Subject Index - Springer978-3-642-73061-0/1.pdf510 Subject Index anatomy -, middle skull extracranial pos- ... osteomyelitis rhinogenic 155 -, ... otogenic 268 -, skull base, ...

Subject Index

A

abducent nerve -, anatomical segments, measure­

ments 80, 83, 84 -, paralysis, meningioma, anterior,

middle, posterior cranial fossae 348

abscess -, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, skull base, therapeutic strate-

gy 155, 156 -, epidural, osteoplastic exposure,

frontal sinus 154, 155 -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, peritonsillar, differential diagno-

sis: Aneurysm, internal carotid artery 331, 332, 333

accessory nerve -, anatomy 61, 88, 493 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-

posure 302 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 accessory nerve paralysis, tumors,

internal auditory canal, cerebel­lopontine angle 376

acoustic meatus, internal, topogra­phy, dimensions 84, 85

acoustic neurinoma -, bilateral, complet microsurgical

removal 394 -, combined with vascular decom­

pression of trigeminal nerve, mi­crosurgery 395

-, intracranial-intratemporal facial nerve grafting 486, 487

-, large, dissection 390-393 -, microsurgery, lateral suboccipital

removal 385-393 -, -, transmastoid-translabyrintine

removal 257, 382-385 -, -, transtemporal extradural re­

moval 377-382 adenoma -, parotid gland, intracranial inva­

sion 321-323 -, pituitary, surgical techniques

273-295

air embolism, risk, venous pres­sure, semisitting position of pa­tient 360

allergy, Bell's paIse, facial nerve 480

amaurosis, chondroma, intradural, middle skull base 335

ambient cistern, surgical opening, saving mesencephalic vessels 75, 77

anastomosis -, facial nerve, end-to-end, cerebel­

lopontine angle 483, 484 -, -, -, transtemporal extradural

approach 488 -, -, hypoglossal-facial 496, 497 -, -, intracranial-extracranial

(Dott) 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal

484,485 -, -, meatal 488, 489 -, faciofacial (crossfacial grafting)

498 anatomy -, abducent nerve 80, 83, 84 -, accessory nerve 61, 88, 493 -, anterior cranial fossa 12-15, 17 -, anterior skull base 4 -, anterior spinal artery 102 -, arachnoid, middle cranial fossa

74 -, arterial supply, eNS 102 -, ascending pharyngeal artery 67,

68 -, atlantodental joint 98 -, atlas 96, 98, 99 -, auditory tube 48 -, brain stem, exit zone of trige-

minal nerve 369 -, carotid bifurcation 65 -, carotid canal 57 -, carotid sinus 66 -, carotid tortuosity 66 -, carotid triangle 65 -, cavernous sinus, other venosis

sinuses, communications 243 -, -, Parkinson's triangle 24 -, -, region 242, 243, 244 -, cerebellar artery 102 -, cerebellopontine angle 79

-, cervical plexus 477 -, circle of Willis, collateral con-

nections 246 -, clivus 90, 91, 430 -, common carotid artery 65 -, cranial nerves 244, 270 -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation

281 -, dens epistrophei 99 -, dermal sinus 4 -, ear 269 -, encephaloceles 4 -, endofrontal foveae 15 -, epicranial muscle, frontal belly

7 -, external carotid artery 65 -, facial nerve 7, 60, 61, 63, 81,

82,474,475 -, facial vein, supratrochlear and

supraorbital veins 10, 11 -, fourth ventricle 463 -, frontal nerve, artery 7, 8, 9 -, frontal sinus, mucosa, blood

vessels 11 -, frontal squama 11 -, gliomas 4 -, glossopharyngeal nerve 67, 86,

87, 88, 493 -, hypoglossic artery, nerve 60,

61, 67, 83, 89 -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical

280 -, infratemporal plane 38--40 -, inner ear 481 -, internal acoustic meatus 84 -, internal auditory canal, anterior

inferior cerebellar artery 368 -, internal carotid artery 65,

336 -, internal jugular vein 57, 69,

493 -, jugular foramen 59 -, lateral extracranial approach to

the lateral middle skull base 299

-, masticatory space, arteries, nerves 48, 51

-, meningoceles 4 -, middle cranial fossa 72 -, middle skull base 47

510 Subject Index

anatomy -, middle skull extracranial pos-

teroinferior approach 300-306 -, nasal fistulas, cysts 4 -, neck, after parotidectomy 314 -, occipital condyles 94 -, oculomotor nerve 336 -, olfactory fossa 14 -, olfactory nerve 336 -, ophthalmic artery 9, 10 -, optic canal, nerve, decompres-

sion 1, 10, 16-18 -, optic nerve 336 -, orbit 19 -, parapharyngeal space 51, 65 -, peripharyngeal space 48 -, pharyngeal artery, ascending

67 -, pituitary 27-31 -, posterior cranial fossa 463 -, postoccipital artery 67 -, primitive hypoglossic artery 67 -, pterygoid process, fossa 43 -, pterygopalatine fossa 45 -, pterygopalatine ganglion 55 -, sella 27-35 -, sella region 242 -, skin, scalp, frontobasal ap-

proach 7 -, sphenoid sinus 28, 29 -, subarachnoidal spaces 74, 75 -, supraorbital, supratrochlear

nerves 8, 9, 23 -, temporal fossa 36, 37 -, temporomandibular joint 41 -, tentorial incisure, structures

334 -, tentorial notch, middle cranial

fossa 74, 75 -, trigeminal nerve, exit/zone form

brain stem 369 -, trochlear nerve 336 -, vagus nerve 62, 88 -, veins, anterior cranial fossa, an-

terior skull base 69 -, vertebral artery 100, 101 -, vestibulocochlear nerve 85 Anderson type III fracture, dens

axis, surgical fixation 468, 469 aneurysm -, basilar artery, clipping, transor­

aI, transcervical approaches 432,435

-, internal carotid artery, close to the skull base 331-333

aneurysms -, circle of Willis 273 -, craniocervical junction, resec-

tion, microsurgical technique 465-467

-, hemorrhage, subarachnoidal cisterns 75

-, internal carotid artery, differen­tial diagnosis: glomus tumor 70, 71

angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal, sur-gery 200-204

angiogram -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 -, internal carotid artery aneu-

rysm 331, 332, 333 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi­

broma 202 -, olfactory groove meningioma

209 -, subtraction, aneurysm, vertebral

artery 645-647 -, -, carotid body tumor 327,

330 -, vertebral artery, neurinoma, tri­

geminal nerve 444 angiography -, superselective catheter-, tumors

of internal auditory canal, cere­bellopontine angle 377

-, superselective, traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula 243

-, -, tumors, skull base 183 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 297 angular vein, ligature, prevention

of spreading, infection to brain 156, 157

anterior cerebral artery, displace­ment, olfactory groove men­ingioma 209

anterior choroid artery, posterior communicating artery, topogra­phy 75,76

anterior communicating artery, anatomy 33, 34

anterior cranial fossa -, anatomy, dimensions 12-15, 17,

33 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi­

broma 200 anterior posterior inferior cerebel­

lar artery, facial nerve, vestibu­locochlear nerve, topographic re­lations 83, 84

anterior rhinoscopy, olfactory neu­roblastoma 206

anterior skull base -, abscess, epidural, osteoplastic

exposure 154, 155 -, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus

225-227 -, anatomy 4 -, angiofibroma, juvenile 200-204 -, brain abscess, therapeutic strate-

gy 155, 156 -, combined intra- and extracranial

approach 169

-, comminuted fractures, technique of duraplasty 139-143

-, complications, inflammatory 154, 155

-, craniofacial approach, tech­nique 170-177

-, craniofacial synostoses, dysos­toses 123, 124

-, duraplasty, operative tech­niques 131-142

-, encephaloceles 115 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187,

188 -, ethmoid carcinoma, endoscopy

159 -, extracranial approach 160,

163 -, fibrosis bone dysplasia 194-200 -, inflammatory complications

154-158 -, intracranial approach 167 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi-

broma 200-204 -, malformations 114 -, malignant tumors 224-229 -, meningioma 208-224 -, meningoceles, surgical tech-

niques 117, 118 -, nasal fistulas, cysts, technique

117,118 -, olfactory groove meningioma

209 -, olfactory neuroblastoma 204-

207 -, optic nerve compression syn­

drome, mucocele, sphenoid si­nus 157

-, optic nerve decompression, after trauma 149, 150

-, osteoma 188-194 -, osteomyelitis rhinogenic 155 -, planum sphenoidale meningio-

ma 210 -, resection, adenocarcinoma, fron­

tal sinus 225, 226 -, space occupying lesions, sur­

gery 159-232 -, sphenoid sinus mucocele, com­

pression syndrome of optic nerve 157

-, sphenoid wing meningioma 212-217

-, three layer reconstruction 171-177

-, transfrontal extradural, intradur­al approach 161, 168, 169

-, traumatic lesions 127, 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma

210 -, tumors, angiofibroma 200-204 -, -, benign, malignant, operability,

indications 159, 160

-, -, early diagnosis, common sur­gical concept 159

-, -, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188

-, -, ethmoid-orbital, ethmoid-fron­tal sinus carcinomas 227, 228

-, -, general operative techniques 160

-, -, intraosseous skull base men-ingeoma 223

-, -, malignant 224-229 -, -, meningiomas 208-224 -, -, metastases 224 -, -, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

201, 202 -, -, olfactory neuroblastoma

204-207 -, -, osteoma 188-194 anterior spinal artery, anatomy

102 anterolateral skull base, commi­

nuted fractures, dural injuries 143-148

arachnoid, middle cranial fossa, anatomy 74

arterial supply, CNS 102 arteriovenous angiomas, cranio­

cervical junction, extirpation, microsurgical technique 465

ascending pharyngeal artery, ori-gin, variants 67

atiantodental joint, anatomy 98 atiantooccipital joint, traumatic

displacement, stabilizing surgical procedures 467-471

atlas -, anatomy 96, 98, 99 -, Jefferson burst fractures, stabi-

lizing surgical procedures 467-471

-, laminectomy, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 465

auditory canal -, carcinoma case report 351 -, internal, general, special opera-

tive techniques 253-255, 360, 363-365

-, -, vestibular-, cochlear neu­rotomy 253-255, 264, 265

-, occlusion by displaced bone fragments 235

-, transected, tympanic membrane, malleolus 270

-, traumatic lesions, surgical ap­proach 252

-, tumors, extracranial posteroin­ferior approach 300-306

auditory tube, anatomy 48 axis, destruction, stabilizing proce­

dures of craniocervical junction 467-471

B

basilar artery -, aneurysm, clipping, transoral,

transcervical approaches 432, 435

-, displacement, neurinoma, troch­lear nerve 335, 336

-, exposition, transoral approach 433

-, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311

basilar impression, surgical expo­sure, craniocervical junction 460

Bells's palsY, etiology, facial nerve decompression 479, 481, 483

bimastoid line of Fisch-Gold­Metzger, definition, tomogram, craniocervical junction 460

biopsy -, endonasal, adenocarcinoma,

frontal sinus 225 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull

base 318-321 -, intraoperative, ethmoid, maxil­

lary tumors 163 -, nasopharyngeal, indications

349, 350 -, needle, sigmoid sinus thrombo­

sis 265 -, preoperative, anterior skull base

tumors 183 -, stereotaxic needle-, chordoma

443 -, -, operative strategy, benign,

malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base 297

blindness -, chondroma, intradural, middle

skull base 335 -, sudden, eosinophilic pituitary

adenoma 286 bone graft, craniocervical junction,

posterior stabilization 470, 471 bone injuries, radiologic diagnosis

127 bone resection, craniocervical junc­

tion, stabilizing surgical proce­dures 467-471

bone scan -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal

bone 188 -, radionuclide, early diagnosis, tu­

mors, anterior skull base 159 -, tumor extent, lateral middle

skull base 297 bone tumor, axis destruction, sta­

bilizing procedures of cranio­cervical junction

bony skull base, facial nerve, ana­tomic course 474

Subject Index 511

brain -, anomalies, skull closure defects

114 -, intracerebral contusions, hemor-

rhage 240 brain abscess -, otogenic 268 -, skull base, therapeutic strategy

155, 156 -, transcranial intradural ap­

proach 235, 236 brain contusions, impending her­

niation, osteoplastic craniotomy 240

brain hemorrhage, traumatic, os­teoplastic craniotomy 240-242

brain herniation -, open comminuted fractures

240 -, planum sphenoidale fracture, en­

doscopy 136 -, traumatic, into the middle ear

235 brain prolapse, sphenoid sinus, en­

doscopy 136 brain stem -, anatomical changes, neurinoma

trigeminal nerve 445 -, circle of Willis, plexuslike vascu­

lar connections 333 -, compression, meningioma, cran­

iocervical junction 464, 465 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve

335,336 -, -, tentorial margin 344 -, -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 297 -, elevation, meningioma, pre-,

postoperative CT 440 . -, facial nerve, origin, topography

475 -, lower cranial nerves, topogra­

phy 79,80 -, meningioma, operative strategy

343 -, vascular decompression, opera­

tive technique, case report 374-377

"brown" tumors, facial bones, skull, classification 184

burr-hole trephination, traumatic lesions, middle skull base 236

C

cafe-au lait spots, von Reckling­hausen's neurofibromatosis 313, 315

carotid angiogram -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi­

broma 202 -, neurofibromatosis von Reck­

linghausen 316

512 Subject Index

carotid angiogram -, olfactory groove meningioma

209 carotid angiography -, sellar, suprasellar tumors, indi-

cations 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 carotid artery -, anatomy 65, 66 -, length within the canal 71 carotid bifurcation -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, topography 68 carotid body -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-

posure. 305 -, tumor, removal 327-331 carotid canal -, ascending, surgical topography

70 -, surgical exposure, anatomical

details 71 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin­

ferior approach 300-306 -, venous plexus, sinus 71 carotid canal region, anatomy, to­

pography 47, 51 carotid-cavernous fistula -, detachable balloon technique

250 -, direct operations 252 -, Fogarty balloon catheter, occlu-

sion 249 -, fractures, middle skull base

234, 242, 243, 244 -, "Jaeger maneuver" 248 -, superselective angiography

243 -, thrombosis 250 -, "trapping operation", results

246 -, treatment options 245, 246 -, various types 251 carotid cistern, anterior choroid-,

posterior communicating artery, topography 75, 76

carotid sinus, branches, anatomy, diameter 64, 66

carotid sinus syndrome, therapeu­tic benefit, paroxysmal tachycar­dia 64

carotid siphon, topography 242 carotid tortuosity, loops, coils,

kinking 66 cavernous hemangioma, orbit, sur­

gery 185, 186 cavernous sinus -, anatomy, Parkinson's triangle

24, 242, 243, 244 -, anatomy, pituitary, coronal sec­

tion 29 -, clivus tumors, infiltration 450

-, involvement, intra-, extracranial meningioma 222

-, shape, width of the roof 74 -, thrombosis, prevention, ligation

of angular vein 157 -, tumors, operability 160 cephaloceles, anatomy, sites 4, 5,

6 cerebellar artery -, anatomy 102 -, aneurysm, craniocervical junc-

tion, microsurgical removal 465-467

-, anterior inferior, internal audito­ry canal 368

-, trigeminal nerve compression, decompression, operative tech­nique 370, 371

cerebellopontine angle -, access through lateral suboccipi­

tal approach 370, 374, 375 -, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgi­

cal removal 377-393 -, anatomy 79 -, chondroma, osteochondroma

90 -, cranial nerves, vascular decom­

pression 369-376 -, extended transtemporal ap-

proach 374 -, facial nerve, anatomy 474, 475 -, false cholesteatoma 263 -, indications, microsurgical explo-

ration 370 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosig­

moid) approach 361, 445 -, meningioma, frontotemporal os­

teoplastic craniotomy 343-346, 377

-, neurinoma 335 -, structures, surgical approaches

360, 363-365 -, temporal intracranial intradural

approach 309 -, vertebral artery decompression,

operative technique, case report 374--376

cerebellum, compression, meningio­ma, tentorial margine, CT 344

cerebral necrosis, risk, postopera­tive radiotherapy 205

cerebrospinal fluid -, blockage, space occupying le­

sions, craniocervical junction 464,465

-, infection, inflammatory compli­cations, anterior skull base 155

-, laboratory tests 127 -, leak, sphenoid sinus, transfron-

to-ethmoidal fascial pouch inser­tion 137

-, -, trigeminal neurinoma, extirpa­tion 337

-, leaks, anterior skull base, dura-plasty 131-142

-, -, middle skull base 234 -, -, spontaneous 6 cervical plexus -, anatomy 477 -, graft, facial nerve, reconstruc-

tion, operative technique 476 cervical spine -, C2 fracture, displacement of

dens base, surgical stabilization, 468, 469

-, fusions at the C1jC2 or C2jC3 level, transoral approach 432

cervical vertebrae, first two, expo­sure, indications 460

Chamberlain's line, definition, craniocervical junction 460

chemodectoma -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm,

internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, surgical treatment 63, 64, 67,

70, 327-331 cholesteatoma -, complications 263 -, facal nerve decompression 479 -, middle skull base, microsurgical

treatment 340-342 -, principles for removal 263-265 -, traumatic 235 -, "true", "false" 263 chondroblastoma, benign, middle

cranial fossa 323-326 chondroma, parasellar, surgical ap­

proach 90, 91 chondromyxoid fibroma, facial-,

skull bones, histology 184 chondrosarcoma, middle skull

base, case report 354, 355 chorda dorsalis, clivus region, sa­

gittal section 90 chordoma -, clivus, frontotemporal cranio-

tomy 441 -, -, transcervical removal 435 -, craniocervical junction 460 -, directions of spreading 90 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa,

case reports 443, 446-449 -, middle skull base, CT 297, 350 chronic otitis media, facial nerve

decompression, operative tech­niques 479-481

chronic subdural hematoma, os­teoplastic craniotomy 238, 239

circle of Willis -, aneurysms, differential diagno­

sis 273 -, collateral connections 246

-, perforating vessels, function 333

-, visualization, lateral suboccipital craniotonrry 443

classification -, histologic, bone tunrrors 184 -, surgical, nrreningionrras 208, 209 Clivus -, anatonrry 90, 91, 92 -, conrrbined supra-, infratentorial

approach, operative technique 450-457

-, destruction, chordonrra, riddle, posterior cranial fossa 449

-, extensive lesions, sublabial-trans­septal approach 432

-, frontotenrrporal subtenrrporal ap­proach, operative technique 439

-, lateral infratenrrporal approach 241, 298, 299, 437

-, lateral suboccipital approach 443

-, nrredial suboccipital approach 433, 436, 437

-, nrreningionrra, case report 343-346

-, -, transpetrosal-transtentorial approach 450

-, posteroinferior approach 301-306, 309, 310, 437

-, prinrrary extra-, intracranial ap­proaches 430, 431

-, resection, pituitary adenonrra 289

-, surgical approaches, chordonrra, chondronrra 90, 91

-,-,overview 430,431 -, topography 430 -, transcervical approach, operative

technique 435-437 -, transfrontal intradural ap­

proach 283, 284, 438, 439 -, transoral approach, operative

technique 432-435 -, tUfllors, extending to cavernous

sinus and foranrren nrragnunrr, op­erative strategy 450-457

-, -, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306

-, -, transsphenoidal approach 432

clivus chordonrra -, frontotenrrporal craniotonrry 90,

91, 441 -, transcervical extirpation 435 CO2 laser, nrricrosurgical tech­

nique 465 cochlear dysfunction, nrricrosurgical

deconrrpression of cranial nerves case report 374-376

cochlear nerve, transtenrrporal ex­tradural resection 363

cOfl1fl1on carotid artery, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistula 245

conrrplications -, cholesteatonrra 263 -, enrrbolization, carotid-cavernous

fistula 247, 248 -, inflafl1fl1atory diseases, anterior

skull base 154-158 -, -, nrriddle skull base 263 -, operative risk, preservation of

inrrportant structures, tUfllors of lateral nrriddle skull base 297

-, signrroid, transverse sinus liga­tion 450

contraindications, nrralignant tu­nrrors of cavernous sinus, ptery­gopalatine fossa 160

conventional radiologic inrraging, tUfllors, lateral nrriddle skull base 297

corpus callosunrr, agenesis, ence­phaloceles 6

cranial nerves -, affection, tunrrors, lateral nrriddle

skull base 297 -, anatonrry, topography 244, 270 -, conrrpression, space occupying le-

sions, craniocervical junction 464,465

-, involvenrrent, neurinonrra troch­lear nerve 335

-, neurolysis, transtenrrporal ap­proach to cerebellopontine an­gle 373, 374, 375

-, vascular deconrrpression, cerebel­lopontine angle 369-376

-, vascular depression, indications 370

cranial scan, tUfllor extent, lateral nrriddle skull base 297

craniectonrry -, lateral 307 -, occipital 463 -, occipital, aneurysnrr, vertebral ar-

tery, ricrosurgical renrroval 466,467

craniocerebral injury, open, conrr­rinuted cranial vault fracture 240,241

craniocervical junction -, aneurysnrrs, resection, nrricrosurg­

ical technique 465-467 -, anonrralies, transoral approach

432,434 -, arteriovenous angionrras, ricro­

surgical technique 465-467 -, conrrpression syndronrras 464,

465 -, lesions, ablative procedures, op­

erative techniques 461, 462 -, nrredial suboccipital approach

461-465

Subject Index 513

-, nrreningionrra 464, 465 -, surgical exposure, indications

460 -, transoral, transcervical ap­

proaches, operative techniques 461

-, tunrrors, benign, basic technique 465

craniofacial surgery, renrrarks 122 craniofacial synostoses, dysostoses,

surgical technique 123, 124 craniopharyngeal canals, persistent,

encephalocele 6 craniopharyngionrra -, calcified, extirpation 281 -, invading third ventricle, obstruc-

tive hydrocephalus, surgical technique 279-282

craniotonrry -, anterior skull base, extracranial

approach, orbital exenteration 160, 161, 164, 165

-, -, transfrontal extradural ap­proach 168

-, -, transfrontal intradural ap­proach 169

-, bifrontal osteoplastic, intradural, clivus 438

-, -, transfrontal duraplasty 142 -, bifrontal, suprasellar pituitary

adenonrra 282-295 -, frontotenrrporal, clivus chordo­

nrra 441 -, -, nrreningionrra tentoriunrr

346 -, -, transtentorial, nrreningionrra

440 -, lateral extracranial, lateral rid­

dle skull base 298, 299 -, lateral suboccipital approach,

acoustic neurinonrra 385, 389 -, -, internal auditory canal, cere­

bellopontine angle 361, 362 -, riddle cranial fossa, acoustic

neurinonrra 377 -, nrriddle skull base, transtenrrpor­

aI, extradural, facial nerve, end­to-end anastonrrosis 488

-, osteoplastic frontotenrrporal, neu­rinonrra, trochlear nerve 335, 336

-, osteoplastic, riddle skull base, traUfllatic lesions 236, 238, 240-242

-, suboccipital, acoustic neurino­nrra 377, 388, 390, 391

-, tenrrporal, intradural (pterional), riddle skull base 308-312

-, -, lateral suboccipital, petroclival nrreningionrra 454-457

-, transnrrastoid, translabyrinthine, internal auditory canal 263

514 Subject Index

CT -, aneurysm, posterior inferior cer-

ebellar artery 465, 466 -, angiofibroma 201, 202 -, -, recurrence 204 -, brain herniation, planum sphen-

oidale fracture 136 -, brain stem displacement 336 -, cavernous hemangioma, orbit,

pre-, postoperative findings 185, 186

-, cholesteatoma 340, 341 -, chondroma, middle cranial fos-

sa, pre-, postoperative 334, 335

-, chondrosarcoma, middle skull base 354, 355

-, chordoma, middle skull base 297, 350

-, clivus chordoma, supra-, infra­tentorial 441

-, craniocervical junction, stabiliz-ing procedures 460

-, craniopharyngioma 294 -, dural injury 129 -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal

bone 188, 189 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentor­

ial 340, 341 -, epidural abscess, subdural empy­

ema, rhinogenic 156 -, ethmoid carcinoma 227, 228 -, extracranial meningioma, pre-,

postoperative 220 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull

base 318, 319 -, foramen occipitale magnum,

meningioma, craniocervical junc­tion 464, 465

-, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, intraosseous skull base men-

ingioma 223 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi­

broma 202 -, lateral anterior skull base men­

ingioma 220 -,laterobasal fractures, serial ob­

servations 235 -, meningioma, anterior, middle,

posterior cranial fossa 347, 348, 349

-, -, craniocervical junction 464, 465

-, -, middle, posterior cranial fos­sa, pre-, postoperative 440

-, -, petroclival, pre-, postopera­tive 455, 456

-, -, sphenoid wing, pre-, postoper­ative 216

-, -, tentorial margin, compression of brain stem and cerebellum 344

-, methylmethacrylate implant, middle anterior skull base recon­struction 207

-, middle cranial fossa, sphenoca­vernous meningioma 219

-, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve 337, 338

-, olfactory groove meningioma, pre-, postoperative 209

-, olfactory neuroblastoma 206, 207

-, optic sheath meningioma 221 -, osteoma, middle skull base, tem-

poral bone 328 -, -, orbit 190, 191, 194 -, parotid gland adenoma with in-

tracranial extension 322 -, pituitary adenoma, pre-, post­

operative 287, 288, 291, 293, 294

-, planum sphenoidale men­ingoma 210

-, rhabdomyosarcoma, middle skull base 350

-, sella, indications, 273 -, sphenocavernous meningioma

218 -, sphenoid wing meningioma,

pre-, postoperative 216, 217 -, squamous cell carcinoma, paran­

asal sinuses 224 -, subdural empyema, epidural ab­

scess 156 -, traumatic intracerebral hemor­

rhage 131 -, traumatic lesions, anterior skull

base 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma

210 -, tumor, tentorial incisure 335 -, tumor extent, lateral middle

skull base 297 -, tumors, anterior skull base, ear­

ly diagnosis 159 -, -, internal auditory canal, cere­

bellopontine angle 377 -, vertebral artery, atypical loop­

ing, cerebellopontine angle 374

cyst, frontobasal epidermal, fistula, surgical removal 117, 118 120

cysts, craniocervical junction 460

D

dacron tension band, internal fixa­tion, Anderson type III fracture, C2 469

definitions, Chamberlain's-, Fisch­Gold-Metzger line, craniocervical junction 460

dens axis -, anatomy 99

-, Anderson type III fracture, sur­gical stabilization 468, 469

-, dislocation, rheumatoid disease 460

-, exposure, operative technique 461,462

-, -, spinal cord compression 460 -, removal, stabilizing craniocervi-

cal fusion 460, 467 -, traumatic fracture-dislocation,

surgical exposure 460 dermoid cyst, nasal 114, 115 diencephalon -, anterior choroidal artery, poste­

rior communicating artery, to­pography 76

-, Forell's axis 74 -, posterior part, fiber systems, nu-

clei 78 dura -, infiltration, extent, tumors, later­

al middle skull base 297 -, -, malignant meningioma, sarco­

ma 224 -, injuries, frontoorbital repair

131 -, resection, preoperative estima­

tion, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297

-, tear, temporary obturation, mechanisms 128

dura herniation, traumatic, into the middle ear 235

dural flap, intracerebral contusions and hemorrhage, brain hernia­tion 240

dural graft, orbital exenteration 164, 165, 166

duraplasty -, anterior skull base fractures

131-142 -, anterolateral skull base frac­

tures 143-148 -, extradural, Kley's modification

134, 135 -, fractures, ethmoid bone, dural

repair with fat 138 -, -, -, technical problems 133,

134 -, -, -, transfrontoethmoidal fascial

pouch insertion 137 -, frontal sinus 131, 132 -, "midline problem" 133 -, operative technique, principles

131, 132 -, sphenoid sinus 135, 136 -, transfacial approach, anterior

skull base 161 -, transfrontal extradural ap­

proach 141, 142 -, transfrontal intradural repair

139

-, transfrontoethmoidal repair with fat 138

dysphagia, vagus nerve paralysis, Denecke operation 426, 427

E

ear -, anatomy 269 -, canal carcinoma, petrosectomy,

parotidectomy, facial nerve re­construction 492, 493

-, cavity, skin pieces entrapped be­tween bone fragments, cholestea­toma 235

-, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, sur­gical indication 234

-, dura-, brain herniation, traumat­ic 235

-, hearing loss, vascular decom­pression of caudal cranial nerves 374

-, middle, inflammatory complica­tions 263

-, -, secretory otitis, early-stage meningioma 343

-, necrotizing otitis 269, 270 -, otogenic brain abscess 268 -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid si-

nus-transverse sinus thrombosis 265

-, progressive necrotizing otitis ex­terna, triad of symptoms 269

-, tumor, anatomy 481 -, -, preservation, tumors, lateral

middle skull base 297 early diagnosis, tumors, anterior

skull base, 159 electrophysiologic tests, facial

nerve 474, 480, 481 embolization -, superselective, tumors, cerebello­

pontine angle 377 -, traumatic carotid-cavernous

fistula 243, 247, 248 empyema, subdural, epidural ab­

scess, rhinogenic, CT 155, 156 encephalocele, anatomy, possible

sites 4, 5 encephaloceles, dysraphic anoma­

lies, classification 114 encephalocystomeningocele, infant

with cleft palate 117 endoscopy -, ethmoid carcinoma 159 -, intraoperative, sphenoid sinus,

brain prolapse 136 -, -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leak

136 -, upper respiratory tract, early di­

agnosis, tumors 159 eosinophilic granuloma, frontal

bone 187, 188

epicranius muscle, anatomy 7 epidermal cyst, fistula, surgical re­

moval 120 epidermoid, supra-, infratentorial,

microsurgical treatment 340-342

epidural abscess -, osteoplastic exposure, frontal si­

nus 154, 155 -, rhinogenic, subdural hematoma,

CT 156 epidural hematoma, osteoplastic

craniotomy 238-240 epidural hemorrhage, acute,

Kronlein's trephine sites 237 epidural sarcoma, surgical remov­

al, trans oral approach 432 esthesioneuroblastoma, olfactory

neuroblastoma, diagnosis, sur­gery 204-207

ethmoid bone -, anatomy 13 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid

leak 128 -, -, duraplasty, technique 133,

134, 135 -, osteoma 190 -, transethmoidal optic nerve de-

compression 150, 151 ethmoid carcinoma, nasal endosco­

py 159 ethmoid-frontal sinus carcinoma,

diagnosis, excision 229 ethmoid-orbital carcinoma, diagno­

sis, surgical treatment 227, 228 ethmoid roof, duraplasty 133 ethmoid tumors, resection, orbital

exenteration 163 eustachian tube -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, sur­

gical indication 234 -, compression, meningioma, mid­

dle skull base 343 external auditory canal, transmea­

tal decompression of geniculate ganglion, operative technique 481,482

external carotid artery -, anatomy, variants 65, 67 -, carotid body tumor 327-331 external skull base, anatomy

47 extracranial approach, anterior

skull base 163, 169, 170 extradural transfrontal approach,

anterior skull base 168 eye -, complications, carotid-cavernous

fistula 245, 247, 250 -, displacement, fibrous bone dys­

plasia, threat of vision loss 195, 196

Subject Index 515

-, exenteration, extracranial ap­proach, anterior skull base 163, 164, 181

-, -, optic sheath meningioma 181 -, lids, temporal muscle transfer,

facial rehabilitation 501, 502 -, motor nerves, sphenoid wing

meningioma 217 -, suspensory apparatus 19 -, visual field constriction, men-

ingioma 348 -, visual field, juvenile nasopharyn­

geal fibroma 203

F

facial bones -, injuries, duraplasty 143-147 -, tumors, histological classifica-

tion 184 -, -, spreading 224 facial nerve -, anatomy 7, 60, 61, 63, 81, 82,

474,475 -, autogenous peripheral recon­

struction 495 -, branches, topography 60, 61,

63 -, cerebellopontine segment, surgi­

cal access 475 -, compression syndromes, causes

479 -, damage, false cholesteatoma

263 -, decompression, results

481 -, -, transmastoid 480, 483 -, -, transmeatal 481, 382 -, exposition of the meatal, labyr-

inthine, tympanic, mastoid seg­ments 483

-, extracranial posteroinferior ex­posure 302, 305

-, extra temporal course, topogra­phy 475

-, fallopian canal, exposure of la­byrinthine segment 483

-, fallopian canal segment, topog­raphy 475

-, fibers, anatomic measurements 82

-, grafts for reconstruction, opera­tive technique 476--478

-, lateral extracranial craniotomy 299

-, meatal segment, surgical access 475

-, microsurgical nerve suturing 478,479

-, neuromatous thickening 491

-, physiology, pathophysiology 474

516 Subject Index

facial nerve -, reconstruction, autogenous graft,

tympanic, mastoid segments 490

-, -, Dott's operation 485 -, -, ear canal carcinoma 492, 493 -, -, end-to-end anastomosis, cere-

bellopontine angle 483 -, -, extratemporal 495 -, -, faciofacial anastomosis (cross-

facial grafting) 498 -, -, fallopian canal segment,

bridging the defect 489 -, -, hypoglossal-facial anastomo­

sis 496-498 -, -, interposition graft 488 -, -, intracranial-extracranial anas-

tomosis 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal

anastomosis 484, 485, 486 -, -, intratemporal-extratemporal,

after subtotal petrosectomy and total parotidectomy 490, 492, 493

-, -, meatal anastomosis 488 -, -, translabyrinthine approach

489 -, -, tympanomastoid 490 -, rehabilitation, plastic surgery

499-504 -, segments, surgical approaches

475 -, temporal, intradural (pterional)

craniotomy 311 -, tumors, operative strategy 297 -, vascular decompression, opera-

tive technique 369, 372, 373 facial nerve paralysis -, causes 474 -, collateral innervation 474 -, direct or indirect nerve recon-

struction 474 -, electromyographic testing 474

480 -, facial sling procedure 500 -, "idiopathic", causes 480,481 -, parotid gland malignancies

297 -, posttraumatic, postsurgical

474 -, progressive necrotizing otitis ex­

terna 269 -, tumors, internal auditory canal,

cerebellopontine angle 376 -, vertebral artery, atypical loop­

ing, hypertension 374 facial skeleton, comminuted frac­

tures, dural injuries 143-148 facial sling procedure, facial reha­

bilitation 501 facial vein, anatomy, supratroch­

lear, supraorbital veins 10, 11

fallopian canal -, facial nerve segment, anatomy

474,475 -, tumors, facial nerve, parotid

gland 297 falx cerebri, topography 74 fibroma -, juvenile nasopharyngeal 202 -, skull bones, histology 184 fibromyxoma, face, extending to

the middle skull base 318-321 fibrous bone dysplasia, anterior

skull base 194-200 Fisch-Gold-Metzger line, defini­

tion, craniocervical junction 460

fistula -, carotid-cavernous, therapeutic

options 242, 243 -, carotid-cavernous sinus, bone

splinters 136, 234 -, -, "trapping operation", results

246 -, cerebrospinal, laboratory tests of

cerebrospinal fluid 127 -, -, fractures, middle skull base

234 -, -, mechanisms for temporary

obturation 128 -, frontobasal epidermal cyst, sur­

gical removal 120 fistulas, nasal, surgical technique

117 Fogarty balloon catheter, carotid-

cavernous fistula, occlusion 249 foramen cecum, anatomy 6 foramen jugulare -, subdivision patterns 59, 60 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-

ferior approach 300-306 -, tumors, vocal cord paralysis

296 foramen Luschka, fourth ventricle,

extracerebral tumors 464, 465 foramen Magendie, extracranial tu­

mors, spreading into the fourth ventricle 464, 465

foramen Monroi, tumor obstruc­tion, hydrocephalus occlusus, surgical technique 279-282

foramen occipitale magnum -, clivus tumors, extending too, op­

erative technique 450 -, exposure, indications 460 foramen of Vesalius, topography,

middle cranial fossa 72, 73 foramen ovale, topography 47,

72,73 foramen rotundum, topography

46, 72, 73 foramen sphenopalatinum, angiofi­

broma 200

fourth ventricle, anatomy 463 fractures -, Anderson type III, dens axis,

fixation with methylmethacry­late, wire loops 468, 469

-, anterior skull base, cerebrospinal fistulas 127, 128

-, anterolateral skull base 148 -, comminuted, lateral facial skele-

ton, dural injuries 143-148 -, -, open lateral craniocerebral in­

jury 240, 241 -, craniocervical junction, stabiliz­

ing surgical procedures 467--471 -, duraplasty, operative techniques,

anterior skull base 131-142 -, -, anterolateral skull base 143-

148 -, lateral facial skeleton 143-148 -, middle skull base 234, 235 -, orbit roof 149 -, petrous bone, facial nerve expo-

sition 483 -, rhinobase, Kley duraplasty 134,

135 -, transmastoid facial nerve decom-

pression 480, 481 frontal bone -, encephalocele 116 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187,

188 -, osteoma 188 frontal nerve, frontal artery, anato-

my 7,8,9,23 frontal sinus -, adenocarcinoma 225-227 -, anatomy 11 -, duraplasty, technique 131, 132 -, epidural abscess, osteoplastic ex-

posure 154, 155 -, fibrous bone dysplasia 196, 199 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid

leak 128 -, meningioma 219 frontobasal dysraphic anomalies,

classification 114 frontobasal epidermal cyst, fistula,

surgical removal 120 fronto-orbital external ethmoidec­

tomy, hygrophysectomy, surgical technique 274

frontotemporal craniotomy, retro­sellar, parasellar tumors, surgical technique 278, 279

G

geniculate ganglion, transmeatal decompression, operative tech­nique 481, 482

giant cell granuloma, malignant, histology 184

glioma, anatomy 4

glomus tumor -, carotid body, tumor, associa­

tion 327 -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm,

internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, lateral posterior skull base 414-

424 -, surgical treatment 63, 64, 67,

70,414-424 glossopharyngeal nerve -, anatomy 62, 63, 67, 86, 87, 88,

493 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 glossopharyngeal neuralgia -, compression syndrome 64 -, sucessful therapy with vascular

decompression 369, 370, 374 -, tumors, internal auditory canal,

cerebellopontine angle 376 glottis, incompetent, paralytic

dysphagia 426

H

halo apparatus, stabilization of craniocervical junction 470

head -, anatomy, coronal section, inferi-

or aspect 49 -, -, -, posterior aspect 38 -, midsagittal section 93 hearing loss -, conductive-sensorineural, men­

ingioma, anterior, middle, poste­rior cranial fossae 348

-, labyrinthectomy 481 hemangioma, cavernous, orbit

184, 185 hemapoetic system, tumors, histo­

logical classification 184 hematoma -, eosinophilic pituitary adenoma

286 -, epidural, osteoplastic cranio­

tomy 238-240 hemifacial spasms -, hearing loss, hypertension, verte­

bral artery looping, cerebello­pontine angle 374

-, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376

hemiparesis, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297

hemorrhage -, intracerebral contusions, im-

pending herniation 240 -, intracerebral, diagnosis 234 -, -, traumatic, CT 131 hemorrhages, middle meningeal ar­

tery, trephination sites 236 histiocytosis, facial bones, skull,

histologic classification 184

hydrocephalus -, obstructive, pituitary adenoma,

craniopharyngioma, third ventri­cle, invasion surgical technique 279-282

-, -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297

-, -, tumors blocking circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 464, 465

hypertension, essential, vascular decompression of medulla ob­longata 374

hypoglossic artery, anatomy, to­pography 60, 61, 67, 83, 89

hypoglossic nerve -, anatomy, topography 60, 61,

67, 83, 89 -, facial nerve anastomosis 496,

497 hypophysectomy -, microsurgical anatomy 280 -, three-dimensional representation

of tumor extent 280 -, transcranial intradural approach,

surgical technique 276 -, transseptosphenoidal approach,

surgical technique 273, 274 hypothalamus -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical

technique, avoiding complica­tions 278, 292

-, meningioma, microsurgery 213

I

iliac corticocancellous graft, cran­iocervical junction, posterior sta­bilization 470

indications -, acoustic neurinoma, different

microsurgical approaches 377

-, Anderson type III fracture, dens axis, C2 , rigid internal fixation 468

-, anterior skull base tumors, be­nign 159, 160

-, -, malignant 224, 225 -, biopsy, nasopharyngeal 349,

350 -, clivus, combined supra- and in­

fratentorial approach 450 -, combined extracranial-intracrani­

al approach to the middle skull base 312

-, craniocervical junction, surgical exposure 460

-, dens axis luxation, tension band fixation 467

-, different approaches, benign, malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base, operative strategy 297

Subject Index 517

-, extracranial approaches, middle skull base 300

-, facial nerve lesions, definitive re­pair 474

-, foramen occipitale magnum, ex­posure 460

-, intracranial extradural approach to the middle skull base 307

-, Jefferson burst fractures, atlas tension-band fixation 467

-, lateral suboccipital approach, clivus tumors 443

-, microsurgical exploration of cer­ebellopontine angle 370

-, operative exposure of sellar re­gion, techniques 273, 274

-, pituitary, different surgical ap­proaches 273, 274

-, surgical stabilization, craniocerv­ical junction 467

-, temporal intracranial intradural approach to the middle skull base 308

-, traumatic lesions, anterior skull base 127

-, -, middle skull base 234 inflammatory disorders -, abscess, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, -, skull base, therapeutic strat-

egy 155, 156 -, -, epidural, osteoplastic expo­

sure, frontal sinus 154, 155 -, -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, -, peritonsillar, differential diag-

nosis: aneurysm, carotid artery 331, 332, 333

-, anterior skull base, complica­tions, treatment 154-158

-, cholesteatoma, false, chronic oti­tis media 263

-, cholesteatoma removal, princi-ples 264, 265

-, empyema, clinically occult 155 -, -, subdural, CT 156 -, jugular vein thrombosis 265,

266 -, meningitis, ascending, fractures,

middle skull base 235 -, meningoencephalitis 154, 155 -, middle skull base 263-272 -, mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, osteomyelitis, frontal, rhinogen-

ic 155 -, otitis externa, necrotizing 269,

270 -, -, -, facial nerve decompression

479 -, otitis media, chronic, facial

nerve decompression, operative techniques 479-481

-, -, early stage meningioma 343 -, otogenic brain abscess 268

518 Subject Index

inflammatory disorders -, petrous bone, facial nerve de­

compression 479 -, polyneuritis, Bell's palsy, facial

nerve 480 -, sinus thrombosis, operative tech­

nique 267, 268 -, thrombosis, otogenic jugular

vein-sigmoid sinus-transverse si­nus, surgery 265-268

-, venous sinus thrombosis 154 infratemporal fossa -, access, lateral extracranial ap-

proach 298, 299 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, fractures 143 -, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, meningioma 219 -, tumor, posteroinferior ap-

proach 306 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 infratemporal plane, anatomy 38-

40 infratentorial region, exposure,

subtemporal transtentorial ap­proach 348

infratentorial space, invasion, tu­mors, lateral middle skull base 297

internal acoustic meatus, topogra­phy, dimensions 84, 85

internal auditory canal -, facial nerve, end-to-end anasto­

mosis 488 -, facial nerve segment, anatomy

474,475 -, false cholesteatoma, invasion

263 -, general, special operative tech­

niques 360 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosig­

moid) approach 361 -, meningioma 377 -, methods of identifying 254,

255,256 -, transtemporal extradural ap­

proach 252, 253 -, tumors, diagnosis, symptoms

376, 377 internal carotid artery -, agenesis, hypoplasia 66 -, anatomy 65, 242, 336 -, aneurysm, close to the skull

base 331-333 -, aneurysms, differential diagno­

sis: glomus tumor 66, 67, 70, 71

-, approach to Parkinson's trian­gle 24

-, ascending petrous part, expos­ing 70

-, bone splinters, carotid-cavernous sinus fistula 136

-, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, collateral circulation, tumor sur-

gery 183 -, compression syndrome 66 -, course, classification 66 -, compressive occlusion, tumors,

lateral middle skull base 297 -, course in the cavernous sinus

242 -, embolization, carotid-cavernous

fistula 247, 248 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-

posure 304 -, intracranial clipping, carotid-ca­

vernous fistula 247 -, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistu­

la 245,246 -, meningioma, surgery 210 -, occlusion, chondroma, middle

skull base 335 -, perforating bone spicule, caro­

tid-cavernous fistula 234 -, presentation, temporal intracra­

nial intradural approach to the middle skull base 309

-, sphenocavernous meningioma 218

-, sphenoid wing meningioma 213 -, sympathetic plexus 63 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural

(pterional) craniotomy 309, 310, 311

-, transfrontotemporal intradural orbitotomy 178

-, transverse portion 270 internal jugular vein -, anatomy 57, 69, 493 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-

posure 302 -, ligation, necrotizing otitis exter­

na 270 internal porus acusticus, cerebello­

pontine angle, topography 79, 80

intracranial pressure, rise, tumors, lateral middle scull base 297

intraventricular hemorrhage, trau­matic, CT 130

isotope scan -, cochleomeatal, tumors of inter­

nal auditory canal 377 -, cranial, early diagnosis, tumors,

anterior skull base 159 -, -, eosinophilic granuloma, fron­

tal bone 188 -, -, necrotizing otitis media 269 -, -, tumor extent, lateral middle

skull base 297

J

Jefferson burst fractures, atlas, ten­sion band fixation 467

jugular bulb, extracranial poster-oinferior exposure 304

jugular foramen -, anatomy, topography 47, 59 -, facial nerve, cranial nerves

270 -, patterns of subdivision 59, 60 jugular vein, thrombosis, surgical

treatment 265-268 juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofi­

broma, surgery 200-204

K

Kronlein's trephine sites, acute epi­dural hemorrhage 237

L

labyrinth, false cholesteatoma 263 labyrinthitis, osteomyelitis, skull

base 269, 270 laminectomy -, atlantoaxial 463 -, atlas, space occupying lesions,

craniocervical junction 465 larynx, compression, neurofibro­

matosis 313, 315 lateral middle skull base -, intracranial extradural ap­

proach 307 -, lateral extracranial approach

298,299 -, tumors, clinical symptomato-

logy 297 -, -, operative strategy 296, 297 lateral skull base -, injuries 234, 240, 241 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine

approach 257-259 luxation, traumatic, dens base, An­

derson type III fractur C2 468, 469

lymphangioma, middle skull base, special operative techniques 313

M

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, sella, indications 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337 -, tumor extent, lateral middle

skull base 297 -, tumors of cerebellopontine an-

gle 377 malformations -, anterior skull base 114 -, anterior skull base, anatomy 4 mandibula, postnatal development,

anatomy 39, 41

mandibular joint -, anatomy, topography 41 -, traumatic displacement into the

middle cranial fossa 235 mandibulectomy -, ear canal carcinoma, petrosec­

tomy, parotidectomy, facial nerve reconstruction 492, 493

-, lateral extracranial approach, lat­eral middle skull base 298, 299

masseter muscle transfer, facial re­habilitation 503

masticatory space, anatomy, to­pography 40, 48, 49, 51

mastoid bone, transmastoid ap­proach 257

mastoid process, tumors, extrac­ranial posteroinferior approach 300-306

mastoidectomy -, facial nerve graft, intracranial,

intratemporal anastomosis 486, 487

-, facial nerve segments, exposure 483,484

maxillary artery -, anatomical course, variations

51, 52, 53 -, extracranial, lateral craniotomy

299 maxillary sinus -, anatomy 20 -, osteoma 188 maxillary tumors, resection, orbital

exenteration 163 medulla oblongata -, compression, atherosclerotic ver­

tebral artery 374 -, compression syndrome, space

occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464, 465

-, vascular decompression, essential hypertension 374

meningeal arteries, topographY, middle cranial fossa 73

meningioma -, anterior, middle, posterior skull

base, case reports 343-349 -, anterior skull base, classifica­

tion 208 -, classification, surgical stand­

point 208 -, clivus, transpetrosal-transtentor-

ial approach 450 -, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, dissecting technique 208 -, early-stage, secretory otitis me-

dia, hearing loss 343 -, extracranial extension 219-322 -, intra-, extracranial extension,

surgical techniques 208, 209, 222

-, intraosseous skull base 223 -, lateral anterior skull base 219,

220 -, malignant, surgery 224 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa,

pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, olfactory groove 209, 210 -, optic sheath, surgery 181, 221 -, petroclival, combined subtem-

poral-lateral suboccipital ap­proach, case reports 343-349, 454-457

-, planum sphenoidale 210-213 -, sphenocavernous 218, 219 -, sphenoid wing, removal, micro-

surgery 212-217 -, transfrontal intradural exposure,

technique 167, 168 -, transfrontotemporal, transtentor-

ial removal 344 -, tuberculum sellae 210-213 meningiomas -, classification, surgical aspects

343 -, middle skull base, operative

treatment 343-349 meningitis, ascending, fractures,

middle skull base 235 meningocele -, anatomy, possible sites 4, 5 -, removal, surgical technique

117, 118 meningoencephalitis -, progressive necrotizing otitis ex­

terna 269 -, sinusitis, complications 154 meningoencephalocele, dysraphic

anomalies, classification 114 mesencephalon -, anterior part, fiber systems, nu­

clei 78 -, arteries, superficial veins, topog­

raphy 75,77 -, compression, tumors, tentorial

incisure 333 metastases, craniocervical junction,

stabilizing surgical procedures 467--471

microsurgery -, acoustic neurinoma, vascular de­

compression of trigeminal nerve, different approaches 377, 382, 385, 393, 394, 395

-, anatomy following pituitary tu­mor removal 280

-, cerebellopontine angle explora­tion 369

-, cholesteatoma removal 263-265 -, clivus, operating technique, ad-

vantages 430 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentor­

ial 340, 341

Subject Index 519

-, indications for exploration of cerebellopontine angle 370

-, lateral suboccipital (retrosig­moid) craniotomy 362

-, nerve suture, operative tech­nique 478, 479

-, tumors, tentorial incisure 333, 335

microsurgical technique -, pituitary tumors, transsepto­

sphenoidal approach 273, 274, 275

-, tumor surgery, advantages 170 -, ultrasonic aspirator, CO2 laser

465 middle cranial fossa -, anatomy, subtemporal-, tran­

stentorial-, middle fossa-ap­proach 72

-, chondroma, surgical removal 334, 335

-, chordoma, case report 443, 446--449

-, extradural transtemporal cranio­tomy 484

-, facial nerve exposition, internal auditory and fallopian canals 483

-, floor, topography 72 -, foramina, landmarks 73 -, meningioma, pre-, postoperative

CT 440 -, meningiomas 343-349 -, sphenocavernous meningioma

218 -, temporomandibular joint, trau­

matic displacement 235 middle meningeal artery -, extracranial lateral exposure

299 -, hemorrhages, trephination sites

236 middle skull base -, anatomy 47 -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, chondrosarcoma, case report

354, 355 -, chordoma, CT 297 -, combined extra-intracranial ap-

proach 312, 313 -, extracranial posteroinferior ap­

proach 300-306 -, inflammatory disorders, choles­

teatoma 264, 265 -, -, osteomyelitis 269 -, -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid

sinus - transverse sinus throm­bosis 265

-, intracranial extradural ap­proach 307, 308

-, lymphangioma, special operative techniques 313

520 Subject Index

middle skull base -, neurofibromatosis von Reck­

linghausen, special operative techniques 313-318

-, otogenic brain abscess 268 -, resection, sphenocavernous men-

ingioma 218 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural

approach, operative technique 308-312

-, transcranial intradural ap­proach 334, 335

-, transmastoid translabyrinthine approach 257-259

-, traumatic lesions, arachnoid cyst formation 235

-, -, ascending meningitis 235 -, -, carotid-cavernous fistula 234,

242, 243, 245 -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage

234 -, -, cholesteatoma 235 -, -, chronic subdural hematoma,

craniotomy 236, 238, 239 -, -, craniectomy, extended burr­

hole trephination 236, 237 -, -, fractures, transcranial or

transmastoid approach 235 -, -, hemorrhages of middle men-

ingeal artery 236 -, -, indications 234 -, -, laterobasal fractures 235 -, -, osteoplastic craniotomy 238-

240 -, tumors, aneurysm, internal caro­

tid artery, differential diagnosis 331-333

-, -, auditory canal carcinoma 351

-, -, chemodectoma 63,64,67, 70, 327-331

-, -, cholesteatoma, microsurgical treatment 340--342

-, -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, -, chondroma 334, 335 -, -, chordoma 297, 350 -, -, epidermoid 340-342 -, -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, -, meningiomas 343-349 -, -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve

337-340 -, -, osteoma 327-329 -, -, parotid gland adenoma, recur-

rence 321-323 -, -, rhabdomyosarcoma 350 -, -, sella region 273-296 -, -, temporal, intracranial intra-

dural (pterional) craniotomy 308-312

-, -, tentorial incisure, operative remarks 333-335

-, -, trochlear nerve 335-337 Minerva Jacket, bony fusion, cran-

iocervical function, stabilization 471

Morquio's disease, progressive te­traplegia, stabilizing surgical procedures 467--471

mortality, acoustic neurinoma, dif­ferent approaches 378

mucocele, space occupying, sphe-noid sinus 157

myxoma -, facial bones, histology 184 -, paranasal sinuses 318

N

nasal bones, piriform aperture, anatomy 27

nasal cavity -, juvenile nasopharyngeal fibro­

ma 202 -, nasopharyngeal encephalocele,

herniation 116 -, osteoma 188 nasal cysts -, anatomy 4 -, removal, surgical technique

117,118 nasal septum -, arteries, topography 28 -, extradural duraplasty Kley,

Schreiner and Herrmann 134 -, pituitary, transseptal, transs­

phenoidal approach 27 nasal sinus, tumors, resection,

preservation of lacrimal drain­age 162

nasolabial soft tissue, facial reha­bilitation 499, 500

nasolacrimal canal, topography 20 nasopharyngeal encephaloceles, in­

dications for surgery 117 nasopharynx, tumors, lateral mid­

dle skull base 296 nerve suture, operative techniques

478,479 nervus intermedius, inferior cere­

bellar artery, facial nerve, vesti­bulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84

neurilemmoma, histology 184 neurinoma -, acoustic, intracranial-intratem­

poral facial nerve grafting 486, 487

-, trigeminal nerve, CT, magnetic resonance imaging 444

-, -, surgical treatment 337-340 -, trochlear nerve, surgical treat-

ment 335-337 neuroblastoma, olfactory, nose,

paranasal sinuses 206 neurofibromatosis, middle skull

base, special operative tech­niques 313-318

neuronography, intraoperative, fa­cial nerve segment, exposure 483

newborn, basal skull, anatomy 5 nose -, chondroblastoma 324 -, malignant tumors 224 -, olfactory neuroblastoma, paran-

asal sinuses 206 nystagmus, meningioma, petrous

margin 346

o occipital artery, topographY, vari-

ants 67 occipital condyles, anatomy 94 oculomotor nerve -, anatomy 336 -, displacement, meningioma, pe-

trous margin 346 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335 -, sphenocavernous meningioma

219 -, temporal, intradural (pterional)

craniotomy 310, 311 oculomotor paralysis, chondroma,

intradural, middle skull base 335

olfactory fibers, injury, duraplasty 134

olfactory fossa, anatomy 13, 14 olfactory groove meningioma, di­

agnosis, surgery 209, 210 olfactory nerve, anatomy 336 olfactory neuroblastoma, diagnosis,

surgery 204-207 operability, malignant tumors, an­

terior skull base 159, 160 operative strategy, lateral middle

skull base tumors 297 ophthalmic artery, anatomy 9, 10,

38 optic canal, topography 1, 10,

16--19, 38 optic chiasm -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation

281 -, meningioma, surgery 210 optic nerve -, compression, juvenile nasophar­

yngeal angiofibroma 204 -, -, lateral middle skull base tu­

mors, visual defects 297 -, compression syndrome, muco­

cele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, decompression, after trauma

149 -, -, intraosseous skull base men­

ingioma 223 -, -, transethmoidal approach

150, 151 -, -, transfrontal extradural ap­

proach 168

-, -, transfrontal intradural ap­proach 151

-, intracranial part, topography 75

-, meningioma, surgery 191, 210 -, presentation, temporal intracra-

nial intradural approach to the middle skull base 309

-, resection, transfrontal extradural exposure 181

-, sheath, meningioma, surgery 181, 221

-, sphenocavernous meningioma 218, 219

-, sphenoid wing meningioma 213 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural

(pterional) craniotomy 309, 310 -, transfrontal extradural resection,

sheath meningioma 181 -, vision loss, paranasal sinus car-

cinoma 224 orbit -, anatomy 9, 10, 19, 23 -, cavernous hemangioma 184,

185 -, craniofacial, synostoses, dysos­

toses, technique of Tessier 123, 124

-, epithelialization, scalp flap 167 -, exenteration, extracranial ap-

proach, anterior skull base 163, 164

-, extended transfrontotemporal in­tradural approach 183

-, infiltration, exenteration, adeno­carcinoma, frontal sinus 225, 226

-, invasion, ethmoid carcinoma 227

-, involvement, intra-, extracranial meningioma 222

-, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, lateral bony orbitotomy 178 -, meningioma 219 -, osteoma 190 -, reconstruction, after removal of

fibrous dysplasia 196 -, roof, fracture 149 -, spheno-orbital encephalocele

116 -, squamous cell carcinoma, paran­

asal sinuses, CT 224 -, transfrontal extradural ap­

proach 179, 180 -, transfrontal intracranial ap­

proach 178 -, transfrontoethmoidal approach

177 -, transfrontotemporal intradural

approach 182 -, tumors, surgery 177-196 orbital roof, fracture, exposure

149

orbital wall, removal, fibrous bone dysplasia, frontal sinus 196-199

orbitotomy -, operative technique 177-183 -, topography 20-22 oropharynx -, carotid body tumor 327 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 osteochondroma, facial-, skull

bones, histologic classification 184

osteogenic sarcoma, skull bones, classification 184

osteoid osteoma, craniocervical junction 460

osteoma -, anterior skull base 188-194 -, middle skull base, temporal

bone 327-329 osteomyelitis -, frontal, rhinogenic 155 -, middle skull base, possible path-

ways 269 otitis externa -, necrotlZlng 269, 270 -, necrotizing, facial nerve decom-

pression 479 otitis media -, chronic, facial nerve decompres­

sion, operative techniques 479-481

-, -, false cholesteatoma 263 -, secretory, early-stage meningio-

ma 343

p

palliative operation, tumors, ante­rior skull base 160

paraganglioma, carotid body tu­mor 327

paralytic dysphagia, Denecke oper-ation 426, 427

paranasal sinuses -, anatomy 15 -, chondroblastoma 324 -, involvement, intra-, extracranial

meningioma 222 -, malignant tumors 224 -, myxoma, fibromyxoma 318 -, olfactory neuroblastoma 204,

206 -, osteoma 188, 189 -, squamous cell carcinoma, CT

224 -, tumors, clinical signs 159 -, -, resection 162 para-, peripharyngeal spaces, anat­

omy 48, 51, 65 parapharyngeal space, glossopha­

ryngeal nerve, course 88 parasellar tumors, surgical ap­

proaches 279-296, 450

Subject Index 521

Parkinson's triangle -, surgical approach 25, 26 -, topography 24, 25 parotid gland -, adenoma, with extension into

the skull base 321-323 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-

ferior approach 300-306 -, -, operative strategy 297 parotidectomy -, facial nerve resection, intra-, ex­

tratemporal reconstruction 492, 493

-, lymphangioma, neck 314 -, necrotizing otitis externa 269 permanent internal fixation, cran­

iocervical junction, bony fusion, stabilization 471

petrosectomy, ear canal carcinoma, facial nerve resection, intra-, ex­tratemporal reconstruction 492, 493

petrous bone -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, fractures, facial nerve exposi-

tion 483 -, inflammation, facial nerve de­

compression 479 -, operative landmarks 79 petrous margin, meningioma, case

report 346-348 petrous pyramid -, infiltration, neurofibromatosis

315 -, inflammatory complications 263 -, transmastoid approach 257 -, trans temporal extradural ap-

proach 252, 253 -, traumatic lesions, surgical ap­

proach 252 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 pharyngeal artery, anatomy, vari­

ants 67,68 pharynx, paralysis, Denecke opera­

tion 426, 427 pituitary -, cavernous sinus, anatomy, cor­

onal section 29 -, frontolateral approach, topogra­

phy 34 -, transcranial intradural approach,

surgical technique 276 -, transmaxillary transethmoidosp­

enoidal hypophysectomy 274 -, transseptal transsphenoidal ap­

proach 27, 28, 274, 275 pituitary adenoma -, invading third ventricle, obstruc­

tive hydrocephalus, surgical technique 279-282

-, small, transseptosphenoidal ap­proach 282, 283

522 Subject Index

pituitary cistern, anatomy 30, 31 pituitary region -, bony structures 31 -, midsagittal section 30 pituitary tumors -, different surgical approaches

273,274 -, eosinophilic adenoma, frontal

craniotomy 286, 287 -, prolactinoma 282 -, small, special operative tech-

niques 282 -, suprasellar adenoma, frontal, bi­

frontal craniotomy 282-295 -, three-dimensional representation

of tumor extent 280 -, transsphenoidal approach

432 plain X-ray film, Andersen type

III fracture, C2 , displacement of dens base 468

planum sphenoidale, meningioma 210

plasmocytoma, craniocervical junc­tion 460

pneumatocele, anterior skull base injuries 128

pneumocisternography, tumors of internal auditory canal, cere bel­lopontine angle 377

pneumoencephalography, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297

polyneuritis, cranial, acute, Bell's palsy, facial nerve 480

porus acusticus, inferior cerebellar artery, facial nerve, vestibulo­cochlear nerve, topographic rela­tions 83, 84

posterior communicating artery, anterior choroid artery, topogra­phy 75,76

posterior cranial fossa -, anatomy 463 -, chordoma, case report 443,

446-449 -, meningioma, case reports 343-

349 -, -, pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, sphenocavernous meningioma

219 posterior inferior cerebellar artery,

aneurysm, craniocervical junc­tion, microsurgical removal 365-367

posterior nasal sinus, comminuted fracture 148

posterior skull base -, cerebellopontine angle, cranial

nerves decompression 369-376 -, -, surgical approaches 360 -, internal auditory canal, surgical

approaches 360

-, meningioma, case reports 343-349

-, surgery 359-427 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine

approach 257-259 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine

cochlear nerve resection 365, 366

-, transtemporal vestibular neurec­tomy 363-365

-, tumors, acoustic neurinoma, vascular decompression of trige­minal nerve, different ap­proaches, 377, 382, 385, 393, 394,395

-, -, cerebellopontine angle 376, 377

-, -, internal auditory canal 376, 377

primitive hypoglossic artery, post­occipital artery, anatomy 67

prognosis, olfactory neuroblasto­ma 205

prolactinoma, radiotherapy, surgi­cal treatment 282

pterygoid fossa -, access, lateral extracranial ap­

proach 298, 299 -, anatomy, operative exposure

43,47 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, tumors, extracranial posteroin-

ferior approach 300-306 -, -, lateral middle skull base

296 pterygopalatine fossa -, anatomy, openings, coronal sec-

tion 45,46 -, comminuted fractures 143 -, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, tumors, operability 160 pterygopalatine ganglion, topogra­

phy 55 pterygospinous ligament, topogra­

phy 50 pyramidal tract disturbances, tu­

mors, lateral middle skull base 297

R

radiotherapy, prolactinoma 282 reticulo-endothelial tumors, facial

bones, skull, histology 184 rhabdomyosarcoma, middle skull

base 350 rheumatoid arthritis, atlanto axial

instability, stabilizing surgical procedures 467-471

rhinobase, fracture, Kley durap-lasty 134, 135

rhinorrhea -, cerebrospinal, diagnosis 128 -, -, duraplasty 131-142

rhinoscopy, anterior, olfactory neuroblastoma 206

rhomboid fossa, floor, nuclei 81 rigid internal fixation, Anderson

type III fracture, C2 , traumatic displacement, dens base 469

S

sagittal sinus, thrombosis 154 salivary glands, tumors 321 sarcoma -, anterior skull base, surgery 224 -, skull bones, histology 184 scalp, anatomy 7-10 scalp flap, epithelialization of skull

base 167 scan -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal

bone 188 -, radionuclide, early diagnosis, tu­

mors, anterior skull base 159 -, -, inflammatory disorders, nec­

rotizing otitis externa 269 scintigraphy, cochleomeatal, tu­

mors of internal auditory canal 377

sella -, anatomy 27 -, bony structures 31 -, cavernous sinus, topography

29,30 -, diaphragma, topography 31, 32 -, floor, mean width 31, 32 -, radiologic investigation 273 -, retro-, parasellar tumors, fronto-

temporal craniotomy, surgical technique 278, 279

-, sphenoid sinus, distance 91 -, sphenoid sinus mucocele 157,

158 -, transseptal, transsphenoidal ap-

proach 27-31, 274, 275 -, tuberculum, meningioma 210 -, -, morphologic variants 32 -, tumors, retrochiasmatic expo-

sure 279 sella region -, midsagittal anatomic section

30 -, transcranial intradural ap­

proach 32 -, tumors, surgical techniques

273-296 -, vascular anatomy 242, 243 sigmoid sinus -, exposition, lateral suboccipital

(retrosigmoid) craniotomy 361, 362

-, extracranial posteroinferior ex­posure 305

-, ligation, complications 450 -, thrombosis, surgical treatment

265-268

sinus thrombosis, operative tech-nique 267

skull, closure defects 114 skull base -, bimastoid line (Fisch-Gold­

Metzger) tomogram 460 -, bony errosion, false cholesteato­

ma 263 -, carotid body tumor 327 -, combined intra- and extracranial

approach 169 -, destruction, supra-, parasellar

pituitary adenoma 288, 289 -, extracranial approach 160, 163 -, facial nerve, anatomical course

474 -, facial nerve suture, microsurgical

technique 478, 479 -, fronto-orbital exploration 136 -, inferior surface, anatomy 49 -, intracranial approach 167 -, neurofibromatosis, special opera-

tive techniques 313-318 -, resection, dural, osseous 172,

173 -, see anterior, lateral, middle, pos­

terior skull base -, surgery, facial nerve 473-507 -, three layer reconstruction 171-

177 -, transfrontal extra-, intradural

approach 168, 169 -, tumors, histological classifica­

tion 184 -, -, directions of spreading 90 soft palate, paralysis, Denecke op-

eration 426 space occupying lesions -, anterior skull base 159-232 -, clivus 90, 91, 289, 300-302,

432, 435, 441--446, 450--457 -, lateral posterior skull base 410-

425 -, middle skull base 273-356 -, posterior skull base 377--409 -, see abscess, aneurysm, fistula,

hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, tu­mors

sphenoid sinus -, anatomic variability 28, 29 -, aperture, position 92 -, bone resection, pituitary ad-

enoma 289 -, cerebrospinal fluid leak, durap­

lasty 135-138 -, -, problems of treatment 136,

137 -, -, transfrontoethmoidal fascial

pouch insertion 137 -, duraplasty 135-138 -, fibrous dysplasia 196 -, fractures, cerebrospinal fluid

leak 128

-, -, duraplasty, technique 135, 136

-, intraoperative endoscopy, brain herniation 136

-, mucocele, space occupying 157 -, penetration, sphenocavernous

meningioma, CT 219 -, pituitary, transsphenoidal ap­

proach, surgical technique 274 -, resection, pituitary adenoma

289 -, sella, distance 91 sphenoid wing -, meningioma, CT 220 -, -, removal, microsurgery 212-

217 sphenoidotomy, transnasal, muco­

cele of sphenoid sinus 158 sphenomaxillary fissure, shape 45 spheno-orbital encephaloceles, indi­

cations for surgery 117 sphenopharyngeal fascia, topogra­

phy 50 spinal cord -, compression, incurable tumors,

rigid internal fixation 470 -, -, surgical exposure 460 stylopharyngeal fascia, topogra­

phy 50 subarachnoidal cisterns, aneurys­

matic hemorrhage 75 subarachnoidal spaces, anatomy

74,75 subdural hematoma, trephine sites

237 subluxation, atlantoaxial, stabiliz­

ing surgical procedures 467--471 subtraction angiogram -, aneurysm, vertebral artery 645-

647 -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 superior petrosal sinus, temporal,

intradural (pterional) cranio­tomy 310, 311

supraorbital, supratrochlear nerves, anatomy 8, 9, 23

suprasellar tumors, surgical ap­proaches 279-296

sural nerve graft, facial nerve re­construction, operative tech­niques 476, 477, 494

sylvian fissure, opening, structures of tentorial incisure 334

synostoses, dysostoses, craniofa­cial 114

T

tarsorrhaphy, facial rehabilitation 499, 500

temporal bone -, osteoma 327-329 -, petrous part, canals, cavities, to-

pography 70, 71

Subject Index 523

temporal fossa -, anatomy 36, 37 -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, fracture, duraplasty 145 -, meningioma, CT 220 -, postnatal deepening 72 temporalis-, masseter muscles,

transfer, rehabilitation, facial nerve 501, 502, 503

temporary internal fixation, cranio­cervical function, bony fusion 471

temporomandibular joint -, anatomy, topography 41 -, traumatic displacement into the

middle cranial fossa 235 tension band, internal fixation,

Anderson type III fracture, C2 469

tentorial incisure -, meningioma, case reports 343-

349 -, tumors, operative strategy 333 -, -, temporal intracranial intradur-

al approach 308-312 tentorium -, incarceration, intracranial mass

lesions 130 -, meningioma, transfrontotempor­

aI, transtentorial removal 344

-, middle cranial fossa 74, 75 tests -, audiologic, vestibular, tumors of

internal auditory canal, cerebel­lopontine angle 377

-, electrophysiologic, facial nerve 474, 480, 481

third ventricle -, compression, clivus chordoma,

CT, frontotemporal removal 441

-, craniopharyngioma, invasion, obstructive hydrocephalus, surgi­cal technique 279-282

-, displacement, meningioma, mid­dle, posterior cranial fossa, CT 440

-, -, trigeminal neurinoma 337 thrombosis -, carotid-cavernous fistula

250 -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid si­

nus-transverse sinus, surgical treatment 265-268

-, sagittal sinus 154 tinnitus -, cochlear nerve resection 363 -, false cholesteatoma 263 tomogram -, Anderson type III fracture,

C2 , displacement of dens base 468

524 Subject Index

tomogram ~, bimastoid line, basilar impres­

sion 460 ~, Chamberlain's line, craniocervi­

cal junction 460 ~, comminuted fracture of facial

skeleton 148 ~, cranial, traumatic lesions

128 ~, facial skeleton fracture 148 ~, Fisch-Gold-Metzger line, cranio­

cervical junction 460 ~, frontal sinus, adenocarcinoma

225 ~, osteoma, anterior skull base

191, 194 ~, skull base, bimastoid line, basi­

lar impression 460 ~, ~, von Recklinghausen's neurofi­

bromatosis 316 tomography ~, craniocervical junction, stabiliz­

ing procedures 460 ~, sella, indications 273 ~, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 297 torticollis, spastic, vascular decom­

pression of caudal cranial nerves 374

trachea, compression, neurofibro­matosis 313, 315

tracheostomy, Denecke operation, vagus nerve paralysis 427

translabyrinthine vestibulocochlear neurectomy, special operative technique 365, 366

transseptosphenoidal approach, pi­tuitary, surgical technique 274, 275

transverse sinus ~,exposition, lateral suboccipital

(retrosigmoid) craniotomy 361, 362

~, ligation, complications 450 ~, thrombosis, surgical treatment

265~268

traumatic lesions ~, Anderson type III fracture, C2 ,

dens base displacement, rigid in­ternal fixation 469

~, anterior skull base 127, 128 ~,~, comminuted fractures 143 ~, ~, duraplasty, principles, tech-

niques 131~143

~, ~, fronto-orbital repair 132 ~,~, operation timing 129 ~, ~, radiologic studies 128 ~, atlanto-occipital joint, stabilizing

surgical procedures 467-471 ~, cerebrospinal fluid, laboratory

tests 127, 128 ~, chronic subdural hematoma

236, 238, 239

~, complications, laterobasal frac­tures 235

~, craniocervical junction, Jefferson burst fractures, atlas, tension band fixation 467

~, dens axis luxation, posterior sta­bilization with bone graft 470

~,dura 128 ~, dura-, brain herniation, into the

middle ear 235 ~, extended burr-hole trephination

236 ~, facial nerve, decompression

479,480 ~, internal auditory canal 235,

252 ~, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain

herniation, osteoplastic cranio­tomy 240

~, middle skull base, carotid-caver­nous fistula 234, 242, 243, 245

~, ~,cholesteatoma 235 ~, ~, fractures, cerebrospinal fluid

leakage 234 ~, ~, ~, otobase, rhino base 234,

235 ~, ~,indications 234 ~, ~, open comminuted vault frac­

ture 240, 241 ~, ~, osteoplastic craniotomy 238~

240 ~, optic nerve, decompression 149,

150 ~, osteoplastic craniotomy 238,

240 ~, petrous pyramid 252 trigeminal nerve ~, carotid canal, surgical exposure

71 ~, exit zone from brain stem, longi­

tudinal section 369 ~, infiltration, meningioma, petrous

margine 346 ~, neurinoma, CT, magnetic reso­

nance imaging 444 ~,~, surgical treatment 337~340

~, root, cerebellopontine angle, vascular decompression 369

~, sphenocavernous meningioma 219

~, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311

~, vascular decompression, acustic neurinoma, microsurgical remov­al 395

trigeminal neuralgia ~, "idiopathic", vascular depres­

sion, operative technique 370, 371

~, treated with vascular decompres­sion 369

~, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376

trochlear nerve ~,anatomy 336 ~, displacement, meningioma, pe­

trous margin 346 ~, neurinoma, surgical treatment

335~337

~, nucleus, floor of mesencephalic aqueduct, course 76, 79

~, sphenocavernous meningioma 219

~, temporal, intracranial, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 309, 310, 311

tuberculum sellae, morphologic variants 32

tumors ~, anterior skull base, adenocarci­

noma, frontal sinus 225~227

~, ~, benign, malignant, operabi­lity 159

~, ~, cavernous hemangioma, orbit 184, 185

~, ~, early diagnosis, common sur­gical concept 159

~,~, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188

~,~, ethmoid carcinomas 227, 228

~,~, fibrous bone dysplasia 194-200

~, ~, general operative techniques 160

~, ~, intraosseous meningioma 223

~, ~,juvenile nasopharyngeal an-giofibroma 200-204

~,~, malignant 224-229 ~, ~, malignant meningioma 224 ~,~, meningiomas 208~224 ~, ~,metastases 224 ~, ~, olfactory neuroblastoma

204-207 ~, ~, optic sheath meningioma

181, 221 ~,~, osteoma 188~194

~, ~, planum sphenoidale meningio­ma 210

~, ~, preoperative investigations 183

~,~, sarcoma 224 ~, ~, sphenoid wing meningioma

212~217

~,~, spreading 159 ~, ~, tuberculum sellae meningio­

ma 210 ~, benign, craniocervical junction,

basic technique 465 ~, ~, lateral middle skull base, op­

erative strategy 297 ~, "brown", skull-, facial bones

184 ~, carotid canal, extracranial post­

eroinferior approach 300-306

-, cerebellopontine angle, diagno­sis 376, 377

-, clivus, trans sphenoidal ap­proach 432

-, craniocervical junction, indica­tion for surgical exposure 460

-, extracranial, spreading into the fourth ventricle 464, 465

-, facial bones, benign, malignant, review 184

-, facial nerve, operative strategy 297

-, giant cell granuloma-, skull bones 184

-, histological classification 184 -, incurable, craniocervical junc-

tion, rigid internal fixation 470

-, internal auditory canal, diagno­sis 376, 377

-, jugular foramen, extracranial posteroinferior approach 300-306

-, lateral middle skull base, opera­tive strategy 296, 297

-, malignant, anterior skull base 224

-, -, cavernous sinus, pterygopala­tine fossa, operability 160

-, -, lateral middle skull base, op­erative strategy 297

-, -, middle skull base 349 -, maxillary, resection, orbital ex-

enteration 163 -, meningiomas 208-224 -, middle skull base, adenoma,

parotid gland, recurrence 321-323

-, -, aneurysm, internal carotid ar­tery, differential diagnosis 331-333

-, -, auditory canal carcinoma 351-353

-, -, carotid body tumor 327-331 -, -, chemodectoma 63,64,67,

70, 327-331 -, -, chondroblastoma 323-326 -, -, chondroma 334, 335 -, -, chondrosarcoma 354, 355 -, -, chordoma, CT 297, 350 -, -, fibromyxoma 318-321 -, -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve

337-340 -, -, -, trochlear nerve 335-337 -, -, osteoma 327-329 -, -, rhabdomyosarcoma 350 -, -, von Recklinghausen's neurofi-

bromatosis 313-317 -, nasal sinus, resection, preserva­

tion of lacrimal drainage 162 -, obstructive hydrocephalus,

blockage of circulation of cere­brospinal fluid 464, 465

-, paranasal sinus, resection, pres­ervation of lacrimal drainage 162

-, parasellar, transpetrosal, tran­stentorial approach 450

-, parotid gland, operative strate­gy 297

-, pituitary, three-dimensional rep­resentation of tumor extent 280

-, posterior skull base, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgical remov­al 377, 382, 385, 393, 394, 395

-, -, cerebellopontine angle 376, 377

-, -, internal auditory canal 376, 377

-, prepontine, combined supra-, in­fratentorial approach 450

-, retro-, parasellar, frontotemporal craniotomy, surgical technique 278,279

-, sellar region 273 -, suprasellar, transcranial intra-

dural approach, surgical tech­nique 276

-, tentorial incisure, operative strategy 333

-, -, temporal intracranial intradur-al approach 308-312

tympanic nerve -, origin, course, dimensions 87 -, topography 63 tympanoplasty, transmastoid facial

nerve decompression 480

u ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgical

technique 645 upper cervical spine -, bony fusion, external, internal

fixation, halo apparatus, Miner­va Jacket 471

-, destruction by tumors or metas­tases, surgical fixation 467

-, fractures, fixation with tension band and bone cement 467

-, incurable tumors with spinal cord compression, bone graft fixation 470

-, internal fixation with dacron tension band 469

-, traumatic Anderson III fracture, dens displacement, fixation 468

v vagus nerve -, anatomy 62, 88, 89 -, extracranial posteroinferior ex-

posure 302 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 vagus nerve paralysis, Denecke op­

eration 426, 427

Subject Index 525

vascular decompression, trigeminal nerve, acoustic neurinoma, mi­crosurgical removal 395

veins, anatomy, anterior skull base, anterior cranial fossa 69

venous pressure, air embolism, risk, semisitting position of pa­tient 360

ventriculography, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297

vertebral artery -, anatomy 100, 101 -, aneurysm, craniocervical junc-

tion, removal, microsurgical technique 645-647

-, compression, space occupying le­sions, craniocervical junction 464,465

-, medulla oblongata compression, hypertension 374

vertebrobasilar vascular system, vi­sualization, lateral suboccipital craniotomy 443

vestibulocochlear dysfunction, suc­cessful therapy with vascular de­compression 369, 370

vestibulocochlear nerve -, acoustic neurinoma 377 -, course in the posterior fossa 85 -, neurinoma 335 -, neurolysis, extended transtem-

poral approach 374 -, porus acusticus, facial nerve,

nervus intermedius, topographic relations 83, 84

-, topography 80, 85 -, transtemporal extradural resecti-

on 363,364 -, tumors, lateral middle skull

base 296 -, vascular decompression, opera-

tive technique 372, 373 vestibulocochlear neurectomy -, translabyrinthine 365, 366, 368 -, transtemporal 363-365 visual field defects -, optic nerve compression, lateral

middle skull base tumors 297 -, pituitary adenoma, pre-, post­

operative 286, 287 vocal cord paralysis, tumors, inter­

nal auditory canal, cerebellopon­tine angle 376

von Recklinghausen's neurofibro­matosis, middle skull base, spe­cial operative techniques 313-318

z Zoster oticus, facial nerve, tran­

stemporal exposition 483 Zygomatic arch, fracture 145