformes Lemuriformes Tarsiformes
Prosimian Characteristics:Nocturnal (mostly)Large eyes Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”)
Independently mobile earsImmobile upper lipInexpressive faceRely on scent marking
Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:
Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:
Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of
nose; enhances sense of smell
Main mode of locomotion:
Vertical clinging and leaping
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lemuriformes:
Contains 5 families and a total of more than 20 species –great diversity in infraorderlemuriformes.
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Adaptive Radiation• the multiplication and diversification of an
evolving lineage, producing many descendent species
• Occurs when new adaptive opportunities become available• new environments/habitats or• new adaptive potential in the lineage
• Ex. Lemurs on Madagascar, Mammals in the early Cenozoic
Lemuriformes includes
the smallest primates
(the mouse lemur, not
the gorilla)
LemuriformesOnly found on the island of Madagascar
Lemuriformes
Aye-aye
Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal, insectivorous, and solitary
LemuriformesLemurs
Indris & sifakas
Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal with diverse diets and social organizations
Some arboreal
Some terrestrial
Ringtailed Lemurs
Classification of the order Primates
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Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae
Lorisidae
Lorisiformes
Strictly Nocturnal (active at night)
Shared common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene
Why did some lemurs become diurnal, but no lorises did? Competition on mainland Africa
Lorisiformes are solitary
Diet – insects and fruit
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae – VCL, Africa only
Lorisidae – Slow climbers, Africa and SE Asia
Lorisiformes
Family Galagidae
•galagos and bushbabies
•vertical clingers and leapers
•geographic range: Mainland Africa
Lorisiformes
Lorisidae
•lorises, slow lorises, angwantibos, and pottos
•slow climbers
•Geographic range: Mainland Africa and S.E. Asia
Classification of the order Primates
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Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Tarsiiformes Characteristics:
Only one living genus (Tarsius) and 5 species
Genus Tarsius
Tarsiiformes
Tarsiiformes distributionFound only in Southeast Asia
Alternative classificationPrimates
Prosimii Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Primates
Strepsirhini Haplorhini
Order
Suborder
Order
Suborder
Monkeys, apes and humans
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans
Tarsiers
Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorisesand monkeys/apes
Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil?
Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines)
Dry nose (no rhinarium)
No tapetum (despite being nocturnal)
No dental comb
Other features like post orbital closure, unfused mandibularsymphasis, bicornate uteris
Unique Tarsiers characteristics
Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved in their sockets)
Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction
Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers
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Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Anthropoidea
Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
All diurnal (except one - Owl monkey)
Rely less on scent (olfaction) than prosimians
Reduced sense of smell and hearing
Flatter faces
Dry noses
Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces
Small immobile ears
Suborder Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Flat, side facing nostrils
New World Monkeys
Suborder
Infraorder
Suborder Anthropoidea
Downward facing nostrils
Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans
Catarrhini
Platyrrhini
Suborder AnthropoideaPlatyrrhini Catarrhini
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Classification of the order Primates
New World Monkeys
Classification of New World Monkeys
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
New World Monkeys Distribution
MexicoCentral+South America
Found in the “new world”
Also called neotropical monkeys, or neotropical primates
Traits of New World MonkeysAll have tails
Some have prehensile tails
Smaller body size than OWM
All arboreal
Many Old World Monkeys are terrestrial. Why no New World?
Greater predation pressure for a relatively small-bodied radiation?
Availability of productive savannah-type habitats is lower in the neotropics?
Classification of New World Monkeys
Cebidae Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae
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Family Callitrichidae:Marmosets and Tamarins
Smallest monkeys
Claws instead of nails (except big toe)
Pair bonded
Twins
Male care of infants
Sexually monomorphic
Territorial
Family Callitrichidae
Classification of New World Monkeys
Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae
Family Cebidae – very diverse in appearance, diet, social organization
Owl Monkey AotusSquirrel Monkey SaimiriCapuchin CebusUakari CacajaoSaki PitheciaTiti monkeys Callicebus
Owl/Night Monkey (Genus Aotus) Squirrel monkeys (Genus Saimiri)
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Capuchin monkeys
Genus Cebus
Uakari (Genus Cacajao)
Saki (Genus Pithecia) Titi monkeys (Genus Callicebus)
Classification of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
Family AtelidaeFamily with prehensile tailsFemale dispersalLarge bodiedFolivores & Frugivores
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Atelidae - Includes 4 genera
Spider monkeys Ateles
Howler monkeys Alouatta
Wooley monkey Lagothrix
Muriquis* Brachyteles(*aka wooley spider monkey)
Spider monkey (Genus Ateles)
Howlers (Genus Alouatta) Wooley monkey (Genus Lagothrix)
Infant
Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)
Woolly spider monkey
Karen Strier site in Brazil
Review
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Classification of the order Primates
Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Flat, side facing nostrils
New World Monkeys
Suborder
Infraorder
Suborder Anthropoidea
Downward facing nostrils
Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
All Old world monkeys
Infraorder
Superfamily
Infraorder Catarrhini
Apes and Humans
Classification of the order Primates
Old world monkey distribution = the “old world” (Africa, Europe, Asia) Cercopithecoidea – Old World Monkeys
Found in a wide variety of environments
Some species are terrestrial – live mainly on the ground
All diurnal
All single births – twins as common as in humans
Bigger than NWM
Often sexually dimorphic
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Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Baboons,Macaques,Guenons, etc.
Colobus, Langurs,Proboscis
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Baboons,Macaques,Guenons, etc.
Colobus, Langurs,Proboscis
Cercopithecinae
Have cheek pouches (sacs inside cheeks to store food)
Some have ischial callosities (thick callused skin pads for sitting)
Cercopithecinae
Many parts of Africa and Asia
Sexually dimorphic
Exhibit range of different habitats,
diets, social organization
Mostly terrestrial
Mostly omnivorous
Mostly female-bonded
Cercopithecinae
Very diverse – many generaExamples:Baboon PapioMacaques MacacaGuenon CercopithecusMandrill MandrillusPatas ErythrocebusMangabey Cercocebus
Baboons (Genus Papio)
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Baboons are omnivores Studies of Baboons
Probably best studied primate
Used as a model for early human behavior
Pioneer research of Irven DeVore
Amboseli baboons –Jeanne Altmann
Long-term studies of Pumphouse Gang –Shirley Strum
Macaques (Genus Macaca)Macaca mulatta
(Rhesus macaque)
Genus Erythrocebus
Patas monkeys
Genus Cercocebus - Mangabeys
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Genus MandrillusDrill and Mandrill
Genus Theropithecus
Gelada “baboon”
Subfamily Colobinae
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Baboons,Macaques,Guenons, etc.
Colobus, Langurs,Proboscis
Subfamily Colobinae
Anatomically specialized leaf eatersSacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose
Colobus monkeys – Africa
Langurs and leaf monkeys – Asia
More arboreal species
Subfamilies:Cercopithecinae and Colobinae
Cercopithecinae Colobinae
Africa : Three genera
Black and white colobus(Colobus)
Olive colobus(Procolobus)
Red colobus(Piliocolobus)
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Asia : Langursand Leaf monkeys
Hanuman Langur
Douc Langur
Chinese Golden Monkey
Odd-nosed monkeysProboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
All Old world monkeys
Infraorder
Superfamily
Infraorder Catarrhini
Apes and Humans
Classification of the order PrimatesSuperfamily Hominoidea
Hominoidea
Hylobatidae HominidaePongidae
Gibbons and Siamangs
Gorillas, Chimps,
Orangutans
Humans
Superfamily
Family
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Superfamily Hominoidea: Apes and Humans
No tails
Larger size and weight
Larger brain to body weight ratio
More upright posture
Longer gestation and maturation
Apes distribution
Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae
Hominoidea
Family Hylobatidae – Lesser Apes-
Gibbons and Siamangs
Lesser apes
Southeast Asia
Pair living (monogamous)
Gibbons andSiamangs
Siamang
Gibbon
Brachiation
Anatomical requirements:
Long, strong armsElongated hook-like fingersShortened/reduced thumbsShort hind limbsErect, infexible spine
Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae
Hominoidea
Three genera of great apes:
Genus Pongo: Orangutans
Genus Gorilla: Gorillas
Genus Pan: Chimpanzees and Bonobos
Family Pongidae – Great Apes-
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Knuckle-walking Orangutan(Pongo pygmaeus)
Asian great ape
SolitaryArborealFrugivore
Orangutan distributionFound only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra
Distribution of orangutans shown in red
Orangutan- Quadrumanus locomotion
Gorilla (Genus Gorilla)
African
Ground dwelling
Diet – leaves, shoots, stems, some fruit
Social organization –variable – one or two males with females and young
Gorilla distribution
Currently 3 subspecies:
G. g. gorilla, western lowland gorilla, brown-grey
G. g. graueri, eastern lowland gorilla, black-coated
G. g. beringei, mountaingorilla. Hair longer
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Gorilla (Genus Gorilla)Prominent saggital and nuchal crests
Chimpanzee ( Genus Pan)
African
Terrestrial & Arboreal
Omnivores
Hunt (esp. red colobus)
Make and use tools
Chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes)
Bonobo(Pan paniscus) Genus Pan distribution
Bonobo ( Genus Pan)“Pygmy chimpanzee”
More bipedal behavior
Strong bonds among females
Family Hominidae-Humans-Defining characteristics?
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Review
Lesserapes
Great apes
Humans