ANTH 311 1 Survey of the Primates Survey of the Primates Classification of the order Primates Classification of the order Primates Superfamily: End -OIDEA CebOIDEA Family: End -IDAE CebIDAE Subfamily: End -INAE ColobINAE Genus and species: Both in italic or underline; First letter of genus= capital letter Pongo pygmaeus Alternative classification Primates Prosimii Anthropoidea Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers Primates Strepsirhini Haplorhini Order Suborder Order Suborder Monkeys, apes and humans Lemurs, lorises, galagos Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans Classification of the order Primates Suborder Prosimii - Prosimians Early diverging Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes Prosimii “primitive” (retained more ancestral traits)
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Survey of Primates - University of Calgary · ANTH 311 3 Adaptive Radiation • the multiplication and diversification of an evolving lineage, producing many descendent species •
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ANTH 311
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Survey of the PrimatesSurvey of the Primates
Classification of the order Primates
Classification of the order Primates
Superfamily:End -OIDEA
CebOIDEA
Family:End -IDAE
CebIDAE
Subfamily:End -INAE
ColobINAE
Genus and species:Both in italic or underline; First letter of genus= capital letter
Pongo pygmaeus
Alternative classificationPrimates
Prosimii Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Primates
Strepsirhini Haplorhini
Order
Suborder
Order
Suborder
Monkeys, apes and humans
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans
Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Prosimii - Prosimians
Early diverging
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
“primitive”(retained more ancestral traits)
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Prosimian Characteristics:Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia
Lorisiformes Lemuriformes Tarsiformes
Prosimian Characteristics:Nocturnal (mostly)Large eyes Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”)
Independently mobile earsImmobile upper lipInexpressive faceRely on scent marking
Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:
Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:
Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of
nose; enhances sense of smell
Main mode of locomotion:
Vertical clinging and leaping
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lemuriformes:
Contains 5 families and a total of more than 20 species –great diversity in infraorderlemuriformes.
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Adaptive Radiation• the multiplication and diversification of an
evolving lineage, producing many descendent species
• Occurs when new adaptive opportunities become available• new environments/habitats or• new adaptive potential in the lineage
• Ex. Lemurs on Madagascar, Mammals in the early Cenozoic
Lemuriformes includes
the smallest primates
(the mouse lemur, not
the gorilla)
LemuriformesOnly found on the island of Madagascar
Lemuriformes
Aye-aye
Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal, insectivorous, and solitary
LemuriformesLemurs
Indris & sifakas
Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal with diverse diets and social organizations
Some arboreal
Some terrestrial
Ringtailed Lemurs
Classification of the order Primates
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Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae
Lorisidae
Lorisiformes
Strictly Nocturnal (active at night)
Shared common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene
Why did some lemurs become diurnal, but no lorises did? Competition on mainland Africa
Lorisiformes are solitary
Diet – insects and fruit
Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Lorisiformes Characteristics:
Contains 2 Families:
Galagidae – VCL, Africa only
Lorisidae – Slow climbers, Africa and SE Asia
Lorisiformes
Family Galagidae
•galagos and bushbabies
•vertical clingers and leapers
•geographic range: Mainland Africa
Lorisiformes
Lorisidae
•lorises, slow lorises, angwantibos, and pottos
•slow climbers
•Geographic range: Mainland Africa and S.E. Asia
Classification of the order Primates
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Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes
Prosimii
Tarsiiformes Characteristics:
Only one living genus (Tarsius) and 5 species
Genus Tarsius
Tarsiiformes
Tarsiiformes distributionFound only in Southeast Asia
Alternative classificationPrimates
Prosimii Anthropoidea
Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers
Primates
Strepsirhini Haplorhini
Order
Suborder
Order
Suborder
Monkeys, apes and humans
Lemurs, lorises, galagos
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans
Tarsiers
Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorisesand monkeys/apes
Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil?
Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines)
Dry nose (no rhinarium)
No tapetum (despite being nocturnal)
No dental comb
Other features like post orbital closure, unfused mandibularsymphasis, bicornate uteris
Unique Tarsiers characteristics
Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved in their sockets)
Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction
Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers
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Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Anthropoidea
Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
All diurnal (except one - Owl monkey)
Rely less on scent (olfaction) than prosimians
Reduced sense of smell and hearing
Flatter faces
Dry noses
Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces
Small immobile ears
Suborder Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Flat, side facing nostrils
New World Monkeys
Suborder
Infraorder
Suborder Anthropoidea
Downward facing nostrils
Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans
Catarrhini
Platyrrhini
Suborder AnthropoideaPlatyrrhini Catarrhini
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Classification of the order Primates
New World Monkeys
Classification of New World Monkeys
Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
New World Monkeys Distribution
MexicoCentral+South America
Found in the “new world”
Also called neotropical monkeys, or neotropical primates
Traits of New World MonkeysAll have tails
Some have prehensile tails
Smaller body size than OWM
All arboreal
Many Old World Monkeys are terrestrial. Why no New World?
Greater predation pressure for a relatively small-bodied radiation?
Availability of productive savannah-type habitats is lower in the neotropics?
Classification of New World Monkeys
Cebidae Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae
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Family Callitrichidae:Marmosets and Tamarins
Smallest monkeys
Claws instead of nails (except big toe)
Pair bonded
Twins
Male care of infants
Sexually monomorphic
Territorial
Family Callitrichidae
Classification of New World Monkeys
Atelidae
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea
Callitrichidae Cebidae
Family Cebidae – very diverse in appearance, diet, social organization