STATISTICS ON RURALDEVELOPMENT AND
AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME
UNITED NATIONS
Table of Contents
Chapter IIntroduction and Background
Chapter IINational and International Rural Development Policies
1
Chapter IIIConceptual Framework – Rural Areas and Their Classification
Chapter IVConceptual Framework – Rural Development Indicators
Chapter VInventory of National Approaches to Rural Development Statistics
Chapter VIInventory of Rural Indicators by International Organizations
2
Chapter VIIData Sources
Chapter VIIIConceptual Framework: Introduction
3
Chapter IXThe Agricultural Household Concepts and Definitions
Chapter XDefinitions of Income
4
Chapter XIIncome Levels, Distribution, Poverty and Well Being
Chapter XIIMeasurement and Composition of Farm Household Wealth
Chapter XIIIInventory of Methodologies Used Agriculture Income and WealthStatistics
5
Chapter XIVIncome and Wealth Statistics for Selected Countries
Chapter XVFindings and Good Practices in Statistics on Rural Development andAgricultural Household Income – A Contribution to the ImplementationPlan of the Global Strategy
6
7
List of Focus Pieces
Chapter IIntroduction and Background
Chapter IINational and International Rural Development Policies
Chapter IIIConceptual Framework – Rural Areas and Their Classification
Chapter IVConceptual Framework – Rural Development Indicators
8
Chapter VInventory of National Approaches to Rural Development Statistics
Chapter VIInventory of Rural Indicators by International Organizations
Chapter VIIData Sources
Chapter VIIIConceptual Framework: Introduction
9
Chapter IXThe Agricultural Household Concepts and Definitions
Chapter XDefinitions of Income
Chapter XIIncome Levels, Distribution, Poverty and Well Being
Chapter XIIMeasurement and Composition of Farm Household Wealth
Chapter XIIIInventory of Methodologies Used Agriculture Income and WealthStatistics
10
Chapter XIVIncome and Wealth Statistics for Selected Countries
Chapter XVFindings and Good Practices in Statistics on Rural Development andAgricultural Household Income – A Contribution to the ImplementationPlan of the Global Strategy
11
PREFACETO THE HANDBOOK
WHY THIS HANDBOOK?
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
12
not
13
WHO IS THE HANDBOOK WRITTEN FOR?
.
good practice
.
web based living document
DIRECTIONS AND METHODS OF WORK FOR COMPILING THE HANDBOOK
14
DESIGNATION OF THE TASK FORCE AS THE WYE GROUP
Workshop on the Farm Household Firm Unit: Its importancein agriculture and implications for statistics
The Wye Group:Handbook on Rural Households’ Livelihood and Well Being:Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income.
15
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WYE CITY GROUP
16
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics.
17
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics
18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE 2005/2007 EDITION OF THE HANDBOOK
CHAPTER PRINCIPAL AUTHORS
Note: for thesecond edition this material has been split into two chapters (the newChapters III and IV)
Note: this material has been taken into the new ChapterV
Note: this material has been taken intothe new Chapter VI
Note: this material has been taken into the new Chapter VII
Note:material has been transferred to other chapters in the second edition
19
Chapter II
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter V
Chapter V
Chapter X
Chapter XII
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIII
THE 2011 EDITION OF THE HANDBOOK
20
21
LIST OF WYE GROUP MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD
22
LIST OF WYE GROUP OTHER MEMBERS.
23
I. CHAPTER I
I. INTRODUCTION ANDBACKGROUND
I.1 BACKGROUND TO THE HANDBOOK
I.1.1 WHY IS THE HANDBOOK BEING PRODUCED?
developed countries
living rural areas
1
1
CHAPTER I
24
developing countries
Three quarters of the world’s poor live in rural areas of developing countriesand depend mainly on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. In2025, when the majority of the world population is expected to be urban, 60percent of poverty will still be rural. Thus, the millennium development goals ofhalving the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and theproportion of those who suffer from hunger by 2015 cannot be achieved unlessrural poverty is urgently reduced”
“In the 21st century, agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument forsustainable development and poverty reduction. Three of every four poor peoplein developing countries live in rural areas 2.1 billion living on less than $2 aday and 880 million on less than $1 a day and most depend on agriculture fortheir livelihoods”
25
26
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada
agricultural statistics
statistics for rural areas
beyond agriculture
FIGURE I.1Selected Areas of Well Being
27
developing countries
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural andRural Statistics et al
Global Strategy
Global Strategy
Global Strategy
Global Strategy.
a system ofstatistics for rural areas
ad hoc
2
28
Coverage of rural statistics
Finding what data exist, who are the owners, and how they are accessed.
Choice of variables, time periods and basic geographic units
Data acquisition and management
Structure for the management
Defining the household
Classification of households
Defining income
International organizations
OECD
United Nations FAO, World BankGlobal Strategy et al
Eurostat
OECD
Canberra Groupinter alia Luxembourg
29
Income Study [LIS] International Labour Office [ILO],
national organizationslarge differences
scope
objective consolidatehighlight fill gaps
quality
highlight good practicesinventory
benchmarking
I.1.2 WHO IS THE HANDBOOK INTENDED FOR?
assist compilers of the relevant statistics
wide range of users of ruraldevelopment statistics and of household income measures
30
I.1.3 THE ROLE OF STATISTICS
statistics should be policy driven
The quality of indicators
compromise
31
“Tracking results inagriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation” et al
Data sources to be used
Censuses
Sample surveys
Remote sensingadministrative data
Geo referencing of data
Global Strategy
3
32
The geographical unit/reporting unit
The overall integrated data system
Integrated Survey Framework
DataManagement
System
33
I.2 WHAT IS RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND WHY IS IT A POLICYAREA?
territorial conceptmulti sectoral concept
dynamic concept
demographic pressures employment job creation economic wellbeing
economic growth quality of life
clean environment attractivelandscapes cultural heritage
Global Strategy
34
I.3 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – POLICY OBJECTIVES
economically, socially, culturally and environmentally healthy
35
I.4 WHY A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON AGRICULTUREHOUSEHOLD INCOME AND WEALTH?
36
37
I.5 AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLDS, THEIR INCOMES ANDPOLICY OBJECTIVES
direct target group
control production and theuse of resources
highly diverse
38
REFERENCES
What can be done to reduce the high levels of youth joblessness inthe world?
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup: Final Report and Recommendations
Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999 of 17 May 1999 on support for ruraldevelopment from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF)and amending and repealing certain Regulations
39
Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector – 2001 Report
Farm Structure Survey
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less–than–ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
Rural data and rural statistics
Rural Poverty Report 2001 – The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty
Improving prospects for young women and men in the world of work. A Guideto Youth Employment Policy considerations and recommendations for the developmentof National Action Plans on Youth Employment
Global Employment Trends January 2009
road perspective of well being of agricultural andnon agricultural households.
Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development
Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy
Review of Rural Policy. Finland
Territorial Outlook
40
Household Income Issues in OECD Countries: A Synthesis ReportFarm Household
Income – Issues and Policy Responses
The Future of Rural Policy: From Sectoral to Place Based Policies in RuralAreas
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance.
The future of farm policy analysis: A household perspective
Youth Unemployment and Employment Policy. A Global Perspective
Promoting an Integrated Approach to Rural Development in DevelopingCountries for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development – Report of theSecretary General
Measurement of Rural Labour Force in Poland
Africa’s Growing Pains
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
World Development Indicators, 2010
41
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER I
The New RuralEconomy: Change, Dynamism and Government Policy.
Global Employment Trends January 200
Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy
Territorial Outlook
The Future of Rural Policy: From Sectoral to Place Based Policies in RuralAreas
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance
, , New Evidence on the Urbanization of GlobalPoverty
View through a window may influence recovery from surgery Science
Nearby nature: a buffer of life stress among ruralchildren ,
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
World Development Indicators, 2010
42
FURTHER READINGS
Natural amenities and ruraldevelopment: understanding spatial and distributional attributes
Amenities and Rural Development: Theory,Methods and Public Policy
43
Focus on the Importance of Natural Amenities1
44
Nearby Nature: a Buffer of Life Stress Among Rural Children
FOCUS FIGURE I.1Nature moderates effects of stressful life events on psychological distress
45
46
47
FOCUS FIGURE I.2Map of U.S. Natural Amenities Scale
48
Farm Programs, Natural Amenities and Rural Development
Potential Impacts of Changing Agricultural Activities on Scienic Beauty:a Prototypical technique for Automated rapid Assessments
FOCUS FIGURE I.3Land in forest and average rural county population change, 1990 2000
FOCUS FIGURE I.4Preferences in a Swiss agricultural setting
49
FOCUS FIGURE I.5Land in forest and rural county employment indicators
50
FOCUS PIECES
View through a window may influence recovery from surgery Science
Nearby nature: a buffer of life stress among ruralchildren ,
FURTHER READINGS
Natural amenities and ruraldevelopment: understanding spatial and distributional attributes
Amenities and Rural Development: Theory,Methods and Public Policy
51
Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECDCountries
economic base
et al
human capital
migration
Depopulation
repopulation
structural imbalance
high poverty rates socialexclusion
52
Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECD Countries
rural areas are notnecessarily synonymous with economic decline.
et al.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
53
Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy
Classification of rural areas in the Danish Rural Development Programme 20072013
54
Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECD Countries
FOCUS PIECES
The New RuralEconomy: Change, Dynamism and Government Policy.
Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy
Territorial Outlook
The Future of Rural Policy: From Sectoral to Place Based Policies in RuralAreas
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance
55
Focus on Common Problems in Rural Areas of DevelopingCountries
diversity in development experiences
agriculture based countries
transforming countries,
urbanized countries
56
FOCUS PIECES
Global Employment Trends January 200
, , New Evidence on the Urbanization of GlobalPoverty
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
World Development Indicators, 2010
57
CHAPTER II
II. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALRURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
II.1 OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENTPOLICIES
CHAPTER II
58
World Bank review
59
II.2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – A SECTORAL BASED(AGRICULTURE) APPROACH
II.2.1 THE AGRICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
pluriactivefarming
II.2.2 TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE IN THE LAST 50 YEARS – EMPLOYMENTAND PRODUCTIVITY
rapidly falling employment
high productivity increases
cultivated farmland area has been more or less stable
4
60
agricultural labour productivity
et al
II.2.3 TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE IN THE LAST 30 YEARS IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES – PRODUCTIVITY
61
62
II.2.4 THE CURRENT SITUATION FOR AGRICULTURE
COUNTRY 1995 2005
globalization
TABLE II.1Rate of total economically active population in Agriculture over totaleconomically active population
63
environmental consequences
social implications
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics et al.,
64
II.2.5 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE
Multifunctionality and agriculture
“…the existence of multiple commodity and non commodity outputs that arejointly produced by agriculture, and the fact that some of the non commodity outputsexhibit the characteristics of externalities or public goods
Distinguishing public from private goods
Distinguishing material from immaterial wealth
65
Ethiopia
Mauritius
“The role of agriculture in all countries is not limited to the production of foodand fibre. In many cases, it underpins the socio economic fabric of rural areasand often, that of countries themselves. In a number of developing countries,provides an instrumental link to the development of eco tourism, production ofenergy, avoidance of the use of fossil fuels, the provision of social amenities andin fostering research and technology development. Moreover, it has an importantrole in the protection and preservation of the environment and biodiversity”.
II.2.6 THE FARM POLICY DILEMMA
66
II.3 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – A TERRITORIAL BASEDAPPROACH
II.3.1 EMPLOYMENT – THE DRIVING FORCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
rurality in itself is not a handicap for job creation
67
68
85+80 8475 7970 7465 6960 6455 5950 5445 4940 4435 3930 3425 2920 2415 1910 14
5 9> 5
Male Female
Scale maximum = 90000
85+80 8475 7970 7465 6960 6455 5950 5445 4940 4435 3930 3425 2920 2415 1910 145 9
> 5Male Female
Scale maximum = 800000
Agricultural population by sex and age group, Guinea, West Africa
69
II.3.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND JOB CREATION IN RURAL AREAS
70
II.3.2.1 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRY SECTORS
entrepreneurial class
manufacturing
71
large firms
specialization
II.3.3 SERVICES
II.3.3.1 EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL REGIONS
72
II.3.3.2 THE ROLE OF TOURISM
United Kingdom
73
Zambia
II.3.3.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATIONS
Zambian
mobility
74
The role of information technology for rural development
75
Bangladesh
Kumuzi Kwath”, Chikaya chitu”
76
II.3.4 SECTORAL MIX AND TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS
Taiwan's
77
II.3.5 OBJECTIVES FOR TERRITORIALLY BASED RURAL POLICIES
78
II.3.6 NEW ISSUES IN RURAL POLICY MAKING
Past public policies have made simplistic distinctions between rural and urban areas. Furthermore, they have tended to regard rural areas as homogenous, with uniform problems and similar opportunities. In fact every rural place has different assets (OECD, 2001).
II.4 CONCLUSIONS
79
80
REFERENCES
Multifunzionalità e sviluppo rurale in Africa: un'analisi alivello household
Transport Investment and Economic Development
Rural Development: Problems, Policies and Perspectives. Brazil
Guest editorial: directions in rural development policy –lessons from both sides of the Atlantic.
Information for policy makers: the use of territorial indicators
Section 3: Rural Development.
Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Brazil's Rural Poor:Consolidating Inequality
81
Community Radio: A Powerful Tool to fight HIV/AIDS and Poverty
Communication forDevelopment
Achieving success in rural development: towardimplementation of an integral approach
Multifunctional Agriculture in the International Context: A Review
Perspectives for agriculture and rural indicators andsustainability
Overview of European Union Activities. Agricolture in Brief
Agricultural censuses and gender: lessons learned in Africa.
Women and food security
Zambia First PRSP ImplementationProgress Report January 2002 – June 2003
Rural Data and Rural Statistics
Chapter 3, Why Agriculture Still Matters
Key Indicator of Labour Market
World Employment Report 2001. Life at Work in the Information Economy
82
Development of Databases, Database Frameworks and Key Indicators forIntegrated Management and Rural Development
The New Geography of World Trade: A Rural Perspective
Issues in setting a register based statistical system for ruraldevelopment in Sweden
Geography and Trade
Rural Development: Issues and Strategies
A Comparison of U.S. and EU AgriculturalProductivity With Implications for EU Enlargement.
evelopment with Unlimited Supplies of Labor
Small Farmers Development Agency in India: An Experiment inControlled Decentralization
Proposal for a system of rural development statistics in Ireland
nformation provision for rural development: Final report on phaseone of the INFORD research project
83
Zambia Poverty Reduction StrategyPaper, 2002 2004
Rural Development: Capitalist and Socialist Paths. Volume Two:Brazil and Nigeria
Information and Communication Technologies for rural developmentand food security: Lessons from field experiences in developing countries
Grassroots Based Rural Development Strategies:Ecuador in Comparative Perspective
Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development
etter Policies for Rural Development
Chapter 9: Rural Trends and Policy Issues
The Future of Rural Policy: From Sectoral to Place Based Policies in RuralAreas
8th Session of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators, May/June 2004:Presentations on Patterns and Trends in Regional Competitiveness
PRSP and Rural Development: Reflections, experiences to date andimplications
The Institutional Foundation of China’s Market Transition
84
Barriers and Opportunities in the Development of RuralIndustries: a Case Study of Silverware and Batik Production in Kelantan, PeninsularMalaysia
Women, migration, environment and rural development policy inBrazil
Planning for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas
The Impact of the Informal Sector on Urban and Rural SocioeconomicDevelopment in China
Census of Agriculture, 1996
Decentralized Planning and Financing of Rural Development inIndia
Economic development
Agriculture employment and productivity trends, observations andmeasurement methods
Chapter V, Industrialization, trade and structural change
World Summit on the Information Society
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development
85
Eastern Africa Rural DevelopmentExperience: Strategies in Local Level Development
Future issues for Agricultural Statistics
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
The Role of Tourism in Regional Economic Development inChina
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER II
Guest Editorial: Directions in Rural Development Policy –Lessons from Both Sides of the Atlantic.
Agricultural Productivity Growth in China:Farm Level versus National Measurement.
Using agricultural policy to promote ruraldevelopment: Contrasting the approach of the European Union and the United States.
Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in RuralDevelopment Policies. EuroChoices Special Edition comparing EU and US RuralDevelopment Policies
Rural Strategy 2004.
Checklist of Rural Lens Considerations.
Issues in setting a register based statistical system for ruraldevelopment in Sweden
86
The Direction of Rural Development Policies in Japan
Proposal for a system of rural development statistics in Ireland
Collaborative Governance Frameworks and Processes to EnhanceCoherence between Agricultural and Rural Development Policies: Lessons Learned fromthe Canadian Rural Partnership (1996 2005)
Review of Agricultural Policies.
Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance
Methods to Monitor and Evaluate the Impacts of Agricultural Policies onRural Development
Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Japan.
Rural Policy Review: China.
. Agricultural Policies in Emerging Economies: monitoring andevaluation.
The New Trend of Rural Development Policies in Japan
Rural development: 2007 Farm Bill ThemePapers
China Overcoming Rural Poverty
World Development Report 2008.
87
Focus on OECD Countries: National Rural DevelopmentPolicies
EU Member States and their rural development policy objectives
England (UnitedKingdom)
Economic and Social Regeneration
Social Justice for All
Enhancing the Value of our Countryside
Sweden
to coordinate different sectors of society andworking for good living conditions and development opportunities for rural areas andrural populations
88
Ireland
FOCUS BOX II.1Ireland’s “Future Vision and Policy Agenda”
89
Objectives in other OECD countries
The example of Canada
Canada
Agricultural Policy Framework
90
The example of Australia
Australia
91
The example of Japan
Japan
Agricultural Basic Law
Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas
92
The example of United States
United States
et al.
Economic development:
Infrastructure development:
Special needs programmes:
Natural resource enhancement:
93
Contrasting problems, objectives and approaches in the EU and USA
Differences in social values.
Differences in breadth of rural development, especially in terms of the naturalenvironment
94
Agenda 2000
Structural differences.
Organizational framework.
95
FOCUS PIECES
Guest Editorial: Directions in Rural Development Policy –Lessons from Both Sides of the Atlantic.
Using agricultural policy to promote ruraldevelopment: Contrasting the approach of the European Union and the United States.
Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in RuralDevelopment Policies. EuroChoices Special Edition comparing EU and US RuralDevelopment Policies
Rural Strategy 2004.
Checklist of Rural Lens Considerations.
Issues in setting a register based statistical system for ruraldevelopment in Sweden
The Direction of Rural Development Policies in Japan
Proposal for a system of rural development statistics in Ireland
Collaborative Governance Frameworks and Processes to EnhanceCoherence between Agricultural and Rural Development Policies: Lessons Learned fromthe Canadian Rural Partnership (1996 2005)
Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance
Methods to Monitor and Evaluate the Impacts of Agricultural Policies onRural Development
96
Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Japan.
The New Trend of Rural Development Policies in Japan
Rural development: 2007 Farm Bill ThemePapers
97
Focus on Developing Countries: National Rural DevelopmentPolicies
India
India
Zambia
Zambia
98
China
Brazil
99
FOCUS PIECES
Rural Policy Review: China.
Review of Agricultural Policies.
. Agricultural Policies in Emerging Economies: monitoring andevaluation.
100
Focus on Agricultural Productivity in Developing Countries
Productivity employment – The example of China
China
Productivity employment – The example of Sub Saharan Africa
Sub Saharan Africa
Population density and land availability.
Infrastructure underdevelopment.
Geography and agro ecology.
101
Low fertilizer use.
Land degradation.
Distorted policies.
FOCUS PIECES
Review of Agricultural Policies, China
Agricultural Productivity Growth in China:Farm Level versus National Measurement.
China Overcoming Rural Poverty
World Development Report 2008.
102
Chapter III
III.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK –RURAL AREAS AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
vis à vis
CHAPTER III
103
alternative groupings
III.1 DEFINITIONS OF RURAL
“given the variety of situations in the countries ofthe world, it is not possible or desirable to adopt uniform criteria to distinguish urbanareas from rural areas [...]. Clearly, national statistical offices are in the best position toestablish the most appropriate criteria to characterize urban areas in the respectivecountries
104
BOX III.1Ways of constructing a gradient of rural areas
105
III.1.1 CONCEPT OF RURAL AREAS IN OECD COUNTRIES
no single accepted official definition of “rural” exists.
et al.
et al.
106
A) Size of territorial unit
A priori
Two level approach – an explanation
107
properlyreflect the diversity
appropriate level for territorial analysis
numerical example
108
Stability of units
Boundaries are frequentlychanged
B) Criteria for designating areas as rural
criteria widerange
C) Quantitative thresholds
alternative definitionscreate different pictures of their
problems and perspectives.
France
109
United States
Canada
Rural as the residual of urban
110
III.1.2 RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
111
III.2 TYPOLOGIES OF AREAS
Criteria for classification
rural at the level of local communities
Population density
Japan
112
III.2.1 OECD – AN EXAMPLE OF REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
typology of regions
local communities regions.
population density
percentage of populationliving in rural communities
Predominantly rural
Intermediate
Predominantly urban
size of the urban centres
113
criterion
degree of rurality
Refinements
equivalence ofterritorial grids
114
regional share of ruralpopulation size of the urban centre
very low density regions
115
116
BOX III.2A French definition and typology of rural areas
Institut national de la statistique et des étudeséconomiques espace à dominante rurale, EDR
communes)espace à dominante urbaine,
EDU
Urban centres
Periurban rings
Multipolar municipalies
Rural employment centres
Rural employment ringsOther predominantly rural areas
bassins devie
Source: Organisation territorial de l'emploi et des services. INSEE PremièreRepenser les Campagnes Mécanismes
économiques à l'œuvre dans les espaces ruraux, conceptions du rural et logiques de l'intervention publiqueLes bassins de vie des bourgs et petites villes: une économie résidentielle et
souvent industrielle. INSEE PremièreStructuration de l’espace rural: une approche par les bassins de vie
117
Classification of rural areas in the Danish Rural Development Programme 20072013
118
REFERENCES
Indicators – spotlight or smokescreen?
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS.
Hacia una nueva definición de “rural” con fines estadísticos en AméricaLatina
Proposal for a Council Regulation on support for rural development by theEuropean Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD); COM (2004)490 final.
Rural Development in the European Union. Statistical and EconomicInformation. Report 2008
Second progress report on WCARRD programme of action, including the roleof women in agricultural development.
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelineson socio economic indicators.
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Ten years offollow up the impact of development strategies on the rural poor.
What it is, what it does
Part 4: Socio economic aspects of sustainable development.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
119
Rural Definitions in the U.S.: Concept and Practice.
Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final Report
Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development.
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy.
OECD Regions at a Glance 2007
The role of agriculture and farm household diversification in the ruraleconomy: Evidence and initial policy implications.
Refinement of the OECD regional typology: Economic Performance ofRemote Rural Regions.
Territorial classification for income policies: practical solutions based onrural and urban definitions.
Caracterización rural – urbana de los distritos ycantones de Costa Rica. Lo rural es diverso:evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica
Poverty incidence and income profiles of rural households intwelve Latin American countries
On the Pertinence and Implications of Modifying the Criteria toSeparate Rural from Urban in Latin America. etal. Hacia una nueva definición de “rural” con fines estadísticos en AméricaLatina
Refinement of the OECD regional typology: economicperformance of remote rural regions.
120
Exploración de gradientes de ruralidad y de lascaracterísticas urbano – rurales Lo rural esdiverso: evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica
Use of remote sensing in combination withstatistical survey methods in the production of agricultural, land use and otherstatistics: Current applications and future possibilities.
An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small scale,Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development.
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision.
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development
Use of the CORINE land cover toidentify the rural character of communes and regions at EU level Trends of someagro environmental indicators in the European Union
Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union.
A continuous multi dimensional measure of rurality: moving beyondthreshold measures
Monitoring Rural Well being: a Rural Score Card.
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
Agriculture and rural indicators in China.
121
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER III
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
Defining rural England.
Rural Strategy 2004.
Corine Land Cover – a Key database for EuropeanEnvironmental Assessment
. The Rural Development Challenge In OECD Member Countries. OptionsMéditerranéennes, Skr.
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy
Regions at a glance
A Review of Urban and Rural Area Definitions Preliminary Draft FinalReport
What is Rural? Some Key Definitional Issues
Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union
122
Focus on National Definitions of Rural in UNECE and OECDCountries
A. Summary analysis of responses from countries surveyed by the UN EconomicCommission for Europe (UNECE) in 2003
large variety ofnational definitions
administrative areas
settlement based definition
combination of two or more variables,way these
variables were used differed greatly
123
thresholds applied could be very different
countries used existingadministrative areas as the basic territorial unit
degrees of rurality
124
Information from OECD on national definitions in its Member Countries1
Standard Geographical classification
Remoteness Area classification
Census definition:
Rural and Small Town methodology
e.g.
Narrow definition
Broader definition
Census definition
Classification of Agricultural Area (MAFF statistics
FOCUS TABLE III.1National statistical definitions of rural in OECD countries
125
Standard classification
Alternative classification
126
Focus on National Definition of Rural Areas at a Very DetailedLocal Level – the Example of England and Wales (UnitedKingdom)
et al.
et al.
127
Rural Strategy
morphology context
Settlement type Context
Defining rural England.
FOCUS TABLE III.2England: Classification of Census Output Areas by Settlement Type and Context
128
morphology context
density profilesettlement
typecontext measure,
context
settlement morphology
settlement context
rural
types
FOCUS BOX III.1The basis of area classification system in England leading to the definition of ruralareas (summarised from Shepherd 2007)
129
urban
rural
types
FOCUS PIECES
Defining rural England.
Rural Strategy 2004.
et al. A Review of Urban and Rural Area Definitions Preliminary DraftFinal Report
What is Rural? Some Key Definitional Issues
130
Census Bureau Definition:
Office of Management and Budget metro and non metro classification:
ERS Rural Urban Continuum Code
Official Federal definition:
FOCUS PIECES
Annex 3 MAFF MAFFCountry Reviews
131
Focus on OECD Typologies of Regions in Member Countries
Regional grids
region”
OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms
132
Region NUTS2 Non Official Grid (NOG) NUTS3
FOCUS TABLE III.3Regional grid of OECD member countries
133
Regional typology
first criterion
second criteriondegree of rurality,
third criterion
134
Three types of region – degrees of rurality
135
Tuesd
1995 2005
Country NamePredominantly
Urban IntermediatePredominantly
RuralPredominantly
Urban IntermediatePredominantly
Rural
Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of population in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)
FOCUS TABLE III.4Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of population in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)
136
Tuesday
1995 2005
CountryPredominantly
urbanisedIntermediate
Predominantlyrural
Predominantlyurbanised
IntermediatePredominantly
rural
FOCUS TABLE III.5Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of area in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)
137
FOCUS FIGURE III.1Distribution of population by type of region (Regional populations share innational totals, %)
138
Regions at a glance
FOCUS PIECES
. The Rural Development Challenge In OECD Member Countries. OptionsMéditerranéennes, Skr.
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy
Regions at a glance
FOCUS FIGURE III.2Distribution of population (left) and area (right) into predominantly urban,intermediate and predominantly rural regions (2005)
139
Focus on Typology of Regions in the European Union (EU)
et al.
Proposal on Agri Environmental Indicators
rural areas are defined by either (low) population densityor a percentage share of the workforce employed in agriculture
etal
a six fold typology of Europeanterritories
140
FOCUS PIECES
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
Corine Land Cover – a Key database for EuropeanEnvironmental Assessment
Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union
141
Chapter IV
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – RURALDEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
IV.1 THE GLOBAL STRATEGY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKFOR AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL STATISTICS
“Global Strategy To Improve Agricultural And RuralStatistics” et al.
CHAPTER IV
142
IV.1.1 DIMENSIONS OF DATA DEMAND
The economic dimension of agriculture
The environmental dimension of agriculture
The social dimension of agriculture
143
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics
IV.2 GENERAL NATURE OF INDICATORS
IV.2.1 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE IV.2The conceptual framework for agricultural statistics
Households, institutions, enterprises
Agricultural statistics (scope and coverage)
Inputs, outputs, outcomes, impacts Agricultural production processes, agro processing and markets
crops, livestock, fisheries, etc.
144
145
(1) published statistics(2) consistently collected (3) comparable areas (4) same unit
(5) clear definition (6)sensitive to changes and trends over time
IV.2.2 QUALITY OF INDICATORS
:
146
IV.2.3 DIMENSIONS OF INDICATORS
state
dispersion
tendency
level.dispersion concentration
improving getting worse
tendency over time
147
level dispersion tendency
IV.2.4 “SOFT” AND “HARD” INDICATORS
148
IV.3 THEMES AND SET OF INDICATORS
Territory
Themes
Time
et al.
149
asset pentagon
1. natural capital
2. financial capital
3. human capital
4. physical capital
5. social capital
6. The capacity of the community/region to generate and to implementstrategies .
Desired Outcomes
Sets of stage related indicators to evaluate rural development policies
baseline.
objectiverelated
150
context related
inputs outputs
resultsimpacts
IV.3.1 THEMES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
in alia
Logical FrameworkApproach (LFA),
151
Handbook on the Common Monitoring and EvaluationFramework.
Baseline indicators.Objective related baseline indicators
Context related baseline indicators
Input indicators.
Example
Output indicators
Example
Result indicators.
Example
Impact indicators
Example
BOX IV.1Indicators at various stages of rural development policy (EU CMEF)
152
153
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statisticset al.
China
agriculture, rural development rural residenceintegrated rural system
IV.3.2 DATA ISSUES
adhoc
154
Sourcebook of indicators formonitoring and evaluation (M&E) agriculture and rural development in less than idealconditions et al.
IV.4 WARNINGS AND SUGGESTIONS ON INDICATORS
IV.4.1 INDICATORS – USE AND MISUSE
155
synthetic indicators
Human Development Reports
156
IV.4.2 SYNTHETIC INDICATORS: PROS AND CONS
Defining the phenomenon
Selecting a group of primary indicators
157
Normalising primary indicators Normalisation
Aggregating and weighting
et al.
Pros of composite indicators
Cons of composite indicators
158
REFERENCES
The Evaluation of Rural Development Policy in theEU EuroChoices – Special Issue on Evaluating Rural Development Policy.
Indicators – spotlight or smokescreen?
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS.
Composite Indices for MultidimensionalDevelopment and Poverty: An application to MDG indicators
Proposal for a Council Regulation on support for ruraldevelopment by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD); COM(2004)490 final.
Handbook on the Common Monitoring and EvaluationFramework.
Rural Development in the European Union. Statistical andEconomic Information. Report 2008
Working Paper on Approaches for assessing the impacts oftheRuralDevelopmentProgrammes in thecontext of multiple intervening factors.
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelineson socio economic indicators.
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Ten years offollow up the impact of development strategies on the rural poor.
What it is, what it does
Part 4: Socio economic aspects of sustainable development.
159
Second progress report on WCARRD programme of action, including the roleof women in agricultural development.
Handbook on the Logical Framework Approach (LFA).
CountrySTAT presentation
Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final Report
The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: A summaryoverview.
Measuring Quality of Life: an Approach Based on NonSubstitutability of Indicators
A Generalized Composite Index based on Nonsubstitutability of Individual Indicators
Indicators – use and misuse.
Non compensatory Composite Indicators for RankingCountries: A defensible Setting
Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development
160
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy.
Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators. Methodology and userguide
An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small scale,Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development.
Use of the CORINE Land Cover toIdentify the Rural Character of Communes and Regions at EU Level. Trends ofsome Agri environmental Indicators in the EU
Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union.
Monitoring Rural Well being: a Rural Score Card.
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
Agriculture and rural indicators in China.
FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER IV
Disaggregation in econometric modelling.
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
161
Rural Development 2007 2013. Handbook On CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework. Guidance document.
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelines onsocio economic indicators.
Aggregation and the microfoundations of dynamicmacroeconomics.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators
Is aggregation necessarily bad? The Review ofEconomic and Statistics,
Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.
Testing for aggregation bias in linear models.The Economic Journal (Supplement),
The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: a summaryoverview.
Environmental indicators: Development, measurement and useEnvironmental indicators for environmental performance reviews
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance.
Econometric analysis in the context oflinear prediction models. Econometrica
Linear aggregation of economic relations.
Forecast combinations. Handbook of economic forecasting
162
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development.
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions andtests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association
163
Focus on the Aggregation Problem
aggregation
longitudinal or spatial aggregation
temporal aggregation
contemporal aggregation
164
165
a priori
versus
FOCUS PIECES
Disaggregation in econometric modelling.
Aggregation and the microfoundations of dynamic macroeconomics.
Is aggregation necessarily bad? The Review of Economicand Statistics,
Handbook onConstructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.
Testing for aggregation bias in linear models. TheEconomic Journal (Supplement),
The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: a summary overview.
Econometric analysis in the context of linearprediction models. Econometrica
Linear aggregation of economic relations.
166
Forecast combinations. Handbook of economic forecasting
An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and testsfor aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association
Focus on the Aggregation Problem
Appendix A
Longitudinal aggregation
i t
' 1, ..., 1,...it it i ity x u i n t T (1.1)
ty 1( ,..., )it it kitx x x k
i i th itu2i
1
n
at it at a ati
y y x u
'it rt i itx Z (1.2)
1 2( , ,..., )rt at at katZ diag x x x it
aggregationbias
'
1 1
ˆˆ ˆ ˆ( )n n
at it it i iti i
u u u (1.3)
2 1 ' 2 2
1 1
ˆˆ ˆ( )T n
a it i i ijt i j i
n (1.4)
167
1
0n
i i ai
X X b
0
( ) ( ) ( )it it itL y L x L
( ), ( ), ( )L L Ldynamization effects
1 2, ,...,t t t ntX x x x
t t tX WC h (1.5)
( , ,...., )t t t tC c c c 1 2( , ,...., )t t t nth h h h
1 2, ,..., nW W W W
ˆ ˆ( )it i t it i ity W c h u (1.6)
168
'
1 1 1 1
ˆ ˆ( )n n n n
at it i t it i iti i i i
y y W c h u (1.7)
1 1
ˆˆ ˆ ˆn n
at it it i iti i
u u h u (1.8)
2 1 ' 2 2
1 1
ˆˆ ˆ( )T n
a it i i ijt i j i
n h (1.9)
1 1 2 2( ) ( ) ..... ( )it i t i t i q qt ity b L c b L c b L c h
169
Appendix B
Temporal aggregation
tyk k
2 1(1 ... )kL L Lk
t k ty L y
1
0
( )k
lt t i t ii
y A L y y
( ) t tL y (2.1)
( ) ( ) ( )t tA L L y A L (2.2)
s
( 1)( 1)p ks
k
p,q
( ) ( )t tL y L (2.3)
s
( 1)( 1)p k qs
k
p,d,q
(1 ) ( ) ( )dt tL L y L (2.4)
170
p,d,ss
1 1 1p k d k qs
k
171
Focus on OECD Indicator Requirements
Statistics for rural development policy
172
Communication
Comparison
Co operation
173
Relevance clearly defined purpose
Reliability a sound scientific basis
Realisability be built on availablestatistical data
Environmental indicators
policy relevance and utilityanalytical soundness, measurability.
174
FOCUS PIECES
Environmental indicators: Development, measurement and useEnvironmental indicators for environmental performance reviews
The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance.
175
Focus on European Union Indicator Requirements and theirAssessment
FOCUS PIECES
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
176
Focus on European Union Indicator Requirements and theirAssessment
FOCUS PIECES
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
177
Focus on the Selection of Rural Indicators
Scheme I
A. Components of rural development
B. Potential of rural development
C. Special focuses on developing countries
Scheme II
asset pentagon
.
178
The capacity of the community / region to generate and to implementstrategies.
Indicators of Desired outcomes
Scheme 1
A. Components of rural development
A.1) Natural environment
Character: Quality of the countryside and the condition of the natural environment(natural resources and wildlife), as necessary requirements to reach a goodquality of life and as an opportunity to enhance the economic conditions ofthe rural population.
1. State
Per capita drinking water tt
Per capita CO2 emission t t
Per capita energy consumption tt
Biodiversity indext
t
Landscape index
t t
Waste recycling index t
179
2. Tendency over time
For each indicator t t 1
A.2) Social well being
Character: Quality of social life and welfare. Good quality means good education andhealth; reduced risks and vulnerability of people.
1. State
Literacy ratet
Infant mortality ratet
Newspapers per capita tt
Political rights
Green areas rate t
2. Tendency over time
For each indicator t t 1
A.3) Conditions for economic well being
Character: Income and wealth of people.
1. State
Real per capita income t t
2. Tendency
Real per capita income growth tt 1
180
3. Dispersion and concentration
Real per capita income inequality tt
B. Potential of rural development
B.1) Territory with respect to population
Character: territory available to the rural population to live, to cultivate (usableagricultural land) and to perform other economic activities.
1. State
Per capita territory tt
Per capita AAUt
t
Rural youth tt
2. Dispersion
Per capita territory
t
Per capita AAUt
3. Tendency over time
Rural pop. growth t t 1
B.2) Economic structure
Character: Health of the economic environment of the rural population.
181
1. State
Employment rate t t
Local government debt rate r tr t
2. Tendency over time
Migration rate: t
Employment growth rate tt 1
Local government debt reduction r tr t 1
B.3) Communications
Character: Ability of rural population to communicate and interact with the rest of theworld.
1. State
Per capita stationst t
Per capita telephonest t
2. Tendency over time
Per capita stations rate of growth: t/t 1
Per capita telephones rate of growth tt 1
C. Special focus on developing countries
182
C.1) Market and institutions
C.2) Infrastructure
C.3) Poverty
C.4) Agriculture
C.5) Natural resource
C.6) Education
C.7) Health
183
Scheme 2
ASSETS, CAPACITY to design and implement strategies and desired OUTCOMES forsustainable livelihoods
Selected possible indicators for urban and ruralpopulations
One possible rural specific indicatorfor this item
Potential indicators of the ASSETS of a locality or region are:Natural Capital
Financial Capital
Physical Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
184
Potential indicators of the CAPACITY to design andimplement development strategies would include:
Potential indicators of the desired OUTCOMES of the sustainable livelihoods of individuals within urban or ruralcommunities or regions:
185
FOCUS PIECES
Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators
186
Focus on EU Rural Development Themes
The general socio economic context of the geographical area
Performance of the agricultural, forestry and food sectors:
Environment and land management:
187
Rural economy and quality of life:
Leader:
FOCUS PIECES
Rural Development 2007 2013. Handbook On CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework. Guidance document.
188
Focus on FAO Themes and Set of Indicators
189
Accelerated rural development is essential to achieve theinternationally agreed development goals, including the millennium development goals.The present report provides policy recommendations on ways to promote an integratedapproach to rural development, encompassing the economic, social and environmentaldimensions, with a number of mutually reinforcing policies and programmes that addressa broad range of issues related to rural development
et al
A. Sector wide indicators for agriculture and rural development
B. Specific indicators for sub sectors of agriculture and rural development
190
C. Indicators for thematic areas related to agriculture and rural development
FOCUS PIECES
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelines onsocio economic indicators.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development.
191
Focus on FAO Themes and Set of Indicators
192
Accelerated rural development is essential to achieve theinternationally agreed development goals, including the millennium development goals.The present report provides policy recommendations on ways to promote an integratedapproach to rural development, encompassing the economic, social and environmentaldimensions, with a number of mutually reinforcing policies and programmes that addressa broad range of issues related to rural development
et al
A. Sector wide indicators for agriculture and rural development
B. Specific indicators for sub sectors of agriculture and rural development
193
C. Indicators for thematic areas related to agriculture and rural development
FOCUS PIECES
World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelines onsocio economic indicators.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development.
194
Focus on the List of Indicators from the Global Strategy(2011)
Global Strategy The purpose of the GlobalStrategy is to provide the framework for national and international statistical systems toproduce the basic data and information to guide the decision making required for the 21st
century. It is based on three pillars:
The first pillar is the establishment of a minimum set of core data that countrieswill provide to meet the current and emerging demands.
The second pillar is the integration of agriculture into the national statisticalsystems in order to meet policy maker and other data user expectations that thedata will be comparable across countries and over time. The integration will beachieved by implementing a set of methodology that includes the development of aMaster Sample Frame for Agriculture, the implementation of an Integrated SurveyFramework, and with the results available in a Data Management System.
The Third Pillar is the foundation that will provide the sustainability of theagricultural statistics system through governance and statistical capacity building.
The Global Strategy is based on a thorough assessment of data user needs and what iscurrently available. This revealed that not only is there a serious decline in the quantityand quality of agricultural statistics, it is occurring at the same time many new datarequirements are emerging. These emerging data requirements include issues surroundingagriculture including poverty and hunger, global warming, the use of land and water, andthe increasing use of food/feed commodities to produce biofuels.
These data requirements led to defining a conceptual framework that provides anoverview of the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of agriculture. Thisconceptual framework brings forestry, fisheries, and land and water use into theagricultural and rural framework. The conceptual framework and data requirements callfor a linkage between the household, the agricultural holding, and the land they occupy.The scope and coverage of agricultural production and activities is outlined.
195
Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical NotesSector Wide indicators for agriculture and rural development
FOCUS TABLE IV.1Menu of indicators, data requirements, data sources and technical notes
196
Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical Notes
Indicators for subsectors of agricultural and rural
197
Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical Notes
198
Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical Notes
Climate Change, land, and the environment
199
Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical Notes
The agricultural and rural economy
FOCUS PIECES
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
200
Focus on the List of Priority Indicators in Less than IdealConditions
A. Sector wide indicators for agriculture and rural development
B. Specific indicators for sub sectors of agriculture and rural development
C. Indicators for thematic areas related to agriculture and rural development
201
FOCUS PIECES
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
202
. Chapter V
V. INVENTORY OF NATIONALAPPROACHES TO RURAL
DEVELOPMENT STATISTICS
V.1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER V
203
EuroChoices
open source
data dissemination
et al.
204
V.2 INVENTORY OF NATIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS
205
206
V.3 AVAILABILITY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATEDSTATISTICS IN UNECE/OECD COUNTRIES
responsibility
several countries were in the process ofdeveloping or were investigating the need for a set of indicators
BOX V.1The UNECE’s 2003 survey rural development statistics
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireRural Development Statistics
Availability of statistics for small areas
Rural Development Policy
207
not
Internet
smallestareas for which statistics were available
percentage of the populationpercentage of land
comparability
208
What is the percentage ofpopulation that are classifiedto live in rural areas?
What is the percentage of thetotal land area that is classifiedas rural?
AustraliaBulgaria
Canada
Czech RepublicEstoniaFinland
FranceGermanyHungary
IrelandItalyKyrgyzstan
LatviaLithuaniaNetherlandsNorway
RomaniaRussian FederationSlovakia
SwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited Kingdom
England
ScotlandWales
Northern IrelandUnited States
UNECE Rural Questionnaire
TABLE V.1Rural population and rural land
209
etal.,
V.4 RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN UNECE / OECDCOUNTRIES
responsibility
ministry responsible foragricultural policy
210
objectives and majorthemes
V.5 NATIONAL CASE STUDIES
211
REFERENCES
An open sourceapproach to disseminate statistical data on the Web.
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
Definitions of Rural
Special Issue comparing EU and US Rural Development Policies.
Special Issue on Evaluating Rural Development Policy.
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal conditions. A Sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
Rural Development: Theories of Peasant Economy and Agrarian Change
Rural Indicators and Rural Development, Final Report
Rural Statistics Project: Determining DEFRA’s Rural Statistics
Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy
OECD Territorial Reviews: Canada
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision
Future issues for Agricultural Statistics
212
FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER V
Recent Developments in Low Income Cut offs
Education and Local Employment Growth in aChanging Economy
Rural Livelihood Diversification and its Measurement Issues: Focus India.Second.
Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin
213
INFORMATION ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED STATISTICSAVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES
Australia
Bulgaria
Canada
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
214
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Russian Federation
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
215
Focus on Results of UNECE Survey on Methods Used forMeasuring Rural Development Statistics in UNECE and OECDMember Countries
Rural Development Statistics Questionnaire
Rural Development Statistics
Availability of statistics for small areas
Rural Development Policy
FOCUS BOX V.1The UNECE 2003 survey rural development statistics
216
Focus on Canada: Case Study
vis à visRural and
Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin
Rural and SmallTown Canada Analysis Bulletin
Definitions and typologies
Definition 1: For analysis of metropolitan versus non metropolitan regions andtheir sub categories
Metropolitan regions:
Major metro (central)
Major metro (fringe)
Mid sized metro
217
Non Metropolitan regions:
Small city (metro adjacent)
Small city (non metro adjacent)
Small town (metro adjacent)
Small town (non metro adjacent)
Rural (metro adjacent)
Rural (non metro adjacent)
Northern
Definition 2: The second typology concerns Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Rural and Small Town
Census Metropolitan Areas
Census Agglomerations
Definition 3: The third definition is based on the OECD definition
Predominately urban
Intermediate
Predominately rural
218
Results
Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin.
(i) Population issues
Migration to and from rural areas
Rural youth migration
Population structure and change
219
Rural and small town population is growing in the 1990s
Immigrants
Immigrants in rural Canada – preference for urban regions
220
(ii) Employment and labour force issues
Seasonal variation in rural employment
Employment structure up to 2000
221
Employment structure
222
Other results
Employment structure in the primary sector
Employment structure in the manufacturing sector
223
Employment patterns in the non metro workforce
Self employment activity
Employment in agri food industry by type of region
AgricultureAgri food
Employment,
224
Part time employment in rural Canada
Occupational pattern
(iii) Income and expenditures
Rural – urban income divide
Rural and urban household expenditure patterns for 1996
225
Measuring income and well being
226
Rural income disparities
227
(iv) Social issues
A rural urban comparison of health indicators
Health status and behaviours of Canada’s youth: a rural urban comparison
How far to the nearest physician?
Housing conditions
suitability
adequacy
affordability
228
Gender balance
Household Internet and computer use
229
(v) Business structures and economic growth issues
Economic diversification
The producer services sector
The composition of business establishments in smaller and larger communities inCanada
Factors associated with local economic growth
230
231
(vi) Educational issues
Rural and urban educational attainment
(vii) Territorial issues
Urban consumption of agriculture land
Concluding remarks
vis à vis
232
Rural and Small Town Canada Bulletin,
1996 2000 % changeEmployment level
Employment rate (per cent)
Unemployment rate (per cent)
Rural and Small Town Canada Bulletin,
FOCUS FIGURE V.1Canada: Percentage population change by types of regions, 1981 1996
FOCUS TABLE V.1Canada: Employment level and rate and unemployment rate in larger urbancentres and rural and small town, 1996 and 2000
233
Rural and Small Town Canada
FOCUS FIGURE V.2Canada: Employment and unemployment rates by age groups and type ofgeographical area, 1996 2000 (RST = rural and small town areas; LUC = largerurban centres)
234
Urban Rural1986 1996 1986 1996
Per cent of total expenditure
Expenditure in $ per household
Per cent of transportation expenditure
Expenditure per household in constant 1996dollars
Rural and Small Town Canada Bulletin,
FOCUS TABLE V.2Canada: Household expenditures by expenditure categories in urban and ruralareas, 1986 and 1996 (constant 1996 dollars)
235
Statistics Canada, Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,
FOCUS FIGURE V.3Canada: Employment in agriculture and agri food by type of regions
236
Self ratedhealth
(excellent)
Body massindex
(overweight)
Smoking(daily/
occasionally)
Arthritis/Rheumatism
26.9 26.5 21.6 13.428.6
32.724.9 28.3 16.825.8 29.424.0 35.724.5 36.8 29.1
37.1 29.5 15.9
19.3 45.320.2 42.3 32.0 18.420.8 41.9 32.7
Canada 25.6 32.4 25.9 15.3
Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,
Less thangrade 9
Grade 9 13(no
certificate)
High schoolcertificate(no post
secondary)
Somesecondary
1981 1996 1981 1996 1981 1996 1981 1996
Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin
FOCUS TABLE V.3Canada: Selected health indicators by type of region
FOCUS TABLE V.4Canada: Percentage distribution of population (25 to 54 years of age) by levelof educational attainment
237
Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,
FOCUS FIGURE V.4(a) Canada: Percentage share part time employment in RST and LUC in 1987
1999(b) Canada: Annual average percentage change in part time and full
employment in 19987 97 and 1997 99(RST = Rural and Small Town Areas; LUC = Larger Urban Centres)
238
Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,
Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,
FOCUS FIGURE V.5Canada: Intensity of occupation by type of occupation and region in 2001,expressed as a location quotient
FOCUS FIGURE V.6Canada: Percentage distribution of population (25 to 54 years of age) by levelof educational attainment
239
FOCUS PIECES
Recent Developments in Low Income Cut offs
Education and Local Employment Growth in aChanging Economy
Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin
240
Focus on England: Case Study
Introduction
The national system of Neighbourhood Statistics
A New Commitment to Neighbourhood Renewal: A NationalStrategy Action Plan”.
241
Defra’s rural statistics for England – the methodology
all
242
Results for rural areas in England
243
Educational Attainment.
Type ofarea
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08
FOCUS PIECES
FOCUS TABLE V.5England: % of pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 achieving five or more Grades A* Cin the General Certificate of Secondary Education
244
Focus on the Framework of Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Statistics in India
Introduction
Statistics on agriculture and rural development and their sources
agricultural statistical system
245
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
rural development statistics
CENSUS
Vital statistics:
246
Rural Socio Economic Indicators through National Sample Survey
247
National Family Health Survey
Basic Statistics for Local Level Development
,
248
FOCUS PIECES
Rural Livelihood Diversification and its Measurement Issues: Focus India.Second.
ANNEX 1
Census of India 2001: Data Finder
A)Series Tables: General Population Tables
B) Series Tables: Economic Tables
C) Series: Social and Cultural Tables
D) Series: Migration Tables
249
F) Series: Fertility Tables
HH) Series: Household Tables
H) Series: Tables on Houses, Household Amenities and Assets
250
ANNEX II
Broad Subjects covered by NSSO nd Indicators (www.mospi.gov.in)
Consumer Expenditure
Employment Unemployment and Migration:
Household Wealth / Finance
Health, Hygiene and Housing condition:
251
Education:
Non Agricultural enterprises (Manufacturing, Trade, Services)
Informal Sector
Land Holdings, Livestock Holdings and other agrarian issues:
Others
252
ANNEX III
Brief note on Existing Methodology of Poverty Calculation
et al
Poverty and IncomeDistribution in India
Sarvekshana
253
Focus on Results of UNECE Survey on Methods Used forMeasuring Rural Development Statistics in UNECE and OECDMember Countries
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 1
Which organisation(s) is/are responsible for statistics on rural areas?
Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics (responsible for national statistics for all areas including rural areas); Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), State Government agencies and some Industry Associations also collect statistics on various aspects of rural activity.
Bulgaria National Statistical Institute; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Canada Statistics Canada; other federal agencies; provincial, territorial and local agencies;
Czech Republic Czech Statistical Office (Agricultural and Environment, Family Accounts and Population Statistics)
Denmark Statistics Denmark; Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
Estonia Statistical Office
Finland Statistics Finland; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (joint Finnish Rural Indicators Project)
France INSEE; Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Rural Affairs
Germany Federal and Regional Statistical Offices
Hungary Hungarian Central Statistical Office; Tax and Financial Control Administration; Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics; Institute for Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ireland Central Statistics Office Ireland
Italy Instituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria/National Institute for Agricultural Economics (INEA), Instituto per Studi, Ricerche e Infomazioni sul Mercato Agricolo/Institute for Analysis, Research and Information on the Agricultural Market (ISMEA); Instituto Nazionale di Statistica/National Statistical Institute (ISTAT)
Kazakhstan Agency of Statistics
Kyrgyzstan National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
Lithuania Statistics Lithuania
Netherlands Statistics Netherlands
Norway Statistics Norway
Romania National Institute of Statistics; Ministry of Development and Prognosis; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry; Ministry of Education and Research; Ministry of Health and of the Family; Life Quality Research Institute; Institute of Agrarian Economy
Russian Federation Local statistical committees are responsible for statistics on rural areas. Local data are aggregated in regional, territorial and republican committees and in Goskomstat for the country as a whole.
Slovakia Statistical Office of Slovakia
Sweden 1) National Rural Development Agency; Swedish Board of Agriculture
Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office (Agricultural Statistics Section, Spatial Data Section and Population Census)
Turkey Regional Statistics Division of the State Institute of Statistics
United Kingdom Defra and Devolved Departments responsible for Rural Affairs/Development; Office for National Statistics; Countryside Agency; Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; and others
United States U.S. Census Bureau; Bureau of Labor Statistics; Bureau of Economic Analysis; Economic Research Service; National Agricultural Statistics Service
1) no official statistics for rural areas, thus no responsible organisation but some information provided by these organisations
254
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 2
What variable(s) is/are used to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?
Australia Population density and population level; remoteness from services and goods
Bulgaria Population density and population level in the biggest town of the municipalities
Canada Population level and population density; population level and intensity of commuting to a major urban centre within a labour market radius; population density; population level
Czech Republic Number of permanent residents in the municipality (population level)
Denmark Population level of municipalities
Estonia Administrative distribution; population level
Finland Various i.e. Urban Network Study
France Number of jobs and commuting pattern
Germany Population level of urban centres and population density of surrounding areas of urban centres
Hungary Population level and population density at settlement level
Ireland Population level
Italy Population density (no single official definition though)
Kazakhstan Population level and share of population engaged in agriculture
Kyrgyzstan The status of every settlement/village is defined by Jogurky-Kenesh - the Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia In Latvia the rural area is the total land area excluding urban areas. Rural areas will be in the Draft Law on Agriculture and Rural Development which is not yet approved by the Cabinet of Ministers).
Lithuania Population level, characteristics of towns
Netherlands No official statistics to monitor rural policy yet. Discussions started with the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality on possible definitions. Possibly for different aims of rural development policy different definitions of rurality are appropriate.
Norway At present there is no official definition of rural/non-rural in Norwegian statistics.However, Norway has a Standard Classification of Municipalities based on industry, population density and centrality.
Romania The 'rural' status for a settlement is established by law without taking into account the demographic size or population density
Russian Federation Various variables among others types of activities i.e. crop and livestock production
Slovakia Population density and population level; municipalities that have no urban status and have got a characteristic settlement and economical structure based on agriculture, forestry and that have got less developed infrastructure.
Sweden Population level of settlement
Switzerland All the areas outside isolated towns and agglomerations are considered as rural (population level, commuting pattern, population growth rates, built-up area, population/job density and employment in the primary sector are used delimit agglomerations and isolated towns).
Turkey Population level
United Kingdom A variety of definitions, including one based on settlement size and one based on socio-economic variables
England A variety of definitions, including one based on settlement size and one based on socio-economic variables
Scotland Population density; settlement sizeWales All rural except for a small list of communities in towns and cities that were
deemed to be entirely non-rural; population densityNorthern Ireland n/a
United States Population level of urban centre and commuting pattern; Population density
255
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 3
Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality?
Australia No subdivision for rural area definition but subdivision of remoteness division (major cities, inner regional, outer regional, remote, very remote)
Bulgaria See Annex C.
Canada Yes, both major rural definitions currently used in Canada have subdivisions.
Czech Republic Yes.
Denmark No.
Estonia No.
Finland Yes.
France Yes.
Germany Yes.
Hungary Yes.
Ireland No.
Italy No.
Kyrgyzstan No (except high mountain rural population)
Latvia No.
Lithuania n/a
Netherlands n/a
Norway No official subdivision. However, rural areas may, for example, be classified according to level of centrality.
Romania Yes.
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia Yes.
Sweden Yes.
Switzerland No, not yet (but subdivision into agricultural, wooden and unproductive area)
Turkey Yes.
United Kingdom Yes.England Yes.Scotland Yes.
Wales Division into severely disadvantaged, disadvantaged and other but this is not really related to the degree of rurality.
Northern Ireland n/a
United States Yes.
256
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 4
What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural?
Australia Rural/urban definition
There is not distinct threshold as such, since rural areas are defined at those areas other than Urban centre. Smaller Urban Centres are conglomerations with Census Collection Districts with a total population of 1,000 or more and containing a discernible urban pattern of population distribution such as formed streets, etc. Thus, an approximate threshold is 1,000 people.
Remoteness definition n/a
Bulgaria Population density of less than 150 people per square kilometre and the biggest town of the municipality of less than 30,000 inhabitants.
Canada OECD Definition A region is defined as rural if 50 per cent or more of the population live in a community with less than 150 people per square kilometre.
Rural and Small Town Methodology
Areas under 10,000 people outside the commuting zone of a Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Area
Czech Republic Less than 2,000 residents in the municipality
Denmark Areas that are not urban (all villages of 200 and more inhabitants are defined as urban).
Estonia 2500 inhabitants
Finland n/a
France Settlements with less than 2,000 inhabitants
Germany Regions with a population density of 100 inhabitants per square kilometre with an urban centre of 100,000 and more and regions with a population density of below 150 inhabitants per square kilometre without a urban centre of 100,000 or more.
Hungary Narrow definition Less than 120 inhabitants per square kilometre or under 10,000 residential population at settlement level.
Broader definition Predominantly rural at NUTS IV level if 50 per cent of residential population live in a settlement with a population density of under 120 inhabitants per square kilometre and significantly rural if 15 to 50 per cent live in a settlement with a population density of under 120 inhabitants per square kilometre.
Ireland Outside clusters with a population of more than 1,500 inhabitants
Italy 100 inhabitants per square kilometre
Kazakhstan A village with at least 50 people of which at least half is engaged in agriculture production
Kyrgyzstan No threshold as rural is defined by the parliament.
Latvia n/a
Lithuania Small towns (population less than 3000) and villages (other residential areas having no characteristic features of towns) are attributed to rural residential areas.
Netherlands n/a
Norway No official definition, thus no official threshold.
257
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 4 (concluded)
Romania No threshold as rural is defined by law without taking the demographic size or population density into account
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia 100 inhabitants per square kilometre; rural settlement is a municipality with less than 5000 permanent residents.
Sweden All settlements with less than 1000 inhabitants are rural.
Switzerland Agglomerations of 20,000 or more inhabitants and isolated towns of 10,000 or more are considered urban. To delimit agglomerations, the number of jobs (at least 2,000) and the commuting pattern (of the economically active population 85 per cent or more work in the agglomeration). Commuting pattern, population growth rates, built-up area, population/job density and employment in the primary sector are used to decide if municipalities are part of an agglomeration or not.
Turkey Less than 2,000 inhabitants.
United Kingdom n/aEngland All areas outside settlements with a population of 10,000 or more.
Scotland All areas outside settlements with a population of 10,000 or more.
Wales All areas are rural except those of a small list of communities in towns and cities that were deemed to be entirely non-rural; 150 people per square kilometre
Northern Ireland n/a
United States Census Bureau Definition
The Census Bureau classifies as "urban" all territory, population, and housing units located within an urbanized area (UA) or an urban cluster (UC). It delineates UA and UC boundaries to encompass densely settled territory, which consists of core census block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile and surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile.
ERS Metro and non-metro classification
Non-metropolitan areas that contain (1) core counties with one or more central city of at least 50,000 residents or with a Census Bureau - defined urbanized area (and a total metro area population of 100,000 or more), and (2) fringe counties that are economically tied to the core counties. Non-metropolitan counties are outside the boundaries of metro areas and have no cities with as many as 50,000 residents.
Official Federal definition
Rural areas comprise places (incorporated or unincorporated) with fewer than 2,500 residents and open territory.
258
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 5
Australia Census Collection District i.e. census enumeration area.
Bulgaria Municipality i.e. well-defined system settlements/villages around a municipality centre (municipalities consist of between 1 and 134 villages).
Canada Census sub-division (CSD); Census consolidated sub-division (CCS); Census division (CD)
Czech Republic Municipality
Denmark Address
Estonia Municipalities but the Territory of Estonian Administrative Division Act divides rural municipalities further into settlements.
Finland Municipalities (NUTS 5)
France Municipality (NUTS 5)
Germany Kreis (NUTS 3)
Hungary Settlement (NUTS 4)
Ireland District Electoral Division (DED)
Italy n/a
Kazakhstan A village with at least 50 people of which at least half is engaged in agriculture production
Kyrgyzstan Village
Latvia Parishes and rural areas
Lithuania Post code areas
Netherlands n/a
Norway No official definition of rural, however, density and centrality variable is mostly applied at municipality level.
Romania Village/municipality
Russian Federation Farm, village, selo (rural town)
Slovakia Municipality
Sweden Geographical coordinates/address
Switzerland Community (municipality)Turkey Village.
United Kingdom Land parcel/address; Ward; in future: Census Output Area (COA); Unit postcode; county
England Land parcel/address; Ward; in future: Census Output Area (COA)Scotland Unit postcode
Wales County (NUTS 3)Northern Ireland n/a
United States Census block (Census Bureau definition); County (ERS definition)
What is the smallest territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions?
259
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 6
What is the percentage of the population that are classified to live in rural areas?
Australia 12.84 per cent
Bulgaria 41.9 per cent (11.2 per cent in less developed rural areas)
Canada 22 to 38 per cent depending on the definition used
Czech Republic 26.5 per cent
Denmark 14.7 per cent
Estonia 32.6 per cent
Finland 43 per cent (27 per cent excluding urban adjacent rural areas)
France 24 per cent
Germany 13.03 per cent
Hungary Narrow definition: 47.35 per cent; broader definition: predominantly rural 31.3 per cent and significantly rural 43.2 per cent
Ireland n/a
Italy n/a
Kyrgyzstan 65 per cent
Latvia 47.5 per cent
Lithuania 33.1 per cent
Netherlands n/a
Norway 22.3 per cent (population not living in urban settlements)
Romania 45.4 per cent
Russian Federation 27 per cent
Slovakia 29.9 per cent (OECD definition at NUTS 4 48 per cent in predominantly rural areas)
Sweden 35 to 40 per cent
Switzerland 32 per cent
Turkey 35.1 per cent
United Kingdom n/aEngland 20 per cent (settlement based definition); 28 per cent (ward based
definition)Scotland 30.9 per cent 1)
Wales 32 per centNorthern Ireland n/a
United States 21 per cent (Census Bureau definition); 20 per cent (ERS definition)
1) http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/grosweb/grosweb.nsf/pages/scosett#res
260
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 7
What is the percentage of the total land area that is classified as rural?
Australia 99.74 per cent
Bulgaria 83.7 per cent
Canada99.8 per cent 'rural' and 95 per cent 'predominantly rural' (OECD definition)
Czech Republic 73.7 per cent
Denmark n/a
Estonia 98.4 per cent
Finland 95 per cent (83 per cent if urban adjacent rural areas)
France 82 per cent
Germany 30.35 per cent
Hungary Narrow definition: 88.3 per cent; broader definition: predominantly rural 58.3 per cent and significantly rural 37.7 per cent
Ireland n/a
Italy n/a
Kyrgyzstan 28.8 (53.9) per cent of the land is agricultural land and land of rural settlements (about 90 per cent of the territory lays higher than 1,500m above sea level).
Latvia 98.2 per cent
Lithuania 97 per cent
Netherlands n/a
Norway 99.3 per cent (land outside urban settlements)
Romania 89 per cent
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia76.7 per cent (OECD definition 59.5 per cent in predominantly rural areas)
Sweden more than 95 per cent
Switzerland 77 per cent (approximately)
Turkey n/a
United Kingdom n/aEngland 93 per cent (settlement based definition); 87 per cent (ward based
definition)Scotland n/a
Wales 82 per centNorthern Ireland n/a
United States 97 per cent (Census Bureau definition); 80.8 per cent (ERS definition)
261
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 8
Is there a set of core indicators used to monitor rural development policy?
Australia Not at present but work is underway. The Australian Government is investigating the feasibility of a whole-of-government framework to attempt to measure rural/regional policy and outcomes and indicators will be developed in support of this.
Bulgaria There is a core set of indicators to monitor the implementation of the Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD).
Canada No official core set of indicators. An integrated Canadian national rural database is currently considered as a developmental component of the National Framework of Rural Policies (NFRP). Sets of indicators for monitoring rural communities usually start with the major variables for demography, labour force, income and health status but each list differs.
Czech Republic There is no specific set of indicators used only for rural areas. There are several key indicators surveyed jointly in both, rural and urban areas, but they are not strictly divided according to rural or urban area.
Denmark n/a
EstoniaThe most comprehensive system for monitoring and evaluating has been developed for the Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD). The indicators used for monitoring the programme are agreed with the Monitoring Committee of the SAPARD that regularly reviews the programme progress on the basis of these indicators.
Finland Yes, there are the indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project. See annex A.
France Legislation is in preparation and should come into force end of 2003. Indicators should then be set up to monitor this policy.
Germany Indicators to monitor the EU rural development plan agreed between EU and Member States.
Hungary Set of indicators is being developed in relation with the National Development Plan, Agricultural and Rural Development Operational Programme and the National Rural Development Plan.
Ireland Under development. 1)
Italy n/a
262
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 8 (concluded)
Kazakhstan The development is monitored by the Agency for Statistics through individual farm accounting on the approved form and the collection of statistical data twice a year from each farm record. It questions members of farms about all social issues and gathers information on current plantings, farms’ own property (cattle, poultry and buildings) and sampling data on crop and livestock output. Information for State-owned agricultural enterprises is compiled on the basis of State statistical reporting.
Kyrgyzstan No but there are a few indicators used for monitoring rural development these include poverty and extreme poverty levels, poverty gap and severity, gini coefficient, children school enrolment, adult literacy level, life expectancy, unemployment level, access to drinking water, access to medical service, average per capita calorie intake.
Latvia The Ministry of Agriculture uses a set of indicators for drawing up the Rural Development Plan.
Lithuania No.
Netherlands n/a
Norway No.
Romania There is a set of core indicators used in monitoring rural areas (see 'Carta Verde of rural development in Romania' by the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the European Commission).
Russian Federation The following indicators can be used for monitoring rural development policy: income levels, employment/unemployment, prices of goods and services, the level of development of social, market and utilities infrastructure.
Slovakia Not yet. There are plans to use data from the Ministry of Agriculture, from the payment agency and from beneficiaries to monitor rural development policy.
Sweden No.
Switzerland No, not yet.
Turkey In the Household Labour Force Survey settlements with 20,000 or less are defined as rural. Numbers of persons employed in rural areas by sex, age, educational status etc are gathered regularly.
United Kingdom No.England No.Scotland n/a
Wales Yes. The main sections are demographics, economy, agriculture, education, health, personal social services, local government finance, housing, transport, law and order, environment, tourism, deprivation, etc.
Northern Ireland n/a
United States No.
1) See paper submitted for the Food and Agriculture Meeting held in Geneva 2-4th July 2003.
263
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 9
Can rural development statistics be found on the Internet and if so where?
Australia Some small area statistics on www.abs.gov.au (themes then regional statistics). There is concern however that rural/regional statistics are not visible enough on the ABS website and the home page is currently being redeveloped to include a regional portal.
Bulgaria Not yet but database is under construction. Some information can be found on the website of the Ministry of Agriculture www.mzgar.government.bg
Canada No systematic collection on a given site but three (partial) views are available at: a) the Canadian Rural Partnership www.rural.gc.ca b) The Rural & Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletins at www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/21-006-XIE/free.htm c) community profiles of census data at www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm
Czech Republic No.
Denmark Population data etc can be found at www.statistikbanken.dk
Estonia Rural development statistics/regional statistics are available on the homepage of the Statistical Office at www.stat.ee at local government unit, county and NUTS 3 level.
Finland No.
France Statistics on rural and urban zones can be found at www.insee.fr under 'territoire'.
Germany Information on the publication 'Aktuelle Daten zur Entwicklung der Städte, Kreise und Gemeinden' (up-to-date information on the development of towns, districts and municipalities) at www.bbr.bund.de. Information on regional data at www.destatis.de/themen/d/thm_regional.htm
Hungary No data available on the website of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Some selected data are available at the Internet site of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in the supplement of Hungary's SAPARD Plan at www.fvm.hu/english/annex2.pdf
Ireland n/a
Italy n/a
Kazakhstan www.stat.kz
Kyrgyzstan www.stat.kg
Latvia Yes, the Agricultural Census 2001 and Population Census 2000 data base are available at http://www.csb.lv/
264
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 9 (concluded)
Lithuania www.std.lt/: General statistics - agricultural statistics by county (NUTS 3); Population and social statistics - average annual number of rural population, main indicators of employed population and earnings by economic activity; Agriculture - main indicators of agricultural activity; Environment - water consumption according to needs.
Netherlands n/a
Norway No rural statistics as such but regional statistics can be found at http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/02
Romania No.Russian Federation Yes: Ministry of agriculture www.aris.ru/DBASE/;Goskomstat Russia
www.gks.ru; Agro-industrial complex Market www.apkmarket.ru
Slovakia No.
Sweden No.
Switzerland Scattered information can be found under www.bfs.admin.ch
TurkeyThe press releases and the results of the Household Labour Force Survey are available on the website of the State Insitute of Statistics www.die.gov.tr
United Kingdom Defra Internet site under construction at www.defra.gov.uk/esg/work_htm/publications/cs/ruralinfo_web/default.asp. Small area statistics at www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk
England see United KingdomScotland n/a
Wales Yes, in the report 'Statistical Focus on Rural Wales' (http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubstatisticsforwales/content/publication/compendia/2001/sb49-2001/sb49-2001.htm), in the Rural Development Plan and in the statistics by Local Authority area on the Local Government Data Unit website http://www.lgdu-wales.gov.uk/
Northern Ireland n/a
United States Data related to rural development can be found at a) U.S. Census Bureau at www.census.gov b) Bureau of Labor Statistics at www.bls.gov c) Bureau of Economic Analysis www.bea.gov d) Economic Research Service www.ers.usda.gov e) National Agricultural Statistics Service www.nass.usda.gov
265
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 10
Australia Census Collection District (CD) i.e. census enumeration area (average size in rural areas 100 dwellings, in urban areas 220 dwellings, area ranges from under 1,000 square metres to 230,000 square metres)
Bulgaria Municipality (well defined system of settlements/villages around a municipality centre which may be a bigger village or a small town; between 1 and 134 villages).
Canada Census subdivision (CSD) which are generally incorporated towns and incorporated municipalities. There are 5,600 CSDs with a population range from 0 to 2.38 million (average about 5,360).
Czech Republic Municipalities.
Denmark Addresses.
Estonia Local Government Unit (average population 5494 with Tallinn, 3903 without Tallinn, range 56 to 396879; average area 176 square kilometres, range 1.8 to 582 square kilometre).
Finland Sub-regional units (NUTS 4).
France Municipalities.
Germany Municipalities (average population about 5,900).
Hungary Settlements (municipality?) (average population about 3230).
Ireland District Electoral Division (DED) (average population 1096)
Italy n/a
Kazakhstan Private and state-owned farms
Kyrgyzstan Districts, villages; for agricultural statistics usually the county within a district (between 4,000 and 20,000 inhabitants)
Latvia Parishes (NUTS 5)
Lithuania Rural settlement (village) (average size 53 inhabitants, range from 1 to 4700); Rural municipality (average size 24.4 thousand inhabitants, range 6.6 to 83.6 thousand inhabitants; average land area 135.3 thousand hectares, range 43.6 to 220.9 thousand hectares)
Netherlands District (average population about 1500, range 0 to 30,000; average area 3 square kilometre, range from under 1 to 130 square kilometres); for statistics for funding purposes: statistics based on terriorial unit of 500m square
Norway Basic (statistical) units (subdivision of municipalities, there are about 14,000 basic statistical units in Norway; they are a flexible basis for the work with and presentation of regional statistics)
Romania Villages (average population about 800)
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia Municipality (average population 1844, range 10 to 117227)
Sweden Individuals/households.
Switzerland Hectare or commune - depending on the statistics.
Turkey Village (average population about 640)
United Kingdom Census Output Areas (average population about 250)EnglandScotland
Wales Electoral districts; Small Agricultural Area for agricultural statistics (about 1000 farms)
Northern Ireland
United States Census Blocks (there are 7,017,427 census blocks)
What is the smallest area for which statistics are available and what is the average size of this area (e.g. average population size, average area, range of population sizes or range of area)?
266
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 11
What statistics are available for this smallest area?
Australia Every five years, full range of variables from the Census of Population and Housing (demographics, employment, income, characteristics of dwellings). In non-census years data are only available for larger spatial units. Very few economic variables are available for small areas but agricultural commodity data are available for Statistical Local Areas every five years and for Statistical Divisions in other years.
Bulgaria Data for age structure, inhabitants, area, population density, employment/unemployment levels, education level etc.
Canada All Census of Population variables, however, data for census subdivisions with fewer than 200 inhabitants are typically suppressed for questions in the long questionnaire which contains the major variables on educational attainment, labour force participation, income etc.
Czech Republic Only a limited number of indicators such as population, land area, social and cultural variables, health service and trade possibilities and for some environmental matters such as water supply network, public sewage system, waste collection.
Denmark n/a
EstoniaThe Estonian Rural Development Database contains official statistics on population, stock of urban streets and local roads at the local government unit level. It also contains non-official data on entrepreneurs, local budget revenue and expenditure, income tax, state budgetary relief fund, appropriations for investment, local government debt, dwelling completions, non-residential building completions, subsistence allowances, registered unemployed and the number and areas of fires. Non-official data on the number of schools and students, local land stock, main indicators on libraries and distance of local government unit from the capital and the county centre will be added soon.
Finland The indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project which relate to population and migration, structure and function of the economy, living conditions and welfare, sustainable development.
France Population census data, agricultural census data, municipality inventory, business survey results, services and facilities available to inhabitants of the municipalities, movements of inhabitants in municipalities lacking facilities.
Germany Various statistics are available for municipalities, others for Kreise (districts) details can be found at www.brandenburg.de/statreg/regio-stat-katalog_2003.pdf
Hungary There are about 400 variables collected annually for each settlement.
Ireland Population statistics, agricultural statistics.
Italy n/a
Kazakhstan Individual farm records.
Kyrgyzstan Statistics on agriculture, wages, population number, selected variables of transport statistics, finances are produced at the level of rural councils. The population census data are available by each town, urban-type settlement and village.
267
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 11 (concluded)
Latvia Some agricultural, population and social statistics.
Lithuania Rural settlements - number of population; Rural municipality - majority of agricultural, demographic and social statistics; Total municipality - majority of agricultural, demographic, social, industry, transport and service statistics.
Netherlands Population data (number, gender, age class, population density, household composition, immigrants (first and second generation) from non-western countries); address density; residences (number and average value for tax); income (average per head, average per person receiving income, persons with high income (percentage), persons with low income (percentage), persons aged 15 to 64 with social security as main source of income (percentage); land area and total area (including water); land use (e.g. urban and rural area, traffic, built-up, semi-built-up recreational, agricultural, forest, nature).
Norway Mainly population statistics. Furthermore, coordinates or basic statistical unit code identify most enterprises in the Business Register and almost all agricultural holdings are identified by coordinates.
Romania Various statistics which can be found in the settlement/locality file.
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia Statistics on a limited number of indicators are available (population, land acreage, social and cultural facilities, health service and trade possibilities etc) and for some environmental matters (water supply network, public sewage system, water waste treatment, waste collection, expenditures on environmental protection).
Sweden Examples: number of inhabitants, number of households, migration, age distribution, educational level, unemployment, disposable income.
Switzerland For the hectare Swiss land use statistics; for the commune/municipality the population, agricultural and enterprise statistics as well as the Swiss land use statistics.
Turkey Social, demographic and economic characteristics of population are available for villages from the 2000 Population Census. Information about age and sex structure, literacy, fertility, labour force, occupation, economic activity and employment status is also available.
United Kingdom Census data, some survey data will be made available at this level.EnglandScotland
Wales Data for Electoral Districts are only available for data collected in the 2001 Population census. Most socio-economic indicators are only reliable at the Local Authority Level.
Northern Ireland
United States Basic population and housing data. More information available at census tract level.
268
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 12
Are statistics on urban settlements/urban land use available?
Australia Yes, the full range of Census of Population and Housing variables is available for urban settlements.
Bulgaria Yes, on urban municipalities.
Canada Yes, data are available for urban settlements, but urban land use data is only available from specialised surveys on a case by case basis.
Czech Republic Statistics on urban settlement and land use are available (in the statistical office and the cadastral office)
Denmark Yes.
Estonia Yes, on urban municipalities.
Finland One of the area types is rural areas.
France Yes, at the level of municipalities to follow the development of the different zones which are recalculated after every population census. At a more aggregated level through the LUCAS surveys.
Germany Yes, updated every four years.
Hungary Yes.
Ireland n/a
Kazakhstan A sample survey is held for urban settlements once a year.
Kyrgyzstan Yes.
Latvia Yes.
Lithuania Yes, demographic statistics and urban land use statistics.
Netherlands Yes, land use statistics are produced every 3 or 4 years. Delineating urban settlements on the basis of urban land use statistics is a research project for the next months. In principle, coding addresses to urban settlements is possible and is also subject to research.
Norway Yes.
Romania Yes.
Russian Federation n/a
Slovakia Yes, statistics on urban settlement and urban land use are available in the cadastral office/land registry and in the statistical office.
Sweden n/a
Switzerland Yes.
Turkey No. However, a project is under way on Land Use by Using CORINE methodology. The aim of the project is to classify 44 classes of land use as applied in the CORINE project. At the end of this project some information on urban settlements will be available.
United Kingdom Yes.England Yes.Scotland n/a
Wales Yes.Northern Ireland n/a
United States Yes, some data are available.
269
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 13
Which organization(s) is/are responsible for rural development policy?
Australia At federal level mainly the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia (AFFA - responsible for agricultural policy which impacts significantly on rural areas) and the Department for Transport and Regional Services (responsible for regional development in general and this includes rural areas). Economic development in rural/regional Australia is devolved to State/Territory Governments.
Bulgaria Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)
Canada The federal Rural Secretariat had the task of co-ordinating the federal approach to rural development because all government departments have policies and programs directed to rural citizens. Similarly, each provincial government has a lead agency with a mandate to co-ordinate the approach of provincial government ministries to rural development. Finally, there are regional and rural development groups within most provinces.
Czech Republic Ministry for regional development and regional authorities.
Denmark Ministry for the Interior and Health
Estonia Ministry of Agriculture
Finland Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Rural Policy Committee
France Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Rural Affairs
GermanyThe 16 federal Länder governments have the main responsibility for rural development policy. Within the Länder governments, it is the Ministries with responsibility for agriculture, regional policies, environment, protection of nature and transport that influence rural development most directly.
Hungary Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Ireland Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.
Italy The 20 Italian Regions
Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture.
Kyrgyzstan At present, on the instructions of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic and in pursuance of the goals of the Comprehensive Development Framework the Kyrgyz Republic has started to prepare a set of documents aimed at comprehensive rural development. Almost all ministries and agencies are preparing relevant documents in their respective fields.
Latvia Ministry of Agriculture
270
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 13 (concluded)
Lithuania Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for rural development policy; Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour is responsible for social aspects including rural areas; Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for coordinating National Regional Policy.
Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality; Ministry of Housing and Spatial Planning and the Environment; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Social Affairs and Employment; Regional Governments/Provinces (at NUTS 2 level).
Norway Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development (main responsibility and co-ordination); Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Fisheries; Ministry of Transport and Communication; Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Romania Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and Ministry of Public Finance; Inter-ministry Committee for Agriculture and Rural Development.
Russian Federation Republics, territories and regions and coordinated by the Government and the Ministry of Agriculture.
Slovakia Ministry of Agriculture
Sweden Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communication.
Switzerland Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE)
Turkey State Planning Organization (SPO) is responsible for project planning; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for monitoring rural projects.
United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and devolved Departments.
England Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsScotland Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department
Wales Welsh Assembly Government Agriculture and Rural Affairs DepartmentNorthern Ireland Department for Agriculture and Rural Development Northern Ireland
United States The Rural Development (RD) Mission Area of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) operates as the main rural development programs in the United States. However, other Federal development programs critical to rural development are operated by other Federal and State agencies. USDA-RD is responsible for co-ordinating the rural aspects of these programs, to the extent this is possible. USDA also participates in and supports the National Rural Development Partnership, which includes representatives of Federal, State, and non-governmental organizations with an interest in rural development.
271
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 14
What are the aims/objectives of rural development policies?
Australia To improve the economic performance of rural and regional areas so that the potential for them to contribute to the wealth and competitiveness of Australia as a nation is maximised.
Bulgaria See annex C.
Canada Generally to improve the well-being of rural communities.
Czech Republic Rural development means creating of administrative and economic conditions to support the rural area residents in their harmonised development of healthy environment, in their care about natural and cultural worth of rural landscape and in the development of environment-friendly systems of farming.
Denmark n/a
Estonia The main objective of the pre-accession programme for agricultural and rural development (SAPARD) is to contribute to the implementation of aquis communautaire concerning the common agricultural policy and related policies and to solve priority and problems for the sustainable adaptation of the agricultural sector and rural areas in Estonia.
Finland The Rural Policy Committee has been structured around five permanent priorities: (1) reform of the economic activities in rural areas (2) development of know-how and human resources (3) strengthening the existing service network (4) development of the quality of the residential environment and community structure in rural areas (5) sustainable utilisation of natural resources
France n/a
Germany The directive Nr 1257/1999 put the main focus on the promotion of the multifunctionality of agriculture. However, increasing emphasis was also given to non-agricultural activities, aspects of sustainability and the employment.
Hungary (1) More competitive economy (2) Better utilisation of human resources (3) Better quality environment, more balanced regional development.
Ireland Improving the physical, economic and social conditions of people living in the open countryside, in coastal areas, towns and villages and in smaller urban centres outside of the five major urban areas.
Italy Enhance the competitiveness and viability of rural areas (the objectives stated in the regulations of the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy)
Kyrgyzstan Development of small towns and remote districts.
272
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 14 (continued)
Latvia (1) Promotion of dynamic development of rural economy, thus ensuring the increase in the level of welfare of the rural population (2) Maintenance of the population living in rural areas and ensuring the availability of various social infrastructure services in rural territory equivalent to the level available in towns (3) Ensuring the sustainable and efficient utilisation of rural resources by maintaining and preserving a tended and biologically diverse rural environment and landscape for future generations.
Lithuania According to the Law on Regional development of the Republic of Lithuania (adopted in 2000) the main aims are to reduce the social and economic inequality between the regions and within the regions and to stimulate the equal and stable development of all regions. The Law on Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Lithuania (2002) gives legal basis for the main principles of agricultural and rural development. It seeks to create a cooperative and competitive agricultural sector oriented towards the market; to increase agricultural income and to improve the quality of life of rural people as well as to meet their indivudual, social, economic and cultural needs; to ensure that high quality and safe agricultural and food products reach the market; to expand exports of agricultural and food products; to gurantee as high as possible self-sufficiency of agricultural and food products; to develop a sustainable food industry in which integrated agriculture has a main share; to save the environment by using agri-environmental methods and to induce sustainable use of renewable resources.
Netherlands Objective for rural development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality: The creation of a living and sustainable countryside, allowing space for the various functions of living, work and recreation; to enhance liveability while preserving the existing qualities of the countryside. This is realised through the four policy fields of agriculture, nature, recreation and landscape.
Norway To maintain the central features of the population settlement pattern and to have equal living conditions throughout the country.
Romania The strategic objective proposed by the PNADR (Plan National of agriculture and rural development?) are the following: the sustainable development of agri-food competitive sector by modernisation and improvement of processing and marketing of agricultural and fish products; increasing of the living standard in rural areas by the improvement and development of social infrastructure and by defining and establishing good agricultural practice as a need for a sustainable agriculture and rural development; the development of rural economy by establishing and modernising buildings for private agricultural and forest exploitations, the development and diversification of economic activities, in order to maintain and/or create alternative/additional incomes and new employment; the development of human resources by improving professional training of agricultural producers and forest owners and by building institutional capacity consolidation.
273
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 14 (concluded)
Russian Federation The social components of reforms in agriculture is one of the most important objectives of rural development policy.
Slovakia The improvement of the quality of life of the rural population, provision of sufficient number of jobs and adequate income. To preserve environment and sustainable development for rural areas.
Sweden Good living conditions and development opportunities for rural areas and rural populations.
Switzerland The Confederation's policy in respect of spatial and transport planning, sustainable development and the alpine conservation convention has been prepared and implemented by the Federal Office for Spatial Planning since 1 June 2000. The remit of the Federal Office includes the following: (1) Strategies for spatial and transport planning and for sustainable development (2) Principles for spatial planning, general and leisure traffic, sustainable development and the alpine conservation (3) Liaison between federal authorities on projects affecting land use and transport (4) Collaboration with the cantons in all official tasks (5) Assisting with coordination to solve problems connected with agglomeration policy and equalisation measures in rural areas (6) Information (7) Monitoring spatial planning from a legal viewpoint.
Turkey The aims of rural development are to support and encourage rural activities to increase income of the rural population by diversification and intensification of agricultural activities; to encourage agro-industry and finally to increase capacity building in those areas.
United KingdomEngland The target is to reduce the gap in productivity between the least well
performing quartile of rural areas and the English median by 2006, and improve the accessibility of services for rural people. The evidence for poor economic and social conditions in some rural areas is both compelling and measurable. Our target is to lay solid foundations to achieve sustainable and long term regeneration in these areas.
Scotland n/aWales (1) To create a stronger agriculture and forestry sector (2) To improve the
economic competitiveness of rural communities and areas (3) To maintain and protect the environment and rural heritage
Northern Ireland n/a
United States Rural development policies have a variety of objectives. The general aim is to improve quality of life in rural areas. More specifically, USDA's RD programs cover infrastructure, business, and housing assistance, plus several comprehensive assistance programs, including the rural empowerment zone program.
274
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 15
What are the main themes of rural development?
Australia Two over-arching themes are evident in Australian regional/rural policy: (1) place-based issues of economic growth and development and ultimate competitiveness, and the concomitant natural resource management and environmental impact issues (sustainable development) (2) socially focussed issues - the quality of life and well being of people who reside in rural/regional/remote Australia
Bulgaria See annex C.
Canada Creating a favourable environment for rural development by improving infrastructure; supporting the renewal of communities through innovation; support building community capacity potential.
Czech Republic Development of agricultural activities and processing of the production; reestablishment of handicrafts, trade and business activities and services and tourism; support and development of employment opportunities; improvement of the municipality facilities for residents (schools, health services, etc.); maintenance of the public open space (including care of lawns and water areas)
Denmark Economic activities and environmental aspects.
Estonia Promotion of rural entrepreneurship; living conditions in rural areas; infrastructure and land improvements; private forestry and cooperative activities; research, training and advisory system.
Finland According to the Rural Policy Committee outlines for rural policy are: there is a wide range of economic activities in the rural areas; the possibility to use modern information technology should be made available to everybody, the development of the environment for innovation in rural areas is one of the cornerstones in rural policy, multifunctional agriculture and pluriactive farms are special characteristics of the Finnish rural areas; the connection between culture and development is understood and recognised in all rural development work; curbing and reducing the differentiation of municipalities; in order to for the rural policy to succeed in securing the viability of the rural areas, watertight development systems are needed not only in the municipalities but also at the level of villages and sub-regional units; new means to advance the justice to the citizens and equality between the regions should be found for regional development; the urban, interaction and rural policies constitute an extensive and functioning whole for the regional development that is the best suited for the Finnish conditions
France n/a
Germany Improvement of the competitiveness of the agricultural sector; rural development; environment and compensatory measures
Hungary Modernisation of agricultural production; improving human conditions of production; modernisation of food processing; improving the economic potential of rural areas; increasing employment; making rural areas more attractive; maintenance of agricultural land use in areas with unfavourable conditions and under environment protection restrictions; environment-friendly agricultural production, landscape protection and agricultural environment protection; maintaining the economic, ecological and social role of forests.
IrelandVibrant sustainable communities; sufficient income and employment opportunities; adequate access to education, training and social and other services and infrastructure; effective participation in structures and decision-making processes in an inclusive society; a situation where cultural identity including language, traditions and a sense of community are valued and retained; sustainable development and respect for the environment.
275
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 15 (continued)
Italy Investment in competitiveness, rural viability, quality of life and sustainable agriculture, animal welfare, food quality.
Kyrgyzstan (1) Development of effective local governments (2) Social development of local communities (3) Development of rural social and engineering infrastructure (4) Provision of sustainable growth in rural areas
Latvia see annex B
Lithuania Investment in primary agricultural activity: reconstruction and equipment of farm buildings, pruchase of agricultural machinery, creation of specialized farming; investment in agricultural and fish products processing and development of marketing; development and diversification of farm activities: stimulation of small businesses, processing of agricultural product produced on farm, rural tourism, non-traditional economic activities in rural areas; diversification of farm activities including processing; development of rural infrastructure for general use; development of forestry, of forestry infrastructure, afforestation of non-agricultural land; stimulation of ecological farming; professional agricultural training; support for preservation and breeding of rare fish, for breeding and seed farming, for purchase of seeds and pedigree material; support for establishment of young farmers; registration and identification of farm animals; creation and introduction of agricultural information system, development and consultation services; development of food quality control, veterinary and plant protection control
including border control; direct payments for declared crop area of cereal, flax, rape, rich in starch potatoes and other agricultural crops, in animal production direct payments for suckling cows, ewes and animals to be slaughtered and to dairy farms; compensatory payments for farming in areas not favourable to farming.
Norway Development in population, economic development in general, business investments, establishment of new enterprises, empployment/unemployment, service provisions, infrastructure.
Netherlands Our most important policy tasks regarding the physical quality of the rural area are: putting the water system in order; realising the National Ecological Network; making agriculture more sustainable and more in tune with the wishes of society; preserving and developing a valuable living environment; specific tasks regarding specific landscapes (sandy areas, grasslands in the peatlands area and the riverlands).
Romania The measures proposed by the SAPARD Regulations is as follows: processing and marketing of agricultural and fisheries products; improving the structures for quality veterinary and plant health controls, foodstuffs and consumer protection; development and improvement of rural infrastructure; management of water resources for agriculture; investment in agricultural holdings; setting up producer groups; agri-environmental measures; development and diversification of economic activities, multiple activities, alternative income; forestry; improving the vocational training; technical assistance.
Russian Federation The main directions of rural development are defined in the Federal programme 'Social development in rural areas until 2010'.
276
Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 15 (concluded)
Slovakia SAPARD: Priority 1 Improvement of the agricultural production sector including food industry (measures: Investment in agricultural enterprises, improvement of processing and marketing of agricultural and fish products, setting up of producer groups) Priority 2 Sustainable rural development (measures: diversification activities in rural areas, forestry, agricultural production methods designed to protect the environment and maintain the countryside, land consolidation) Priority 3 Development of human activities (measures: development of human resources, technical assistance)
Switzerland Decentralised settlement and conservation of the cultural heritage of the landscape; assisting with coordination to solve problems connected with agglomeration policy and equalisation of measures in rural areas.
Sweden n/a
Turkey Employment, rural infrastructure, human resources, settlement patterns, organisational arrangements, sustainability of rural development.
United Kingdom n/aEngland The white paper focuses on: investing in quality services (schools,
education and child care places, health care, internet access); improvements in service delivery (extended service provision by post offices, cash machines, support schemes for village shops, pubs and garages, etc.); affordable homes; better transport; rejuvenating market towns and creating a thriving modern economy; new future for traditional industries (i.e. agriculture); ensuring that everyone can enjoy the countryside (tourism); protecting what makes the countryside special (environment)
Scotland n/aWales (1) Income and employment of people found on farms (2) The
environmental aspects of land use. The most significant strands of the Rural Development Plan for Wales are (1) support for farmers in disadvantaged areas (2) agri-environmental payments. Less important strands are the investment on farms for improving the holding and on-farm diversification, improving processing and marketing of agricultural products, forestry. Support for non-agricultural businesses and community development is not strong.
Northern Ireland n/a
United States Sustainable community development; 'bottom-up' policies in the sense that they support the community's own plans and goals for development, rather than a policy solution imposed by a higher level of government; Federal assistance targeted to places that need help the most; Federal assistance should 'leverage' assistance from other sources to get 'the most for the buck'
277
Annex A: The indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project.
POPULATION AND MIGRATIONPopulation density, inhabitants/km2
Distribution of population by types of area, %Increase of populationExcess of birthsInternal net-migration, totalInternal net-migration by age groupArea’s population as percentage of whole Mainland Finland’s populationPopulation by sex and age groupMen’s relative proportion of population aged 25-64Demographic dependency ratioSummer residents’ relative proportion of regular population (summer residents refers to the total number of persons in the household-dwelling units of free-time residence owners)Free-time residences per 1000 inhabitants
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ECONOMYNumber of labour forceProportion of labour force in the population of working ageEconomic dependency ratioUnemployment rate, totalChange of unemployment rateWorkplaces by industryChange of number of all workplacesRatio between number of jobs in an area and number of employed living in an areaNumber of commuters (commuters are defined as persons who cross the municipal border to get from their place of residence to their place of work)Percentage of commuters to employed living in an areaNet-commutingNet income flow of commutingValue added, whole country = 100Value added per capita, whole country = 100Number of establishments of enterprises by size category of personnelNumber of establishments of enterprises per 1000 inhabitantsNumber of establishments of enterprises by industryNumber of enterprise openings and closures by industryNumber of active farmsAverage area of arable land of active farms, haAverage income subject to state taxation of farms by source of incomeCommercial roundwood removals of private forests, m3
Local income tax rate in municipal taxationAverage total tax revenues of municipalities per inhabitant
LIVING CONDITION AND WELFAREAverage income subject to state taxation per income recipientPersons in receipt of living allowance as percentage of populationPopulation aged 15 years or over by level of education
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTArable land under cultivation and uncultivated arable land of all farmsOrganic farms as percentage of all active farmsOrganically farmed area as percentage of all arable land of active farms
278
Annex B: Latvia - Answer to Question 15:
Main Themes
Economic activities not related with the agriculture, forestry or fishery (in line with the National Programme forthe Development of Small and Medium Size Enterprises, National Employment Plan, the actions listed in theaction strategy of the Ministry of Agriculture for the years 2003-2005, etc.):- efficiently utilises all resources available in rural environment, thus contributing to the employment andwelfare of the rural population;- maintains and develops the rural environment as an attractive life, work and recreational place foreveryone;- ensures the flexibility of rural economy with respect to the changes in the foreign and domesticmarkets, and maintains a stable welfare standard of the rural population.
Tourism (in line with the Rural Tourism Development Programme)-- ensures the availability of the cultural and historical heritage and landscape qualities featuring the ruralenvironment of Latvia to everyone;- ensures the good quality and environmentally adequate economic infrastructure for the needs ofmobility, communications and economic activity of the population (in line with the Regional DevelopmentLaw);- improves, enhances and diversifies the professional skills of the rural population (in line with theNational Employment Plan and the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007 andthe Concept for Crediting of Students)
- creates and supports the groups / organisations of economic cooperation promoting and supporting theeconomic development of rural areas, involving socially outcast groups of population in business activity thusreducing the poverty in line with the Commercial Law of the Republic of Latvia, Cooperative Societies Law,Agricultural Law, the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007).
The measures implemented and/or planned for implementation under the objective ‘Maintenance ofpopulation in rural areas and ensuring the availability of various social infrastructure services in rural territoryequivalent to the level available in towns’ are aimed at:
- rationalising and developing the services of social infrastructure (education and training systems, healthcare and social security systems, culture, etc.) and tending and maintaining the historical and cultural values / heritage (in line with the National Investment Programme);- creating and supporting the local initiatives for the activation of economic and social life in the territory, encouraging the cooperation among inhabitants in the implementation of social and economic activities in the territory, and minimising the outcast of various social groups in rural villages / communities;
- establishing and supporting various social matters groups / organisations for dealing with social assistance issues and initiation of economic activities in rural territories (in line with the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007);- improving and rationalising the operations of local administrative, regional authorities by securing the exchange of information and minimising the outcast of informative character in the periphery (in line with the Regional Development Law of the Republic of Latvia and the Administrative-Territorial Reform Law).
The attainment of the objective - Ensuring the sustainable and efficient utilisation of rural resources bymaintaining and preserving a tended and biologically diverse rural environment and landscape for futuregenerations – is supported by adoption of certain Regulatory enactments and strategic documents – laws ofthe Republic of Latvia, Cabinet Regulations, and by implementation of the National Biodiversity Programme(1999). Latvia has ratified different international conventions, and is proceeding with the harmonisation of itsnational legislation with the Directives of the European Union in the sphere of environment, with a view to:
- ensuring, in all kinds of economic activity, an environmentally friendly management meeting the environmental requirements to cause a minimum negative impact on the ecology of rural environment (nature, air, climate, soil, water) and maintaining a tended landscape characteristic to the countryside of Latvia;- preserving, protecting and promoting the variety of wildlife populations, species and biotopes recognised both nationally and internationally;- protecting and maintaining the historical, cultural and landscape (reserves, nature parks, coastline, etc.) values recognised both nationally and internationally.- protecting, enhancing and promoting the local origin breeding animals of important breeds of agricultural animals and cultivated plants, which are recognised as endangered populations both nationally and internationally.
279
ANNEX C: Bulgaria
Answer to question 3: Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating tothe degree of rurality?
The Farmer Support Act (published SG 58/22. 05. 1998)
The Farmer Support Act.
The provisions of this law are closest to the provisions in Council Regulation 1257/1999 onsupport for rural development from the EAGGF. This law regulates the state support tofarmers for the production of market oriented agricultural produce. One of the purposes ofstate support is the development of agricultural produce in regions with deterioratingsocial and economical characteristics, or in regions with unfavorable environmentalconditions. These regions have been defined in the Final provisions to the law as follows:
"Regions with deteriorating social and economical characteristics"
"Regions of unfavourable environmental conditions"
280
281
Answer to question 14: What are the aims/objectives of rural developmentpolicies?
Achievement and maintenance of high economic growth through a dynamic economics ofknowledge in compliance with the principles of sustainable development.
282
Answer to question 15: What are the main themes of rural development?
283
Chapter VI
VIXII INVENTORY OF RURALINDICATORS BY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Guidelines on Socio Economic Indicators for Monitoring and EvaluatingAgrarian Reform and Rural Development
Tracking results in agriculture and ruraldevelopment in less than ideal conditions et al
CHAPTER VI
284
REFERENCES
Guidelines on socio economic indicators for monitoring and evaluatingagrarian reform and rural development
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation.
FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER VI
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
Fact Sheet. Overview of the implementation of ruraldevelopment policy 2000 2006
Fact Sheet. Rural development in the European Union
Rural Development Policy 2006 2013. Common Monitoringand Evaluation Framework.
Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009.
285
Regions in the European Union. Nomenclature of territorial units forstatistics.
An Inter agency initiative to promote information and mapping systems on foodinsecurity and vulnerability
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation.
Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final report
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy.
OECD Regions at a Glance 2009
Millennium Indicators Database.
286
Focus on OECD Inventory of Rural Indicators
Introduction
relevance, reliability and realisability
287
three levels of availability
288
specialsubjects
1) Population and migration
Demographic statistics Regional accounts Innovation
Social indicators Regional labour markets
FOCUS TABLE VI.1OECD’s basic rural development indicators classified by themes
289
Indicators
Density
Change
Structures
Households
Communities
2) Economic structure and performance
290
Indicators
Labour force
Employment
Sectoral shares
Productivity
Investment
291
3) Social well being and equity
Indicators
Income
figures ondisposable personal income would surely be more appropriate indicators
Housing
Education
Health and safety
292
4) Environment and sustainability1
Indicators
Topography and climate
Land use
Habitats and species
293
Soils and water
Air quality
5) The current situation
OECD Regions at a Glance
294
FOCUS PIECES
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy.
OECD Regions at a Glance 2009
295
Focus on the European Union inventory of rural indicators
1) Indicators suggested in the PAIS project report
over 500 indicators
296
55 indicators were selected, considered to represent“good practice”
(i) Population and migration demographic structure and evolution
297
(ii) Social well being quality of life
(iii) Economic structure and performance
298
The Rural Labour Market
Enterprise and Innovation
Business Infrastructure
Level of provision
299
Level of usage
Tourism in Rural Development
Multifunctionality of agriculture
:
farm household employment
300
diversification of primary production
farm structure (inputs) andproductivity
2) Indicators suggested in the Hay report
Indicators and Rural Development
301
3) Statistics used in the annual report “Rural Development in the European Union:Statistical and Economic Information”
4) Common indicators for monitoring rural development programmes
inter alia
302
ex ante, ex post.
vis à vis
303
FOCUS PIECES
Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS
Agriculture Directorate General. CommissionWorking Document VI/43512/02 Final: 26.2.2002: Guidelines for the Mid TermEvaluation of Rural Development Programmes 2000 2006, supported from theEuropean Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund.
Fact Sheet. Overview of the implementation of ruraldevelopment policy 2000 2006
Fact Sheet. Rural development in the EuropeanUnion
CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework.
Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009.
Agriculture – Rural Development: Monitoring and Evaluation
Regions Table 1: Correspondence between the NUTS levels and thenational administrative units
An Inter agency initiative to promote information and mapping systems on foodinsecurity and vulnerability
Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final report
Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy
Millennium Indicators Database
304
ANNEX: EUROPEAN UNION RURAL INDICATORS
THEME ISSUE INDICATOR NAME No.
Pop
ula
tion
and
Mig
rati
onSo
cial
wel
lb
ein
g
FOCUS TABLE VI.2Key Rural Development Indicators suggested in the PAIS report
305
THEME ISSUE INDICATOR NAME No.
Econ
omic
Stru
ctu
re&
Per
form
ance
(com
pet
itiv
enes
s)
Econ
omic
Stru
ctu
re&
Per
form
ance
(div
ersi
fica
tion
ofru
rale
con
omie
s)
306
THEME ISSUE INDICATOR NAME No.
Econ
omic
Stru
ctu
re&
Per
form
ance
(Ad
dre
ssin
gth
ep
rim
ary
sect
or)
307
1. Demographic Characteristics and Changes
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
2. Employment and Human Capital
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
FOCUS TABLE VI.3Indicators suggested in the Hay report
308
3. Welfare, Income and Quality of Life
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLES
4. Agricultural Adjustment and Structural Change
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
as a % of
309
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLES
5. Multi Functionality of Agriculture
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
as % of
310
6. Rural Economic Diversification
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
7. Innovation and Enterprise
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
8. Policy2
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
311
312
9. Rural Environment and Landscapes
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
10. Infrastructure and Peripherality
ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES
313
1. Demographic data
Level of geographic detail: NUTS5
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE
FOCUS TABLE VI.4Specification of Eurostat indicators (as laid down in an ESTAT discussiondocument)
314
2. Employment and economic data
Level of geographic detail:
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE
Change in commuter figures
315
3. Infrastructure data
Level of geographic detail:
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE
4. Welfare data
Level of geographic detail:
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE
316
5. Agriculture and structural change
Level of geographic detail:
ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE
317
SECTION CMEF INDICATOR N. MEASUREMENT
3.1
Imp
orta
nce
ofru
rala
reas
3.2
Soci
oec
onom
icsi
tuat
ion
inru
rala
reas
FOCUS TABLE VI.5Indicators used in Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009
318
3.3
Sect
oral
econ
omic
ind
icat
ors
SECTION CMEF INDICATOR N. MEASUREMENT
319
3.4
Envi
ron
men
t
SECTION CMEF INDICATOR N. MEASUREMENT
320
3.5
Div
ersi
fica
tion
and
qu
alit
yof
life
inth
ed
iffe
ren
tcat
egor
ies
ofar
eas
AXIS 4, LEADER
: Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical and EconomicInformation Report 2009.
321
a. Objective related baseline indicators
AXIS INDICATORS MEASUREMENT
Horizontal
*
*
*
AXIS 1Competitiveness
*
*
*
*
AXIS 2Environment
*
FOCUS TABLE VI.6EU Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Rural DevelopmentProgrammes in the period 2007 13. Baseline indicators (objective and contextrelated)
322
*
*
AXIS 3Wider ruraldevelopment
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
323
AXIS 4LEADER
b. Context related baseline indicators
AXIS INDICATOR MEASUREMENT
Horizontal
AXIS 1Competitiveness
AXIS 2Environment
324
AXIS 3Wider ruraldevelopment
Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
325
Focus on the World Bank Inventory of Rural Indicators
Enabling environment for rural development
Natural resource management and biodiversity
tool for evaluating and presenting theredundancies or associations between several continuous variables
used to graphically represent and summarize the key features of a dataset
326
ANNEX A
WORLD BANK INDICATORS
(i) List of indicators
I Basic Data
II Enabling Environment for Rural Development
II.1 Policies and Institutions
II.2 Markets
327
II.3 Infrastructure
III Broad Based Economic growth For Rural Poverty Reduction
III.1 Poverty
III.2 Agriculture
328
III.3 Non farm
IV Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity
V Social Well Being (Education and Health)
V.1 Education
329
V.2 Health
(ii) Definitions of the indicators
I Basic Data
GDP growth (annual %)
Annual percentage growth rate of GDP
Rural population (millions)
Rural population
Rural population (% of total)
Rural population
330
Population density, rural (people per sq km arable land)
Rural population density
Rural life expectancy at birth, total (years)
Rural life expectancy at birth
GNI per capita, rural (Atlas method, current US$)
GNI per capita, rural
II Enabling Environment
II.1 Policies and Institutions
Agricultural subsidies (% of total)Agricultural subsidies
Agricultural tariffs (%)
Fiscal decentralizationFiscal decentralization
Food price index (1995 = 100)Food price index
Independence of local courtsIndependence of local courts
Land Gini coefficientLand Gini coefficient
331
Local government electionsLocal government elections
Number of farmers’ organizationsNumber of farmers’ organizations
II.2 Markets
Agricultural raw materials exports (% of merchandise exports)Agricultural raw materials
Food imports (% of merchandise imports)Food imports
Food exports (% of merchandise exports)Food exports
Employment in agriculture, female (% of female labour force)
Agriculture household net disposable income as a percentage of allhousehold net disposable income
agriculture household net disposable income
Net disposable income per agriculture household member compared tothat of members of all households
332
Gross rural domestic savings per capita, percentage of total gross domesticsavings per capitaGross rural domestic savings per capita
Percentage of rural households with access to formal credit services infinancial institutions
Number of markets outlets for agricultural input produceNumber of markets outlets for agricultural input produce
Rural labour force, employedRural labour force, employed
II.3 Infrastructure
Rural population with access to roads (%)
Rural population with access to roads (%)
Rural population with access to electricity (%)Rural population with access to electricity (%)
Rural population with access to communications (%)
333
III Broad Based Economic Growth for Rural Poverty Reduction
III.1 Poverty
Rural per capita incomeRural per capita income
Rural poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)Rural poverty gap ratio
Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per dayProportion of rural population below $1 per day
Rural Poverty headcount ratio (% of rural population below the ruralpoverty line)
poverty headcount ratio (% of rural population below the rural povertyline)
Rural per capita dietary energy supply (calories per day)Rural per capita dietary energy supply (calories per day)
Rural infants with low birth weight (% of births)Rural infants with low birth weight (% of births)
Rural child malnutrition (percentage of children under five who arestunted)Rural child malnutrition (percentage of children under five who are stunted)
334
III.2 Agriculture
Agriculture, gross value added (% of total GDP)Agriculture
Gross value added
Agriculture, gross value added (average annual % growth, 1980 2000)
Agricultural productivity (Agriculture gross value added per worker)Agricultural productivity
Number of farm households (narrow definition)Number of farm households (narrow definition)
Number of farm households (broad definition)Number of farm households (broad definition)
Food production index (1989 91 = 100) and index per capitaFood production index
Irrigated Land (% of cropland)Irrigated land (% of cropland)
Cropland/arable land (%)cropland
Arable land
335
Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)Cereal yield
Cereal yield (average annual growth)Cereal yield
III.3 Non Farm
Rural gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross fixed capital formation
Rural labour force, employed in non farm activitiesRural labour force, employed in non farm activities
Share of rural women in wage employment in the non agricultural sectorShare of women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector
non agricultural sectorindustry
Services
Growth in non agricultural GDPGrowth in non agricultural GDP
Number of rural businessesNumber of rural businesses
Number of non agricultural jobs created (annual)Number of non agricultural jobs created (annual)
336
IV Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity
Forest area (% of land total area)Forest area (% of total land area)
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000
Rural protected areas (% of total land area)Rural protected areas (% of total land area)
Annual deforestation change (% change, 1990 2000)Average annual deforestation
Ratio of rural protected area to maintain biological diversity to rural surface areais
defined as nationally protected area as a percentage of total surface area of a country. Thegenerally accepted IUCN–World Conservation Union definition of a protected area is anarea of land or sea dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity andof natural and associated cultural resources and managed through legal or other effectivemeans.
Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of total resources)
337
Agricultural withdrawals (% of total freshwater withdrawals)Agricultural withdrawals (% of total freshwater withdrawals)
Emission of organic water pollutant (kg. per day)Emissions of organic water pollutants
V Social Well Being
V.1 Education
Rural illiteracy rateRural illiteracy rate
Rural Literacy rate of 15–24 year oldsRural Literacy rate of 15–24 year olds
Ratio of literate rural females to males 15–24 year olds (% ages 15 24)ratio of literate rural female to males 15–24 years old
Net rural enrolment ratio in primary education (% of relevant age group)Net rural primary enrolment ratio
Primary education
Ratio of rural girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary educationRatio of rural girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Proportion of rural pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (% of grade 1students)
proportion of rural pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5,
338
Rural Primary completion rateRural Primary completion rate
V.2 Health
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS (% of rural adults, age 15 49)
HIV prevalence among 15–24 year old pregnant rural womenHIV prevalence among 15–24 year old pregnant women
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate in rural areasCondom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate in rural areas
Percentage of rural population aged 15–24 with comprehensive correctknowledge of HIV/AIDSPercentage of rural population ages 15–24 with comprehensive correct knowledgeof HIV/AIDS
Immunization rate, (rural children under 12 months)Immunization rate, (rural children under 12 months)
Rural Maternal mortality ratio (per 1,000 live births)rural maternal mortality ratio
339
Rural infant mortality raterural infant mortality rate
Proportion of rural births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)The proportion of rural births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
Skilled health personnel
Rural population with access to improved sanitation (%)Rural population with access to improved sanitation (%)
Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report
Rural population with access to an improved water source (%)Rural population with access to an improved water source (%)
Rural population with access to health servicesRural population with access to health services
Per capita caloric consumptionPer capita caloric consumption
Under five mortality rate (rural, per 1,000)Under five mortality rate (rural, per 1,000)
Immunization rate, measles (% of rural children under 12 months)
340
proportion of 1 year old children immunised against measles
Prevalence of child malnutrition (% of rural children under five)Prevalence of child malnutrition (% of rural children under five)
341
Focus on the FAO inventory of rural indicators
The WCARRD list of primary indicators
1 Poverty alleviation with equity
1Held in Rome, 1979. Source FAO.
342
2 Access to land, water and other natural resources
3 Access to inputs, markets and services
4 Development of non farm rural activities
5 Education, training and extension
6 Growth
Sourcebook of indicators formonitoring and evaluation (M&E) agriculture and rural development in less than idealconditions et al
A. Sector wide indicators for agriculture and rural development
343
B. Specific indicators for sub sectors of agriculture and rural development
C. Indicators for thematic areas related to agriculture and rural development
FOCUS PIECES
Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation
344
CHAPTER VII
VII DATA SOURCES
VII.1 INTRODUCTION
the various data sources are often not designed insuch a way that they can accommodate the various requirements of ruraldevelopment statistics
CHAPTER VII
345
mix data from different sources
changes in indicator levels
346
BOX VII.1An example of mixing data sources ILO’s new agricultural labour productivityindicator (Key Indicator of Labour Market KILM)
347
VII.2 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUSES
Recommendations for the 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in theECE Region
348
Principles andRecommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 1.
Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses
VII.3 AGRICULTURAL CENSUSES AND SURVEYS
349
World Programme for agricultural census
World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010
core census module
census supplementary modules
350
Theme 12
Theme 12
“Agri gender database, a statisticaltoolkit for the production of sex disaggregated agricultural data”
FIGURE VII.1The agricultural census in the framework of the system of integrated agriculturalcensuses and surveys
351
352
BOX VII.2FAO: World Census of Agriculture
Items recommended for the core module
Items for consideration for the supplementary modulesTheme 01
Theme 02
Theme 03
Theme 04
Theme 05
Theme 06
Theme 07
Theme 08
Theme 09
Theme 10
Theme 11
Theme 12
353
VII.4 HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEYS (HBSS)
Household Budget Survey in the EU. Methodologyand recommendations for harmonisation – 2003”
Household Surveys in Developing Countries and Transition Countries,Implementation and Analysis
living conditions of private households
354
private households
sample size
Probability sampling
two stage design
sampling frames
base the HBS as a sub sample on another survey
response burdeneffect on the response rates
registers
area frames
rveys.
stratification criteria
non response rate
substitution
interviewsquestionnaires diaries
355
Final consumptionexpenditure of households
Monetary expenditures intended for consumption + Consumption of ownproduction + benefits in kind + imputed rents for owner occupied housing
actual final consumptionexpenditure of the household
VII.4.1 LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT STUDY SURVEYS – ANINTRODUCTION
developingcountries
356
Components of a typical LSMS survey
357
VII.4.2 INTERNATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY NETWORK
358
ad hoc
InternationalHousehold Survey Network.
VII.5 LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS
ad hoc
359
produce only for their own consumption
treatment of seasonal workers
VII.6 DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED SURVEY PROGRAM
VII.6.1 SUGGESTED INTEGRATED PROGRAMME OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
ad hoc
360
361
A.
B.
C.
D.
Detailed Questionnaires A. MDG 1. Poverty, Hunger, Employment, Income
B. MDG 2 and 3 Education
C. MDG 4, 5, and 6 Health
D. MDG 7 Environment
Every replicate receives same core questionnaire every year
FIGURE VII.3Description of distribution of sample replicates by year and detailedquestionnaire to be used
362
VII.6.2 FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP A MASTER SAMPLING FRAME ANDMASTER SAMPLES FOR AGRICULTURE
Ad hoc
Global Strategy to ImproveAgricultural and Rural Statistics et al.
363
World Program for theCensus of Agriculture
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics et al.,
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural andRural Statistics et al., The development of the mastersample frame for agriculture begins with the need to link the economic and socialdimensions of agriculture with those relating to land cover and other environmental issues.Because the master sample frame should be linked to land use, obtaining satellite imageryof the country’s area is a useful starting point. The land cover as recorded by the satelliteimagery should be classified into major categories such as cultivated land, woodlands,grasslands, idle land, and urban areas. Unless land use is changing rapidly, this imageryonly needs to be updated periodically. This first step in creating the digitized land coverdatabase should play a prominent role in efforts to build statistical capacity. Once the landuse mapping is complete, the next step is to georeference (or digitize) the population andagricultural census enumeration areas to the satellite imagery. Countries, districts,townships, and villages should be georeferenced so that they are associated with the landcover imagery. This enables monitoring of land use over time, and can be used to relateland use to local administrative structures. This information becomes an importantcomponent of the master sample frame for agriculture. A number of strategies can then be
364
employed to create a master sample frame. The first method discussed below is used toestablish a link between the agricultural master sample frame and the population census.Given the fact that the link cannot be made for many years because of the infrequentnature of population censuses, additional strategies are also offered for: countries withrecent agricultural censuses; countries that use administrative data to construct a sampleframe; and those that do not have recent agricultural censuses.
Coordinated population and agricultural census data collection. The basic informationthat should be obtained in the population census is whether the household is associatedwith a farm, and if so, what are the indicators of size, type, and the location of the land(census enumeration area or administrative unit)? This information can be used to createa register of households and farms with their land linked to georeferenced censusenumeration areas or administrative units. In census enumeration areas in whichagricultural data are collected, nonfarm households should be included in the register. Thiswill provide a link between the agricultural data and all characteristics contained in thepopulation register. While linking data from farm censuses and from population censusesprovides a powerful tool for data analysis, several issues will need to be resolved. First,confidentiality rules may limit how the census data can be used to construct a masterframe for agriculture. In addition, the register will need to be supplemented by a register ofcommercial farms not associated with households in order to provide a complete registerfor agricultural surveys. A more ideal approach would be to use the household or farmregister as an input into the agricultural census. Then the master frame for agriculturewould be the same as described below when a census of agriculture is the base.
Master sample frame from an agricultural census. The development of the master sampleframe using the agricultural census includes the need to associate farms with householdsand both with land use. Historically, the reporting unit for the agricultural census is thefarm. The first step is for data collection not only to define the farm along with obtainingproduction and economic information, but also to obtain information about thehousehold(s) associated with the farm and their characteristics. The coverage of the censusshould be inclusive of both commercial and small scale farms plus subsistence farminghouseholds. The goal should be that the farms counted in the census be used to develop aregister, and each farm should be associated with a household unless it is a corporate orinstitutional farm. A problem is that the point of data collection is the farm headquartersor household whose distance from the land holding poses difficulties for georeferencingeach land holding to land use. Therefore, land associated with each farm and associatedhousehold needs to be linked to the appropriate georeferenced census enumeration areasor administrative units, or both. In this example, the master sample frame for agriculturewill be a register of farms or households and commercial farm enterprises with their landgeoreferenced to enumeration areas or administrative units. Where the census is repeatedat 10 year intervals, it will be necessary to update the register in the interim period usingadministrative information. An alternative procedure is to use two stage sampling inwhich the first stage is census enumeration areas or administrative units. The first stageunits could be screened annually for updating purposes. The georeferencing of farms orhouseholds to the census enumeration or the administrative units that are part of the datalayer in the satellite imagery in effect establishes an area sample frame—and becomes themaster sample frame for agriculture.
365
Countries using administrative data to construct registers of farms. The proceduresdescribed above to develop a master sample using the census of agriculture should also befollowed where information from administrative sources such as tax records, licensing, orregulatory registers is available. However, additional steps may be required if theadministrative data do not include small or subsistence farms. This could include selectingsamples of administrative units or census enumeration areas, which would be screened forsmall and subsistence farms. Again, the georeferencing of the farms or households in thebusiness register to either census enumeration or administrative areas in effect establishesan area sampling frame – which becomes the master sample frame for agriculture.
Master sample frame when there is not a recent agricultural census. The starting pointshould be the development of an area sample frame. The georeferenced satellite imageryby land use category can also be used as the basis for an area sample frame as described byGallego (1995). The land use characteristics of the country should be used to select thesampling unit – segments with identifiable boundaries or a sample of points. Either methodcan be used with rules of association during data collection to assign both farms andrelated households to the segment or point that will be already georeferenced to land use.The data quality dimension of completeness is satisfied because the entire country ismapped and every farm, household, and parcel of land has a known probability ofselection. It is also comparable because the same segments or points can be used formultiple surveys and over time. Once the country has established the area frame, it maybegin creating a list register of large or specialized farms to use in a multiple framecontext. Nevertheless, the area frame described above becomes the master sample framefor agriculture with the capability to directly link or georeference the farm or household toits associated land holding. This is an important advantage, as the households can belocated in villages some distance from the land holding.
The sample segments or points should also be associated with the census enumerationareas or administrative units. The link of the sample units with census enumeration areasalso puts the master frame into the population census framework. In summary, the mastersample frame for agriculture can be established several ways. The common element for thethree methods provided above is the georeferencing of census enumeration areas andadministrative units to digitized satellite imagery classified by major land cover. The areaframe sampling units can be directly associated with the land cover classification. The landassociated with the farms, households, and enterprises in the census or administrativeregisters is indirectly associated with land cover via the mapping to the censusenumeration area or an administrative unit. A longer term goal would be to georeferenceeach parcel associated with an agricultural holding directly to the satellite imagery. Oncethe master sample frame of farms and households has been established, the next andlonger term step is to create a register of agricultural enterprises that furnish inputs,provide transportation, and are the first stage processors of crop and animal products. Themaster sample frame enables the use of a rich assortment of sample designs includingsingle – and multiple stage sampling. If enumeration or administrative areas are the firststage of sampling, they can be selected with probabilities proportional to measures of sizereported in the population or agricultural censuses. The use of enumeration oradministrative areas provides a means of selecting farms, households, or a combination ofthem as the statistical unit.
366
Landing sites are the appropriate unit for surveying capture fishery production, while themaster sample frame can be used to monitor other fishery related units such ashouseholds, holdings, and enterprises. When utilizing landing sites as the sampling unit fordata collection of capture production, the survey on the other aspects of the fishery sectorwill need to include questions about the landing sites used by each household, holding, andenterprise to allow integration of two different sampling schemes
VII.7 OTHER TYPES OF SURVEYS
developed countriesbusiness surveys structural business statistics
Statisticalbusiness registers
satellite imagery
"The underlying principle is that the master sample frame be the source for all samplesfor surveys of agricultural holdings, farm households, and rural nonfarm households.This means the samples can be designed so that data can be analyzed across surveys.Once the master sample frame has been developed, it should be possible for differentinstitutions in the national statistical system to access the master sample for surveypurposes with another guiding principle that the resulting data be available foranalysis across other data collections." Global Strategyto Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics
367
VII.7.1 INFORMAL AND QUALITATIVE SURVEYS
etal et al
et al.
368
Tracking results in agriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation
FIGURE VII.2Tools for measuring results: surveys vs. non formal appraisal methods
369
1 2 3 4 5 BEST USED FOR
SAMPLESIZE
DURATION VISIT TOHOUSEHOLDS
QUESTIONNAIRE SIZE
COST(US$M)
TimeSeries
Crosssectional
Counterfactual
POPULATIONCENSUS
AGRICULTURALCENSUS/SURVEYLSMS/INTEGRATEDSURVEYHOUSEHOLDBUDGETSURVEY
COMMUNITYSURVEY
SERVICEDELIVERYSURVEY (CWIQ)
FOCUS GROUPINTERVIEWS
WINDSCREENSURVEY
Tracking results in agriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation
FIGURE VII.4Comparison of key features of different surveys
370
VII.8 ADMINISTRATIVE REGISTERS
VII.8.1 VITAL STATISTICS RECORDS
VII.9 NON OFFICIAL STATISTICS (e.g. from trade associations)
371
VII.10 GIS AND GEO CODED STATISTICS
372
Handbook onMeasuring Crop Area in Agricultural Censuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of ModernGeo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA) et al.
373
VII.11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
multitude of statistical sources
consistencycheck
missing data
well being of the household
374
it may not be advisable to benchmark levels but rather tobenchmark changes in levels.
income measures expressed in purchasing power.
Rural development statistics must be based on a multitude of statistical sources, which arenot always compatible. This Handbook strongly endorses, as good practice, the publicationtogether with the statistics of a detailed analysis of the sources and methods used,adequate meta data for the individual data cells, and a readers’ guide, advising how theresults should be interpreted and with what precision.
For international benchmarking the above should be recorded for each country. Ifincompatibilities exist, these must be clearly indicated, together with a guide to whatextent data indicator levels can in fact be compared. If they cannot, only changes in levelsof indicators should be recorded.
REFERENCES
Relative Regional Consumer Price Levels in 2003
Issues and guidelines for the emerging useof GPS and PDAs in agricultural statistics in developing countries.
375
Agri gender database, a statistical toolkit for the production ofsex disaggregated agricultural data.
How to generate statistics and influence policy usingparticipatory methods in research.
Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of Modern Geo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA)
System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys, World Programmefor the Census of Agriculture 2010.
Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data
Sampling Frames of Square Segments.
Designing Household Survey. Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries. Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy
Global report under the Follow up to the ILO Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work.
SEGREGAT database Data on employment by sex and detailed occupationalgroups
Integrating QualitativeDimensions of Poverty into the third Uganda National Household Survey.
Labour productivity and unit labour costs indicator (KILM 18)
Q Squaredin Policy: The Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Poverty Analysis inDecision Making.
Recommendations forthe 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in the ECE Region
376
Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses
Household Budget Survey in the EU. Methodology and recommendations forharmonisation 2003
Household Surveys in Developing Countries and Transition Countries,Implementation and Analysis
Classification of Expenditure According to Purpose
Productivity and unit labour cost comparisons: A database
Integrating Rural Household Survey
Expert Panel on Statistical Capacity Building. Topic 3: Rural Povertyand Hunger (MDG1)
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER VII
Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data.
Sampling Frames of Square Segments.
Multiple Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 2 Agricultural SurveyProgrammes Based on Area Frame or Dual Frame (Area and List) Sample Designs.
Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of Modern Geo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA)
377
Focus on Recommendations for the 2000 Censuses ofPopulation and Housing in the ECE Region
UNECE/Eurostat
1 Recommendationsfor the 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in the ECE Region
378
Geographic characteristics of persons
1. Place of usual residence
2. Place of usual residence one year prior to the census
Demographic characteristics of persons
3. Sex
4. Age
5. Legal marital status
6. Country/place of birth
7. Country of citizenship
Economic characteristics of persons
8. Current activity status
379
9. Time usually worked
10. Occupation
11. Industry (branch of economic activity)
12. Status in employment
380
13. Place of work
mode of transport to work
length (in distance and time) and frequency of journey to work
381
Educational characteristics of persons
14. Educational attainment
InternationalStandard Classification of Education (ISCED).
Household and family characteristics of persons
de jure
382
15. Relationship to reference person
383
16. Tenure status of households
Characteristics of housing units and other living quarters
17. Type of living quarters
18. Type of ownership
19. Location of living quarters
20. Occupancy status
21. Number of occupants
22. Number of rooms
23. Kitchen
24. Water supply system
25. Toilet facilities
26. Bathing facilities
27. Type of heating
Characteristics of buildings containing dwellings
28. Type of building
29. Period of construction
divisionmost appropriate unit of classification
384
locality .
385
386
Focus on Some Examples of Sample Frames Used forAgricultural Statistics
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics et al.
"Population census enumeration areasThe population census is usually conducted using an administrative structure in whichcartographic or other mapping materials are used to divide the country into enumerationareas, which is the first level of data aggregation. Depending on the country’s capabilities, theonly results from the population census in some countries are the enumeration area totals fornumbers of people, households, and so on. Therefore, the sampling frame is basically thelisting of enumeration areas and associated aggregated data from the census. Randomsamples of enumeration areas are selected and screened for households from whichsubsamples are selected for household surveys a two stage sampling process. Some countriesuse their administrative structure of counties, townships, and villages as their framework forthe census, with the village becoming the enumeration area. Villages are also used as a firststage sampling unit in countries where the village is where the farm households are generallylocated.
Household registers from the population censusCountries with statistical capacity are able to develop a register of all households included inthe population census. The list of population households is the sample frame used forhousehold surveys. One problem is that the list of households becomes out of date withhouseholds changing or dissolving and new households being formed. Unless administrativedata or other means are used to keep the population register up to date, survey resultscontain an increasing coverage bias over time.
Agricultural census enumeration areasIn many countries, the cartographic materials and data from the population census are usedfor the agricultural census. The sampling frame consists of enumeration areas andaggregated data from the census data collection. As in the population census, randomsamples of enumeration areas are selected and screened for farms or agricultural holdings foragricultural production surveys.
Registers of farms from the agricultural censusAs in the household registers, countries with the capacity can use the agricultural census todevelop registers of farms. This provides a powerful sampling tool because it allows a choiceof many alternative sampling designs. A major weakness is that the registers rapidly becomeout of date. Out of date population and farm registers erode all of the data qualitydimensions because the completeness of coverage changes over time, thus affecting thecomparability and accuracy of the resulting estimates.
387
Registers of farms based on administrative sources such as business registrations ortax collectionsThis process is used in some developed countries. It offers the advantages of the registers fromthe agricultural census, but again, it needs to be updated regularly. A disadvantage of theadministrative sources is that they may not include the total population, especially unitsbelow a threshold required to be registered or pay taxes. In other words, while they will beinclusive of commercial farms, they are not likely to include small scale farms and subsistencefarming units.
Area sample framesAn area sample frame is the land mass of the country or the space within a country containingthe populations of interest. Both maps and satellite images are used to divide the country intoadministrative areas such as provinces, districts, and so forth. Satellite imagery can be used tosubdivide the administrative areas into land use categories such as cropland, rangeland,woodlands, urban areas, and so on. Sampling units of segments of land with identifiableboundaries can be formed, or each land use stratum can be divided into square grids with asample of points becoming the sampling units. During the data collection process, rules ofassociation are used to connect farm holdings or households to the segments or points. Anarea frame is suitable for obtaining information about variables associated with land such ascrops, livestock, forests, and water. Depending on the process used, area frames can be costlyand time consuming to construct. However, recent innovations using satellite imagery andtwo stage sampling of points have reduced both the cost and time. An advantage of an areaframe is that the frame does not go out of date; it is complete in its coverage, and provides abasis to georeference survey data with the underlying land use. It also provides ground truthuseful for classifying satellite imagery by land cover. The primary disadvantage of areaframes is that the sampling is based on land use and not on the size and type of agriculturalholding. Sampling variability becomes a problem if there is a large range in size of theagricultural holdings. A summary of the methodology of area frame sampling is provided byGallego (1995). Another disadvantage is that data collection costs exceed those based onregisters where telephone or mail can be used instead of personal interviews.
Multiple framesA combination of the above frames is used, often involving the use of an area frame inconjunction with one of the list frames, to take advantage of the strengths and weaknesses ofeach. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1998) provides anoverview of multiple frame sampling. This is appropriate where there is a large variation inthe sizes and types of agricultural holdings with a subset of large commercial farms. The listof commercial farms can be stratified by size and type, and the area frame ensures thepopulation is completely covered by providing coverage of the small and subsistence farms."
388
FOCUS PIECES
Sampling Frames of Square Segments.
Multiple Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 2 Agricultural SurveyProgrammes Based on Area Frame or Dual Frame (Area and List) Sample Designs.
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
389
Focus on Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys
GPSPDA
390
391
FOCUS PIECES
Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of Modern Geo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA)
392
Focus on the Application of GIS, Remote Sensing and ICT toChinese Agricultural Statistics
393
Remote sensing
394
National Statistic Remote SensingOperational System Key Technology Research and Application
Alternative technologies to remote sensing: mobile phones for rural statistics andagricultural prices
3http://www.cropwatch.com.cn/en/index/html
395
FOCUS PIECES
Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data.
396
Chapter VIII
VIII. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:INTRODUCTION
VIII.1 MATCHING INDICATORS TO POLICY NEEDS INCOUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER VIII
397
398
economic welfare
VIII.1.1 AGRICULTURAL INCOME PROBLEMS
poverty issue
399
instability issue
parity issue
important to distinguish between those farmhouseholds that have to contend with occasional periods of low income and thosethat suffer hardship from incomes that are persistently low
400
et al., et al.,
level of general economic activity
conserve the natural environment
technological advance
401
VIII.1.2 TYPES OF INCOME, WEALTH, AND WELL BEING STATISTICSNEEDED
402
VIII.2 HOUSEHOLDS AS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURALUNITS AND AS AGENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEAND CONSERVATION. CONTROLLERS OF RESOURCESAND USERS OF SERVICES
“Only when the basic economic structure of the industry can be describedaccurately by our data system will analytical accuracy be possible indealing with the performance and behavioural characteristics that are thefocus of most economic analyses”
403
VIII.3 CONCEPTS OF INCOME AND WEALTH AND RELATEDINDICATORS
total income disposable income.Total income
Disposable income
404
et al.,
net worth
405
“economic status”
VIII.4 CONCEPTS OF WELL BEING AND RELATEDINDICATORS
A multidimensional vision of well being
406
et al.
The choice of the informational base
407
constitutiveinstrumental
conversion factors
Well being of rural people
408
VIII.5 GENDER ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS’WELL BEING2
feminization of food insecurity and poverty
409
VIII.6 ACTIVITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL UNITS WITHINACCOUNTING AND STATISTICAL SYSTEMS
VIII.6.1 ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKS
aggregate accountingmicroeconomic accounting
410
“The macro analyst is interested in the aggregate of household income as itfits into the macro economy as a whole, and approaches its construction in atop down manner (…). Exhaustiveness of the definition is also very importantto the macro analyst, as is its consistency with the definitions of income of theother institutional sectors: no theoretical gaps can be left unfilled, even if inpractical terms imputations and estimations have to be widely employed whenactually compiling the statistics.
The micro analyst on the other hand is primarily interested in themeasurement of income distribution. Conceptually, this means that thedefinitions are driven mainly by what the individual perceives to be an incomereceipt of direct benefit to him or herself, which results in a bottom upapproach to the construction of a definition. The means of payment is a majordiscriminatory factor and the rationale behind the payment is subsidiary.Practically, definitions have also to be constrained by what it is feasible tocollect in household surveys or what is available at the household level inrelevant administrative sources. In fact these two considerations – theconceptual and the practical – will usually result in the same choices, since ifindividuals perceive a receipt to be of direct benefit to them they are muchmore likely to be able to provide reliable data on it”.
System of integrated Environmental andEconomic Accounts (SEEA)
System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture
inter alia
411
Final Report and Recommendations
412
VIII.6.2 ACCOUNTS FOR ACTIVITIES AND FOR INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
activity of producing commodities
institutional units
Households
Corporations,
Other types
413
REAL INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURALOTHERHOUSEHOLDS
COR
PO
RA
TIO
NS
OT
HER
Entrepreneurial income from agricultural activity
inter alia
FIGURE VIII.1The relationship between agricultural activity and the institutional units thatgenerate it
414
VIII.6.3 ACTIVITY ACCOUNTS – AGRICULTURE AS AN ACTIVITY
415
Establishment
416
VIII.6.4 ACCOUNTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL UNITS – ACCOUNTS FOR FARMHOUSEHOLD FIRMS
417
418
System of Economic Accountsfor Food and Agriculture,
VIII.7 A DISTRIBUTIVE FRAMEWORK IN DEVELOPING ANACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC STATISTICS FORAGRICULTURE
419
resourcesuses
social
FIGURE VIII.2A basic Social Account Matrix
420
production activities industryinstitutional units
sectors
agricultural householdsindustry sector
sectorindustry
as if the disaggregation of theflows represented in a SAM were to be carried out.
agricultural
421
as an industry
overall
and
VIII.8 WHERE WE ARE IN THE PROVISION OF INCOMEINDICATORS TAKEN FROM INSTITUTION BASEDACCOUNTS FOR HOUSEHOLD FIRMS
422
Most countries have systems in place to monitor the income situation offarm households but they are often incomplete and out of date. There isoften a lack of consistency between micro and macro data, betweendifferent farm surveys, between farm and general surveys, and betweencountries. Income concepts and typologies based on commodity productionare outdated and no longer relevant given the increasing diversity inincome sources and the trend towards the decoupling of policy measuresfrom production
423
REFERENCES
The Role of Economic Statistics in U.S.Agricultural Policy. Contributions of AgriculturalEconomics to Critical Policy Issues
Our obsolete data systems: newdirections and opportunities.
Policy Issues Facing the Food, Agriculture and RuralSectors and Implications for Agricultural Statistics.
424
Improving Information on Agriculture and Rural Life
Assessment of the Current Agricultural Data Base: an InformationSystem Approach A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature.Vol. 2. Quantitative Methods in Agricultural Economics, 1940s to 1970s
Managing Data Quality in a Statistical Agency
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup. Final Report and Recommendations
The European Farm AccountancyData Network: an A Z of Methodology
Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission (Article33(1)(b) of the EC Treaty
How are we doing? Performance indicators for nationalstatistical systems.
Quality concepts for official statistics Encyclopaedia ofStatistical Sciences, update volume 3
Family Budgets: Methodological handbook
Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology and Recommendations forHarmonisation
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
European System of Accounts: ESA 1995
Manual on the Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Forestry (Rev.1)
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 Report
A System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture
425
Agri gender database, statistical toolkit for the production of sexdisaggregated agricultural data
Changing Economic Perspectives on the Farm Problem
Designing household survey questionnaires for developingcounties. Lessons from 15 years of LSMS
Intrahousehold Resource Allocation inDeveloping Countries: Models, Methods, and Policy
Income instability among agricultural households –evidence from Norway. ,
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
The illusory nature of balance sheets in agricultural economic statistics: anote
. A conceptual framework for estimating agricultural household income inEU countries.
Measurment of farm household income and wealth versus agricultural activityincome: Methodological work to be undertaken. Who is doing it?
p
Data Sources and Quality Improvements for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries.
Agricultural Household Models: Survey and CritiqueMultiple Job holding among Farm Families.
Measuring Farm Household Well Being:Comparing Consumption and Income based Measures.
Amber Waves
426
Measurement Without Theory The Review of Economics andStatisti
Data analysis on price, production and income volatility and crisis
Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.
Understanding American Agriculture: Challenges forthe Agricultural Resource Management Survey
Agricultural EconomicReport No. 812
Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions
Farm Household Income Issues in OECD Countries: A synthesis report
Farm Household Income – Issues and Policy Responses
Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies.
Non Sectoral Policies for the Agriculture and Agro Food Sectors: Taxationand Social Security
Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture.
The future of farm policy analysis: A household perspective.
Wealth, Income and Living
The Dynamics of Farm Incomes: Panel dataanalysis using the Farm Accounts Survey.
ocial Accounting Matrices. A Basis for Planning.
Household Decisions, Gender, and Development: A Synthesis ofRecent Research.
A general framework in modelling income distribution: the socialaccounting matrix
427
Constructing SAMs for development policy analysis: lessons learned andchallenges ahead
Capability and Well Being, in Nussbaum, M. C. and Sen, A. The Quality ofLife
Development as Freedom
Agricultural Household Models: Extensions,Applications, and Policy.
Input output and National Accounts
Social accounting for developmentplanning
System of National Accounts 1993
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting: An Operational Manual.
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003.
System of National Accounts 2008.
Human Development Report
Farm Household Economics and Well Being Briefing Room
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER VIII
The European Farm AccountancyData Network: an A Z of Methodology
428
Manual on the Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Forestry (Rev.1)
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.
Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies.
429
Focus on the Full Sequence of Accounts for Households in theSystem of National Accounts
I) Production account
USES RESOURCES
Value added gross
Value added net
II) Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1) Primary distribution of income account
USES RESOURCES
Operating surplusMixed income
430
II.2) Allocation of primary income account (which can be subdivided intotwo)
USES RESOURCES
Operating surplus
Mixed income
Entrepreneurial income
USES RESOURCES
Entrepreneurial income
Balance of primary income
431
II.3) Secondary distribution of income account (simplified)
USES RESOURCESBalance of primary income
B.6 Disposable income
II.4) Redistribution of income in kind account
USES RESOURCESDisposable income
Adjusted disposable income
II.5) Use of income account
USES RESOURCESDisposable income
Saving
432
USES RESOURCESAdjusted disposable income
Saving
III) Accumulation accounts
III.1) Capital account (simplified)
CHANGES IN ASSETS NET WORTH CHANGES IN LIABILITIES AND NETSaving, net
Net lending / borrowingChanges in net worth due to savingand capital transfers (Total of theabove)
III.2) Financial account
III.3) Other changes in assets accounts
IV) Balance sheets
IV.1) Opening balance sheet
IV.2) Changes in balance sheet (within which the change in net worth isattributed to savings and capital transfers, other changes in volumeof assets, and nominal holding gains/losses)
IV.3) Closing balance sheet
433
Focus on agricultural activity accounts in the European Union
FOCUS PIECES
The European Farm AccountancyData Network: an A Z of Methodology
Manual on the Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Forestry (Rev.1)
434
Focus on Some Explanations for the Lack of Statistics forAgricultural Households in the OECD Countries1
Lack of political demand.
Historical precedent
Operational requirement.
“Rational ignorance” among many users
Self interest of bureaucracies.
Data availability.
435
FOCUS PIECES
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.
436
CHAPTER IX
IX. THE AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
IX.1 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES REGARDING THE PREFERENCE FORTHE HOUSEHOLD UNIT
CHAPTER IX
437
each household member
assume that the household has a single utility function
438
439
.
assessment of incomes at the level of the household is moremeaningful in representing the potential command over goods and services thanwould be the case if the incomes of the individual members were treatedseparately
440
IX.2 DEFINITION OF THE HOUSEHOLD APPROPRIATE TOACCOUNTING AND STATISTICS
For the purpose of the System, a household is defined as a group of persons whoshare the same living accommodation, who pool some, or all, of their income andwealth and who consume certain types of goods and services collectively, mainlyhousing and food. In general each member of a household should have someclaim upon the collective resources of the household. At least some decisionsaffecting consumption or other economic activities much be taken for thehousehold as a whole (SNA 2008, para 4.149).
(“The criteria of the existence of family or emotional ties may be added“)
441
adult family members, additional to thefarmer and spouse, who may live in the farm dwelling
not
442
single budgethousehold
accommodation or dwelling household
single budget household
inter aliasingle budget household
fiscalhousehold single budget household
443
single budget
: Adapted from Table 3.1 of the Canberra Group (2001)
developing countries
Dwelling
Household (dwelling concept)
Family (housekeeping concept)
Unattached Individuals
Income Units
BOX IX.1Canberra Group recommendations for harmonised statistical units
444
"The concept of household is based on the arrangements made by persons,individually or in groups, for providing themselves with food or otheressentials for living. A household may be either (a) a one person household,that is to say, a person who makes provision for his or her own food or otheressentials for living without combining with any other person to form part ofa multi person household, or (b) a multi person household, that is to say, agroup of two or more persons living together who make common provisionfor food or other essentials for living. The persons in the group may pooltheir incomes and may, to a greater or lesser extent, have a common budget;they may be related or unrelated persons or constitute a combination ofpersons both related and unrelated”.
This handbook recognizes that a flexible but transparent approach should betaken to the definition of a household. While income measurement on the basis ofthe complete dwelling household should be undertaken to facilitate comparisons,both internationally and with national data sources, data should also be availableto allow the application of the concept of the single budget household which insome circumstances may be preferable. Appropriate adjustments should beapplied for developing countries cases.
445
IX.3 HOUSEHOLDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND COMPOSITIONS
equivalence scale
,
446
This Handbook recognizes that both of these practices (the calculation of incomeper household member and per consumer unit, and the use of nationalequivalence scales) should be followed. Details of Equivalence Scales should bemade available as meta data.
IX.4 THE RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE1
households found in rural areas are notnecessarily involved in agricultural production,
447
et al
Self employment in rural England
448
IX.5 DEFINITION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD FIRM(ENTERPRISE) AND THOSE BELONGING TO OTHERSOCIO PROFESSIONAL GROUPS
relevance
et al., Residence on a farm,Ownership of agricultural land
pattern of working time
majority
449
Agricultural activity (labour input, income)
Non-agricultural activity (labour input, income)
Thresholds of significance
C’C
A A’
B
Size qualification
0
BOX IX.2Possible ways of selecting agricultural household on the basis of proportions andlevels of agricultural activity
450
income dependency
IX.5.1 SELECTING FROM THE “BROAD” DEFINITION OF AN AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD
451
BOX IX.3Possible ways of selecting agricultural household on the basis of proportions andlevels of agricultural activity
452
IX.5.2 SOME PRACTICALITIES OF CLASSIFICATION
a) Reference person system
reference person
b) Variation of income for classification purposes
stability in the variable used for classification purposes
et al., et al.,
453
et al.,
c) Falling household numbers over time
a panel approach
Income averaging
454
This Handbook recognizes that, as good practice, data should be available todevelop estimates of income for households defined as agricultural in alternativeways. This flexible approach should permit a coverage of all households that earnany income from self employed farming activity. However, it should also permitthe selection of households where agriculture is the main income of the household(preferably smoothed to take into account the year to year variation anticipatedby farmers, for which averaging over three years is advised). Secondary criteriamay also be applied, such as farm size. Where it is not possible to use householdincome composition for classification, the Handbook recognizes the use of areference person system, where the person is normally the main income earner.Studies should be undertaken to assess the significance of adopting alternativebases of classification.
IX.5.3 CHOICE OF OTHER SOCIO PROFESSIONAL GROUPS WITH WHICH TOCOMPARE AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS
455
This handbook recognizes that steps should be taken to avoid misrepresentationswhen drawing comparisons between the income situation of agriculturalhouseholds and other socio professional groups. At the least, this should includeincome comparisons per household member and per Consumer Unit.
IX.6 HOUSEHOLDS CONTAINING HIRED LABOUR WORKING INAGRICULTURE
Income problems among the householdsof hired workers have generally been subject only to the normal social provisionsfor poverty alleviation that apply to all employees
own legal status
456
This Handbook recognises that:
Households found on family farms that are arranged as corporations, but thatfunction as unincorporated businesses should be treated as if they were soleproprietorships or partnerships, and thus be classed as agriculturalhouseholds. Income results should be shown separately for the householdson these quasi unincorporated farms if possible, which would enableexclusion or inclusion with other agricultural households according the userneeds
The income situation of the households of hired agricultural workers shouldbe assessed as a separate and supplementary exercise (a recommendation tobe taken with that of the next section). An ability to analyse by the type ofbusiness on which they are employed should be incorporated (family farm,corporate farm etc.).
IX.7 RELEVANCE FOR COUNTRIES WITH LARGE SCALEAGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES WITH SEPARATE LEGALSTATUS
These are far removed from the “family farm model” that underliesmany agricultural statistics
457
Several new Member Statesexplicitly stated that the households that work on these large units are consideredas part of their agricultural community and are seen as intended beneficiaries ofagricultural policy.
add on
all
458
This handbook recognises that the income situation of the households of hiredagricultural workers on all large scale agricultural units should be assessed as aseparate and supplementary exercise, including a breakdown of the type of uniton which they are found and the forms of income they receive (wages, profit shareetc.)
IX.8 TYPOLOGIES OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS
459
This handbook recognises the value of the typologies of agricultural householdsthat reflect the needs of users and encourages their development. The basis of thetypology should be flexible so that different needs can be met. Considerationshould be given to the international application of a classification of agriculturalhouseholds similar to that used by the USDA ERS.
REFERENCES
Multiple Job holding among Farm Operator Households inthe United States. Multiple Job holdingamong Farm Families
Alternative Definitions of Farm People
Statistical units for income surveys.
Une contribution a la connaissance desrevenus totaux des familles d’agriculteurs; resultats d’un depoullement particulier d’uneenquete CERC sur les revenus de l’anne 1978
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics. Final Report andRecommendations
Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? et al Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione
Micro Versus Macro Approach on AgriculturalIncome Measurements for Rural Households in Italian Official Statistics: an Applicationfor Albania
The Theory of the Peasant Economy
Collective Labor Supply and Welfare
Analysis of the intrasectoral income differences in West German agriculture
460
Understanding Consumption
The Allocation of Goods within the Households. Adults, Children, andGender
America’s diverse family farm: assorted sizes, typesand situations
Peasant Economics: Farm households and agrarian development.
Rural Development in the European Union – Statistical andEconomic Information – Report 2009
Family Budgets: Comparative Tables – Federal Republic of Germany,France, Italy, United Kingdom
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
European System of Accounts: ESA 1995
Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households.
Income of the Agriculture Households Sector, 2001 report
System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture
Household Equivalence Scales and the Measurement of Inequality:Transfers from the Poor to the Rich Could Decrease Inequality
Consumption technology and the intrafamily distribution of resources:Adult equivalence scales re examined
The Theory of Home Production: The Past Ten Years
How Serious Is Neglect of Intra household Inequality?
A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions
461
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
In search of the Common Agricultural Policy's "agricultural community"
Income instability among agricultural households –evidence from Norway
Self employment in rural England
Subjective Equilibrium of the Farm Household.
Data Needs for the RuralEconomy to Establish a Micro Macro Link in Agricultural Policy Analysis: The ISMEAExperience
What is agriculture
Weathering the Storm Working Class Families from the IndustrialRevolution to the Fertility Decline
Economics and the Family
Peasant and Dualism with and without Surplus Labor
Family Equivalence Scales and Personal Income TaxExemption for Children
Guidelines for Population and Housing Censuses. Guidelines for theWorld Programme of Agricultural Censuses .
FAO (2005). A system of integrated agricultural censuses and surveys Volume 1 World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010. FAO Statistical Development Series No 11, Rome
UN (1998). Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses.Revision 1, New York.
System of National Accounts 1993
462
Principles and recommendations for populations and houses censuses
System of National Accounts 2008.
Self employment in rural England
Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework forPolicyReform in Africa
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER IX
A Handbook for Interviewers.
Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? et al. Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione.
America’s diverse family farm: assorted sizes, typesand situations
Family Budgets: Comparative Tables – Federal Republic of Germany,France, Italy, United Kingdom
Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1).
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.
A Handbook for Interviewers.
Data Needs for the RuralEconomy to Establish a Micro Macro Link in Agricultural Policy Analysis: The ISMEAExperience
463
What is agriculture Conference on Agriculturaland Environmental Statistical Applications in Rome
Economics and the Family
464
Focus on the definition of Household in United Kingdom:Household Budget Survey and other surveys
Household Budget Survey
A household comprises one person living alone or a group of people livingat the same address, sharing their meals and the household, and havingsole use of at least one room. All persons in a household must receive fromthe same person at least one meal a day and spend at least four nights aweek (one, if they are married) in the household. The household includesstaff, paying guests and tenants, and also anyone living in the householdduring the period in which expenditure is recorded. Persons who normallylive in the household, but who are absent for a period of more than onemonth, are excluded
Office for National Statistics (ONS) definitions
Household
A Handbookfor Interviewers.
A Handbook for Interviewers.
Household membership
465
not
always
continuously
Household Reference Person (HRP)
Main changes from the HOH definition
FOCUS PIECES
A Handbook for Interviewers.
Family Budgets: Comparative Tables – Federal Republic of Germany,France, Italy, United Kingdom
A Handbook for Interviewers.
466
Focus on Households in Developing Countries
467
sample unit
Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework for Policy Reform inAfrica
FOCUS BOX IX.1Difficulties in using the household as the unit for analysis
468
FOCUS PIECES
Economics and the Family
469
Focus on European Union: Eurostat’s IAHS statistics typology
“broad” coverage
“narrow” coveragemain income source of the household’s reference person
time allocation
marginal
470
bold
471
AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD
Denmark(1999)
Germany(1983)
Greece(1994)
Ireland(1987)
Netherlands(1988)
Finland(1992)
Sweden(1992)
No. agricultural households (x 1000)
Disposable income per household (all households = 100)
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report.
Denmark
Ireland
FOCUS FIGURE IX.1Implications of using “broad” or “narrow” definitions of an agricultural household
472
(a) Employers and own account workers
Farmers
Others
All self employed [(a)(i) + (a)(ii)]
Employees
Others
All households except farmers [(e) minus (a)(i)]
All households [(a) + (b) + (c)]
: Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households Rev.1.
FOCUS PIECES
Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1).
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.
FOCUS BOX IX.2Typology of socio professional groups for use within IAHS statistics (adisaggregation of the households sector account)
473
Focus on Economic Research Service farm typology for theUnited States
Limited resource
Retirement
Residential/lifestyle
Farming occupation/lower sales
Farming occupation/higher sales
Large family farms
Very large family farms
Non family farms
474
FOCUS PIECES
America’s diverse family farm: assorted sizes, typesand situations
What is agriculture Conference on Agriculturaland Environmental Statistical Applications in Rome
475
Focus on Italy: the ISMEA survey
et al.,et al.,
Mezzogiorno,
FARM TYPE DESCRIPTION
Napoletano et al. (2001)
FOCUS TABLE IX.1The ISMEA survey based typology
476
FOCUS PIECES
Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione.
Data Needs for the RuralEconomy to Establish a Micro Macro Link in Agricultural Policy Analysis: The ISMEAExperience
477
CHAPTER X
X.DEFINITIONS OF INCOME
X.1 INCOME AS FACTOR REWARDS AND AS SOURCE OFCONSUMPTION SPENDING
et al.,
CHAPTER X
478
X.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES,INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Personal income may be defined as the sum of (1) the market value of rightsexercised in consumption and (2) the change in the store of property rightsbetween the beginning and end of the period (Simons, 1938).
479
could
FIGURE X.1The “subsistence” of private households
480
... the maximum amount that ahousehold or other unit can afford to spend on consumption goods or services during theaccounting period without having to finance its expenditure by reducing its cash, bydisposing of other financial or non financial assets or by increasing its liabilities
X.2.1 INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT
481
EntrepreneurialIncome
VALUE OF OUTPUT (sales plus own consumption)MINUSEQUALSMINUSEQUALSMINUSEQUALSLESSEQUALS
482
ex anteex post
483
X.2.2 INCOME IN KIND
consumptionof food materials produced on the home farm
484
services provided by owner occupied dwellings
social benefits in kind
X.2.3 LIVING COSTS
485
X.3 INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD INCOMES
486
Consumption spending and Labour
Income and wealth
Production
X.3.1 SHADOW WAGE AND THE NON OBSERVED ECONOMY
Accounting approach:
Objective market wage under competitive conditions:
BOX X.1Recommendations to data systems for implementing a collective approach
487
Shadow wage
shadow wages
488
X.4 VARIOUS INCOME CONCEPTS AND RELATIONSHIPSBETWEEN THEM
X.4.1 EXTENDED AND FULL INCOMES5
extended
full
489
X.4.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME TO INCOME MEASUREMENT
ex post
490
accrualcash
X.4.3 LIFETIME INCOME AND PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS
life cycle theorypermanent income theory
491
developing countriescredit markets
ex novo
492
et al.,
X.5 SUBSIDIES, PREFERENTIAL TAX TREATMENTS, ANDINCOME MEASURES
current unrequited payments that government units, including non residentgovernment units, make to enterprises on the basis of the levels of their production
493
activities or the quantities or values of the goods or services which they produce, sell orimport
X.6 DEFINITIONS IN USE
Canberra Expert Group
“The macro analyst is interested in the aggregate of household income as itfits into the macro economy as a whole, and approaches its construction in atop down manner. Previous attempts to update the existing internationalguidelines on income distribution (UN, 1977) to bring them into line with the1993 SNA have categorised income according to the type of transactionwhich gives rise to the flow without regard to the medium in which paymentis made. The sequence is basically to measure first income generated in thecourse of production, then to allow for distribution of property income thusarriving at a concept called “primary income.” The next stage is to accountfor current transfers, widely interpreted, and thus arrive at “disposableincome.” This is either spent on consumption or saved. Saving is used eitherto finance investment or leads to net borrowing or lending.
Exhaustiveness of the definition is also very important to the macro analyst,as is its consistency with the definitions of income of the other institutionalsectors: no theoretical gaps can be left unfilled, even if in practical termsimputations and estimations have to be widely employed when actuallycompiling the statistics.
The micro analyst on the other hand is primarily interested in themeasurement of income distribution. Conceptually, this means that the
494
definitions are driven mainly by what the individual perceives to be anincome receipt of direct benefit to him or herself, which results in a bottomup approach to the construction of a definition. The means of payment is amajor discriminatory factor and the rationale behind the payment issubsidiary. Practically, definitions have also to be constrained by what it isfeasible to collect in household surveys or what is available at the householdlevel in relevant administrative sources. In fact these two considerations –the conceptual and the practical – will usually result in the same choices,since if individuals perceive a receipt to be of direct benefit to them they aremuch more likely to be able to provide reliable data on it.”
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector (IAHS) statistics.
current
495
net disposable income
(13) Net disposable income (7 minus 8 12)
BOX X.2Net Disposable Income in Eurostat’s IAHS statistics
496
Income from self employment
Cash or near cash
In kind, imputed
1 Employee income
Cash or near cash
Cash value of “fringe benefits”
3 Rentals
4 Property income
5 Current transfers received
6 Total income (sum of 1 to 5)7 Current transfers paid 2.4.3.1
8 Disposable income (6 less 7)
9 Social transfers in kind (STIK) received
10 Adjusted disposable income (8 plus 9)
BOX X.3Definitions of income (microeconomic) by the Canberra Group (2001)
497
de facto
498
1 Employee income
2 Income from self employment
Imputed income from self employment
3 Income less expenses from rentals, except rent of land **
4 Property income
5 Current transfers received
6 Total income (sum of 1 to 5)
7 Current transfers paid
8 Disposable income (6 less 7)
BOX X.4Canberra Group recommended components of a simplified definition of disposableincome
499
certain modifications to the Canberra Group’s simplifieddefinition seem appropriate to suit the special circumstances found in agriculture
italics.
imputed rental value of the farm dwelling
value of income in kind from self employmentemployment
This Handbook recognises the simplified definition of Disposable Income shownin Box X.5 for application to income measurement of agricultural households.When presenting results, information should be available for the separate itemsshown in this definition.
500
bo
Net income from self employment (money income and in kind)
quasi
Of which:
(c) imputed rental value of owned dwelling
+ Cash wages and salaries
+ Rent received
+ Other property income
+ Social transfers received
+ Other current inflows
= TOTAL INCOME
Current taxes on income and wealth
Non discretionary social contributions (payments to social security schemes)
NET DISPOSABLE INCOME
BOX X.5Recommended definition of net disposable income for application to agriculturalhouseholds
501
REFERENCES
Off Farm Work and Capital Accumulation Decisions ofFarmers over the Life Cycle: The Role of Heterogeneity and State Dependence
Wealth, Income and Inequality
The Economics of Inequality
A Theory of Allocation of Time
A Treatise on the Family
502
Agriculture and Industry Relative Income
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup. Final Report and Recommendations
Agriculture Its Effects on the Level of Living and SubsistenceTechnology of Farming Households
Intra family Succession in Italian Farms
The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Micro econometric Approach toDevelopment Policy.
Income DisparitiesAmong Farm Households and Agricultural Policy
Credit as Insurance in Agrarian Economies
Definitions of Variables used in FADN standard results
European System of Integrated Economic Accounts
European System of Accounts: ESA 1995
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector: 2001 report
Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Current Incomes: LiquidityConstraint or Myopia?
A Theory of the Consumption Function
Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle Permanent Income Hypothesis:Theory and Evidence
The Valuation of Household Production: How Different are theOpportunity Cost and Market Price Valuation Methods?
503
Value and Capital: and Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles ofEconomic Theory
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
Farm Labor: Key Conceptual and Measurement Issues on the Routeto Better Farm Cost and Return Estimates
Income from employment: Concept and measurement
Valuation of Household Production and Satellite Accounts
Household Income Plus Household Production: TheDistribution of Extended Income in the U. K
The Economics of Household Behavior
Allocation of Income Within the Household
Estimation of the Contribution of Child Labour tothe Formation of Rural Incomes: An Application to Nepal
Income,Wealth, and the Economic Well Being of Farm Households
Succession Decisions and Retirement Income ofFarm Households
Utility Analysis and the Consumption Function: anInterpretation of Cross Section Data.
Farm Household Income – Issues and Policy Responses
Non sectoral policies for the agriculture and agro food sectors: taxation andsocial security
504
Proceedings of the OECD/PACIOLI Workshop on Information Needs forthe Analysis of Farm Household Income Issues
Weathering the Storm Working Class Families from the IndustrialRevolution to the Fertility Decline
Economics and the Family
Peasant and Dualism with and without Surplus Labor
Farm Households’ Wealth and OffFarm Supply of Labor
Personal Income Taxation
Using Shadow Wages to Estimate Labor Supply of AgriculturalHouseholds
Time and Public Policy: Why Do We Care and What InstrumentsAre Needed?
Toward a Uniform Household Income Definition
System of National Accounts 1993
Estimation of the Allocation of Time for Work,Leisure, and Housework
Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework for PolicyReform in Africa
Consumption and Liquidity Constraints: An Empirical Investigation
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER X
A Theory of Allocation of Time
A Treatise on the Family
505
Cost prices in pig production: Experiences with an EUwide comparison
Farm Labor: Key Conceptual and Measurement Issues on the Routeto Better Farm Cost and Return Estimates
Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture.
Current cost accounting and farming businesses; in:Journal of agricultural economics.
506
Focus on Farm Accounting Standards in OECD Countries
507
508
FOCUS PIECES
Cost prices in pig production: Experiences with an EUwide comparison
Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture.
Current cost accounting and farming businesses; in:Journal of agricultural economics.
509
Focus on a More Formal Approach to “Full Income”
i N
i i i i i i iT f o h l I d I , fioi
hi
liIi
i i i i id f o h l
fi hi
ym
N
510
1 1 1
1 1 1
,
N N Nm f o nl tr
i i i i ii i iN N N
f o nl tri i i
i i if o nl tr
y w f w o y y
y y y y
y y y y
fiw o
iwi nl
iytry
ayt
n m ay y y t
eyhy my ny
,F e ly y y
ly
FOCUS PIECES
A Theory of Allocation of Time
A Treatise on the Family
Farm Labor: Key Conceptual and Measurement Issues on the Routeto Better Farm Cost and Return Estimates
511
INCOMEEVALUATION
METHODS1. Total farm household income
m f o nl try y y y y
a. Farm Incomefy
AccountingMarketOpportunityCostShadow Wage
b. dependent
c.independent operators
Off Farm Incomeoy
Market Wage
As for 1.a
Non labor
income nlyd. Social transfers
try2. In Kind earnings (Home own consumption) ay Market Price
3. Taxes and contributions – t
a.
b.
c.
Disposable FarmHousehold
Income nyn m ay y y t
4. Value of domestic production hy Extended
Incomeey
e n hy y y
Market orOpportunityCost ApproachShadow Wage
5. Value of leisure ly Full IncomeFy
F e ly y y
Market orShadow Wage
FOCUS TABLE X.1Definition of Total Farm Household Extended and Full Income and EvaluationMethods
512
,
English, French, Spanish
English,
513
Chapter XI
INCOME LEVELS,DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY AND
WELL BEING
XI.1 POVERTY AND WELL BEING
CHAPTER XI
514
et al
515
XI.2 MEASURING INCOME POVERTY
Handbook on PovertyStatistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use
poverty line.
povertyboundary
XI.2.1 DEFINING POVERTY LINES
516
et al,
choice
517
TABLE XI.1Three different approaches to defining low income (poverty lines implied)
ABSOLUTEAPPROACH
RELATIVEAPPROACH
SUBJECTIVEAPPROACH
METHOD
EXAMPLES
ADVANTAGES
DIFFICULTIES
pp.7 10 cited in OECD (2001).
518
Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use.
Handbook on Poverty Statistics
XI.2.2 POVERTY INDEXES
Monotonicity
Transfer axiom
Population symmetry
Proportion axiom
Focus axiom
519
Decomposability
z xi
P1
P0
P1
520
P0 P1
P2
XI.2.3 MEASURES OF INCOME INEQUALITY
521
Gini
yyiyn
G i
n
i 12
2
n y iy
et al
et al.
522
XI.2.4 MORE COMPLEX INDICATORS
Low-income rate or head-count ratio: a proportion of the population below a specified percentage of the median; The average low-income gap: the difference between the average income of the low-income households and the low-income line, as a percentage of that low income line; Gini coefficient: the area between the Lorenz curve and the 45 degree line as a ratio of the whole triangle that represents a degree of inequality in the distribution of income.
pq G
zy
ALGLIRS
pGALGALGLIR )1(
LIR
ALG
qy
z
Gp
SS
XI.2.5 WARNING IN THE INTERPRETATION OF COEFFICIENTS
523
Two point trends
Business cycle effects
Mixing datasets and definitions
both and
XI.3 POVERTY LINES AND INEQUALITY MEASURES INPRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE
524
et al
525
XI.4 OTHER MEASURES OF WELL BEING
526
XI.4.1 SOCIAL EXCLUSION
per se
XI.4.2 MUTLIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY MEASUREMENT
527
Education
Health
Standard of Living
These (and other) multidimensional indexes attempt to capture the complexity of poverty and well being and its many facets in different circumstances. In talking about measurement, however it is always useful to ask:
Is it helpful to try to aggregate all the different dimensions of poverty in one single indicator?
Is it possible to do it in a sensible and practical way?
Does the aggregation in one indicator help in policy decision making?
528
This Handbook recognises the usefulness of calculating the basic statisticalcharacteristics of the distribution of incomes of agricultural households, includingmedians and quartiles, and measures of inequality and of poverty based on them.
REFERENCES
Acute Mulitdimensional Poverty: A New Index for developingCountries.
The Economics of Inequality
Wealth, Income and Inequality
The Economics of Inequality
On the Measurement of Poverty.
Income Distribution in OECDCountries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study
Life and Labour of the People of London
Rural Deprivation and the Welfare Transition.Deprivation and Welfare in Rural Areas.
The Economics of Rural Poverty aReview of the Post World War II United States and Canadian Literature.
A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature Volume 3
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics
Analysis and measurement of Poverty. Univariate andMultivariate Approaches and their Policy Implications. A case study: Italy.
529
Household Behavior, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty
The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microconometric Approach toDevelopment Policy.
Poverty and Equity: Measurement, Policy andEstimation with DAD.
Living Conditions Statistics
A broader perspective of measuring the well being ofrural farm and non farm households
The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds – ABrief Overview
Poverty Lines and Measures of Income Inadequacy in the UnitedStates Since 1870: Collecting and Using a Little Kohn Body of Historical Material
The Development and History of the Poverty Thresholds
Measurement of low incomes and poverty in a perspective ofinternational comparisons
A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures.
A Full Income Approach to the Measurement of Rural Poverty
A Class of Poverty Indices.
A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions
Poverty Statistics in the Late 1980s:Research based on micro data
Handbook on Poverty and Inequality
530
Poverty measures as indicators of social welfare.Poverty: new perspectives
Income,Wealth, and the Economic Well Being of Farm Households
Low incomes in agriculture in OECD countries
A Review of Household Income in OECD Countries: Notes by Country
Amber Waves,
Children of the Poor
Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice
Poverty a Study of Town Life
Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement
Commodities and Capabilities
Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts,Methods and Policy Use
The Characteristics of Low Income Households
Economic Aspects of Farm Poverty
Attacking Poverty: Opportunity, Empowerment and Security
Poverty and Inequality Analysis
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XI
531
Measurement of low incomes and poverty in a perspective ofinternational comparisons
Low incomes in agriculture in OECD countries
532
Focus on Low Incomes among Agricultural Households inOECD Countries
1) Low income rate (Cumulative proportions below percentiles of the median)
low income rate
533
2) The low income gap
zyz q
qy
3) Relative income level by percentile
534
4) Cumulative decile shares Lorenz curve
Relative income level per percentile
.
3
et al
535
5) Gini coefficient
yyiyn
G i
n
i 12
2
y
iy
et al.
6) Sen index
Low income rate Cumulative proportions below percentiles of median
The average low income gap:
Gini coefficient:
536
pq G
zy
ALGLIRS
pGALGALGLIR )1(
qy
537
FOCUS PIECES
Measurement of low incomes and poverty in a perspective ofinternational comparisons
Low incomes in agriculture in OECD countries
538
Focus on Poverty in Developing Countries
The Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use
The UN Statistics Division
539
,
English, French, Spanish
English,
540
CHAPTER XII
XII. MEASUREMENT AND COMPOSITION OFFARM HOUSEHOLD WEALTH
XII.1 INTRODUCTION
et al,
et al.,
developing countries
CHAPTER XII
541
OECD countries
low current income to be combined with substantialwealth
wealth of farmers to increase with age
Succession
valuation of farmland
542
XII.2 SELECTED USES OF FARM AND HOUSEHOLD WEALTHMEASURES
asset ownership and management
solvency
access to credit
household economic status wealth management
543
et al.,
et al.,
544
The Handbook recognizes that farm households may have multiple sources offarm and non farm assets and/or liabilities. To help ensure accuracy andcompleteness of estimates, net worth measures should take into account bothfarm and non farm sources of wealth. Estimates of net worth should alsorecognize that farm wealth may not be entirely owned by farm households.
XII.3 DIFFERENCES IN WEALTH MEASUREMENT FOR FARMSAND FARM OPERATOR HOUSEHOLDS
545
primary
XII.4 CONNECTION BETWEEN FARMS AND HOUSEHOLDS INWEALTH MEASUREMENT
accumulate wealth
546
distribution of farm income andwealth
net worth
cannot be assumed to belongentirely to farm households
The Handbook recognizes that farm households may have multiple sources offarm and non farm assets and/or liabilities. To help ensure accuracy andcompleteness of estimates, net worth measures should take into account bothfarm and non farm sources of wealth. Estimates of net worth should alsorecognize that farm wealth may not be entirely owned by farm households.
547
FIGURE XII.1Modern farms use Inputs from a variety of sources who in return share in Inputand Income
EarnIncome
EarnIncome
Provide Inputs
Provide Inputs
FIGURE XII.2Households share farm Net Worth with other providing Inputs
FarmNet Worth
548
The Handbook recognizes that household net worth is the summation of farm networth (assets minus debts) and non farm net worth (assets minus debts)
XII.5 EXTENDING ANALYSES OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICSTATUS AND WELL BEING
Capital gains as income.
FIGURE XII.3Operator households’ Net Worth originates from farm and non farm assets andliabilities
Non farmNet Worth
549
et al.
Household savings
et al.
et al.
Measures of household well being
economic well being
et al et al et al
550
t al. et al.et al
etal
Economic Well Being Indicator=
Household Income + Annuity Value of Net Worth
Farm household portfolio composition and liquidity.
551
XII.6 DATA TO SUPPORT ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD NETWORTH IN OECD COUNTRIES
et alet al
et al
552
XII.7 MEASUREMENT AND COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDWEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XII.8 CONCLUSIONS
553
This Handbook recognises that the wealth situation of the households thatoperate farms should be assessed. This includes, in addition to the assets andliabilities directly related to agriculture, those that household members holdoutside the farm business.
554
REFERENCES
Distributive Politics and Economic Growth
Wealth, Income and Inequality.
Farm Household Wealth: Measurement, Structure,and Determinants
Asset Based Measurement of Poverty.
Reflections on Farm Income in the 1970’s
Census Bureau Survey GaugesHousehold Wealth
Household Wealth and AssetOwnership: 1991
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics. Final Report andRecommendations
Combining Income and Wealth: An Analysis of FarmFamily Well Being
On Measuring Farmer’s Economic Well Being
The Global Pattern ofHousehold Wealth.
New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality andGrowth
Asset Distribution, Inequality, and Growth.
Income in the UnitedStates: 2002
555
Recent Changes to a Measure of U.S. HouseholdDebt Service
Determinants of Economic Well Beingamong U.S. Farm Operator Households
The Dynamics of Wealth Concentration Among FarmOperator Households
The Measurement of HouseholdWealth using Survey Data: An Overview of the Survey of Consumer Finances
The Graying Farm Sector Legacy of Off Farm Migration
Accumulation of Wealth by Farmers
Designing Household Survey Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries: Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy
Improving and Extending Farm Nonfarm Income Comparisons
Bequests and Retirement Wealth in the United States
The illusory nature of balance sheets in agricultural economic statistics: anote
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy, 3rd Edition
Measures of Economic Status Combining Income and Wealth Into a SingleMeasure of the Potential Command Over Goods and Services
The Rate of Return to Investment in Agriculture andMeasuring Net Farm Income
Survey Estimates of Wealth Holdings in OECDCountries: Evidence on the Level and Distribution across Selected Countries.
The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation inItaly
556
Differences in the Measurement of Wealth, WealthInequality and Wealth Composition obtained from Alternative U.S: Wealth Surveys
The Measurement and Structure of HouseholdWealth
Wealth Measurement in the Survey of Consumer Finances:Methodology and Directions for Future Research
Savings. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
Value Added and Net Farm Income Down for 2002
Income,Wealth, and the Economic Well Being of Farm Households
Off Farm Investment of Farm Households: A LogitAnalysis
Farm Household Savings
The 1997 Tax Law: New Incentives for Farmer’s to Invest for Retirement
Sheets for Household Firms in Agriculture
Property, Paternalism and Power
Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Reforming Farmland Policies
Non sectoral Policies for the Agriculture and Agro Food Sectors: Taxationand Social Security
Agriculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries
557
Who Benefits from Government Farm Payments?
Farm Viability: Results of the USDA Family FarmSurveys
Credit. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
The Luxembourg Wealth Study –A Cross Country Comparable Database for Household Wealth Research.
The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty inthe United States: 2005
The Balance Sheet of Agriculture, 1945
Major Statistic Series of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture: The Balance Sheet, Vol. 11
Household Enterprises. Designing HouseholdSurvey Questionnaires for Developing Countries
Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well BeingConcept, Measurement, and Findings: United States, 1989, 1995, 2000 and 2001
Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well BeingConcept, Measurement, and Findings: United States, 1989 and 2000
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XII
Accumulation of Wealth by Farmers
The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation inItaly
Wealth Measurement in the Survey of Consumer Finances:Methodology and Directions for Future Research
558
Savings. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
Credit. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
griculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries
The Balance Sheet of Agriculture, 1945
Household Enterprises. Designing HouseholdSurvey Questionnaires for Developing Countries
COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES FOR THE DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES REFERRED TO IN THE BOXES OF THIS CHAPTER:
CHINA
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Côte d'Ivoire living standardssurvey (CILSS) 1985 88. Basic information for users of the data
559
GHANA
Ghana Living Standards Survey Round four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data user guide
Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart A”
Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart B.
INDIA (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar)
Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. December 1997March 1998. Introduction to Datasets.
Survey of living conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Household Questionnaire. December1997 March 1998.
JAMAICA
Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basicinformation
MOROCCO
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. BasicInformation
560
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Household Questionnaire (EnqueteNationale Sur le Niveau de Vie des Menages).
PERU
Documentation for the 1994 Peru ENNIV Survey
National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994. PERU LSMS 1994 QUESTIONNAIRE
SOUTH AFRICADocumentation for the South Africa Integrated Household Survey
South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire.
VIETNAM
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information.
Documentation for the 1997/98 Viet Nam Living Standards Survey.
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part A
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part B
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part C
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part D.
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire.
561
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Interviewers' Instruction Manual.
ZAMBIA
Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I. SurveyInformation
LCMS96 Enumerator's Instruction Manual
LCMS96 Household Questionnaire.
562
Focus on Wealth of Farm Households in the United States
563
Item All Farms RetirementResidential
/Lifestyle
FarmingOccupation
/LowerSales
FarmingOccupation
/Higher
Sales
LargeVeryLarge
Number offarmhouseholdsPercent offarmhouseholdsTotaloperatorhouseholdassetsTotaloperatorhouseholdassets:FarmTotaloperatorhouseholdassets:Non farmTotaloperatorhouseholddebtTotaloperatorhouseholddebt: FarmTotaloperatorhouseholddebt: NonfarmTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worthTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worth:FarmTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worth:Non farm
FOCUS TABLE XII.1Average wealth of farm operator households by farm typology group, 2008
564
Focus Pieces
Accumulation of Wealth by Farmers
The Balance Sheet of Agriculture, 1945
565
Focus on Making Estimates of Net Worth for US FarmHouseholds
566
FOCUS PIECES
The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation inItaly
Wealth Measurement in the Survey of Consumer Finances:Methodology and Directions for Future Research
567
Focus on Living Standards Measurement Study – Applicationto Agricultural Household Wealth in Developing Countries
1) Household enterprises module
non agricultural household enterprises
micro enterprises,
Fixed assets
Inventories
568
owned uses
569
Chinathree
assets
Côte d'Ivoirethree the value of
productive assets and stocks
Ghanaassets
Moroccan
South Africa
Vietnamassets
Zambiahousehold assets
three
2) Agriculture module
the value ofhousehold agricultural assets
FOCUS BOX XII.1Modules on (non agricultural) household enterprises
570
China agricultural inputs and agricultural assets,
Côte d’Ivoire livestock
toolsfarm
equipment
Ghana agricultural assetsland owned
Indiafarming assets
Morocco
Peru
South Africa
animals
farm equipment tools
Vietnam land ofdifferent tenures livestock, poultry and other animals
hand tools implements and farm machinery
3) Savings module
the value of the household’s stock of financial assetshousehold wealth
financial assets and liabilitiesnon financial assets
FOCUS BOX XII.2Modules on agriculture – selected developing countries
571
the low return on assets
ownership of physical capital or “productive” assets
difficulties
household wealth
572
China
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Jamaica
Vietnam types of savings
4) Credit modules
FOCUS BOX XII.3Saving modules
573
LOANS TRADE CREDIT
All Specific By sourceNon
Agricultural OtherCOUNTRY Mortgage loans loans Implicit Explicit Agriculture enterprises Food consumption Service
FOCUS TABLE XII.1Types of Credit Information Obtained by Selected LSMS Surveys
574
China
debtand its structure
Côte d'Ivoire loansborrowed
Ghana
India the net debt position of the household
Morocco
Peruloan
South Africa owed cash or goods
Vietnam indebtedness
the last 12 months
FOCUS BOX XII.4Credit modules
575
SUGGESTED HOUSEHOLD BALANCE SHEET FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
ASSETSLIABILITIES AND TOTAL NET WORTH (Owner’sEquity)
Current Assets (Short term liquidity): Current Liabilities (Short term):
Total Current AssetsInventories (liquid assets)
Total Inventory Total Current LiabilitiesNon farm AssetsFixed (long term) Assets: Long Term Liabilities:
Durable (consumer) goods
Total Long Term Non Farm Assets Total LiabilitiesFarm (Agricultural) AssetsAgricultural Land
Animals
Farm Equipment
FOCUS TABLE XII.2Household Balance Sheet
576
Non Mechanical Farm Tools (Implements)
Total Farm (Agricultural) Assets Total Net WorthTOTAL ASSETS TOTAL LIABILITIES+TOTAL NET WORTH
FOCUS PIECES
Savings. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
Credit. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries
griculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries
Household Enterprises. Designing HouseholdSurvey Questionnaires for Developing Countries
577
Complete list of references for the developing countriesreferred to in the boxes of this chapter:
CHINA
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Côte d'Ivoire living standardssurvey (CILSS) 1985 88. Basic information for users of the data
GHANA
Ghana Living Standards Survey Round four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data user guide
Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart A”
Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart B.
578
INDIA (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar)
Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. December 1997March 1998. Introduction to Datasets.
Survey of living conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Household Questionnaire. December1997 March 1998.
JAMAICA
Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basicinformation
MOROCCO
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. BasicInformation
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Household Questionnaire (EnqueteNationale Sur le Niveau de Vie des Menages).
PERU
Documentation for the 1994 Peru ENNIV Survey
National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994. PERU LSMS 1994 QUESTIONNAIRE
579
SOUTH AFRICA
Documentation for the South Africa Integrated Household Survey
South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire.
VIETNAM
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information.
Documentation for the 1997/98 Viet Nam Living Standards Survey.
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part A
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part B
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part C
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part D.
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire.
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Interviewers' Instruction Manual.
ZAMBIA
Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I. SurveyInformation
580
LCMS96 Enumerator's Instruction Manual
LCMS96 Household Questionnaire.
581
Chapter XIII
XIIIINVENTORY OFMETHODOLOGIES USED
AGRICULTURE INCOME ANDWEALTH STATISTICS
XIII.1 DATA SOURCES FOR STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME – GENERIC SOURCES
“…In most countries, the information available does not give a preciseindication of the farm income situation. Farm families cannot be accuratelyclassified according to their level of income; data on income received from nonfarm sources are particularly deficient. These limitations are a serious handicapin devising suitable policies and in assessing the results of measures taken;attention should be given to improving the situation”
CHAPTER XIII
582
XIII.1.1 TYPES OF DATA SOURCES
583
farm accounts surveys
tax records
Household surveys
country specific sources
Centre d’étude sur lesrevenus et les coûts et al et al
et al
XIII.1.2 FARM ACCOUNTS SURVEYS
584
585
XIII.1.3 TAXATION RECORDS
586
XIII.1.4 FAMILY (HOUSEHOLD) BUDGET SURVEYS AND LSMS
statistical coverage
underrepresented
587
biased.
as an industry
expensive
are not of high quality
et al.
et al.,
588
.
farming
panel
589
et al
590
XIII.2 UNECE SURVEYS OF 2004 AND 2005 ON DEFINITIONSAND MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
591
XIII.2.1 PREDOMINATELY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (UNECE AND OECDCOUNTRIES)7
XIII.2.2 DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLD
592
XIII.2.3 DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD
XIII.2.4 TREATMENT OF COMMUNAL UNITS
EU Countries
Non EU Countries
XIII.2.5 CLASSIFICATION INTO SOCIO ECONOMIC GROUPS (FOR THEPURPOSE OF COMPARING THE INCOME SITUATION OFAGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS)
EU Countries
593
Non EU Countries
XIII.2.6 SHORT TERM STABILITY MECHANISM
XIII.2.7 EQUIVALENCE SCALES
XIII.2.8 OWN CONSUMPTION
EU Countries
Non EU Countries
594
XIII.2.9 IMPUTED RENT
EU Countries
Non EU Countries
XIII.2.10 CALCULATION OF NET DISPOSABLE INCOME OF AGRICULTUREHOUSEHOLDS – ITEMS COVERED
595
EU Countries
Non EU Countries
imputed
XIII.2.11 CONCLUSIONS
XIII.2.12 SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
596
XIII.2.13 FOCUS ON THE DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLD IN SELECTEDDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.14 FOCUS ON THE DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD INSELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.15 FOCUS ON THE CLASSIFICATION INTO SOCIO ECONOMIC GROUPSIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.16 SHORT TERM STABILITY MECHANISM
XIII.2.17 FOCUS ON EQUIVALENCE SCALES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.18 FOCUS ON OWN CONSUMPTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.19 FOCUS ON IMPUTED RENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
XIII.2.20 FOCUS ON THE CALCULATION OF NET DISPOSABLE INCOME OFAGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
REFERENCES
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of AgriculturalHouseholds Sector (IAHS) Statistics
Difficulties in estimating farm household income
Une contribution à la connaissance desrevenus totaux des familles d’agriculteurs; résultats d’un dépouillement particulierd’une enquête CERC sur les revenus de l’année 1978
Farm HouseholdAdjustment in Western Europe 1987 1991
Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup: Final Report and Recommendations
Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology and Recommendationsfor Harmonisation
597
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)See also Eurostat (2002) below
that also includes this Manual.
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report”
Household Budget Surveys in the European Union: Methodology andRecommendations for Harmonisation
Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges
Statistical development series no. 5 programme for the World Census ofAgriculture 2000 (WCA 2000)
Designing Household Survey Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries. Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy
Making Decisions on the Overall Design of the SurveyDesigning Household Survey Questionnaires for
Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy
Total Incomes of Agricultural Households
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
Data Sources and Quality Improvements for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries.
Richesse et pauvreté en agriculture
?”Designing household survey questionnaires for developing counties. Lessons
from 15 years of LSMS”
Asking theSelf employed about their Income
598
Low incomes in agriculture: problems and policies
A Review of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries”,
Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues andDirections”,
”
Low incomes in agriculture in OECD countries
Non sectoral policies for the agriculture and agro food sectors: taxation andsocial security
Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture
Agriculture ModuleDesigning household survey questionnaires for developing counties. Lessons from 15
years of LSMS”
Gathering information on total household income within an “industryoriented” survey on agriculture: methodological issues and future perspectives
Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income
Agricultural income statistics and policy: a view from southernEurope
Chapter XXIII. Living Standards MeasurementStudy Surveys
Relative Income of Farmers: Some International Comparisons
An Analysis of Design Effects for SelectedVariables in the LSMS Surveys
System of National Accounts 1993
599
Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries
The Problematic Measurement of Income from Self Employment
Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology andRecommendations for Harmonisation. Theme 3 Series E
Improving the quality and policy relevance of household level dataon agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa” .
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XIII
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of AgriculturalHouseholds Sector (IAHS) Statistics
Changes in Poverty inUganda, 1992 97 ,
Measure for Measure Systematic Patterns of Deviation between Measures ofIncome and Consumption in Developing Countries: Evidence from a New Dataset. WorldBank and FAO
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income OfAgricultural Households Sector (IAHS) Statistics.
Evaluating Regional Poverty in China with SubjectiveEquivalence Scales
Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China
Perspectives for the CommonAgricultural Policy,
600
Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission (Article33(1)(b) of the EC Treaty
Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I 1996
The analysis of household surveys: a microeconometric approach todevelopment policy
Consumption DesigningHousehold Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of theLiving Standards Measurement Study
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
. Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges.
Can A Subjective Poverty Line Be Applied toChina? Assessing Poverty among Urban Residents in 1999.
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
Tapas Initiative 2002: Agricultural Household Income
Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Issues and Policy Responses AReview of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries,
Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions,
Farm household income: issues and policy responses
Availability and feasibility of collecting data on off farm incomeand other income – A Feasibility study on collection of data on off farm income and onother income in FADN.
601
System of National Accounts 1993
Survey on agricultural household income statistics.
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
The Wye Group Handbook: Rural Households' Livelihood and WellBeing – Statistics on Rural Development and Agricultural Household Income.
602
FOCUS PIECES
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
. Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
603
Focus on the European Community Household Panel (ECHP)and Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions(EU–SILC), Now Renamed Income, Social Inclusion and LivingConditions (EU SILC)
European Community Household Panel (ECHP)
dwellingsingle budget
604
FOCUS PIECES
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income OfAgricultural Households Sector (IAHS) Statistics.
Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges.
605
Focus on data Sources for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries1
the inventory ofdata sources
Farm accounts surveys
The EU SILC system
606
Household budget surveys,
Taxation records and income statistics registers based on them.
607
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
No income datacollected
No information
FOCUS TABLE XIII.1Inventory of existing microeconomic data sources by Member State
608
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
609
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
(theimplication is thattax data on incomefrom farming is notusable in a directway)
610
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
611
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
612
MEMBERSTATE
FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*
FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS
TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER
613
FOCUS PIECES
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of AgriculturalHouseholds Sector (IAHS) Statistics
Perspectives for the CommonAgricultural Policy,
Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission (Article33(1)(b) of the EC Treaty
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy
Tapas Initiative 2002: Agricultural Household Income
Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Issues and Policy Responses AReview of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries,
Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions,
Farm household income: issues and policy responses
Availability and feasibility of collecting data on off farm incomeand other income – A Feasibility study on collection of data on off farm income and onother income in FADN.
System of National Accounts 1993
614
The Wye Group Handbook: Rural Households' Livelihood and WellBeing – Statistics on Rural Development and Agricultural Household Income.
615
Focus on Data Sources and References for Data of DevelopingCountries
A Sample of LSMS Surveys
COUNTRY YEAR HHCOUNT
QUESTIONNAIRE
ADDITIONALMETADATA
DOCUMENTATION ONTHE WEB
ACCESS POLICY
Brazil
China(HeibeiLiaoningProvince)
Ghana
India(UttarPradeshandBihar)
Jamaica Survey of LivingConditions
Labour Force Survey
Peru
616
SouthAfrica
Vietnam
Zambia
A Sample of Developing Countries conducting Agriculture Censuses
COUNTRIES ON WEB 1980 ROUND1990ROUND
2000ROUND
Brazil
ChinaGhana
India
JamaicaPeruSouth AfricaVietnamZambia
617
FOCUS PIECES
WEBSITE REFERENCES
Adult Equivalent Scale and Economies of Scale
An Overview of Questionnaire Design and Household Survey Implementation inDeveloping Countries
Household Surveys in Developing Countries
Case Study #3: Household Budget Surveys
CENSUS AND SURVEY INFORMATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES
BRAZIL
Population and Housing Census
National Household Sample Survey
National Household Sample Survey. Technical Notes
The 1996 97 Brazil Living Standards Survey (Pesquisasobre Padrões de Vida PPV)
618
The 1996 97 Brazil Living Standards Survey.Interviewer Manual
CHINA
China Living Standards Survey 1995 – 1997. Basic Information Document
National Accounts – Agriculture. Agriculture and Rural Indicators inChina
GHANA
Country Statistical Information Ghana
Ghana living standards survey four (with labour forcemodule) interviewer's instruction manual
Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data User Guide
INDIA
619
Survey of Living Conditions: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar December 1997March 1998. Introduction to the Data Sets
Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Field Manual
JAMAICA
Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basic Information
Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, 1997. Interviewer’s instruction manual
Jamaica: Small Farmers Credit Project (Loan No. 100 JA)
Jamaica – Profile in Agriculture
.
Jamaica National Irrigation Development Program(NIDP) (JA 0106).
620
MOROCCO
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS)
Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Basic Information
PERU
National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994
SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire
South Africa in transition Selected findings from theOctober household survey of 1999 and changes that have occurred between 1995 and1999
South Africans Rich and Poor: Baseline Household Statistics
621
Census of Commercial Agriculture 2002
Census of commercial agriculture 2002 (Summary)
VIETNAM
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Household Questionnaire
Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Interviewers' Instruction Manual
ZAMBIA
Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey
622
2000 Census of Population and Housing
2000 Census of Population and Housing Preliminary Report.
Zambia, 1990 Census of population, housing andagriculture 1990
National census of agriculture (part 2) 90/92
623
Focus on the World Census of Agriculture Programme(WCAP)
Programme for the World Census of Agriculture 2000, (Vol. 5)
624
Focus on the definition of Household: EU Countries
625
REFERENCE TO
COUNTRYCOMMONDWELLING
SHAREDBUDGET
SHAREDFOOD/MEALS
FAMILY LINKNECESSARY
STUDENTS/TEMPORARILYABSENT
AustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
SlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnitedKingdom
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS PIECES
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
. Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
FOCUS TABLE XIII.2Definition of household in EU countries
626
Focus on the Definition of Household: Non EU Countries
627
REFERENCE TO
COUNTRYCOMMONDWELLING
SHAREDBUDGET
SHAREDFOOD/MEALS
FAMILYLINKNECESSARY
STUDENTS/TEMPORARILYABSENT
AlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanBelarus
Canada
CroatiaGeorgiaJapanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMexicoNew ZealandNorwayRepublic ofKoreaRepublic ofMoldovaSwitzerlandThe FormerYugoslavRep. ofMacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited Statesof America
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.3Definition of household in non EU countries
628
Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household: EUCountries
main source
some income
629
COUNTRIES NARROW/BROAD FISHERY/FORESTRYAustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxemburgNetherlandsPolandPortugal
Romania
SlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited Kingdom
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.4Definition of agricultural household (narrow or broad) and inclusion offishery/forestry in EU countries
630
FOCUS PIECES
Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)
. Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report
631
Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household: Non EUCountries
632
COUNTRIES NARROW/BROAD FISHERY/FORESTRYAlbania
Andorra
ArmeniaAustralia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Canada
CroatiaGeorgia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Mexico
New Zealand
Norway
Republic ofKorea
Republic ofMoldova
Switzerland
FOCUS TABLE XIII.5Definition of agricultural household (narrow or broad) and inclusion offishery/forestry in non EU countries
633
The FormerYugoslavRep. ofMacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistan
Ukraine
United States ofAmerica
Survey on agricultural household income statistics.
634
Focus on Equivalence Scales in EU Countries
635
COUNTRY FIRST ADULT/HEADOF HOUSEHOLD
OTHER ADULTS CHILDRENTRESHOLDAGECHILD/ADULT
MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALEAustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreece
Hungary
IrelandItalyLatviaLithuania
Luxembourg
NetherlandsPoland
Portugal
RomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnitedKingdom
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.6Equivalence scale used to give consumer in EU countries
636
Focus on Equivalence Scales in Non EU Countries
COUNTRYFIRST ADULT/HEADOF HOUSEHOLD OTHER ADULTS CHILDREN
TRESHOLDAGECHILD/ADULT
MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALEAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanBelarusCanadaCroatia
Georgia
JapanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMexicoNew ZealandNorwayRepublic ofKoreaRepublic ofMoldovaSwitzerlandFYROM (*)TurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited Statesof America
: Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.7Equivalence scale used to give consumer in non EU countries
637
Focus on the Definition of Net Disposable Income forAgricultural Households. Other OECD/UNECE Countries (NonEU25 Member States)
Albania Andorra Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Belarus BulgariaCanada
1/Croatia
1FROMINDIPENDENTACTIVITIY
(y) and(*)
n/a n/a
2DEPENDENTACTIVITY ofwhich
(y) and(*)
n/a n/a *
3
PROPERTYINCOMERECEIVED ofwhich
* n/a n/a y y
FOCUS TABLE XIII.8 (part 1)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in non EU
638
4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS
* n/a n/a y
5
SOCIALBENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers inkind)
(y) and(*)
n/a n/a y y y y y(y) and
(*)
6
MISCELLANEUSINWARDCURRENTTRANSFERS
(*) n/a n/a y y y y *
7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sumof 1 6
(*) n/a n/a y y
8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich
(*) n/a n/a y
9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS
(*) n/a n/a y y *
10
CURRENT TAXESON INCOMESAND WEALTH ofwhich
(*) n/a n/a y y
11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONSof which
(*) n/a n/a y
639
Australia
Australia
Canada
Canada
Croatia
UNECE survey on agriculture household income
12
MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich
(*) n/a n/a @ y
13
NETDISPOSABLEINCOME(7minus 8 12)OR ANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT
(*) n/a n/a y y
14SOCIALTRANSFERS INKIND
(*) n/a n/a
Y(imputedfor HIES
only)
y y y(y) and
(*)
15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME
(*) n/a n/a @ y
640
Georgia1/
Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mexico NewZealand
Norway Republicof Korea
1FROMINDEPENDENTACTIVITIY
n/a y y
2DEPENDENTACTIVITY ofwhich
n/a (y) and(*)
3
PROPERTYINCOMERECEIVED ofwhich
y n/a y
4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS
n/a(y) and(*)
FOCUS TABLE XIII.8 (part 2)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in non EU
641
5
SOCIALBENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers inkind)
y y n/a y y y y
6
MISCELLANEUSINWARDCURRENTTRANSFERS
y y n/a y y y y
7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of1 6
y n/a yy(except4)
y(y) and(*)
8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich
n/a y
9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS
y n/a y 3/ y
10
CURRENT TAXESON INCOMESAND WEALTH ofwhich
n/a y(y) and(*)
11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONSof which
n/a n
12MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOING
n/a(y) and(*)
642
Georgia:
Kazakhstan:
Kyrgyzstan:
New Zealand:
New Zealand:
New Zealand:
Republic of Korea:
Survey on agriculture household income.
CURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich
13
NET DISPOSABLEINCOME (7minus8 12) ORANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT
y n/a y*y (7minutes10a)
y n
14SOCIALTRANSFERS INKIND
y n/a y n
15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME
y n/a y n
643
RepublicofMoldova
Romania Switzerland
TheformerYugoslavRep. ofMacedonia
Turkey Turkmenistan UkraineUnitedStates ofAmerica
1FROMINDIPENDENTACTIVITIY
n/a y n/a y y
2DEPENDENTACTIVITY ofwhich
Y n/a y n/a y
3
PROPERTYINCOMERECEIVED ofwhich
y Y n/a y n/a y
FOCUS TABLE XIII.8 (part 3)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in non EU
644
4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS
n 1/ n/a y n/a y
5
SOCIALBENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers inkind)
yy n/a y n/a
(y) and(*)
y
6
MISCELLANEUSINWARDCURRENTTRANSFERS
y 2/ n/a y n/a y y
7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of1 6
* n/a y n/a y y
8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich
* n/a n/aY
*
*
*
*
*
9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS
n y n/a n/a
10
11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONSof which
y n/a n/a
645
Romania:
Romania:
Romania:
Romania:
Romania:
Switzerland:
United States:
Survey on agriculture household income.
12
MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich
y n/a n/a
13
NETDISPOSABLEINCOME(7minus 8 12)OR ANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT
y n/a y n/a
14SOCIALTRANSFERS INKIND
n/a y n/a y
15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME
y n/a n/a
646
Focus on the Definition of Net Disposable Income forAgricultural Households. EU 25 Member States
Austria(IAHS)
Belgium(IAHS)
Denmark(IAHS)
Estonia Finland France(IAHS)
Germany(IAHS)
Greece(IAHS)
Hungary Ireland Italy
1FROMINDIPENDENTACTIVITIY
y y y y y y y y@ y y
*
*
2DEPENDENTACTIVITY of which y y y y y y y y y y
*
**
* *
3PROPERTYINCOME RECEIVEDof which
* y y y y y y y y y
* * ** * *
* **
* * *) * *
** *
* * * * * *
4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS
y y y y y
**
*
** *
5
SOCIAL BENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers in kind)
y y y y y y y y y y y
6MISCELLANEUSINWARD CURRENTTRANSFERS
y y y y y Y y y y y
FOCUS TABLE XIII.9 (part 1)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in EU countries
647
Austria(IAHS)
Belgium(IAHS)
Denmark(IAHS)
Estonia Finland France(IAHS)
Germany(IAHS)
Greece(IAHS)
Hungary Ireland Italy
7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of 16
y y y(y) and
(*) y y y y y
8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich
* y y * y y * y
* *
**
* * * * *
* **
* * * *
* **
* * * * *
* * * *
* y*
* * * * * * *
* * * * * *iii *
9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS
* y*
* y y y
10CURRENT TAXES ONINCOMES ANDWEALTH of which
y y y y y y y y y y
** * *
** * *
** * *
*
11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONS ofwhich
y y y y * y y y y
*
**
* *
** *
*
12
MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS of which
y * * y y y
* * ** * *
* *)
13
NET DISPOSABLEINCOME (7 minus 812) OR ANOTHERDEFINED CONCEPT
y y y (y) and(*) y y y y y y
648
Survey on agriculture household income.
14 SOCIAL TRANSFERSIN KIND
(y) and(*)
15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME
(y) and(*)
Luxemb.(IAHS)
Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal(IAHS)
Slovakia Slovenia Spain(IAHS)
Sweden UnitedKingdom
1FROMINDIPENDENTACTIVITIY
y y y y No info y y y y
*
*
*
2DEPENDENTACTIVITY ofwhich
y y y y No info y y y
*
3
PROPERTYINCOMERECEIVED ofwhich
y y y y No info y y y
*)*
* *
*
FOCUS TABLE XIII.9 (part 2)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in EU countries
649
Luxemb.(IAHS)
Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal(IAHS)
Slovakia Slovenia Spain(IAHS)
Sweden UnitedKingdom
*
* *
4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS
y y No info y *
*
* *
5
SOCIAL BENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers in kind)
y y y y y No info y y y (y)
6
MISCELLANEUSINWARDCURRENTTRANSFERS
y y y y No info * y (*)
7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of1 6
y y y y No info y y y
8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich
y y y y No info y y *
*)* *
* * *
* * *
* *
*
* *
9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS
y y No info y (*)
10CURRENT TAXESON INCOMES ANDWEALTH of which
y y y No info y y
* **
*
y *
11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONSof which
y y y y No info y y
*
*) *
*
650
Survey on agriculture household income.
Luxemb.(IAHS)
Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal(IAHS)
Slovakia Slovenia Spain(IAHS)
Sweden
UnitedKingdom
*)*
*
12
MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich
y y y y No info y (y)
*
*)
13
NETDISPOSABLEINCOME(7minus 8 12)OR ANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT
y y y7
(8b+10cd+12)
y No info y y
14SOCIALTRANSFERS INKIND
(y) and(*)
No info * y
15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME
y No info y
651
Focus on the Definition of Household in Selected DevelopingCountries
652
COUNTRY DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLDBrazil A household
China Household members
Ghana A householdat least 9 of the 12 months
India A household
Jamaica A household
Morocco
less than one month.Peru The household
South Africa The first definition of the household
The seconddefinition of the household
Vietnam Household members
Zambia A household
Usual member of the household
FOCUS TABLE XIII.10Definition of household in a selected group of developing countries
653
REFERENCE TO
COUNTRY COMMONDWELLING
SHAREDBUDGET
SHAREDFOOD/MEALS
FAMILYLINKNECESSARY
STUDENTS/TEMPORARILYABSENT
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
Zambia
de jurede facto
FOCUS TABLE XIII.11Definition of household in selected developing countries
654
Ghana
South African
Brazilian a resident
655
China
India
Jamaica
Moroccan
656
Vietnam
FOCUS PIECES
Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I 1996
The analysis of household surveys: a microeconometric approach todevelopment policy
657
Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household in SelectedDeveloping Countries
658
COUNTRY DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDBrazil holding
China Agricultural household:
India Operational Holding
Operational Holder
Jamaica Farmers
Morocco Agricultural holding
Peru Agricultural Unit
South Africa
Vietnam Agriculture, forestry, fishery households:
Zambia Agricultural Household :
Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.12Definition of agricultural household in developing countries
659
Focus on the Classification into Socio Economic Groups inDeveloping Countries
China
Ghana
Jamaica
Moroccan
Peruvian
660
South Africa
Vietnam
661
Focus on Equivalence Scales in Developing Countries
et al
et al
et al
China
662
AGE MALE FEMALEEQUIVALENCESCALE
et al
FOCUS PIECES
Changes in Poverty inUganda, 1992 97 ,
Evaluating Regional Poverty in China with SubjectiveEquivalence Scales
Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China
Can A Subjective Poverty Line Be Applied toChina? Assessing Poverty among Urban Residents in 1999.
FOCUS TABLE XIII.13Daily calorific requirements and calorie equivalence scales
663
Focus on Own Consumption in Developing Countries
AGE (YEARS) MALE WEIGHT FEMALE WEIGHT
FOCUS TABLE XIII.14Nutrition (calorie) based adult equivalence scales
664
farm gate prices
market prices
China
India
Jamaica
665
Moroccan
Peru
South Africa
Vietnam
Zambia
FOCUS PIECES
Consumption DesigningHousehold Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of theLiving Standards Measurement Study
666
Focus on Imputed Rent in Developing Countries
China
Ghanaexpenditures
Indian
Jamaica
667
Moroccan
Peru
Vietnam
Zambia
FOCUS PIECES
Consumption DesigningHousehold Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of theLiving Standards Measurement Study
668
Focus on the Calculation of Net Disposable Income ofAgriculture Households in Developing Countries
669
Ghana
670
1
India
Jamaican
Jamaica
Moroccan
Peruvian
South Africa
Vietnam
671
FOCUS PIECES
Consumption DesigningHousehold Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of theLiving Standards Measurement Study
672
CHAPTER XIV
XIV. INCOME AND WEALTHSTATISTICS FOR SELECTED
COUNTRIES
XIV.1 OECD COUNTRIES
CHAPTER XIV
673
inter alia
entrepreneurialemployees
674
XIV.2 AUSTRALIA
XIV.3 CANADA
675
XIV.4 DENMARK – REGISTER BASED AGRICULTURAL INCOMESTATISTICS
676
before
XIV.5 FINLAND
means medians
per householdabove the all households average per CU
677
XIV.6 FRANCE
means medians
disposable incomes above the all household figure
On this basis farmer households were below the all householdsposition, at least in 2003
678
XIV.7 IRELAND
XIV.8 ITALY
RICA REAsurvey,
679
EU SILCSHIW
ISMEA
RICA REA
Crop and animal production, huntingand related service activities
EU SILC
Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW),
independentactivity in agriculture
ISMEAMicrosimulation Unit
680
incomes,expenditures and wealth greater than the all households average,
still above thenational average
expenditure
XIV.9 POLAND
681
XIV.10SWEDEN –ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF REGISTER BASEDSTATISTICS
The Farm Register (LBR)
The Register of Total Income Statistics (IoT)
The Register of the Total Population (RTB)
682
XIV.11 UNITED STATES
household
683
XIV.12EUROPEAN UNION: SECTOR LEVEL ESTIMATES BASEDIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
some
684
not
XIV.13DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XIV
Policy Brief: Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies
Income of the Agricultural Household Sector 2001 Report.
685
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Australia
Estimatednumber ofhouseholds
Samplecount ofhouseholds
Meanagriculturalincome (a)($A perweek)
RSE ofmeanagricultural income(%)
Mean totalincome($A perweek)
RSE ofmean totalincome(%)
Agric.Income as% of totalincome
77 849424 1110594 945673 743
Total 419 879
975
Total 15 972
Australia Bureau of Statistics, Survey of income and housing costs,2000 01.
FOCUS TABLE XIV.1Income for agricultural and other households in Australia, by contribution ofagricultural income to total income in 2001, $A
686
Australia Bureau of Statistics, Survey of income and housing costs, 2000 01.
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.1Income of agriculture households compared to non agriculture households(=100) for different level of contribution of income from agriculture, 2001
687
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Canada
(i) Gross and net revenues per farm – medium sized farms have the highestoperating margin
(ii) Farm operators’ off farm income exceeds net cash farm operatingrevenue
Wages and salaries are the most important source of off farm income
Economic Overview of Farm Incomes: All Farms, 1996
688
Off farm income as a share of total operator income (before capital costallowance) is smaller for operators of larger farms
The highest dollar amount from wages and salaries was earned by operators ofvery large farms followed by the smallest farms
Investment income as a percentage of total off farm income tend to increase byrevenue size – for pension income it is the reverse
689
(iii) Total farm family income increases steadily as a result of increasingoff farm income
Off farm income exceeds 70% of total family income
Average total family income varied greatly
The contribution from off farm income varied from 32% to 102% of total income
690
(iv) Steady increase in wealth accumulation
(v) Notes to the data and the data sources
691
REVENUE CLASSES$10,000$49,999
S50,000$99,999
$100,000$249,999
$250,000$499,999
$500,000and over All
1996
Average net operatingincome per farm, C$
1,541 13,818 34,031 67,835 160,801 23,977
2001
Average net operatingincome per farm, C$ 2,297 14,043 34,713 68,544 165,751 28,998
% change 1996 2001 49.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 3.1 20.9Average net operatingincome per farm aftercapital cost allowance, C$
1,438 5,097 16,282 31,832 70,177 11,725
Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm Incomes
FOCUS TABLE XIV.2Operating revenues and expenses by revenue classes in Canada, 1996 and 2001
692
Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm Incomes
1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001% change
1993 2001Average total income peroperator, C$*/
33,334 37,220 39,976 40,009 43,558 46,998 41.0
47.6
33.8
Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm IncomesStatistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.2Percentage distribution of revenues, operating income and number of farms byrevenue classes in Canada in 2001
FOCUS TABLE XIV.3Average total income per operator in Canada, 1993 2001, Current C$
693
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.3Percentage share of net farm income and off farm income per operator inCanada, 1993 2001
694
REVENUE CLASSES$10,000
$49,999S50,000$99,999
$100,000$249,999
$250,000$499,999
$500,000and over
All %
1998
FARM INCOME
Net Operating Income 1,487 11,750 24,906 39,496 70,921 17,757 44.4OFF FARM INCOME
Total farm income(excluding taxablecapital gains)
27,336 19,882 13,845 18,687 34,828 22,220 55.6
Total operator income 28,853 31,632 38,751 58,183 105,749 39,977 100.0Off farm income as ashare of total income (%) 94.8 62.9 35.7 32.1 32.9 55.6
2001
FARM INCOME
Net Operating Income 1,9581 11,451 25,934 42,164 80,673 21,269 45.3OFF FARM INCOME
Total farm income(excluding taxablecapital gains)
30,287 24,405 17,301 19,037 39,180 25730 54.7
Total operator income 32,245 35,856 43,235 61,201 119,853 46999 100.0Off farm income as ashare of total income (%) 93.3 68.1 40.0 31.1 32.7 54.7
% change 1998 2001
FARM INCOME
Net Operating Income 31.7 2.5 4.1 6.8 13.8 19.8
FOCUS TABLE XIV.4Average total income per operator in Canada, 1993 2001, Current C$
695
OFF FARM INCOME
Total farm income(excluding taxablecapital gains)
10.7 22.7 25.0 1.9 12.5 25.8
Total operator income 11.8 13.4 11.6 5.2 13.3 17.6
Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm Incomes
$10,000$49,999
S50,000$99,999
$100,000$249,999
$250,000$499,999
$500,000and over
All
56.1
5.9
16.114.5
2.3
5.1
100.0Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm IncomesStatistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.4Sources of off farm income as a percentage of total off farm income
696
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 %,1996 2000
Off farm income as apercentage of total income 68.9 69.5 71.5 73.0 73.5
Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001
FOCUS TABLE XIV.5Off farm and net operating income per farm family, unincorporated sector,Canada, 1996 2000
697
Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001
BUSINESS FOCUSED FARMS NON BUSINESS FOCUSED FARMS
SMALLFARMS
MEDIUMFARMS
LARGEFARMS
VERYLARGEFARMS
SMALLFARMS
MEDIUMFARMS
LARGEFARMS TOTAL
OFF FARM INCOME
Total off farmincome
34,762 56,852 35,034 37,902 45,508 95,956 14,382 48,683
Net operatingincome
3,668 12,361 39,698 79,695 13,759 2,229 1,650 17,588
Total income offarm families
38,430 69,213 74,732 117,597 59,267 93,727 16,482 66,271
Percentage shareoff farm income
90.5 82.1 46.9 32.2 76.8 102.4 90.0 73.5
Percentage of totaloff farm income:
FOCUS TABLE XIV.6Average off farm income by source and average net operating income of farmfamilies by farm typology group, unincorporated sector, in Canada in 2000, C$
698
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.5Average off farm income and net operating income per farm family by farmtypology in Canada in 2000, C$
699
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003%
1995 2003
%share2003
Current assets (CA)
QuotaBreading livestockMachineryFarm real estate
Other long termassetsTotal assets (TA)Current liabilitiesLong termliabilitiesTotal liabilities (TL)Equity (E)Current liquidityratio (CA/CL)Debt structureReturn on equity
Statistics Canada, Balance sheet of the agriculture sector
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003
Total net income ** 2,990 2,460 2,720 1,330 2,630
Statistics Canada. Net farm income, November 2004
FOCUS TABLE XIV.7Balance sheet of the agriculture sector, including non operator landlords andexcluding personal shares of households, current C$ million
FOCUS TABLE XIV.8Net farm income in Canada, 1995 2003, current C$ million
700
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.6Equity, debt structure (current liabilities in relation to total liabilities) andreturn on equity in Canada, 1995 2003
701
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Denmark
Editor’s note: Readers should be aware that interest payments in Denmarkrepresent a uniquely large share of the cost faced by farmers among the MemberStates of the EU. This is linked to the way in which agricultural assets aretransferred between generations that, typically, involve sales from parents tochildren. In order to support the high interest burden that results from the credittaken to purchase these assets by family successors there is a tendency for thespouses of Danish farmers, and frequently the farmers also, to work full time orpart time outside agriculture, particularly in the early years of succession. This inturn has some impact on the choice of farming enterprise, since some forms ofproduction (such as cereals) are more compatible with part time activity thanothers (such as dairying). The high burden of interest payments (which oftenleads to negative profits from the farm business) and the treatment of interest inthe taxation system of Denmark means that there is an emphasis on measuringincome before interest charges. It also means that when households are classifiedaccording to their main income source (which, for farming, would normally beafter deducting interest charges associated with the business), numbers ofagricultural households appear to be disproportionately small. Furtherdiscussion is contained in Eurostat (2002).
(i) Introduction
(ii) Combining of registers and income information
702
G. Total income (A+B+C+D+E+F)
Disposal income (G H I J)
703
(iii) Comparison between farmers and other professional groups
(iv) Comparison between different types of farms
704
FarmersOther
employersAll
employersManual
employeesNon manual
employees All othersAll except
farmersAll
households
FOCUS TABLE XIV.9Income and income composition by socio professional group
705
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.7Disposable income for agricultural households, all farms
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.8Disposable income for agricultural households, all farms
706
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.9Interest, taxes and social contributions at agricultural households, all farm
707
(v) Development of wealth in agricultural households
FARMER'S AGE, YEARS
<34FROM 35
TO 44FROM45
TO 54FROM 55
TO 64 >65
FOCUS TABLE XIV.10Assets and liabilities: Age groups, full time farms, 2003
708
FOCUS PIECES
Agricultural Account Statistics
Income of the Agricultural Household Sector, 2001 Report. Theme 5
Income of Agricultural Households Statistics
Income of Agricultural Household Statistics
ANNEX
RESULTS FROM INCOME OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICSSTATISTICS DENMARK
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
= Total income 492 501 560 612 598
= Net disposal income 156 168 183 193 176
FOCUS TABLE XIV.11Income for agricultural households, all farms
709
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
= Total income 599 606 707 785 739
= Net disposal income 138 148 177 188 148
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
= Total income 395 413 431 459 473
= Net disposal income 174 185 189 198 201
FOCUS TABLE XIV.12Income for agricultural households, full time farms
FOCUS TABLE XIV.13Income for agricultural households, part time farms
710
Under 30 years 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years Over 60 years
= Total income 565 629 667 664 442
= Net disposal income 100 160 192 191 166
Under 30 years 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years Over 60 years
= Total income 669 739 787 745 671
= Net disposal income 50 112 154 156 188
FOCUS TABLE XIV.14Income for agricultural households, all farms by age of farmer
FOCUS TABLE XIV.15Income for agricultural households, all full time farms by age of farmer
711
Under 30 years 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years Over 60 years
= Total income 420 511 544 577 327
= Net disposal income 170 212 232 228 155
FOCUS TABLE XIV.16Income for agricultural households, all part time farms by age of farmer
712
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Finland
inter alia
means medians
Agricultural households have disposable incomes per householdsubstantially above the all households average
Agricultural households also have disposable incomes per CU above the allhouseholds average, though by a smaller margin
713
disposable incomes that compare favourably with the national average
PERHOUSEHOLD
PERCU
mean median mean median
Average 146 160 114 115
Income Distribution Statistics
FOCUS TABLE XIV.17Mean and median disposable incomes (per household and per Consumer Unit)of agricultural households as a percentage of the national all households meanand median incomes, 2000 to 2008
714
DISPOSABLEINCOME
Mean Median
2006
2008
Note:
Income Distribution Statistics
FOCUS TABLE XIV.18Mean and Median Disposable Incomes of agricultural households and those ofother socio profession groups relative to the all households average (perhousehold and per Consumer Unit), 2006 and 2008
715
FOCUS PIECES
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report.
716
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for France1
717
1997€
2003€
Percentage change1997 2003 (%)
Per householdAverage
Median
Per Consumer UnitAverage
Median
De 1997 à 2003, repli du revenu disponible et du niveau de vie des agriculteurs malgré lapluriactivité.
FOCUS TABLE XIV.19Disposable income per household and per Consumer Unit, farmer householdsand all households
718
719
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.9Distribution of disposable income per household and per Consumer Unit, 2003 (SMIC =minimum wage)
720
FOCUS PIECES
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report.
De 1997 à 2003, repli du revenu disponible et du niveaude vie des agriculteurs malgré la pluriactivité. L'agriculture, nouveaux défis Édition2007
721
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Ireland
main income of the entirehousehold
occupation of the head of household
.
722
CLASSIFICATIONCRITERION.
AGRICULTURE IS:
HOUSEHOLDS(000)
INCOME PERHOUSEHOLD
(£IRL)
INCOME PERHOUSEHOLD
MEMBER (£IRL)
INCOME PERCONSUMER
UNIT (£IRL)
“Narrow” Definitions
“Broad” definition
“Marginal Households”(b) minus (a)
Total Income of Agricultural Households 1992 Report
FOCUS TABLE XIV.20Number of households and average disposable income per unit for alternativedefinitions of an agricultural household, 1987.
723
Results from the HBS
On this basis, farmhouseholds achieved an average level of weekly disposable income that was 95%of the all Ireland average, somewhat below that of urban households butmarginally above that of other rural households
724
ITEM URBANAREA
RURAL AREA STATE
Gross income 1034 877 918 912 988
Disposableincome
871 800 796 797 843
Table 1, Household Budget Survey 2004/2
FOCUS PIECES
Total Income of Agricultural Households 1992 Report.
Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 Report.
Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.
Farm Incomes – Myths and Reality.
FOCUS TABLE XIV.21Ireland, average weekly household income (€) 2004/2005
725
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Italy
1) The RICA REA survey
(i) Overview
1
726
(ii) Survey characteristics
(iii) The REA questionnaire
727
(iv) From micro to macro estimates
728
ECONOMIC VARIABLES Farms Farms with more than 5 haAbsolute
values%
Absolute values (thousand of units)
Absolute values (millions euro)
Turnover
Value Added (c) 18,323 13,904 75.9
Gross Operative Margin (GOM) 14,911 11,969 75.2
Gross Management Result (GMR)15
19711,453 75.4
Average farm values Ratios(units)
(euro)
Turnover
Value Added (c) 9,976 30,272 3.0
Gross Operative Margin (GOM) 8,663 26,059 3.0
Gross Management Result (GMR) 7,274 24,937 3.0
Business Survey on Farms
FOCUS TABLE XIV.22Farms Economic Results (a) – Years 2002
729
CLASSES OFUAA
(HECTARES)
Households with a direct management on farm andwith off farm incomes (%)
Numberof
householdmembersworkingin farm
(averageby farm)
GOMper
householdmember
working infarm (euro)
TotalWith income
from selfemployment
Withemployment
income
Withpensionincome
Withcapitalincome
Less and equal11 55 2020 50More than 50Total 72.9 16.7 29.5 43.2 1.6 2.1 3,535
Business Survey on Farms
Classes ofUAA(hectares)
Income source
Agriculturalactivity inthe strict
sense
Secondaryactivities
connectedto
agriculture
Selfemployment
Employment Pension Capital Total
Households managing mono active farmsLess andequal 11 55 2020 50More than50Total 57.6 8.0 16.5 17.4 0.6 100.0
Households managing multi active farmsLess andequal 11 55 2020 50More than50Total 56.5 26.3 3.5 5.6 7.5 0.6 100.0
Business Survey on Farms
FOCUS TABLE XIV.23(a)Income and Employment in Farms Directly Managed by the Households by Classesof Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) – 2002
FOCUS TABLE XIV.23(b)Composition of Total Income of Households Managing Mono and Multi activeFarms by Income Source and by Classes of Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) – 2002(%)
730
(v) Conclusions and recommendations
2) The ISMEA survey
(i) Overview
Microsimulation Unit
(ii) The survey
731
(iii) The sample design
(iv) The questionnaire
3
732
(v) Production and factor use information were structured by activity
(vi) From the farm operation to the farm household firm unit perspective
(vii) An agricultural standard of living survey
733
734
Module Respondent SubjectSection I : “General information about the household”
Section II: “Characteristics of the households and labor organization”
Section III: “Commercialization”
Section IV: “Production”
Section V: “Factor use”
Section VI: “Investments and financial activities”
FOCUS TABLE XIV.24Modules in the ISMEA survey
735
Module Respondent SubjectSection VII: “The Household”
3) Two Surveys of Household Income, Wealth and Living Conditions
736
A) SHIW by Bank of Italy: a Study on Agricultural Household
(i) The data
Rural and agricultural households
Rural Household Group.
737
independent activity in agriculture
Farm HouseholdGroup
AgriculturalDependent Household Group.
(ii) Economic conditions of rural and agricultural households
738
Inequality and poverty
levels
739
(iii) Conclusion
740
1995 1998 2000 2002HH % Individ. HH % Individ. HH % Individ. HH % Individ
Household type
FOCUS TABLE XIV.25Italian households and individuals by household type
741
Income Consumption
Wealth Equivalent Income
Equivalent Consumption
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.10Household and equivalent income, consumption and wealth, Italy,1995 to 2002
742
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.11Gini index on household and equivalent income, consumption and wealth, Italy,1995 to 2002
Households Wealth Equivalent Income
Equivalent Consumption
743
Income Consumption
B) EU SILC by ISTAT
(i) The survey in European Union and Italy
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.12Headcount ratio on household and equivalent income and consumption, Italy,1995 to 2002
744
(ii) The sample design
(iii) The questionnaire(s)
745
(iv) The data
746
FOCUS PIECES
Indagine sui bilanci delle famiglie
Incomes of the Agricultural Household Sector – 1997 Report.
Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report
Income and Living Conditions in Europe
Il Reddito delle Famiglie Agricole.
Risultati economici delle aziende agricole
Azione TAPAS 2002. Reddito delle famiglie agricole
Farms’ Multifunctionality and Household Income in Italy:A Sustainable Mix
Farms’ Multifunctionality, Households Incomesand Sustainable Rural Development
Redditi nelle aziende agricole a conduzione familiare
Redditi, consumi e ricchezza delle famiglie agricole erurali italiane. Dirittoall'alimentazione, agricoltura e sviluppo
747
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Poland1
All Employees FarmersOther selfemployed
Retirees Pensioners
Living onother
unearnedsources
2007
Index 100 107 59 105 104 79 55
Index 100 112 65 110 91 67 54
2008
Index 100 107 66 110 97 78 52
Index 100 112 73 114 84 65 52
Incomes and Living Conditions of the Population in Poland (report from the EU SILCsurvey of 2007 and 2008).
FOCUS TABLE XIV.26Average annual net disposable income in households by socio economic group.(Zlotys) in the EU SILC
748
All Employees FarmersOtherself
employedRetirees Pensioners
Living onother
unearnedsources
2009
Index 100 102 80 125 104 73
Index 100 99 71 119 115 80
Source: Household Budget Surveys in 2009
FOCUS TABLE XIV.27Monthly average disposable income in households by socio economic group. (Zlotys)from the 2009 Poland Household Budget Survey
749
FOCUS PIECES
Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of Agricultural HouseholdsSector (IAHS) Statistics.
Incomes and Living Conditions of the Population in Poland (report from the EU SILCsurvey of 2007 and 2008).
Household Budget Surveys in 2009
750
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Sweden
(i) Introduction
The Farm Register (LBR)
The Register of Total Income Statistics (IoT)
The Register of the Total Population (RTB)
(ii) Agriculture household income 1999 2002
Editor – the coverage of households in this paragraph is not clear, though it appears to correspond to thefarms register.
751
(iii) Agriculture household income according to IAHS – comparisonbetween socio economic groups
752
2002 2001 2000 1999%,
1999 2002
*/Household income beforetransfers
313,920 306,200 298,800 283,300 10.8
Net income from selfemployment (incl. Net interestadjustment for self employed)as a percentage of householdincome before transfers
23.0 23.2 21.6 20.1
Net disposable income225,520
216,000 502,500 190,400 18.4
Note Disponibel inkomst för samtligahushåll 18 år, medelvärde, löpande priser,kr, efter hushållstyp, alder och tid
*/
Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Board of Agriculture: Statistiska Maddelanden
FOCUS TABLE XIV.28Agriculture households income after transfers, 1999 2002. Average perhousehold in Swedish kronor
753
Farmers(narrow
def.)
Allfarmers
(widedef.)
227,500 79,100
26,900 26,300
52,000 169,800
21,800 71,200
10,400 10,300
42,000 72,200
7 Total resources (sum of 1 6) 380,600 472,900 520,200 192,900 388,400 428,9008,900 13,300
78,800 86,900
76,800 106,100
2,700 3,000
13 Net disposable income(7 minus 8 12)
213,400 202,600 232,800 125,300 189,200 219,600
Net disposable income in1999 195,000 182,700 222,000 125,000 181,500 203,800
Percentage change1999/2000 9.4 10.9 4.9 0.2 4.2 7.8
47,364 194,22318,339 75,281
2.58 2.58
Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Board of Agriculture: Statistiska Maddelanden
FOCUS TABLE XIV.29Agriculture households income after transfers, 1999 2002. Average perhousehold in Swedish kronor
754
Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Board of Agriculture: Statistiska Maddelanden
Ibid.
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.13Index of net disposable household income 2000 by socio economic groups,total households=100
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.14Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bytype of region in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition) = 100
755
Ibid.
Ibid
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.15Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bysize of arable land in hectare in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition)= 100
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.16Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bythe age of the operator in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition)=100
756
FOCUS PIECES
Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report
757
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for the United States
1) The Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS)
(i) Origin of the ARMS as a Principal USDA Survey
758
Extending Survey Activity for Farms and Households of Farm Operators
759
et al et al et al et al
Extending Data to Support Farm Financial Statements
Expanding the Scope of Household Income, Wealth, and Demographic Data
760
Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) Emerges from On going SurveyActivity
761
(ii) ARMS Design Characteristics
762
(iii) Content of Current ARMS Survey Questionnaires
Production Characteristics of the Farm
Business Income Sources
Purchased Inputs
763
Measurement of Household Income from Farming
Measurement of Household Income from Farm and Off farm Sources
764
Measurement of Business and Household Net Worth
765
Classification and Analysis
(iv) ARMS: An Evolving Survey
766
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.17ARMS has a modular design to reflect complex farm household production,financial structure and organization
767
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.18Aggregate farm sector household link in income estimation
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.19Land use, tenure, crop and livestock production
768
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.20ARMS: farm business income sources
769
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.21ARMS: farm business expenses
770
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.22Measurement of household income from farm activity
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.23Measurement of household income from farm and off farm sources
Farm Business Net CashIncome to Household
Farm Business Net Cash Income
Net Farm Income
Farm net value added
Farm Business Net Cash Income toHousehold
Household income from farmactivities
Household Income
771
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.24Net worth of farm business operated by households
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.25Household assets, debt and net worth
AssetsFarm Business
Net Worth
Liabilities
Household Share ofFarm Business net
Worth
OtherOwners of Farm
Assets
Household Net Worth
Non FarmFarm
Household Share offarm Business Net
Worth
Non Farm Assets Owned by OperatorHouseholds
Non Farm Assets Owned by OperatorHouseholds
772
2) Agriculture household income and wealth statistics
(i) Introduction
Income, Wealth, and the Economic WellBeing of Farm Households
(ii) Income and well Being of farm households
(iii) Income and expenditures by household size
773
(iv) Farm households working more off the farm and accumulating wealth
(v) Largest farms have most income, wealth and debt
774
(vi) Location influences household income and wealth
775
(vii) Comparing farm and non farm income and wealth
(viii) Farm households save more, spend less than non farm households
776
(ix) Main findings and policy implications
household
777
YEAR NET FARM INCOMETOTAL OFF FARM
INCOME
NET FARM INCOMEAS A PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL INCOME
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.26Sources of income in the agriculture sector
778
Householdsize
Totalincome,
1999$ 1,000
Totalexpenditures
1999$ 1,000
Totalincome,
2003$ 1,000
Totalexpenditures,
1999$ 1,000
Net diff.1999
$ 1,000
%income1999
Net diff.2003
$ 1,000
%income2003
63.3 46.9
55.7 40.8
66.2 35.8
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.27Total income and expenditure per operator household, by household size, 1999and 2003
779
$ 1,000 current prices1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.28Average income of farm and non farm households, 1967 2003, in $1,000current prices
780
$ BILLION,CURRENT
PRICES
1 2 3 4 5NET CASH
FARMINCOME
OFF FARMINCOME
OF WHICH :WAGES AND
SALARIES
1 IN % OF(1+2)
3 IN % OF 2
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.29Farm sector net cash income and income of farm households from off farmsources, 1964 2003, in $ billion, current prices
781
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.30Total farm related and off farm income per household, by farm typology group,2003, in $ 1,000
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.31Total farm related and off farm income per household, by farm typology group,difference between 2003 and 1999, in $ 1,000
782
$ 1,000
2003 DIFFERENCE 2003 1999TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDINCOME
EARNINGSFROMFARM
EARNINGSOFF FARM
TOTALHOUSEHOLD
INCOME
EARNINGSFROMFARM
EARNINGSOFF FARM
783
$ 1,000
2003 DIFFERENCE 2003 1999
FARMINCOME
OFFFARM
INCOME
TOTALINCOME
FARMINCOME
OFFFARM
INCOME
TOTALINCOME
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.32Total, farm related and off farm income per household, by farm location, 2003and increase 1999 2003, in $ 1,000
784
Lessthan$5,000
$5,000to$9,999
$10,000to$14,999
$15,000to$19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000to$49,999
$50,000to$69,999
Morethan$70,000
1999
Income lessexpenditures
50,927 5,767 2,193 5,717 14,324 22,893 34,658 122,858
19,710
2003
Income lessexpenditures 55,676 13,078 9,889 5,212 943 3,954 12,670 21,683 100,492
Difference2003 1999
FOCUS TABLE XIV.30Income and expenditures for farm and non farm households by income class,1999 and 2003, $
785
FOCUS PIECES
The Economic Well Being of Farm OperatorHouseholds, 1988 90
Financial Well Being of Farm Operators and Their Households
The Role of the Farm Household in the Agricultural Economy
1999 Under 35 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 6465 and
over
Income less expenditures 52,866 38,962 58,082 39,040 20,730
Income less expenditures 3,420 10,787 13,311 10,042 60
2003
Income less expenditures 17,254 38,013 35,728 38,429 21,263
Difference2003 1999
Income less expenditures 35,612 949 22,354 611 533
FOCUS TABLE XIV.31Income and expenditures for farm and non farm households by age class, 1999and 2003, $
786
Microeconomic Indicators of the Farm Sector and PolicyImplications
Where Do Farm Households Earn Their Incomes?
Agricultural Finance Situation and Outlook
Strategies for Long Run Investment in Rural, Social, and EconomicStatistics
Potential Loan Losses of Farmers and Lenders
Loan Repayment Problems ofFarmers in the Mid 1980’s
Farm Income Situation and Outlook
Financial Characteristics of U.S.Farms
Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms
Microeconomic Indicators of the Farm Sector and PolicyImplications
Farm Income Shared by Multiple Stakeholders
FinancialCharacteristics of U.S. Farms
Whole Farm Survey Data for Economic Indicators andPerformance Measures
Incidence, Intensity,and Duration of Financial Stress Among Farm Firms
Structural and FinancialCharacteristic of U.S. Farm, 1990
787
Development and Use of Financial Ratiosfor the Evaluation of Farm Business
Farm Business End the Decade WithStrong Financial Performance
Staff Report, Economic Information for the U.S. Farm Sector: A RevisedFormat
Farm Sector Data: Presentation and Improvement
Farm Household Income Estimates Provide AdditionalPerspective on Farm Families
Limited Opportunity Farm Households in 1988
Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms: A Summary
Households and Farm Establishments in the 1980s: Implications forData
New Farm Sector Accounts
Agricultural Income and Finance Situation
788
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for the EuropeanUnion
(i) The section focuses on sector level estimates based in national accountsthat were published by Eurostat from the early 1990s to 2001
Net disposableincome,
789
Income and households: concepts and definitions
Income net disposable income
Household
An agricultural household
790
classifying households as agriculturalor belonging to some other socio professional group
narrow
(ii) An overview of results
791
(iii) Main findings
some
not
(iv) Numbers of agricultural households
792
(v) Composition of income of agricultural households, and deductions
793
794
(vi) Stability of income of agricultural households
(vii) Comparisons of the income of agricultural households with the allhouseholds average
795
(viii) Comparison with other socio economic groups
796
(ix) Income situation of "marginal" households
797
(x) Farm households “broad” definition compared to all households
798
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 Report
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.33Composition of the total income of agricultural households by source, forselected Members State, per cent
799
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
Note
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.34The development of agricultural household incomes in selected Member States(in real terms and %)
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.35Average disposable income of agricultural households relative to the allhousehold average. Selected Members States
800
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.36Income generated from agriculture by agricultural households (narrowlydefined) and the “marginal” agricultural households, as a share of the totalincome generated from agriculture
801
Employers and own accountworkers
Allemployees
Allothers
Allexcept
farmers
AllhouseholdsFarmers
“narrow”All
others
Allself
empl.a1 a2 a3 b c d=e a1 e=a+b+c
BELGIUM (1999 p)
111.9
102.3
DENMARK (1999)
104.9
75.8
GERMANY(1993)
78.7
61.7
GREECE(1998)
84.5
73.3
SPAIN (1990)
97.0
84.5
SPAIN (1990)
103.4
90.1
IRELAND (1987)
127.3
113.3
ITALY (1995)
96.7
82.9
FOCUS TABLE XIV.32Average disposable income of per agricultural household (narrow definition)and per household member relative to all households (=100)
802
Employers and own accountworkers
Allemployees
Allothers
Allexcept
farmers
AllhouseholdsFarmers
“narrow”All
others
Allself
empl.a1 a2 a3 b c d=e a1 e=a+b+c
NETHERLANDS (1997)
328.8
220.6
PORTUGAL (189)
39.6
43.8
FINLAND (1999)
152.4
96.5
SWEDEN (1997)
97.1
76.6
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
803
Denmark(1999)
Germany(1983)
Greece(1994)
Ireland(1987)
Netherlands(1988)
Finland(1992)
Sweden(1992)
Number of agricultural households (1,000)
Disposable income per householdAll householdsAgriculturalhouseholds
110 114 105 210 124105 101 127 287 131
123 166 89 108 116Disposable income per household member
All householdsAgriculturalhouseholds
100 138113 175
147 101Disposable income per consumer unit
All householdsAgriculturalhouseholds
101 101 167117 211
149 85
Notes:
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
FOCUS TABLE XIV.33Number of households and levels of average net disposable income for threegroups of agricultural households in selected Member States
804
DENMARK1994
DENMARK1999
GERMANY1993
GREECE1982
GREECE1994
IRELAND1982
NETHERLANDS1988
FINLAND1992
SWEDEN1992
Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report
FOCUS FIGURE XIV.37Average disposable income of per agriculture household (wide definition) andper household member relative to all households (=100)
805
FOCUS PIECES
Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households – Rev 1.
Income of the Agricultural Household Sector – 2001 report.
806
Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Developing Countries
807
Numberof
Countries
Countries withat least 1 data
point
Countries withat least 2 data
points
Countries with atleast 2 data points,excluding modeled
data by agency
Population below $1 (PPP) per day, percentage (07 Jul 2011)
Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions
Population below national poverty line, total, percentage (07 Jul 2011)
Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions
Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage (07 Jul 2011)
Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions
FOCUS TABLE XIV.34The availability of data in countries for the indicators used to monitor progresstowards Millennium Development Goal 1
808
Numberof
Countries
Countries withat least 1 data
point
Countries withat least 2 data
points
Countries with atleast 2 data points,excluding modeled
data by agency
Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage (07 Jul 2011)
Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions
Purchasing power parities (PPP) conversion factor, local currency unit to internationaldollar (07 Jul 2011)
Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions
809
Using national poverty lines Using theInternational poverty
line of US$1.25Rural Urban National
Value Year Value Year Value Year Value YearEast Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
FOCUS TABLE XIV.35Estimates of poverty rates in developing countries based on national poverty lines andthe international poverty line of US$1.25 per person per day calculated in purchasingpower parities
810
Using national poverty lines Using theInternational poverty
line of US$1.25Rural Urban National
Value Year Value Year Value Year Value Year
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
811
Using national poverty lines Using theInternational poverty
line of US$1.25Rural Urban National
Value Year Value Year Value Year Value Year
Sub Saharan Africa
812
Using national poverty lines Using theInternational poverty
line of US$1.25Rural Urban National
Value Year Value Year Value Year Value Year
813
CHAPTER XV
XIV. FINDINGS AND GOOD PRACTICESIN STATISTICS ON RURAL
DEVELOPMENT ANDAGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD
INCOME – A CONTRIBUTION TOTHE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF
THE GLOBAL STRATEGY
XV.1 INTRODUCTION
goodpractice
GlobalStrategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics et al.
CHAPTER XV
814
lack of harmonisation
Problem oriented and relevant timeliness;
Reliable
levels, dispersions trends
reference value
comparisons in space
reacting rapidly
understandable clearly definedconclusions easily communicated
same statistical units
compromise
815
XV.2 STATISTICS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
policy determined
economically, socially, culturally andenvironmentally healthy
816
Global Strategy
XV.2.1 KEY ISSUES IN RURAL STATISTICS
definition of ruralgeographical unit indicators
hierarchical system
817
standardised OECD basis
entire territory
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics
set of “core” indicators
818
the dangers of using data fromdifferent sources that are not entirely compatible in order to construct indicators
composite indices
methodological detailsare made available
sources and methodsmeta data readers’ guide
international benchmarking
changes in levels
availability of data
Canada
XV.2.2 RURAL MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS
819
rural areas do not remain constant over time and their boundariesare porous
Rural boundaries
may be less valid in rural settings than urban settings
820
natural amenities
small size of rural regions
821
interpretation of rural statistics
XV.3 Statistics on the incomes, wealth and well being ofagricultural households
aims of agricultural policy
822
factors used in the activity of agricultural production
household perspective
figures will be misused
no internationally agreed system for generating statistics onincome and wealth for agricultural households.
823
XV.3.1 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MEASURING AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME AND WEALTH
international comparability
available data
824
DEFINITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD, AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD AND RELATEDMATTERS
dwellinghousehold
single budget household
income per household member and per ConsumerUnit
anyincome from self employed farming activity
narrowly defined agriculture is the main income
reference person
per household member and per Consumer Unit
family farms as corporations
.
825
hired agricultural workers
hiredworkers on all large scale agricultural units
subsistence producers
flexible typologies of agricultural households
Definitions of income and related matters
simplified definition of Disposable Income
separate items
consumption
averaging incomes over ashort run of years
distribution of incomes
income poverty lines
net worth
826
Economic Status
827
NET INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT (MONEY INCOME AND IN KIND)
quasi
Of which:
(c) imputed rental value of owned dwelling
+ Cash wages and salaries
+ Rent received
+ Other property income
+ Social transfers received
+ Other current inflows
= TOTAL INCOME
Current taxes on income and wealth
Non discretionary social contributions (payments to social security schemes)
= NET DISPOSABLE INCOME
TABLE XV.1Recommended definition of net disposable income for application toagricultural households
824
current methodological practice
“broad” approach
“narrow” approach,
XV.3.2 PROVISION OF DATA – THE DATA SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME MEASUREMENT
most fundamental problem
farm accounts surveys, household budget household panel surveystaxation records
LSMS
wide variations are found in the availability and quality of data
825
many countries do not have a singlesatisfactory microeconomic data source
matters for national governmentsand their statistical authorities
thedirection in which data systems should be moving
REFERENCES
Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report.
826
Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change
Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics
827