Subject Index
A
abducent nerve -, anatomical segments, measure
ments 80, 83, 84 -, paralysis, meningioma, anterior,
middle, posterior cranial fossae 348
abscess -, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, skull base, therapeutic strate-
gy 155, 156 -, epidural, osteoplastic exposure,
frontal sinus 154, 155 -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, peritonsillar, differential diagno-
sis: Aneurysm, internal carotid artery 331, 332, 333
accessory nerve -, anatomy 61, 88, 493 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-
posure 302 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 accessory nerve paralysis, tumors,
internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376
acoustic meatus, internal, topography, dimensions 84, 85
acoustic neurinoma -, bilateral, complet microsurgical
removal 394 -, combined with vascular decom
pression of trigeminal nerve, microsurgery 395
-, intracranial-intratemporal facial nerve grafting 486, 487
-, large, dissection 390-393 -, microsurgery, lateral suboccipital
removal 385-393 -, -, transmastoid-translabyrintine
removal 257, 382-385 -, -, transtemporal extradural re
moval 377-382 adenoma -, parotid gland, intracranial inva
sion 321-323 -, pituitary, surgical techniques
273-295
air embolism, risk, venous pressure, semisitting position of patient 360
allergy, Bell's paIse, facial nerve 480
amaurosis, chondroma, intradural, middle skull base 335
ambient cistern, surgical opening, saving mesencephalic vessels 75, 77
anastomosis -, facial nerve, end-to-end, cerebel
lopontine angle 483, 484 -, -, -, transtemporal extradural
approach 488 -, -, hypoglossal-facial 496, 497 -, -, intracranial-extracranial
(Dott) 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal
484,485 -, -, meatal 488, 489 -, faciofacial (crossfacial grafting)
498 anatomy -, abducent nerve 80, 83, 84 -, accessory nerve 61, 88, 493 -, anterior cranial fossa 12-15, 17 -, anterior skull base 4 -, anterior spinal artery 102 -, arachnoid, middle cranial fossa
74 -, arterial supply, eNS 102 -, ascending pharyngeal artery 67,
68 -, atlantodental joint 98 -, atlas 96, 98, 99 -, auditory tube 48 -, brain stem, exit zone of trige-
minal nerve 369 -, carotid bifurcation 65 -, carotid canal 57 -, carotid sinus 66 -, carotid tortuosity 66 -, carotid triangle 65 -, cavernous sinus, other venosis
sinuses, communications 243 -, -, Parkinson's triangle 24 -, -, region 242, 243, 244 -, cerebellar artery 102 -, cerebellopontine angle 79
-, cervical plexus 477 -, circle of Willis, collateral con-
nections 246 -, clivus 90, 91, 430 -, common carotid artery 65 -, cranial nerves 244, 270 -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation
281 -, dens epistrophei 99 -, dermal sinus 4 -, ear 269 -, encephaloceles 4 -, endofrontal foveae 15 -, epicranial muscle, frontal belly
7 -, external carotid artery 65 -, facial nerve 7, 60, 61, 63, 81,
82,474,475 -, facial vein, supratrochlear and
supraorbital veins 10, 11 -, fourth ventricle 463 -, frontal nerve, artery 7, 8, 9 -, frontal sinus, mucosa, blood
vessels 11 -, frontal squama 11 -, gliomas 4 -, glossopharyngeal nerve 67, 86,
87, 88, 493 -, hypoglossic artery, nerve 60,
61, 67, 83, 89 -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical
280 -, infratemporal plane 38--40 -, inner ear 481 -, internal acoustic meatus 84 -, internal auditory canal, anterior
inferior cerebellar artery 368 -, internal carotid artery 65,
336 -, internal jugular vein 57, 69,
493 -, jugular foramen 59 -, lateral extracranial approach to
the lateral middle skull base 299
-, masticatory space, arteries, nerves 48, 51
-, meningoceles 4 -, middle cranial fossa 72 -, middle skull base 47
510 Subject Index
anatomy -, middle skull extracranial pos-
teroinferior approach 300-306 -, nasal fistulas, cysts 4 -, neck, after parotidectomy 314 -, occipital condyles 94 -, oculomotor nerve 336 -, olfactory fossa 14 -, olfactory nerve 336 -, ophthalmic artery 9, 10 -, optic canal, nerve, decompres-
sion 1, 10, 16-18 -, optic nerve 336 -, orbit 19 -, parapharyngeal space 51, 65 -, peripharyngeal space 48 -, pharyngeal artery, ascending
67 -, pituitary 27-31 -, posterior cranial fossa 463 -, postoccipital artery 67 -, primitive hypoglossic artery 67 -, pterygoid process, fossa 43 -, pterygopalatine fossa 45 -, pterygopalatine ganglion 55 -, sella 27-35 -, sella region 242 -, skin, scalp, frontobasal ap-
proach 7 -, sphenoid sinus 28, 29 -, subarachnoidal spaces 74, 75 -, supraorbital, supratrochlear
nerves 8, 9, 23 -, temporal fossa 36, 37 -, temporomandibular joint 41 -, tentorial incisure, structures
334 -, tentorial notch, middle cranial
fossa 74, 75 -, trigeminal nerve, exit/zone form
brain stem 369 -, trochlear nerve 336 -, vagus nerve 62, 88 -, veins, anterior cranial fossa, an-
terior skull base 69 -, vertebral artery 100, 101 -, vestibulocochlear nerve 85 Anderson type III fracture, dens
axis, surgical fixation 468, 469 aneurysm -, basilar artery, clipping, transor
aI, transcervical approaches 432,435
-, internal carotid artery, close to the skull base 331-333
aneurysms -, circle of Willis 273 -, craniocervical junction, resec-
tion, microsurgical technique 465-467
-, hemorrhage, subarachnoidal cisterns 75
-, internal carotid artery, differential diagnosis: glomus tumor 70, 71
angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal, sur-gery 200-204
angiogram -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 -, internal carotid artery aneu-
rysm 331, 332, 333 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi
broma 202 -, olfactory groove meningioma
209 -, subtraction, aneurysm, vertebral
artery 645-647 -, -, carotid body tumor 327,
330 -, vertebral artery, neurinoma, tri
geminal nerve 444 angiography -, superselective catheter-, tumors
of internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 377
-, superselective, traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula 243
-, -, tumors, skull base 183 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 297 angular vein, ligature, prevention
of spreading, infection to brain 156, 157
anterior cerebral artery, displacement, olfactory groove meningioma 209
anterior choroid artery, posterior communicating artery, topography 75,76
anterior communicating artery, anatomy 33, 34
anterior cranial fossa -, anatomy, dimensions 12-15, 17,
33 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi
broma 200 anterior posterior inferior cerebel
lar artery, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84
anterior rhinoscopy, olfactory neuroblastoma 206
anterior skull base -, abscess, epidural, osteoplastic
exposure 154, 155 -, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus
225-227 -, anatomy 4 -, angiofibroma, juvenile 200-204 -, brain abscess, therapeutic strate-
gy 155, 156 -, combined intra- and extracranial
approach 169
-, comminuted fractures, technique of duraplasty 139-143
-, complications, inflammatory 154, 155
-, craniofacial approach, technique 170-177
-, craniofacial synostoses, dysostoses 123, 124
-, duraplasty, operative techniques 131-142
-, encephaloceles 115 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187,
188 -, ethmoid carcinoma, endoscopy
159 -, extracranial approach 160,
163 -, fibrosis bone dysplasia 194-200 -, inflammatory complications
154-158 -, intracranial approach 167 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi-
broma 200-204 -, malformations 114 -, malignant tumors 224-229 -, meningioma 208-224 -, meningoceles, surgical tech-
niques 117, 118 -, nasal fistulas, cysts, technique
117,118 -, olfactory groove meningioma
209 -, olfactory neuroblastoma 204-
207 -, optic nerve compression syn
drome, mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157
-, optic nerve decompression, after trauma 149, 150
-, osteoma 188-194 -, osteomyelitis rhinogenic 155 -, planum sphenoidale meningio-
ma 210 -, resection, adenocarcinoma, fron
tal sinus 225, 226 -, space occupying lesions, sur
gery 159-232 -, sphenoid sinus mucocele, com
pression syndrome of optic nerve 157
-, sphenoid wing meningioma 212-217
-, three layer reconstruction 171-177
-, transfrontal extradural, intradural approach 161, 168, 169
-, traumatic lesions 127, 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma
210 -, tumors, angiofibroma 200-204 -, -, benign, malignant, operability,
indications 159, 160
-, -, early diagnosis, common surgical concept 159
-, -, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188
-, -, ethmoid-orbital, ethmoid-frontal sinus carcinomas 227, 228
-, -, general operative techniques 160
-, -, intraosseous skull base men-ingeoma 223
-, -, malignant 224-229 -, -, meningiomas 208-224 -, -, metastases 224 -, -, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
201, 202 -, -, olfactory neuroblastoma
204-207 -, -, osteoma 188-194 anterior spinal artery, anatomy
102 anterolateral skull base, commi
nuted fractures, dural injuries 143-148
arachnoid, middle cranial fossa, anatomy 74
arterial supply, CNS 102 arteriovenous angiomas, cranio
cervical junction, extirpation, microsurgical technique 465
ascending pharyngeal artery, ori-gin, variants 67
atiantodental joint, anatomy 98 atiantooccipital joint, traumatic
displacement, stabilizing surgical procedures 467-471
atlas -, anatomy 96, 98, 99 -, Jefferson burst fractures, stabi-
lizing surgical procedures 467-471
-, laminectomy, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 465
auditory canal -, carcinoma case report 351 -, internal, general, special opera-
tive techniques 253-255, 360, 363-365
-, -, vestibular-, cochlear neurotomy 253-255, 264, 265
-, occlusion by displaced bone fragments 235
-, transected, tympanic membrane, malleolus 270
-, traumatic lesions, surgical approach 252
-, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306
auditory tube, anatomy 48 axis, destruction, stabilizing proce
dures of craniocervical junction 467-471
B
basilar artery -, aneurysm, clipping, transoral,
transcervical approaches 432, 435
-, displacement, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335, 336
-, exposition, transoral approach 433
-, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311
basilar impression, surgical exposure, craniocervical junction 460
Bells's palsY, etiology, facial nerve decompression 479, 481, 483
bimastoid line of Fisch-GoldMetzger, definition, tomogram, craniocervical junction 460
biopsy -, endonasal, adenocarcinoma,
frontal sinus 225 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull
base 318-321 -, intraoperative, ethmoid, maxil
lary tumors 163 -, nasopharyngeal, indications
349, 350 -, needle, sigmoid sinus thrombo
sis 265 -, preoperative, anterior skull base
tumors 183 -, stereotaxic needle-, chordoma
443 -, -, operative strategy, benign,
malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base 297
blindness -, chondroma, intradural, middle
skull base 335 -, sudden, eosinophilic pituitary
adenoma 286 bone graft, craniocervical junction,
posterior stabilization 470, 471 bone injuries, radiologic diagnosis
127 bone resection, craniocervical junc
tion, stabilizing surgical procedures 467-471
bone scan -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal
bone 188 -, radionuclide, early diagnosis, tu
mors, anterior skull base 159 -, tumor extent, lateral middle
skull base 297 bone tumor, axis destruction, sta
bilizing procedures of craniocervical junction
bony skull base, facial nerve, anatomic course 474
Subject Index 511
brain -, anomalies, skull closure defects
114 -, intracerebral contusions, hemor-
rhage 240 brain abscess -, otogenic 268 -, skull base, therapeutic strategy
155, 156 -, transcranial intradural ap
proach 235, 236 brain contusions, impending her
niation, osteoplastic craniotomy 240
brain hemorrhage, traumatic, osteoplastic craniotomy 240-242
brain herniation -, open comminuted fractures
240 -, planum sphenoidale fracture, en
doscopy 136 -, traumatic, into the middle ear
235 brain prolapse, sphenoid sinus, en
doscopy 136 brain stem -, anatomical changes, neurinoma
trigeminal nerve 445 -, circle of Willis, plexuslike vascu
lar connections 333 -, compression, meningioma, cran
iocervical junction 464, 465 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve
335,336 -, -, tentorial margin 344 -, -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 297 -, elevation, meningioma, pre-,
postoperative CT 440 . -, facial nerve, origin, topography
475 -, lower cranial nerves, topogra
phy 79,80 -, meningioma, operative strategy
343 -, vascular decompression, opera
tive technique, case report 374-377
"brown" tumors, facial bones, skull, classification 184
burr-hole trephination, traumatic lesions, middle skull base 236
C
cafe-au lait spots, von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis 313, 315
carotid angiogram -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi
broma 202 -, neurofibromatosis von Reck
linghausen 316
512 Subject Index
carotid angiogram -, olfactory groove meningioma
209 carotid angiography -, sellar, suprasellar tumors, indi-
cations 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 carotid artery -, anatomy 65, 66 -, length within the canal 71 carotid bifurcation -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, topography 68 carotid body -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-
posure. 305 -, tumor, removal 327-331 carotid canal -, ascending, surgical topography
70 -, surgical exposure, anatomical
details 71 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin
ferior approach 300-306 -, venous plexus, sinus 71 carotid canal region, anatomy, to
pography 47, 51 carotid-cavernous fistula -, detachable balloon technique
250 -, direct operations 252 -, Fogarty balloon catheter, occlu-
sion 249 -, fractures, middle skull base
234, 242, 243, 244 -, "Jaeger maneuver" 248 -, superselective angiography
243 -, thrombosis 250 -, "trapping operation", results
246 -, treatment options 245, 246 -, various types 251 carotid cistern, anterior choroid-,
posterior communicating artery, topography 75, 76
carotid sinus, branches, anatomy, diameter 64, 66
carotid sinus syndrome, therapeutic benefit, paroxysmal tachycardia 64
carotid siphon, topography 242 carotid tortuosity, loops, coils,
kinking 66 cavernous hemangioma, orbit, sur
gery 185, 186 cavernous sinus -, anatomy, Parkinson's triangle
24, 242, 243, 244 -, anatomy, pituitary, coronal sec
tion 29 -, clivus tumors, infiltration 450
-, involvement, intra-, extracranial meningioma 222
-, shape, width of the roof 74 -, thrombosis, prevention, ligation
of angular vein 157 -, tumors, operability 160 cephaloceles, anatomy, sites 4, 5,
6 cerebellar artery -, anatomy 102 -, aneurysm, craniocervical junc-
tion, microsurgical removal 465-467
-, anterior inferior, internal auditory canal 368
-, trigeminal nerve compression, decompression, operative technique 370, 371
cerebellopontine angle -, access through lateral suboccipi
tal approach 370, 374, 375 -, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgi
cal removal 377-393 -, anatomy 79 -, chondroma, osteochondroma
90 -, cranial nerves, vascular decom
pression 369-376 -, extended transtemporal ap-
proach 374 -, facial nerve, anatomy 474, 475 -, false cholesteatoma 263 -, indications, microsurgical explo-
ration 370 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosig
moid) approach 361, 445 -, meningioma, frontotemporal os
teoplastic craniotomy 343-346, 377
-, neurinoma 335 -, structures, surgical approaches
360, 363-365 -, temporal intracranial intradural
approach 309 -, vertebral artery decompression,
operative technique, case report 374--376
cerebellum, compression, meningioma, tentorial margine, CT 344
cerebral necrosis, risk, postoperative radiotherapy 205
cerebrospinal fluid -, blockage, space occupying le
sions, craniocervical junction 464,465
-, infection, inflammatory complications, anterior skull base 155
-, laboratory tests 127 -, leak, sphenoid sinus, transfron-
to-ethmoidal fascial pouch insertion 137
-, -, trigeminal neurinoma, extirpation 337
-, leaks, anterior skull base, dura-plasty 131-142
-, -, middle skull base 234 -, -, spontaneous 6 cervical plexus -, anatomy 477 -, graft, facial nerve, reconstruc-
tion, operative technique 476 cervical spine -, C2 fracture, displacement of
dens base, surgical stabilization, 468, 469
-, fusions at the C1jC2 or C2jC3 level, transoral approach 432
cervical vertebrae, first two, exposure, indications 460
Chamberlain's line, definition, craniocervical junction 460
chemodectoma -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm,
internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, surgical treatment 63, 64, 67,
70, 327-331 cholesteatoma -, complications 263 -, facal nerve decompression 479 -, middle skull base, microsurgical
treatment 340-342 -, principles for removal 263-265 -, traumatic 235 -, "true", "false" 263 chondroblastoma, benign, middle
cranial fossa 323-326 chondroma, parasellar, surgical ap
proach 90, 91 chondromyxoid fibroma, facial-,
skull bones, histology 184 chondrosarcoma, middle skull
base, case report 354, 355 chorda dorsalis, clivus region, sa
gittal section 90 chordoma -, clivus, frontotemporal cranio-
tomy 441 -, -, transcervical removal 435 -, craniocervical junction 460 -, directions of spreading 90 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa,
case reports 443, 446-449 -, middle skull base, CT 297, 350 chronic otitis media, facial nerve
decompression, operative techniques 479-481
chronic subdural hematoma, osteoplastic craniotomy 238, 239
circle of Willis -, aneurysms, differential diagno
sis 273 -, collateral connections 246
-, perforating vessels, function 333
-, visualization, lateral suboccipital craniotonrry 443
classification -, histologic, bone tunrrors 184 -, surgical, nrreningionrras 208, 209 Clivus -, anatonrry 90, 91, 92 -, conrrbined supra-, infratentorial
approach, operative technique 450-457
-, destruction, chordonrra, riddle, posterior cranial fossa 449
-, extensive lesions, sublabial-transseptal approach 432
-, frontotenrrporal subtenrrporal approach, operative technique 439
-, lateral infratenrrporal approach 241, 298, 299, 437
-, lateral suboccipital approach 443
-, nrredial suboccipital approach 433, 436, 437
-, nrreningionrra, case report 343-346
-, -, transpetrosal-transtentorial approach 450
-, posteroinferior approach 301-306, 309, 310, 437
-, prinrrary extra-, intracranial approaches 430, 431
-, resection, pituitary adenonrra 289
-, surgical approaches, chordonrra, chondronrra 90, 91
-,-,overview 430,431 -, topography 430 -, transcervical approach, operative
technique 435-437 -, transfrontal intradural ap
proach 283, 284, 438, 439 -, transoral approach, operative
technique 432-435 -, tUfllors, extending to cavernous
sinus and foranrren nrragnunrr, operative strategy 450-457
-, -, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306
-, -, transsphenoidal approach 432
clivus chordonrra -, frontotenrrporal craniotonrry 90,
91, 441 -, transcervical extirpation 435 CO2 laser, nrricrosurgical tech
nique 465 cochlear dysfunction, nrricrosurgical
deconrrpression of cranial nerves case report 374-376
cochlear nerve, transtenrrporal extradural resection 363
cOfl1fl1on carotid artery, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistula 245
conrrplications -, cholesteatonrra 263 -, enrrbolization, carotid-cavernous
fistula 247, 248 -, inflafl1fl1atory diseases, anterior
skull base 154-158 -, -, nrriddle skull base 263 -, operative risk, preservation of
inrrportant structures, tUfllors of lateral nrriddle skull base 297
-, signrroid, transverse sinus ligation 450
contraindications, nrralignant tunrrors of cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa 160
conventional radiologic inrraging, tUfllors, lateral nrriddle skull base 297
corpus callosunrr, agenesis, encephaloceles 6
cranial nerves -, affection, tunrrors, lateral nrriddle
skull base 297 -, anatonrry, topography 244, 270 -, conrrpression, space occupying le-
sions, craniocervical junction 464,465
-, involvenrrent, neurinonrra trochlear nerve 335
-, neurolysis, transtenrrporal approach to cerebellopontine angle 373, 374, 375
-, vascular deconrrpression, cerebellopontine angle 369-376
-, vascular depression, indications 370
cranial scan, tUfllor extent, lateral nrriddle skull base 297
craniectonrry -, lateral 307 -, occipital 463 -, occipital, aneurysnrr, vertebral ar-
tery, ricrosurgical renrroval 466,467
craniocerebral injury, open, conrrrinuted cranial vault fracture 240,241
craniocervical junction -, aneurysnrrs, resection, nrricrosurg
ical technique 465-467 -, anonrralies, transoral approach
432,434 -, arteriovenous angionrras, ricro
surgical technique 465-467 -, conrrpression syndronrras 464,
465 -, lesions, ablative procedures, op
erative techniques 461, 462 -, nrredial suboccipital approach
461-465
Subject Index 513
-, nrreningionrra 464, 465 -, surgical exposure, indications
460 -, transoral, transcervical ap
proaches, operative techniques 461
-, tunrrors, benign, basic technique 465
craniofacial surgery, renrrarks 122 craniofacial synostoses, dysostoses,
surgical technique 123, 124 craniopharyngeal canals, persistent,
encephalocele 6 craniopharyngionrra -, calcified, extirpation 281 -, invading third ventricle, obstruc-
tive hydrocephalus, surgical technique 279-282
craniotonrry -, anterior skull base, extracranial
approach, orbital exenteration 160, 161, 164, 165
-, -, transfrontal extradural approach 168
-, -, transfrontal intradural approach 169
-, bifrontal osteoplastic, intradural, clivus 438
-, -, transfrontal duraplasty 142 -, bifrontal, suprasellar pituitary
adenonrra 282-295 -, frontotenrrporal, clivus chordo
nrra 441 -, -, nrreningionrra tentoriunrr
346 -, -, transtentorial, nrreningionrra
440 -, lateral extracranial, lateral rid
dle skull base 298, 299 -, lateral suboccipital approach,
acoustic neurinonrra 385, 389 -, -, internal auditory canal, cere
bellopontine angle 361, 362 -, riddle cranial fossa, acoustic
neurinonrra 377 -, nrriddle skull base, transtenrrpor
aI, extradural, facial nerve, endto-end anastonrrosis 488
-, osteoplastic frontotenrrporal, neurinonrra, trochlear nerve 335, 336
-, osteoplastic, riddle skull base, traUfllatic lesions 236, 238, 240-242
-, suboccipital, acoustic neurinonrra 377, 388, 390, 391
-, tenrrporal, intradural (pterional), riddle skull base 308-312
-, -, lateral suboccipital, petroclival nrreningionrra 454-457
-, transnrrastoid, translabyrinthine, internal auditory canal 263
514 Subject Index
CT -, aneurysm, posterior inferior cer-
ebellar artery 465, 466 -, angiofibroma 201, 202 -, -, recurrence 204 -, brain herniation, planum sphen-
oidale fracture 136 -, brain stem displacement 336 -, cavernous hemangioma, orbit,
pre-, postoperative findings 185, 186
-, cholesteatoma 340, 341 -, chondroma, middle cranial fos-
sa, pre-, postoperative 334, 335
-, chondrosarcoma, middle skull base 354, 355
-, chordoma, middle skull base 297, 350
-, clivus chordoma, supra-, infratentorial 441
-, craniocervical junction, stabiliz-ing procedures 460
-, craniopharyngioma 294 -, dural injury 129 -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal
bone 188, 189 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentor
ial 340, 341 -, epidural abscess, subdural empy
ema, rhinogenic 156 -, ethmoid carcinoma 227, 228 -, extracranial meningioma, pre-,
postoperative 220 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull
base 318, 319 -, foramen occipitale magnum,
meningioma, craniocervical junction 464, 465
-, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, intraosseous skull base men-
ingioma 223 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi
broma 202 -, lateral anterior skull base men
ingioma 220 -,laterobasal fractures, serial ob
servations 235 -, meningioma, anterior, middle,
posterior cranial fossa 347, 348, 349
-, -, craniocervical junction 464, 465
-, -, middle, posterior cranial fossa, pre-, postoperative 440
-, -, petroclival, pre-, postoperative 455, 456
-, -, sphenoid wing, pre-, postoperative 216
-, -, tentorial margin, compression of brain stem and cerebellum 344
-, methylmethacrylate implant, middle anterior skull base reconstruction 207
-, middle cranial fossa, sphenocavernous meningioma 219
-, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve 337, 338
-, olfactory groove meningioma, pre-, postoperative 209
-, olfactory neuroblastoma 206, 207
-, optic sheath meningioma 221 -, osteoma, middle skull base, tem-
poral bone 328 -, -, orbit 190, 191, 194 -, parotid gland adenoma with in-
tracranial extension 322 -, pituitary adenoma, pre-, post
operative 287, 288, 291, 293, 294
-, planum sphenoidale meningoma 210
-, rhabdomyosarcoma, middle skull base 350
-, sella, indications, 273 -, sphenocavernous meningioma
218 -, sphenoid wing meningioma,
pre-, postoperative 216, 217 -, squamous cell carcinoma, paran
asal sinuses 224 -, subdural empyema, epidural ab
scess 156 -, traumatic intracerebral hemor
rhage 131 -, traumatic lesions, anterior skull
base 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma
210 -, tumor, tentorial incisure 335 -, tumor extent, lateral middle
skull base 297 -, tumors, anterior skull base, ear
ly diagnosis 159 -, -, internal auditory canal, cere
bellopontine angle 377 -, vertebral artery, atypical loop
ing, cerebellopontine angle 374
cyst, frontobasal epidermal, fistula, surgical removal 117, 118 120
cysts, craniocervical junction 460
D
dacron tension band, internal fixation, Anderson type III fracture, C2 469
definitions, Chamberlain's-, FischGold-Metzger line, craniocervical junction 460
dens axis -, anatomy 99
-, Anderson type III fracture, surgical stabilization 468, 469
-, dislocation, rheumatoid disease 460
-, exposure, operative technique 461,462
-, -, spinal cord compression 460 -, removal, stabilizing craniocervi-
cal fusion 460, 467 -, traumatic fracture-dislocation,
surgical exposure 460 dermoid cyst, nasal 114, 115 diencephalon -, anterior choroidal artery, poste
rior communicating artery, topography 76
-, Forell's axis 74 -, posterior part, fiber systems, nu-
clei 78 dura -, infiltration, extent, tumors, later
al middle skull base 297 -, -, malignant meningioma, sarco
ma 224 -, injuries, frontoorbital repair
131 -, resection, preoperative estima
tion, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297
-, tear, temporary obturation, mechanisms 128
dura herniation, traumatic, into the middle ear 235
dural flap, intracerebral contusions and hemorrhage, brain herniation 240
dural graft, orbital exenteration 164, 165, 166
duraplasty -, anterior skull base fractures
131-142 -, anterolateral skull base frac
tures 143-148 -, extradural, Kley's modification
134, 135 -, fractures, ethmoid bone, dural
repair with fat 138 -, -, -, technical problems 133,
134 -, -, -, transfrontoethmoidal fascial
pouch insertion 137 -, frontal sinus 131, 132 -, "midline problem" 133 -, operative technique, principles
131, 132 -, sphenoid sinus 135, 136 -, transfacial approach, anterior
skull base 161 -, transfrontal extradural ap
proach 141, 142 -, transfrontal intradural repair
139
-, transfrontoethmoidal repair with fat 138
dysphagia, vagus nerve paralysis, Denecke operation 426, 427
E
ear -, anatomy 269 -, canal carcinoma, petrosectomy,
parotidectomy, facial nerve reconstruction 492, 493
-, cavity, skin pieces entrapped between bone fragments, cholesteatoma 235
-, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, surgical indication 234
-, dura-, brain herniation, traumatic 235
-, hearing loss, vascular decompression of caudal cranial nerves 374
-, middle, inflammatory complications 263
-, -, secretory otitis, early-stage meningioma 343
-, necrotizing otitis 269, 270 -, otogenic brain abscess 268 -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid si-
nus-transverse sinus thrombosis 265
-, progressive necrotizing otitis externa, triad of symptoms 269
-, tumor, anatomy 481 -, -, preservation, tumors, lateral
middle skull base 297 early diagnosis, tumors, anterior
skull base, 159 electrophysiologic tests, facial
nerve 474, 480, 481 embolization -, superselective, tumors, cerebello
pontine angle 377 -, traumatic carotid-cavernous
fistula 243, 247, 248 empyema, subdural, epidural ab
scess, rhinogenic, CT 155, 156 encephalocele, anatomy, possible
sites 4, 5 encephaloceles, dysraphic anoma
lies, classification 114 encephalocystomeningocele, infant
with cleft palate 117 endoscopy -, ethmoid carcinoma 159 -, intraoperative, sphenoid sinus,
brain prolapse 136 -, -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leak
136 -, upper respiratory tract, early di
agnosis, tumors 159 eosinophilic granuloma, frontal
bone 187, 188
epicranius muscle, anatomy 7 epidermal cyst, fistula, surgical re
moval 120 epidermoid, supra-, infratentorial,
microsurgical treatment 340-342
epidural abscess -, osteoplastic exposure, frontal si
nus 154, 155 -, rhinogenic, subdural hematoma,
CT 156 epidural hematoma, osteoplastic
craniotomy 238-240 epidural hemorrhage, acute,
Kronlein's trephine sites 237 epidural sarcoma, surgical remov
al, trans oral approach 432 esthesioneuroblastoma, olfactory
neuroblastoma, diagnosis, surgery 204-207
ethmoid bone -, anatomy 13 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid
leak 128 -, -, duraplasty, technique 133,
134, 135 -, osteoma 190 -, transethmoidal optic nerve de-
compression 150, 151 ethmoid carcinoma, nasal endosco
py 159 ethmoid-frontal sinus carcinoma,
diagnosis, excision 229 ethmoid-orbital carcinoma, diagno
sis, surgical treatment 227, 228 ethmoid roof, duraplasty 133 ethmoid tumors, resection, orbital
exenteration 163 eustachian tube -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, sur
gical indication 234 -, compression, meningioma, mid
dle skull base 343 external auditory canal, transmea
tal decompression of geniculate ganglion, operative technique 481,482
external carotid artery -, anatomy, variants 65, 67 -, carotid body tumor 327-331 external skull base, anatomy
47 extracranial approach, anterior
skull base 163, 169, 170 extradural transfrontal approach,
anterior skull base 168 eye -, complications, carotid-cavernous
fistula 245, 247, 250 -, displacement, fibrous bone dys
plasia, threat of vision loss 195, 196
Subject Index 515
-, exenteration, extracranial approach, anterior skull base 163, 164, 181
-, -, optic sheath meningioma 181 -, lids, temporal muscle transfer,
facial rehabilitation 501, 502 -, motor nerves, sphenoid wing
meningioma 217 -, suspensory apparatus 19 -, visual field constriction, men-
ingioma 348 -, visual field, juvenile nasopharyn
geal fibroma 203
F
facial bones -, injuries, duraplasty 143-147 -, tumors, histological classifica-
tion 184 -, -, spreading 224 facial nerve -, anatomy 7, 60, 61, 63, 81, 82,
474,475 -, autogenous peripheral recon
struction 495 -, branches, topography 60, 61,
63 -, cerebellopontine segment, surgi
cal access 475 -, compression syndromes, causes
479 -, damage, false cholesteatoma
263 -, decompression, results
481 -, -, transmastoid 480, 483 -, -, transmeatal 481, 382 -, exposition of the meatal, labyr-
inthine, tympanic, mastoid segments 483
-, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 302, 305
-, extra temporal course, topography 475
-, fallopian canal, exposure of labyrinthine segment 483
-, fallopian canal segment, topography 475
-, fibers, anatomic measurements 82
-, grafts for reconstruction, operative technique 476--478
-, lateral extracranial craniotomy 299
-, meatal segment, surgical access 475
-, microsurgical nerve suturing 478,479
-, neuromatous thickening 491
-, physiology, pathophysiology 474
516 Subject Index
facial nerve -, reconstruction, autogenous graft,
tympanic, mastoid segments 490
-, -, Dott's operation 485 -, -, ear canal carcinoma 492, 493 -, -, end-to-end anastomosis, cere-
bellopontine angle 483 -, -, extratemporal 495 -, -, faciofacial anastomosis (cross-
facial grafting) 498 -, -, fallopian canal segment,
bridging the defect 489 -, -, hypoglossal-facial anastomo
sis 496-498 -, -, interposition graft 488 -, -, intracranial-extracranial anas-
tomosis 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal
anastomosis 484, 485, 486 -, -, intratemporal-extratemporal,
after subtotal petrosectomy and total parotidectomy 490, 492, 493
-, -, meatal anastomosis 488 -, -, translabyrinthine approach
489 -, -, tympanomastoid 490 -, rehabilitation, plastic surgery
499-504 -, segments, surgical approaches
475 -, temporal, intradural (pterional)
craniotomy 311 -, tumors, operative strategy 297 -, vascular decompression, opera-
tive technique 369, 372, 373 facial nerve paralysis -, causes 474 -, collateral innervation 474 -, direct or indirect nerve recon-
struction 474 -, electromyographic testing 474
480 -, facial sling procedure 500 -, "idiopathic", causes 480,481 -, parotid gland malignancies
297 -, posttraumatic, postsurgical
474 -, progressive necrotizing otitis ex
terna 269 -, tumors, internal auditory canal,
cerebellopontine angle 376 -, vertebral artery, atypical loop
ing, hypertension 374 facial skeleton, comminuted frac
tures, dural injuries 143-148 facial sling procedure, facial reha
bilitation 501 facial vein, anatomy, supratroch
lear, supraorbital veins 10, 11
fallopian canal -, facial nerve segment, anatomy
474,475 -, tumors, facial nerve, parotid
gland 297 falx cerebri, topography 74 fibroma -, juvenile nasopharyngeal 202 -, skull bones, histology 184 fibromyxoma, face, extending to
the middle skull base 318-321 fibrous bone dysplasia, anterior
skull base 194-200 Fisch-Gold-Metzger line, defini
tion, craniocervical junction 460
fistula -, carotid-cavernous, therapeutic
options 242, 243 -, carotid-cavernous sinus, bone
splinters 136, 234 -, -, "trapping operation", results
246 -, cerebrospinal, laboratory tests of
cerebrospinal fluid 127 -, -, fractures, middle skull base
234 -, -, mechanisms for temporary
obturation 128 -, frontobasal epidermal cyst, sur
gical removal 120 fistulas, nasal, surgical technique
117 Fogarty balloon catheter, carotid-
cavernous fistula, occlusion 249 foramen cecum, anatomy 6 foramen jugulare -, subdivision patterns 59, 60 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-
ferior approach 300-306 -, tumors, vocal cord paralysis
296 foramen Luschka, fourth ventricle,
extracerebral tumors 464, 465 foramen Magendie, extracranial tu
mors, spreading into the fourth ventricle 464, 465
foramen Monroi, tumor obstruction, hydrocephalus occlusus, surgical technique 279-282
foramen occipitale magnum -, clivus tumors, extending too, op
erative technique 450 -, exposure, indications 460 foramen of Vesalius, topography,
middle cranial fossa 72, 73 foramen ovale, topography 47,
72,73 foramen rotundum, topography
46, 72, 73 foramen sphenopalatinum, angiofi
broma 200
fourth ventricle, anatomy 463 fractures -, Anderson type III, dens axis,
fixation with methylmethacrylate, wire loops 468, 469
-, anterior skull base, cerebrospinal fistulas 127, 128
-, anterolateral skull base 148 -, comminuted, lateral facial skele-
ton, dural injuries 143-148 -, -, open lateral craniocerebral in
jury 240, 241 -, craniocervical junction, stabiliz
ing surgical procedures 467--471 -, duraplasty, operative techniques,
anterior skull base 131-142 -, -, anterolateral skull base 143-
148 -, lateral facial skeleton 143-148 -, middle skull base 234, 235 -, orbit roof 149 -, petrous bone, facial nerve expo-
sition 483 -, rhinobase, Kley duraplasty 134,
135 -, transmastoid facial nerve decom-
pression 480, 481 frontal bone -, encephalocele 116 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187,
188 -, osteoma 188 frontal nerve, frontal artery, anato-
my 7,8,9,23 frontal sinus -, adenocarcinoma 225-227 -, anatomy 11 -, duraplasty, technique 131, 132 -, epidural abscess, osteoplastic ex-
posure 154, 155 -, fibrous bone dysplasia 196, 199 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid
leak 128 -, meningioma 219 frontobasal dysraphic anomalies,
classification 114 frontobasal epidermal cyst, fistula,
surgical removal 120 fronto-orbital external ethmoidec
tomy, hygrophysectomy, surgical technique 274
frontotemporal craniotomy, retrosellar, parasellar tumors, surgical technique 278, 279
G
geniculate ganglion, transmeatal decompression, operative technique 481, 482
giant cell granuloma, malignant, histology 184
glioma, anatomy 4
glomus tumor -, carotid body, tumor, associa
tion 327 -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm,
internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, lateral posterior skull base 414-
424 -, surgical treatment 63, 64, 67,
70,414-424 glossopharyngeal nerve -, anatomy 62, 63, 67, 86, 87, 88,
493 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 glossopharyngeal neuralgia -, compression syndrome 64 -, sucessful therapy with vascular
decompression 369, 370, 374 -, tumors, internal auditory canal,
cerebellopontine angle 376 glottis, incompetent, paralytic
dysphagia 426
H
halo apparatus, stabilization of craniocervical junction 470
head -, anatomy, coronal section, inferi-
or aspect 49 -, -, -, posterior aspect 38 -, midsagittal section 93 hearing loss -, conductive-sensorineural, men
ingioma, anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossae 348
-, labyrinthectomy 481 hemangioma, cavernous, orbit
184, 185 hemapoetic system, tumors, histo
logical classification 184 hematoma -, eosinophilic pituitary adenoma
286 -, epidural, osteoplastic cranio
tomy 238-240 hemifacial spasms -, hearing loss, hypertension, verte
bral artery looping, cerebellopontine angle 374
-, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376
hemiparesis, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297
hemorrhage -, intracerebral contusions, im-
pending herniation 240 -, intracerebral, diagnosis 234 -, -, traumatic, CT 131 hemorrhages, middle meningeal ar
tery, trephination sites 236 histiocytosis, facial bones, skull,
histologic classification 184
hydrocephalus -, obstructive, pituitary adenoma,
craniopharyngioma, third ventricle, invasion surgical technique 279-282
-, -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297
-, -, tumors blocking circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 464, 465
hypertension, essential, vascular decompression of medulla oblongata 374
hypoglossic artery, anatomy, topography 60, 61, 67, 83, 89
hypoglossic nerve -, anatomy, topography 60, 61,
67, 83, 89 -, facial nerve anastomosis 496,
497 hypophysectomy -, microsurgical anatomy 280 -, three-dimensional representation
of tumor extent 280 -, transcranial intradural approach,
surgical technique 276 -, transseptosphenoidal approach,
surgical technique 273, 274 hypothalamus -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical
technique, avoiding complications 278, 292
-, meningioma, microsurgery 213
I
iliac corticocancellous graft, craniocervical junction, posterior stabilization 470
indications -, acoustic neurinoma, different
microsurgical approaches 377
-, Anderson type III fracture, dens axis, C2 , rigid internal fixation 468
-, anterior skull base tumors, benign 159, 160
-, -, malignant 224, 225 -, biopsy, nasopharyngeal 349,
350 -, clivus, combined supra- and in
fratentorial approach 450 -, combined extracranial-intracrani
al approach to the middle skull base 312
-, craniocervical junction, surgical exposure 460
-, dens axis luxation, tension band fixation 467
-, different approaches, benign, malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base, operative strategy 297
Subject Index 517
-, extracranial approaches, middle skull base 300
-, facial nerve lesions, definitive repair 474
-, foramen occipitale magnum, exposure 460
-, intracranial extradural approach to the middle skull base 307
-, Jefferson burst fractures, atlas tension-band fixation 467
-, lateral suboccipital approach, clivus tumors 443
-, microsurgical exploration of cerebellopontine angle 370
-, operative exposure of sellar region, techniques 273, 274
-, pituitary, different surgical approaches 273, 274
-, surgical stabilization, craniocervical junction 467
-, temporal intracranial intradural approach to the middle skull base 308
-, traumatic lesions, anterior skull base 127
-, -, middle skull base 234 inflammatory disorders -, abscess, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, -, skull base, therapeutic strat-
egy 155, 156 -, -, epidural, osteoplastic expo
sure, frontal sinus 154, 155 -, -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, -, peritonsillar, differential diag-
nosis: aneurysm, carotid artery 331, 332, 333
-, anterior skull base, complications, treatment 154-158
-, cholesteatoma, false, chronic otitis media 263
-, cholesteatoma removal, princi-ples 264, 265
-, empyema, clinically occult 155 -, -, subdural, CT 156 -, jugular vein thrombosis 265,
266 -, meningitis, ascending, fractures,
middle skull base 235 -, meningoencephalitis 154, 155 -, middle skull base 263-272 -, mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, osteomyelitis, frontal, rhinogen-
ic 155 -, otitis externa, necrotizing 269,
270 -, -, -, facial nerve decompression
479 -, otitis media, chronic, facial
nerve decompression, operative techniques 479-481
-, -, early stage meningioma 343 -, otogenic brain abscess 268
518 Subject Index
inflammatory disorders -, petrous bone, facial nerve de
compression 479 -, polyneuritis, Bell's palsy, facial
nerve 480 -, sinus thrombosis, operative tech
nique 267, 268 -, thrombosis, otogenic jugular
vein-sigmoid sinus-transverse sinus, surgery 265-268
-, venous sinus thrombosis 154 infratemporal fossa -, access, lateral extracranial ap-
proach 298, 299 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, fractures 143 -, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, meningioma 219 -, tumor, posteroinferior ap-
proach 306 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 infratemporal plane, anatomy 38-
40 infratentorial region, exposure,
subtemporal transtentorial approach 348
infratentorial space, invasion, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297
internal acoustic meatus, topography, dimensions 84, 85
internal auditory canal -, facial nerve, end-to-end anasto
mosis 488 -, facial nerve segment, anatomy
474,475 -, false cholesteatoma, invasion
263 -, general, special operative tech
niques 360 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosig
moid) approach 361 -, meningioma 377 -, methods of identifying 254,
255,256 -, transtemporal extradural ap
proach 252, 253 -, tumors, diagnosis, symptoms
376, 377 internal carotid artery -, agenesis, hypoplasia 66 -, anatomy 65, 242, 336 -, aneurysm, close to the skull
base 331-333 -, aneurysms, differential diagno
sis: glomus tumor 66, 67, 70, 71
-, approach to Parkinson's triangle 24
-, ascending petrous part, exposing 70
-, bone splinters, carotid-cavernous sinus fistula 136
-, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, collateral circulation, tumor sur-
gery 183 -, compression syndrome 66 -, course, classification 66 -, compressive occlusion, tumors,
lateral middle skull base 297 -, course in the cavernous sinus
242 -, embolization, carotid-cavernous
fistula 247, 248 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-
posure 304 -, intracranial clipping, carotid-ca
vernous fistula 247 -, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistu
la 245,246 -, meningioma, surgery 210 -, occlusion, chondroma, middle
skull base 335 -, perforating bone spicule, caro
tid-cavernous fistula 234 -, presentation, temporal intracra
nial intradural approach to the middle skull base 309
-, sphenocavernous meningioma 218
-, sphenoid wing meningioma 213 -, sympathetic plexus 63 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural
(pterional) craniotomy 309, 310, 311
-, transfrontotemporal intradural orbitotomy 178
-, transverse portion 270 internal jugular vein -, anatomy 57, 69, 493 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-
posure 302 -, ligation, necrotizing otitis exter
na 270 internal porus acusticus, cerebello
pontine angle, topography 79, 80
intracranial pressure, rise, tumors, lateral middle scull base 297
intraventricular hemorrhage, traumatic, CT 130
isotope scan -, cochleomeatal, tumors of inter
nal auditory canal 377 -, cranial, early diagnosis, tumors,
anterior skull base 159 -, -, eosinophilic granuloma, fron
tal bone 188 -, -, necrotizing otitis media 269 -, -, tumor extent, lateral middle
skull base 297
J
Jefferson burst fractures, atlas, tension band fixation 467
jugular bulb, extracranial poster-oinferior exposure 304
jugular foramen -, anatomy, topography 47, 59 -, facial nerve, cranial nerves
270 -, patterns of subdivision 59, 60 jugular vein, thrombosis, surgical
treatment 265-268 juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi
broma, surgery 200-204
K
Kronlein's trephine sites, acute epidural hemorrhage 237
L
labyrinth, false cholesteatoma 263 labyrinthitis, osteomyelitis, skull
base 269, 270 laminectomy -, atlantoaxial 463 -, atlas, space occupying lesions,
craniocervical junction 465 larynx, compression, neurofibro
matosis 313, 315 lateral middle skull base -, intracranial extradural ap
proach 307 -, lateral extracranial approach
298,299 -, tumors, clinical symptomato-
logy 297 -, -, operative strategy 296, 297 lateral skull base -, injuries 234, 240, 241 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine
approach 257-259 luxation, traumatic, dens base, An
derson type III fractur C2 468, 469
lymphangioma, middle skull base, special operative techniques 313
M
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, sella, indications 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337 -, tumor extent, lateral middle
skull base 297 -, tumors of cerebellopontine an-
gle 377 malformations -, anterior skull base 114 -, anterior skull base, anatomy 4 mandibula, postnatal development,
anatomy 39, 41
mandibular joint -, anatomy, topography 41 -, traumatic displacement into the
middle cranial fossa 235 mandibulectomy -, ear canal carcinoma, petrosec
tomy, parotidectomy, facial nerve reconstruction 492, 493
-, lateral extracranial approach, lateral middle skull base 298, 299
masseter muscle transfer, facial rehabilitation 503
masticatory space, anatomy, topography 40, 48, 49, 51
mastoid bone, transmastoid approach 257
mastoid process, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306
mastoidectomy -, facial nerve graft, intracranial,
intratemporal anastomosis 486, 487
-, facial nerve segments, exposure 483,484
maxillary artery -, anatomical course, variations
51, 52, 53 -, extracranial, lateral craniotomy
299 maxillary sinus -, anatomy 20 -, osteoma 188 maxillary tumors, resection, orbital
exenteration 163 medulla oblongata -, compression, atherosclerotic ver
tebral artery 374 -, compression syndrome, space
occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464, 465
-, vascular decompression, essential hypertension 374
meningeal arteries, topographY, middle cranial fossa 73
meningioma -, anterior, middle, posterior skull
base, case reports 343-349 -, anterior skull base, classifica
tion 208 -, classification, surgical stand
point 208 -, clivus, transpetrosal-transtentor-
ial approach 450 -, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, dissecting technique 208 -, early-stage, secretory otitis me-
dia, hearing loss 343 -, extracranial extension 219-322 -, intra-, extracranial extension,
surgical techniques 208, 209, 222
-, intraosseous skull base 223 -, lateral anterior skull base 219,
220 -, malignant, surgery 224 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa,
pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, olfactory groove 209, 210 -, optic sheath, surgery 181, 221 -, petroclival, combined subtem-
poral-lateral suboccipital approach, case reports 343-349, 454-457
-, planum sphenoidale 210-213 -, sphenocavernous 218, 219 -, sphenoid wing, removal, micro-
surgery 212-217 -, transfrontal intradural exposure,
technique 167, 168 -, transfrontotemporal, transtentor-
ial removal 344 -, tuberculum sellae 210-213 meningiomas -, classification, surgical aspects
343 -, middle skull base, operative
treatment 343-349 meningitis, ascending, fractures,
middle skull base 235 meningocele -, anatomy, possible sites 4, 5 -, removal, surgical technique
117, 118 meningoencephalitis -, progressive necrotizing otitis ex
terna 269 -, sinusitis, complications 154 meningoencephalocele, dysraphic
anomalies, classification 114 mesencephalon -, anterior part, fiber systems, nu
clei 78 -, arteries, superficial veins, topog
raphy 75,77 -, compression, tumors, tentorial
incisure 333 metastases, craniocervical junction,
stabilizing surgical procedures 467--471
microsurgery -, acoustic neurinoma, vascular de
compression of trigeminal nerve, different approaches 377, 382, 385, 393, 394, 395
-, anatomy following pituitary tumor removal 280
-, cerebellopontine angle exploration 369
-, cholesteatoma removal 263-265 -, clivus, operating technique, ad-
vantages 430 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentor
ial 340, 341
Subject Index 519
-, indications for exploration of cerebellopontine angle 370
-, lateral suboccipital (retrosigmoid) craniotomy 362
-, nerve suture, operative technique 478, 479
-, tumors, tentorial incisure 333, 335
microsurgical technique -, pituitary tumors, transsepto
sphenoidal approach 273, 274, 275
-, tumor surgery, advantages 170 -, ultrasonic aspirator, CO2 laser
465 middle cranial fossa -, anatomy, subtemporal-, tran
stentorial-, middle fossa-approach 72
-, chondroma, surgical removal 334, 335
-, chordoma, case report 443, 446--449
-, extradural transtemporal craniotomy 484
-, facial nerve exposition, internal auditory and fallopian canals 483
-, floor, topography 72 -, foramina, landmarks 73 -, meningioma, pre-, postoperative
CT 440 -, meningiomas 343-349 -, sphenocavernous meningioma
218 -, temporomandibular joint, trau
matic displacement 235 middle meningeal artery -, extracranial lateral exposure
299 -, hemorrhages, trephination sites
236 middle skull base -, anatomy 47 -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, chondrosarcoma, case report
354, 355 -, chordoma, CT 297 -, combined extra-intracranial ap-
proach 312, 313 -, extracranial posteroinferior ap
proach 300-306 -, inflammatory disorders, choles
teatoma 264, 265 -, -, osteomyelitis 269 -, -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid
sinus - transverse sinus thrombosis 265
-, intracranial extradural approach 307, 308
-, lymphangioma, special operative techniques 313
520 Subject Index
middle skull base -, neurofibromatosis von Reck
linghausen, special operative techniques 313-318
-, otogenic brain abscess 268 -, resection, sphenocavernous men-
ingioma 218 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural
approach, operative technique 308-312
-, transcranial intradural approach 334, 335
-, transmastoid translabyrinthine approach 257-259
-, traumatic lesions, arachnoid cyst formation 235
-, -, ascending meningitis 235 -, -, carotid-cavernous fistula 234,
242, 243, 245 -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage
234 -, -, cholesteatoma 235 -, -, chronic subdural hematoma,
craniotomy 236, 238, 239 -, -, craniectomy, extended burr
hole trephination 236, 237 -, -, fractures, transcranial or
transmastoid approach 235 -, -, hemorrhages of middle men-
ingeal artery 236 -, -, indications 234 -, -, laterobasal fractures 235 -, -, osteoplastic craniotomy 238-
240 -, tumors, aneurysm, internal caro
tid artery, differential diagnosis 331-333
-, -, auditory canal carcinoma 351
-, -, chemodectoma 63,64,67, 70, 327-331
-, -, cholesteatoma, microsurgical treatment 340--342
-, -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, -, chondroma 334, 335 -, -, chordoma 297, 350 -, -, epidermoid 340-342 -, -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, -, meningiomas 343-349 -, -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve
337-340 -, -, osteoma 327-329 -, -, parotid gland adenoma, recur-
rence 321-323 -, -, rhabdomyosarcoma 350 -, -, sella region 273-296 -, -, temporal, intracranial intra-
dural (pterional) craniotomy 308-312
-, -, tentorial incisure, operative remarks 333-335
-, -, trochlear nerve 335-337 Minerva Jacket, bony fusion, cran-
iocervical function, stabilization 471
Morquio's disease, progressive tetraplegia, stabilizing surgical procedures 467--471
mortality, acoustic neurinoma, different approaches 378
mucocele, space occupying, sphe-noid sinus 157
myxoma -, facial bones, histology 184 -, paranasal sinuses 318
N
nasal bones, piriform aperture, anatomy 27
nasal cavity -, juvenile nasopharyngeal fibro
ma 202 -, nasopharyngeal encephalocele,
herniation 116 -, osteoma 188 nasal cysts -, anatomy 4 -, removal, surgical technique
117,118 nasal septum -, arteries, topography 28 -, extradural duraplasty Kley,
Schreiner and Herrmann 134 -, pituitary, transseptal, transs
phenoidal approach 27 nasal sinus, tumors, resection,
preservation of lacrimal drainage 162
nasolabial soft tissue, facial rehabilitation 499, 500
nasolacrimal canal, topography 20 nasopharyngeal encephaloceles, in
dications for surgery 117 nasopharynx, tumors, lateral mid
dle skull base 296 nerve suture, operative techniques
478,479 nervus intermedius, inferior cere
bellar artery, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84
neurilemmoma, histology 184 neurinoma -, acoustic, intracranial-intratem
poral facial nerve grafting 486, 487
-, trigeminal nerve, CT, magnetic resonance imaging 444
-, -, surgical treatment 337-340 -, trochlear nerve, surgical treat-
ment 335-337 neuroblastoma, olfactory, nose,
paranasal sinuses 206 neurofibromatosis, middle skull
base, special operative techniques 313-318
neuronography, intraoperative, facial nerve segment, exposure 483
newborn, basal skull, anatomy 5 nose -, chondroblastoma 324 -, malignant tumors 224 -, olfactory neuroblastoma, paran-
asal sinuses 206 nystagmus, meningioma, petrous
margin 346
o occipital artery, topographY, vari-
ants 67 occipital condyles, anatomy 94 oculomotor nerve -, anatomy 336 -, displacement, meningioma, pe-
trous margin 346 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335 -, sphenocavernous meningioma
219 -, temporal, intradural (pterional)
craniotomy 310, 311 oculomotor paralysis, chondroma,
intradural, middle skull base 335
olfactory fibers, injury, duraplasty 134
olfactory fossa, anatomy 13, 14 olfactory groove meningioma, di
agnosis, surgery 209, 210 olfactory nerve, anatomy 336 olfactory neuroblastoma, diagnosis,
surgery 204-207 operability, malignant tumors, an
terior skull base 159, 160 operative strategy, lateral middle
skull base tumors 297 ophthalmic artery, anatomy 9, 10,
38 optic canal, topography 1, 10,
16--19, 38 optic chiasm -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation
281 -, meningioma, surgery 210 optic nerve -, compression, juvenile nasophar
yngeal angiofibroma 204 -, -, lateral middle skull base tu
mors, visual defects 297 -, compression syndrome, muco
cele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, decompression, after trauma
149 -, -, intraosseous skull base men
ingioma 223 -, -, transethmoidal approach
150, 151 -, -, transfrontal extradural ap
proach 168
-, -, transfrontal intradural approach 151
-, intracranial part, topography 75
-, meningioma, surgery 191, 210 -, presentation, temporal intracra-
nial intradural approach to the middle skull base 309
-, resection, transfrontal extradural exposure 181
-, sheath, meningioma, surgery 181, 221
-, sphenocavernous meningioma 218, 219
-, sphenoid wing meningioma 213 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural
(pterional) craniotomy 309, 310 -, transfrontal extradural resection,
sheath meningioma 181 -, vision loss, paranasal sinus car-
cinoma 224 orbit -, anatomy 9, 10, 19, 23 -, cavernous hemangioma 184,
185 -, craniofacial, synostoses, dysos
toses, technique of Tessier 123, 124
-, epithelialization, scalp flap 167 -, exenteration, extracranial ap-
proach, anterior skull base 163, 164
-, extended transfrontotemporal intradural approach 183
-, infiltration, exenteration, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus 225, 226
-, invasion, ethmoid carcinoma 227
-, involvement, intra-, extracranial meningioma 222
-, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, lateral bony orbitotomy 178 -, meningioma 219 -, osteoma 190 -, reconstruction, after removal of
fibrous dysplasia 196 -, roof, fracture 149 -, spheno-orbital encephalocele
116 -, squamous cell carcinoma, paran
asal sinuses, CT 224 -, transfrontal extradural ap
proach 179, 180 -, transfrontal intracranial ap
proach 178 -, transfrontoethmoidal approach
177 -, transfrontotemporal intradural
approach 182 -, tumors, surgery 177-196 orbital roof, fracture, exposure
149
orbital wall, removal, fibrous bone dysplasia, frontal sinus 196-199
orbitotomy -, operative technique 177-183 -, topography 20-22 oropharynx -, carotid body tumor 327 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 osteochondroma, facial-, skull
bones, histologic classification 184
osteogenic sarcoma, skull bones, classification 184
osteoid osteoma, craniocervical junction 460
osteoma -, anterior skull base 188-194 -, middle skull base, temporal
bone 327-329 osteomyelitis -, frontal, rhinogenic 155 -, middle skull base, possible path-
ways 269 otitis externa -, necrotlZlng 269, 270 -, necrotizing, facial nerve decom-
pression 479 otitis media -, chronic, facial nerve decompres
sion, operative techniques 479-481
-, -, false cholesteatoma 263 -, secretory, early-stage meningio-
ma 343
p
palliative operation, tumors, anterior skull base 160
paraganglioma, carotid body tumor 327
paralytic dysphagia, Denecke oper-ation 426, 427
paranasal sinuses -, anatomy 15 -, chondroblastoma 324 -, involvement, intra-, extracranial
meningioma 222 -, malignant tumors 224 -, myxoma, fibromyxoma 318 -, olfactory neuroblastoma 204,
206 -, osteoma 188, 189 -, squamous cell carcinoma, CT
224 -, tumors, clinical signs 159 -, -, resection 162 para-, peripharyngeal spaces, anat
omy 48, 51, 65 parapharyngeal space, glossopha
ryngeal nerve, course 88 parasellar tumors, surgical ap
proaches 279-296, 450
Subject Index 521
Parkinson's triangle -, surgical approach 25, 26 -, topography 24, 25 parotid gland -, adenoma, with extension into
the skull base 321-323 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-
ferior approach 300-306 -, -, operative strategy 297 parotidectomy -, facial nerve resection, intra-, ex
tratemporal reconstruction 492, 493
-, lymphangioma, neck 314 -, necrotizing otitis externa 269 permanent internal fixation, cran
iocervical junction, bony fusion, stabilization 471
petrosectomy, ear canal carcinoma, facial nerve resection, intra-, extratemporal reconstruction 492, 493
petrous bone -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, fractures, facial nerve exposi-
tion 483 -, inflammation, facial nerve de
compression 479 -, operative landmarks 79 petrous margin, meningioma, case
report 346-348 petrous pyramid -, infiltration, neurofibromatosis
315 -, inflammatory complications 263 -, transmastoid approach 257 -, trans temporal extradural ap-
proach 252, 253 -, traumatic lesions, surgical ap
proach 252 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 pharyngeal artery, anatomy, vari
ants 67,68 pharynx, paralysis, Denecke opera
tion 426, 427 pituitary -, cavernous sinus, anatomy, cor
onal section 29 -, frontolateral approach, topogra
phy 34 -, transcranial intradural approach,
surgical technique 276 -, transmaxillary transethmoidosp
enoidal hypophysectomy 274 -, transseptal transsphenoidal ap
proach 27, 28, 274, 275 pituitary adenoma -, invading third ventricle, obstruc
tive hydrocephalus, surgical technique 279-282
-, small, transseptosphenoidal approach 282, 283
522 Subject Index
pituitary cistern, anatomy 30, 31 pituitary region -, bony structures 31 -, midsagittal section 30 pituitary tumors -, different surgical approaches
273,274 -, eosinophilic adenoma, frontal
craniotomy 286, 287 -, prolactinoma 282 -, small, special operative tech-
niques 282 -, suprasellar adenoma, frontal, bi
frontal craniotomy 282-295 -, three-dimensional representation
of tumor extent 280 -, transsphenoidal approach
432 plain X-ray film, Andersen type
III fracture, C2 , displacement of dens base 468
planum sphenoidale, meningioma 210
plasmocytoma, craniocervical junction 460
pneumatocele, anterior skull base injuries 128
pneumocisternography, tumors of internal auditory canal, cere bellopontine angle 377
pneumoencephalography, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297
polyneuritis, cranial, acute, Bell's palsy, facial nerve 480
porus acusticus, inferior cerebellar artery, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84
posterior communicating artery, anterior choroid artery, topography 75,76
posterior cranial fossa -, anatomy 463 -, chordoma, case report 443,
446-449 -, meningioma, case reports 343-
349 -, -, pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, sphenocavernous meningioma
219 posterior inferior cerebellar artery,
aneurysm, craniocervical junction, microsurgical removal 365-367
posterior nasal sinus, comminuted fracture 148
posterior skull base -, cerebellopontine angle, cranial
nerves decompression 369-376 -, -, surgical approaches 360 -, internal auditory canal, surgical
approaches 360
-, meningioma, case reports 343-349
-, surgery 359-427 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine
approach 257-259 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine
cochlear nerve resection 365, 366
-, transtemporal vestibular neurectomy 363-365
-, tumors, acoustic neurinoma, vascular decompression of trigeminal nerve, different approaches, 377, 382, 385, 393, 394,395
-, -, cerebellopontine angle 376, 377
-, -, internal auditory canal 376, 377
primitive hypoglossic artery, postoccipital artery, anatomy 67
prognosis, olfactory neuroblastoma 205
prolactinoma, radiotherapy, surgical treatment 282
pterygoid fossa -, access, lateral extracranial ap
proach 298, 299 -, anatomy, operative exposure
43,47 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-
ferior approach 300-306 -, -, lateral middle skull base
296 pterygopalatine fossa -, anatomy, openings, coronal sec-
tion 45,46 -, comminuted fractures 143 -, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, tumors, operability 160 pterygopalatine ganglion, topogra
phy 55 pterygospinous ligament, topogra
phy 50 pyramidal tract disturbances, tu
mors, lateral middle skull base 297
R
radiotherapy, prolactinoma 282 reticulo-endothelial tumors, facial
bones, skull, histology 184 rhabdomyosarcoma, middle skull
base 350 rheumatoid arthritis, atlanto axial
instability, stabilizing surgical procedures 467-471
rhinobase, fracture, Kley durap-lasty 134, 135
rhinorrhea -, cerebrospinal, diagnosis 128 -, -, duraplasty 131-142
rhinoscopy, anterior, olfactory neuroblastoma 206
rhomboid fossa, floor, nuclei 81 rigid internal fixation, Anderson
type III fracture, C2 , traumatic displacement, dens base 469
S
sagittal sinus, thrombosis 154 salivary glands, tumors 321 sarcoma -, anterior skull base, surgery 224 -, skull bones, histology 184 scalp, anatomy 7-10 scalp flap, epithelialization of skull
base 167 scan -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal
bone 188 -, radionuclide, early diagnosis, tu
mors, anterior skull base 159 -, -, inflammatory disorders, nec
rotizing otitis externa 269 scintigraphy, cochleomeatal, tu
mors of internal auditory canal 377
sella -, anatomy 27 -, bony structures 31 -, cavernous sinus, topography
29,30 -, diaphragma, topography 31, 32 -, floor, mean width 31, 32 -, radiologic investigation 273 -, retro-, parasellar tumors, fronto-
temporal craniotomy, surgical technique 278, 279
-, sphenoid sinus, distance 91 -, sphenoid sinus mucocele 157,
158 -, transseptal, transsphenoidal ap-
proach 27-31, 274, 275 -, tuberculum, meningioma 210 -, -, morphologic variants 32 -, tumors, retrochiasmatic expo-
sure 279 sella region -, midsagittal anatomic section
30 -, transcranial intradural ap
proach 32 -, tumors, surgical techniques
273-296 -, vascular anatomy 242, 243 sigmoid sinus -, exposition, lateral suboccipital
(retrosigmoid) craniotomy 361, 362
-, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 305
-, ligation, complications 450 -, thrombosis, surgical treatment
265-268
sinus thrombosis, operative tech-nique 267
skull, closure defects 114 skull base -, bimastoid line (Fisch-Gold
Metzger) tomogram 460 -, bony errosion, false cholesteato
ma 263 -, carotid body tumor 327 -, combined intra- and extracranial
approach 169 -, destruction, supra-, parasellar
pituitary adenoma 288, 289 -, extracranial approach 160, 163 -, facial nerve, anatomical course
474 -, facial nerve suture, microsurgical
technique 478, 479 -, fronto-orbital exploration 136 -, inferior surface, anatomy 49 -, intracranial approach 167 -, neurofibromatosis, special opera-
tive techniques 313-318 -, resection, dural, osseous 172,
173 -, see anterior, lateral, middle, pos
terior skull base -, surgery, facial nerve 473-507 -, three layer reconstruction 171-
177 -, transfrontal extra-, intradural
approach 168, 169 -, tumors, histological classifica
tion 184 -, -, directions of spreading 90 soft palate, paralysis, Denecke op-
eration 426 space occupying lesions -, anterior skull base 159-232 -, clivus 90, 91, 289, 300-302,
432, 435, 441--446, 450--457 -, lateral posterior skull base 410-
425 -, middle skull base 273-356 -, posterior skull base 377--409 -, see abscess, aneurysm, fistula,
hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, tumors
sphenoid sinus -, anatomic variability 28, 29 -, aperture, position 92 -, bone resection, pituitary ad-
enoma 289 -, cerebrospinal fluid leak, durap
lasty 135-138 -, -, problems of treatment 136,
137 -, -, transfrontoethmoidal fascial
pouch insertion 137 -, duraplasty 135-138 -, fibrous dysplasia 196 -, fractures, cerebrospinal fluid
leak 128
-, -, duraplasty, technique 135, 136
-, intraoperative endoscopy, brain herniation 136
-, mucocele, space occupying 157 -, penetration, sphenocavernous
meningioma, CT 219 -, pituitary, transsphenoidal ap
proach, surgical technique 274 -, resection, pituitary adenoma
289 -, sella, distance 91 sphenoid wing -, meningioma, CT 220 -, -, removal, microsurgery 212-
217 sphenoidotomy, transnasal, muco
cele of sphenoid sinus 158 sphenomaxillary fissure, shape 45 spheno-orbital encephaloceles, indi
cations for surgery 117 sphenopharyngeal fascia, topogra
phy 50 spinal cord -, compression, incurable tumors,
rigid internal fixation 470 -, -, surgical exposure 460 stylopharyngeal fascia, topogra
phy 50 subarachnoidal cisterns, aneurys
matic hemorrhage 75 subarachnoidal spaces, anatomy
74,75 subdural hematoma, trephine sites
237 subluxation, atlantoaxial, stabiliz
ing surgical procedures 467--471 subtraction angiogram -, aneurysm, vertebral artery 645-
647 -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 superior petrosal sinus, temporal,
intradural (pterional) craniotomy 310, 311
supraorbital, supratrochlear nerves, anatomy 8, 9, 23
suprasellar tumors, surgical approaches 279-296
sural nerve graft, facial nerve reconstruction, operative techniques 476, 477, 494
sylvian fissure, opening, structures of tentorial incisure 334
synostoses, dysostoses, craniofacial 114
T
tarsorrhaphy, facial rehabilitation 499, 500
temporal bone -, osteoma 327-329 -, petrous part, canals, cavities, to-
pography 70, 71
Subject Index 523
temporal fossa -, anatomy 36, 37 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, fracture, duraplasty 145 -, meningioma, CT 220 -, postnatal deepening 72 temporalis-, masseter muscles,
transfer, rehabilitation, facial nerve 501, 502, 503
temporary internal fixation, craniocervical function, bony fusion 471
temporomandibular joint -, anatomy, topography 41 -, traumatic displacement into the
middle cranial fossa 235 tension band, internal fixation,
Anderson type III fracture, C2 469
tentorial incisure -, meningioma, case reports 343-
349 -, tumors, operative strategy 333 -, -, temporal intracranial intradur-
al approach 308-312 tentorium -, incarceration, intracranial mass
lesions 130 -, meningioma, transfrontotempor
aI, transtentorial removal 344
-, middle cranial fossa 74, 75 tests -, audiologic, vestibular, tumors of
internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 377
-, electrophysiologic, facial nerve 474, 480, 481
third ventricle -, compression, clivus chordoma,
CT, frontotemporal removal 441
-, craniopharyngioma, invasion, obstructive hydrocephalus, surgical technique 279-282
-, displacement, meningioma, middle, posterior cranial fossa, CT 440
-, -, trigeminal neurinoma 337 thrombosis -, carotid-cavernous fistula
250 -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid si
nus-transverse sinus, surgical treatment 265-268
-, sagittal sinus 154 tinnitus -, cochlear nerve resection 363 -, false cholesteatoma 263 tomogram -, Anderson type III fracture,
C2 , displacement of dens base 468
524 Subject Index
tomogram ~, bimastoid line, basilar impres
sion 460 ~, Chamberlain's line, craniocervi
cal junction 460 ~, comminuted fracture of facial
skeleton 148 ~, cranial, traumatic lesions
128 ~, facial skeleton fracture 148 ~, Fisch-Gold-Metzger line, cranio
cervical junction 460 ~, frontal sinus, adenocarcinoma
225 ~, osteoma, anterior skull base
191, 194 ~, skull base, bimastoid line, basi
lar impression 460 ~, ~, von Recklinghausen's neurofi
bromatosis 316 tomography ~, craniocervical junction, stabiliz
ing procedures 460 ~, sella, indications 273 ~, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 297 torticollis, spastic, vascular decom
pression of caudal cranial nerves 374
trachea, compression, neurofibromatosis 313, 315
tracheostomy, Denecke operation, vagus nerve paralysis 427
translabyrinthine vestibulocochlear neurectomy, special operative technique 365, 366
transseptosphenoidal approach, pituitary, surgical technique 274, 275
transverse sinus ~,exposition, lateral suboccipital
(retrosigmoid) craniotomy 361, 362
~, ligation, complications 450 ~, thrombosis, surgical treatment
265~268
traumatic lesions ~, Anderson type III fracture, C2 ,
dens base displacement, rigid internal fixation 469
~, anterior skull base 127, 128 ~,~, comminuted fractures 143 ~, ~, duraplasty, principles, tech-
niques 131~143
~, ~, fronto-orbital repair 132 ~,~, operation timing 129 ~, ~, radiologic studies 128 ~, atlanto-occipital joint, stabilizing
surgical procedures 467-471 ~, cerebrospinal fluid, laboratory
tests 127, 128 ~, chronic subdural hematoma
236, 238, 239
~, complications, laterobasal fractures 235
~, craniocervical junction, Jefferson burst fractures, atlas, tension band fixation 467
~, dens axis luxation, posterior stabilization with bone graft 470
~,dura 128 ~, dura-, brain herniation, into the
middle ear 235 ~, extended burr-hole trephination
236 ~, facial nerve, decompression
479,480 ~, internal auditory canal 235,
252 ~, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain
herniation, osteoplastic craniotomy 240
~, middle skull base, carotid-cavernous fistula 234, 242, 243, 245
~, ~,cholesteatoma 235 ~, ~, fractures, cerebrospinal fluid
leakage 234 ~, ~, ~, otobase, rhino base 234,
235 ~, ~,indications 234 ~, ~, open comminuted vault frac
ture 240, 241 ~, ~, osteoplastic craniotomy 238~
240 ~, optic nerve, decompression 149,
150 ~, osteoplastic craniotomy 238,
240 ~, petrous pyramid 252 trigeminal nerve ~, carotid canal, surgical exposure
71 ~, exit zone from brain stem, longi
tudinal section 369 ~, infiltration, meningioma, petrous
margine 346 ~, neurinoma, CT, magnetic reso
nance imaging 444 ~,~, surgical treatment 337~340
~, root, cerebellopontine angle, vascular decompression 369
~, sphenocavernous meningioma 219
~, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311
~, vascular decompression, acustic neurinoma, microsurgical removal 395
trigeminal neuralgia ~, "idiopathic", vascular depres
sion, operative technique 370, 371
~, treated with vascular decompression 369
~, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376
trochlear nerve ~,anatomy 336 ~, displacement, meningioma, pe
trous margin 346 ~, neurinoma, surgical treatment
335~337
~, nucleus, floor of mesencephalic aqueduct, course 76, 79
~, sphenocavernous meningioma 219
~, temporal, intracranial, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 309, 310, 311
tuberculum sellae, morphologic variants 32
tumors ~, anterior skull base, adenocarci
noma, frontal sinus 225~227
~, ~, benign, malignant, operability 159
~, ~, cavernous hemangioma, orbit 184, 185
~, ~, early diagnosis, common surgical concept 159
~,~, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188
~,~, ethmoid carcinomas 227, 228
~,~, fibrous bone dysplasia 194-200
~, ~, general operative techniques 160
~, ~, intraosseous meningioma 223
~, ~,juvenile nasopharyngeal an-giofibroma 200-204
~,~, malignant 224-229 ~, ~, malignant meningioma 224 ~,~, meningiomas 208~224 ~, ~,metastases 224 ~, ~, olfactory neuroblastoma
204-207 ~, ~, optic sheath meningioma
181, 221 ~,~, osteoma 188~194
~, ~, planum sphenoidale meningioma 210
~, ~, preoperative investigations 183
~,~, sarcoma 224 ~, ~, sphenoid wing meningioma
212~217
~,~, spreading 159 ~, ~, tuberculum sellae meningio
ma 210 ~, benign, craniocervical junction,
basic technique 465 ~, ~, lateral middle skull base, op
erative strategy 297 ~, "brown", skull-, facial bones
184 ~, carotid canal, extracranial post
eroinferior approach 300-306
-, cerebellopontine angle, diagnosis 376, 377
-, clivus, trans sphenoidal approach 432
-, craniocervical junction, indication for surgical exposure 460
-, extracranial, spreading into the fourth ventricle 464, 465
-, facial bones, benign, malignant, review 184
-, facial nerve, operative strategy 297
-, giant cell granuloma-, skull bones 184
-, histological classification 184 -, incurable, craniocervical junc-
tion, rigid internal fixation 470
-, internal auditory canal, diagnosis 376, 377
-, jugular foramen, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306
-, lateral middle skull base, operative strategy 296, 297
-, malignant, anterior skull base 224
-, -, cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, operability 160
-, -, lateral middle skull base, operative strategy 297
-, -, middle skull base 349 -, maxillary, resection, orbital ex-
enteration 163 -, meningiomas 208-224 -, middle skull base, adenoma,
parotid gland, recurrence 321-323
-, -, aneurysm, internal carotid artery, differential diagnosis 331-333
-, -, auditory canal carcinoma 351-353
-, -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, -, chemodectoma 63,64,67,
70, 327-331 -, -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, -, chondroma 334, 335 -, -, chondrosarcoma 354, 355 -, -, chordoma, CT 297, 350 -, -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve
337-340 -, -, -, trochlear nerve 335-337 -, -, osteoma 327-329 -, -, rhabdomyosarcoma 350 -, -, von Recklinghausen's neurofi-
bromatosis 313-317 -, nasal sinus, resection, preserva
tion of lacrimal drainage 162 -, obstructive hydrocephalus,
blockage of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 464, 465
-, paranasal sinus, resection, preservation of lacrimal drainage 162
-, parasellar, transpetrosal, transtentorial approach 450
-, parotid gland, operative strategy 297
-, pituitary, three-dimensional representation of tumor extent 280
-, posterior skull base, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgical removal 377, 382, 385, 393, 394, 395
-, -, cerebellopontine angle 376, 377
-, -, internal auditory canal 376, 377
-, prepontine, combined supra-, infratentorial approach 450
-, retro-, parasellar, frontotemporal craniotomy, surgical technique 278,279
-, sellar region 273 -, suprasellar, transcranial intra-
dural approach, surgical technique 276
-, tentorial incisure, operative strategy 333
-, -, temporal intracranial intradur-al approach 308-312
tympanic nerve -, origin, course, dimensions 87 -, topography 63 tympanoplasty, transmastoid facial
nerve decompression 480
u ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgical
technique 645 upper cervical spine -, bony fusion, external, internal
fixation, halo apparatus, Minerva Jacket 471
-, destruction by tumors or metastases, surgical fixation 467
-, fractures, fixation with tension band and bone cement 467
-, incurable tumors with spinal cord compression, bone graft fixation 470
-, internal fixation with dacron tension band 469
-, traumatic Anderson III fracture, dens displacement, fixation 468
v vagus nerve -, anatomy 62, 88, 89 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-
posure 302 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 vagus nerve paralysis, Denecke op
eration 426, 427
Subject Index 525
vascular decompression, trigeminal nerve, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgical removal 395
veins, anatomy, anterior skull base, anterior cranial fossa 69
venous pressure, air embolism, risk, semisitting position of patient 360
ventriculography, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297
vertebral artery -, anatomy 100, 101 -, aneurysm, craniocervical junc-
tion, removal, microsurgical technique 645-647
-, compression, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464,465
-, medulla oblongata compression, hypertension 374
vertebrobasilar vascular system, visualization, lateral suboccipital craniotomy 443
vestibulocochlear dysfunction, successful therapy with vascular decompression 369, 370
vestibulocochlear nerve -, acoustic neurinoma 377 -, course in the posterior fossa 85 -, neurinoma 335 -, neurolysis, extended transtem-
poral approach 374 -, porus acusticus, facial nerve,
nervus intermedius, topographic relations 83, 84
-, topography 80, 85 -, transtemporal extradural resecti-
on 363,364 -, tumors, lateral middle skull
base 296 -, vascular decompression, opera-
tive technique 372, 373 vestibulocochlear neurectomy -, translabyrinthine 365, 366, 368 -, transtemporal 363-365 visual field defects -, optic nerve compression, lateral
middle skull base tumors 297 -, pituitary adenoma, pre-, post
operative 286, 287 vocal cord paralysis, tumors, inter
nal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376
von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, middle skull base, special operative techniques 313-318
z Zoster oticus, facial nerve, tran
stemporal exposition 483 Zygomatic arch, fracture 145