solar systerm

1fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

iQ¾hhdg idfmalaI j mDÓú .%yhd ia:dk.; ùu

;ud Ôj;a jk mßirfha iajNdjh yd l%shdj,s mÍlaId lsÍu ;=<ska ks,a

.%yhdf.a iqúfYaI;ajh y÷kd .ekSu fuu mdvfï mrud¾:h hs'

fi!r.%y uKav,h;a thg wÞ< úúO .%yf,dal;a tAjdfha msysàu yd iQ¾hhd jgd

mßN%uKh ùu;a ms<sn| j Tn wgjk fY%a‚fha § úia;rd;aul j lreKq wOHhkh lr

we;s neúka ks,a .%yhd ms<sn| iqúfYaI lreKq flfrys muKla fuys § wjOdkh fhduq

flf¾'

1 .%yf,dal w;r iqúfYaI jk ks,a .%yhd

ks,a .%yhdf.a iqúfYaI;ajh

.%yf,dal wglska ieÿï,;a fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=< msysá iqúfYaI .%y jia;=j

jkqfha ks,a .%yhd kñka y÷kajk mDÓúh hs' fmdf<da;,h u; fjfik ish¨ u

Ôùkaf.a meje;aug wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;h ks,a .%yhd ;=< ;sîu;a fi!r.%y

uKav,fha msysá lsis u .%yf,dalhl Ôùka isák njg ksYaÑ; f;dr;=re fuf;la

wkdjrKh fkd ùu;a .%yf,dal w;r ks,a .%yhd iqúfYaI ùug fya;= ù we;'

1'1 rEmh ( fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=< mDÓúfha ia:dk.;ùu


ks,a .%yhd iqúfYaI ùug m%Odk fya;=j jkafka ±kg lr we;s

m¾fhaIK wkqj Ôjh mj;sk tl u .%yf,dalh ùu hs'

l%shdldrlï

1' 1'2 rEmh ksÍlaIKh fldg ks,a .%yhdf.a iqúfYaI ,laIK ;=kla ,shkak'

2' ks,a .%yhd ;=< we;s Ôùkaf.a meje;aug wÞ< jk ,laIK ;=kla ,shkak'

3' fi!r.%y uKav,fha iqúfYaI .%yf,dalh —wm fjfik mDÓúh hs hk

ud;Dldj hgf;a isiqka bÈßfha $ WoEik /iaùfï § bÈßm;a lsÍu ms‚i

l:khla ms<sfh, lrkak'

1'2 rEmh ( ks,a .%yhd

ks,a .%yhdf.a iqúfYaI ,laIK ;j ÿrg;a y÷kd .ekSug 1'2 rEmh wOHhkh lruq''

• ffcj úúO;ajhla mej;Suffcj úúO;ajhla mej;Suffcj úúO;ajhla mej;Suffcj úúO;ajhla mej;Suffcj úúO;ajhla mej;Su

• Ôùka i|yd wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;hÔùka i|yd wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;hÔùka i|yd wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;hÔùka i|yd wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;hÔùka i|yd wjYH iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;h

mDÓúfha olakg ,eîu'mDÓúfha olakg ,eîu'mDÓúfha olakg ,eîu'mDÓúfha olakg ,eîu'mDÓúfha olakg ,eîu'

• úúO jdhqj¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhq f.da,hla mej;SuúúO jdhqj¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhq f.da,hla mej;SuúúO jdhqj¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhq f.da,hla mej;SuúúO jdhqj¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhq f.da,hla mej;SuúúO jdhqj¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhq f.da,hla mej;Su

• Ôùkag ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;SuÔùkag ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;SuÔùkag ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;SuÔùkag ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;SuÔùkag ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;Su

• oekg Ôùka isák tl u .%yhd ùu oekg Ôùka isák tl u .%yhd ùu oekg Ôùka isák tl u .%yhd ùu oekg Ôùka isák tl u .%yhd ùu oekg Ôùka isák tl u .%yhd ùu

• mDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS ;sîumDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS ;sîumDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS ;sîumDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS ;sîumDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS ;sîu

• R;= fNaohla mej;SuR;= fNaohla mej;SuR;= fNaohla mej;SuR;= fNaohla mej;SuR;= fNaohla mej;Su

• úúO N+ o¾Ykhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu úúO N+ o¾Ykhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu úúO N+ o¾Ykhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu úúO N+ o¾Ykhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu úúO N+ o¾Ykhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu

• o¾YkSh u .%yf,dalh ùuo¾YkSh u .%yf,dalh ùuo¾YkSh u .%yf,dalh ùuo¾YkSh u .%yf,dalh ùuo¾YkSh u .%yf,dalh ùu

• Ôjh we;s ùug fhda.H f,i ia:dk.; ùu Ôjh we;s ùug fhda.H f,i ia:dk.; ùu Ôjh we;s ùug fhda.H f,i ia:dk.; ùu Ôjh we;s ùug fhda.H f,i ia:dk.; ùu Ôjh we;s ùug fhda.H f,i ia:dk.; ùu


ks,a .%yhd ms<sn| ixLHd;aul f;dr;=re lSmhla

iQ¾hhdf.a isg we;s ûdOH& ÿr ls'ó'ñ,shk 149'6

iQ¾h iómlh ls'ó'ñ,shk 147'2

iQ¾h ÿrlh ls'ó'ñ,shk 152'1

mDÓú úIalïNh ls'ó' 12 756 ls'

N%uKhg .;jk ld,h meh 23 úkdä 56

mßN%uKhg .;jk ld,h Èk 365 meh 6

uQ,dY%h - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1990" fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

mDÓúh ms<sn| j fï f;dr;=re .ek;a Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• mDÓúh jgd we;s j,dl=M yd c, ;, m%foaYh fyd¢ka wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh

lsÍu ksid wfkla .%yf,dalj,g jvd ks,a mdáka §ma;su;a j nenf<k

neúka mDÓúh —ks,a .%yhd˜ f,i ye¢kafõ'

• ks,a .%yhd iQ¾hhdg jvd;a ióm j fyda jvd ÿria: j ia:dk.; fkd ù

uOHia: ÿrlska msysgd ;sfí'

• ks,a .%yhd iajlSh wlaIh jgd N%uKh fjñka iQ¾hhd jgd b,smaidldr

ud¾.hl mßN%uKh fõ'

• 23 1$20 la we, j msysàu;a tA ksid u ksj¾;k f¾Ld w;r tA tA m%foaYj,g

iQ¾hdf,dalh m;s; jk wdldrh fjkia ùu;a ksid W;a;rd¾O f.da,hg yd

olaIsKd¾O f.da,hg m%;súreoaO R;= we;s ùu isÿ fõ'

• jk jeiau wêl h'

jdi N+ñhla jYfhka ks,a .%yhdf.a jeo.;alu

• iQ¾hYla;sh" c,h yd jd;h ksid f.dv ke.=Kq ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;Su'

• Ydl jeãug iqÿiq mßirhla ;sîu'

• n,Yla;s uQ,hka mej;Su'

• l¾udka;j,g wjYH Lksc iïm;a ;sîu'

• Ôù - wÔù mßir w;r ksr;=re wka;¾ ls%hd mej;Su'

• lDIsl¾uhg fhda.H ìï ;sîu'

• ffcj úúO;ajhlska hqla; ùu'

l%shdldrlu

ñksidf.a jdi N+ñh jYfhka ks,a .%yhdf.a we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'

jdhq" c, yd Ys,d f.da,j, úfYaI ,laIK

ks,a .%yhdf.a iqúfYaI;dj ksid Ydl yd i;a;aj m%cdfõ meje;au ks¾udKh

ù we;' tfia jkafka ffcj f.da,h ks¾udKh ùug mokï ù we;s jdhq" c, iy

Ys,d f.da, w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ksid h' fuu f.da,j, úfYAI

,laIK my; igyfka idrdxY lr ±la fõ'


1'3 rEmh ( ffcjf.da,fha ixrpl

c,f.da,h"

• mDÓú mDIaGfhka 71]la muK fõ'

• id.r" uqyqÿ" ú,a" we<fÞ< we;=<;a h'

• ks,a .%yhd f,i ye¢kaùfï moku hs'

• Ôjfhaa meje;aug WmldÍ fõ'

• ld,.=Kh yd foaY.=Khg n,mdhs'

Ys,df.da,h"

• mDÓú mDIaGfhka 29]ls'

• mDÓú lfnd, jYfhka o ye¢kafõ'

• úúO mdIdK yd Lkscj,ska hqla; h'

• >klu 10-70km olajd fõ'

• úúO N+ ,laIK we;'

ffcjf.da,h"

• ksrka;r l%shdldß;ajhla we;s Ôjh mj;sk fldgi hs'

• Ôj ixrpl iy wÔj ixrplj,ska hqla; hs'

• ffcj úúO;ajhlska iukaú; fõ'

• mßir moaO;s rdYshlska iukaú; h'

jdhqf.da,h"

• úúO jdhq j¾." c, wxY= we;=<;a h'

• ia;r y;rlska hqla; h'

• mDÓú ;,fha isg by<g 900--1200km muK

olajd úysfoa'

• j¾IK l%shdj,shg fya;= fõ'

• khsg%cka jdhqj nyq, j mj;S'

• mDÓú ;,fha WIaK;ajh flf¾ n,mdhs'

• ld,.=‚l fjkialï we;sùug Þhl fõ'


1'4 rEmh ( jdhqf.da,fha ixhq;sh

ks,a .%yhdf.a jdhqf.da,h

mDÓúh jgd we;s úúO jdhq j¾.j,ska iukaú; jdhquh wdjrKh jdhqf.da,h

fõ' Ôùkaf.a jdih iòyd ys;lr jdhqf.da,hla ks¾udKh ù we;af;a mDÓúh jgd

muKla ùu iqúfYaI;djls' jdhqf.da,fha jdhq j¾. w;r Ôùkaf.a Yajikhg wjYH

Tlaiscka yd Ydl j¾Okhg wjYH khsg%cka mej;Su úfYaI fõ'1'4 rEmhg wkqj khsg%cka jdhqj" jdhq

f.da,fha uq`M jdhq m%udKfhka 3$4g;a jvd

jeä jk w;r Tlaiscka 1$5la muK fõ' tu

jdhq uq`M jdhqf.da,fha mßudfjka 99'02]ls'

fuhska Tlaiscka jdhqj Ôjfha meje;aug

w;HjYH fõ' uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 29kml isria

iSudj ;=< jdhqf.da,Sh ialkaOfhka 97]la

wka;¾.; j we;'

jdhqf.da,fhka we;s m%fhdack

• Ôùkaf.a meje;aug WmldÍ fõ'

• m%Ndixiaf,aIK l%shdj,shg fya;= fõ'

• mDÓúhg wdjrKhla f,i l%shdldÍ fõ'

• c, jdIam .nvd lr .kS'

• mSvk yd iq<x l%shdldß;ajhka we;s lrhs'

• j¾IK l%shdj,shg n,mdhs'

ks,a .%yhdf.a jdhqf.da,h m%Odk ia;r y;rlska iukaú; h'

• mßj¾;sf.da,h

• wmßj¾;sf.da,h îa;r f.da,h&

• fufidaf.da,h

• ;dmf.da,h

mßj¾;sf.da,h

jdhqf.da,fha mDÓúhg wdikak u yd jeo.;a u jdhq ia;rh mßj¾;sf.da,h hs'

WIaK;ajh' mSvkh" iq<x rgd" wd¾ø;dj" j,dl=M ks¾udKh ùu" j¾IKh wd§ ld,.=Khg

yd foaY.=Khg wÞ< ixisoaê /ila u cks; jkafka fuu jdhq ia;rh ;=< h'

fuu ia;rh ;=< Wkak;dxYh wkqj iEu 100m lg u 0'640C ne.ska WIaK;ajh

wvq fõ' th idudkH m;k YS>%;dj f,i ye¢kafõ' mDÓú WIaK;aj jHdma;sh"

mSvk l,dm iuÕ Rcq j u iïnkaO fõ' iq<x we;s jkafka fuu mSvk úIu;dj

fya;=fjks' WIaK;ajh jeä jk úg wvq mSvkhl=;a WIaK;ajh wvq jk úg jeä


mSvkhl=;a we;s fõ' jeä mSvk l,dmj,

isg wvq mSvk l,dm olajd ksrka;rfhka

u iq<x yeóu isÿ fõ'

mßj¾;sf.da,h" ffcjf.da,fha;a

c,f.da,fha;a meje;aug Wmldß jk w;r

udkqI lghq;= flfrys;a úúOdldrfhka

n,mdhs'

´fidaka úhk

iQ¾hhdf.ka fmdf<da ;,hg tk

wys;lr mdrcïnq, lsrK wjfYdaIKh

lrk" f,dj Ôùka iqrlsk" wmßj¾;s

f.da,fha we;s jdhquh ia;rh ´fidaka

ia;rh fõ'

´fidaka úhk wys;lr mdrcïnQ, lsrK wjfYdaIKh lr .kS'

´fidaka ia;rh mDÓú mDIaGfha isg wmßj¾;sf.da,h ;=< 17-50km by<ska

wdrlaIs; j<,a,la f,i msysgd ;sfí' ´fidaka jdhqfjka 90]la u mj;skafka

wmßj¾;sf.da,h ;=< h'

´fidaka úhk úkdY ùug n,mdk jdhq j¾.

fmdis, bkaOk oykh" jdhq iólrK lghq;=j,g fhdÞ .kakd laf,dafrda*aÆfrda (CFC) ldnka jdhqf.da,hg uqÞ yeÍu" óf;aka" fyaf,dka" jeks wys;lrjdhq" jdhqf.da,hg uqÞ yeÍu wd§ lghq;= u`.ska ´fidaka úhk úkdY fõ'

´fidaka úhk úkdY ùfuka we;s jk wys;lr m%;sM, /ils' fï w;rfoaY.=K úm¾hdi we;s ùu" fnda. M,Þj wvq ùu" uqyqÿ Ydl úkdY ùu" ffcjúúO;ajhg ydks meñŒu" p¾u frda." Yajik frda." weia frda. we;s ùu wdÈhm%Odk fõ'

´fidaka úhk iq/lSug f,dal m%cdfõ Þhl;ajh

´fidaka úhk úkdY ùfï YS>%;dj fya;= fldg f.k wys;lr m%;sM,

rdYshla we;s ù ;sfí' ´fidaka úhk /l .ekSu tla rglg muKla ;ks jl< fkdyelalls' tneúka fidaka úhk wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd cd;Hka;ruÜgñka W;aidyhka f.k we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f.da,Sh uÜgñka

úúO iïuq;Ska we;s lr f.k ;sfí'

• 1985 úhkd .súiqu • 1987 fudkaá%h,a iïuq;sh

• 1997 lsfhdaf;da .súiqu bka lSmhls'

1'5 rEmh ( ´fidaka ia;rfha msysàu


l%shdldrlï

1' jdhqf.da,Sh ia;r ±lafjk rEm igykl ´fidaka ia;rfha msysàu we|

´fidaka úhk jeo.;a ùug fya;= ;=kla olajkak'

2' ´fidaka úhk úkdY ùug n,mdk fya;= ;=kla yd thska we;s jk wys;lr

m%;sM, ;=kla .=re;=ud$;=ñh iuÕ idlÉPd lr ,shkak'

3' Tn m%foaYfha jdhq ¥IKh we;s ùug n,md we;s fya;= ;=kla ,shd th

wju lr .ekSug Tng bÈßm;a l< yels fhdackd ;=kla ,shkak'

4' i. f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hdu ksid we;s úh yels mdßißl n,mEï yd fidaka

úhk /l .ekSfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| j f;dr;=re m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'

ii. .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñhf.a iydh we;s j ta ms<sn| j wjg m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍug

jevigykla ilia lrkak'

Ys,df.da,h

mDÓúh u;=msg we;s úúO N+ ,laIK ks¾udKh ù we;af;a úúO mdIdK

j,sks' fuu N+ ,laIK tlsfklg fjkia idOl ksid ks¾udKh ù we;' l÷jeá"

idkq" ;eks;,d" .x.d" ksïk yd m<sy m%foaY tjeks N+ ,laIK lSmhls'

by; i|yka N+ ,laIK udkqI lghq;= iu. ±ä f,i iïnkaO lula olajhs'

fujeks N+ ,laIKj,g ksoiqka lSmhl=;a tAjd udkqI lghq;= flfrys n,mdkwdldrh;a my; olajd we;'

l÷jeá

ysud,h" yskaÿl+Ia" werlkafhdaud" wka§ia" frdlS" we,amaia f,dj msysá m%Odkl÷jeá lSmhls' wo fmdf<dj u;=msg olakg we;s l÷jeáj,ska jeä fldgimDÒú wNHka;rfha we;s ù ;sfnk N+ p,k ksid" u;=msg keñl÷ jYfhkaks¾udKh jQ tAjd h' Wkak;dxYh jeä ùu;a iu. WIaK;ajh wvq jk fyhskafndfyda Wia l÷ uqÿka wjqreoafoa tla ld,hl § tkï YS; R;=fõ § ysfuka jeiSmj;S'

N+ úIu;dj yd wys;lr foaY.=Kh ksid fïjd lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka; jekslghq;=j,g kqiqÿiq jk neúka fndfyda úg ck Y+kH m%foaY njg m;a ù ;sfí'tfy;a ysu u; flfrk l%svdj,g fhda.H jk ksid fïjd isisr R;=fõ §ixpdrlhska weo .kakd m%foaYhka njg m;a ù we;' ysu Èh ù hk WIaK R;=fõ§ nEjqï m%foaY i;a;aj md,kh ms‚i fhdÞ .kakd w;r Èh jk ysu" .x.dj,gtla ùfuka tAa wdY%s; my;a m%foaYj, lDIsl¾uhg msájy,la ù we;' fujeksl÷jeáj,ska werö wjqreoao uqM,af,a u .,d nisk .x.dj, by< fldgia c, úÿ,sn,h ksmoùug fhdÞ f.k we;s wjia:d nyq, h'

idkq yd Èh we,s

l÷ m%foaY wdY%fhka olakg we;s idkq fkdfyd;a Wia iu ìï o f,dj lemS

fmfkk N+ ,laIKhls' fïjd fndfyda úg me;,s fyda /,s úIu;djkaf.ka hqla;

jqj o tAjdg <Õd ùug YS>% nEjqula Tiafia by<g ke.sh hq;= h' áfnÜ f,dj

we;s úYd, u Wia idkqjls'


bkaÈhdfõ fvlEka" Y%S ,xldfõ fyda¾gka wdÈh o idkqj,g WÞyrK fõ' fuu

idkq udhsïj, msysá m%md;dldr nEjqïj,ska weo yef,k o¾YkSh Èh we,s olakg ,efí'

fïjd ixpdrlhska weo .ekSug fya;= ù we;s w;r c, úÿ,s n, ksIamdokhg o jeo.;a

fõ' fhda.H foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhla we;s idkq fyd| lDIsld¾ñl ìï njg o m;a ù we;'

l%shdldrlï

1' i. wdishdkq l,dmfha udkqI lghq;= iuÕ ±ä in|;djla we;s N+ úIu;d

,laIK yd tAjdg WÞyrK we;=<;a lrñka j.=jla ilia lrkak'

ii. wdishdkq l,dmh olajk is;shul tAjd ,l=Kq fldg kï lrkak'

iii. tu N+ úIu;d ,laIK udkqI lghq;= i|yd fhdÞ .kakd wdldrh

fmkakqï lsÍu i|yd WÞyrK fol ne.ska ,shkak'

.x.d ksïk

.x.d ksïk" f,dj ;j;a lemS fmfkk N+ ,laIKhls' wm%sldfõ khs,a"

Ökfha fydjexfyda" bkaÈhdfõ .x.d iy n%yau mq;%" weußld tlai;a ckmofha

ñisisms" Y%S ,xldfõ uyje,s wdÈh .x.d ksïkj,g WÞyrK fõ' f,dj iuyr

.x.d ksïk ks;r c, .e,Sïj,g f.dÿre fõ'j¾;udkfha fndfyda .x.d wdY%s;

j .xj;=r md,khg mshjr f.k we;s w;r .x.d yryd fõ,s ne| jdß ud¾.

moaO;s ks¾udKh lr lDIsl¾uh i|yd c,h ,nd .ekSug W;aiql ù we;' fï

ksid u f,dj we;s .x.d ksïkj,ska jeä fldgi ckdêl lDIsld¾ñl m%foaY

fõ' ;eks;,d nj m%fhdackhg f.k bÈ lr we;s ud¾. moaO;s ksid l¾udka;"

fjf<|du jeks udkqI lghq;=j,g o jeo.;a h'

;eks;,d m%foaY

;eks;,d fndfyda úg ks¾udKh ù we;af;a j¾;udk fyda w;S; ksê idOk

l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhks' b;d uo nEjqula we;s ;eks;,dj, c,h .,d hdfï

fõ.h wvq fõ' iuyr úg j.=re ìï o olakg we;' fï yryd .,d nisk .x.dj,

oÕr iy yevm¨ ,laIK olakg ,efí' .x.dj, c, uÜgu u|la by< hk úg §

mjd fujeks ;eks;,d m%foaY .xj;=rg hg fõ' nx.a,dfoaYfha ol=Kq fldgi

fuhg fyd| ksoiqkls' iskaÿ .x.d ;ekak" W;=re Ök ;ekak wdÈh ;eks;,d

m%foaYj,g WÞyrK fõ' lDIsl¾uhg b;d iqÿiq fujeks ;eks;,d m%foaY f,dj

b;d ckdlS¾K m%foaY hs' ud¾. ks¾udKhg o fnfyúka iqÿiq h'

m<sy

m<sy m%foaY o f,dalfha ;j;a u;= ù fmfkk N+ ,laIKhls' b;d mer‚

mdIdKj,ska ks¾ñ; fujeks m<sy m%foaYj,g WÞyrK f,i lefkaähdkq m<sy

reishdkq fnda,aála m<sy" n%iS,shdkq m<sy" ngysr iafÜ%,shdkq m<sy" .%Ska,ka; m<sy

yd wm%sldfõ leã .sh m<sy m%foaY o ±laúh yels h' wjqreÿ ñ,shk 600--3500 olajd

mer‚ fujeks m<sy m%foaY ia:djr N+ ialkaO fõ' fïjdfha olakg ,efnk Lksc

iïm;a ksid wdlr l¾udka;h jeks udkqI lghq;= o olakg ,efí'


1'1

is;

shu

( f

,dal

fh

a m%O

dk N

+ ,l

aIK

is;

shu

W


c, f.da,h

mDÓúh u; c,fhka wdjrKh ù we;s m%foaY tla j .;a l< c, f.da,h

f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' mDÓúfha we;s c,h >k" øj fuka u jdhq jYfhka o jßka

jr fjkia fjñka mj;S' mDÓúfha we;s c,h jHdma; ù we;s wkaou 1'6 rEmfhka

±lafõ'

wNHka;r uqyqÿ

id.r

uqyqÿ

ú,a

we<fÞ<.x.d

whsia jeiau

1'7 rEmh ( mDÓúh u;=msg c, jHdma;sh

f.da,Sh c,fhka 97]lg;a jeä m%udKhla id.r c,h ùu úfYaI;ajhls'

b;sß c, m%udKfhka o jeä fldgi ñÿKq iajrEmhla mj;akd fyhska ñksidg

m%fhdackhg .; yelafla b;d iq`M c, m%udKhla nj 1'6 rEmh wOHhkh lr

wjfndaO lr.kak'

1'6 rEmh ( f.da,Sh c, jHdma;sh

uq,dY%h( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1996" mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj

2.80%

f.dvìu

id.r

97.2%

.a,eishr

2.15%

N+.;

c,h

0.62%

N+ ;, c,h

.x.d we< fod<

0.0001%

jdhq f.da,Sh

c,h 0.001%

0.03% ú,a

0.009%

,jK ú,ayd

wNHka;rc,dY

0.008%

mdxY= c,h

0.005%


mDÓúfha u;=msg c,h mj;sk wdldrh 1'7 rEmfhka ±lafõ' fïjd w;r

,jK c,h iys; úYd, m%udKfha id.r" rgj,g wdikak j msysá l=vd uqyqÿ" ú,a

jeks wNHka;r c,dY" ñßÈfhka hq;a .x.d" we<fÞ< wdÈh m%Odk fõ' óg wu;r

j by< wlaIdxYsl m%foaYj, yd Wia l÷ uqÿka wdY%s; j whsia jeiaula f,i >k

;;a;ajfhka o c,h olakg we;'

c,h yd udkj lghq;= w;r ine¢hdj

f,dalfha mj;sk iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r c,hg ysñ jkafka iqúfYaI

ia:dkhls' f,dalfha Ôjh mej;Sug m%Odk fya;=j c,h hs' tu ksid c,h wñ,

iïm;la o fõ'

c,h hkq Ôjfha moku hs'

—we< fÞ< Èf.a m<sÕ= leg fuka Èÿ,ñka .,d nisk c,h kslï u Èh oyrla

fkdj tA wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a reêrh hs' fï c,h kÕk .s.=ï y~

fjklla fkdj udf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a lgy~ hs' fï .x.d wfma

fidfydhqrka h' Tjqyq wfma msmdih ixisÿj;s˜'

r;= bkaÈhdkq kdhl isheg,a

by; m%ldYkfhka c,h iy ñksid w;r È.= ld,hla ;siafia mj;sk

ine¢hdj jvd;a fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fõ'

mdkSh c,h

c, mßjykh

úfkdao lghq;==

.Dyia: lghq;=

n,Yla;s W;amdokhg

lDIsl¾u lghq;=

c,fha m%fhdack

1'8 rEmh ( ñksidg c,fhka we;s m%fhdack


mDÓúh c,fhka msreKq .%y f,dalhla jqj;a ñksidf.a m%fhdackhg .; yels c,

m%udKh we;af;a 0'03] la mu‚'

by; rEmfha ±lafjk wkaoug ñksid f.dvìu wdY%s; c,fhka ,nk

m%fhdack /ila u we;' Tyqf.a Èúfmj;g wjYH mdkSh c,h yd .Dyia: lghq;=j,g

wjYH c,h imhd .ekSu tA w;r m%Odk fõ' tfuka u lDIsld¾ñl lghq;="

l¾udka;" c, úÿ,sn,h W;amdokh" mßjyk lghq;= yd úfkdao lghq;= i|yd;a

ñksid c,h fhdÞ .kS'

ldka;drlrKh

ld¾ñl lghq;=

wvd, ùu

c, ysÕ;dj ksid

we;s úh yels .eg¨

f,v frda. nyq, ùu

lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=

wvd, ùu

.egqï we;s ùu

foaY.=‚l

úm¾hdi we;s ùu

mßir moaO;s

úkdY ùu

iudchSh m%Yak

1'10 rEmh1'10 rEmh1'10 rEmh1'10 rEmh1'10 rEmh

c, ysÕ;dj

ck ixLHdj YS>%%fhka jeã ùu;a ñksia

wjYH;djka ixlS¾K ùu;a ffoksl c,

mßfNdackh by< hdug fya;= ù we;' c, ysÕh

ñksidf.a ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd muKla

fkdj by; i|yka l< mßÈ fndfyda udkqI

lghq;= i|yd o Rcq j u n,md we;'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a weia;fïka;=j,g wkqj

jir 2050jk úg f,dalfha rgj,a 66lg muK

W.% c, ys`.hlg uqyqK mEug isÿ jk nj

wkqudk flf¾' fï ksid .eg¨ /ila u we;s úh

yels h' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka c,h uq,a lr

.;a .egqï yd iudch ;=< wiykldÍ ;;a;ajhka

we;s ùu hs' 1'10 rEmfhka fujeks .eg¨ idrdxY

lr we;'

1'9 rEmh ( mdkSh c,h fidhd hdu


c, w;sßla;h fya;=

fldg f.k we;s jk .xj;=r

Wjÿr o c,h wdY%s; ;j;a

.eg¨jls' ol=Kq wdishd

l,dmh ;=< m sy sá

nx.a,dfoaYh ksrka;rfhka

.xj;=r Wjÿrg uqyqK fok

w;r tksid Ôú; yd foam,

ydks o jeä jYfhka isÿ jk

rgls' tfy;a fuu l,dmfha

u msysá mlsia:dkh c, ysÕ

.eg¨jg f.dÿre ù we;'

c, ysÕ;dj fuka u

c,h wmsßisÿ ùu o ;j;a

.eg¨jls'

c, ¥IKh"

lDIsl¾uhg Ndú; lrk ridhksl øjH c,hg uqiq ùu" ld¾ñl wmøjH.x.d we<fÞ<j,g uqÞ yeÍu" ksfjiaj, yd fydag,aj, le,sli< yd ldkq moaO;sc,hg uqÞ yeÍu" bj;a flfrk f;,a c,hg uqiq ùu wdÈh c, ¥IKhg n,mdkm%Odk idOl fõ'

f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh fmkajd fokmßÈ 2020 jk úg f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Okld¾hhka wvmK lrk m%Odk u idOlhjkafka c,h wdY%s; frda. hs' fuhg tla jeo.;afya;=jla jkafka c,h ysÕ ùu ksid îugkqiqÿiq c,h mdkh lsÍu hs'

fï wkqj mdkShc, iïm; wvq ùuck;djg wkd.;fha §uqyqK §ug isÿ jkW.%;u .eg¨j úh yelsh' tksid f,dal m%cdjjk wmf.a mru hq;=lujkafka c, iïm; ieuÞiq/lSu yd ixrlaIKhlsrSu hs'

1'11 rEmh ( c, .e,Sulg ,la jQ m%foaYhla

1'12 rEmh ( c,h wmú;% ùu1'13 rEmh ( le,sli< c,hg uqÞ yeÍu


wkd.;fha f,dalfha jákd u iajdNdúl iïm; c,h úh yels h'

4' my; ±lafjk oE ,l=Kq lrk ,o is;shï we;=<;a lrñka is;shï fmd;lailia lrkak'

f,dalfha m%Odk • l÷jeá • ;eks;,d• idkq • uqyqÿ• .x.d • ú,a

5' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï jYfhka ixúOdkh ù mdif,a wmf;a hkc, m%udKh wju lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkak'

ffcj f.da,h

ks,a .%yhdf.a ksrka;r l%shdldß;ajhla we;s Ôjh mj;sk fldgi ffcjf.da,h hs'

• mDÓú mDIaGfha isg Ôùkaf.a meje;aug wjYH jd;h mj;sk iSudjolajd jQ jdhqf.da,hg wh;a m%foaYh

• Ydlhl uq,a úysfok yd nelaàßhd l%shdldß;ajh isÿ jk iSudj olajd jQYs,df.da,hg wh;a m%foaYh

• m%Ndixiaf,aIK l%shdj<shg wjYH ysre t<sh ,efnk iSudj olajd jQ c,f.da,Sh m%foaYh

ffcj f.da,fha iSudj f,i ±laúh yels h'

l%shdldrlï

1' c, ysÕh udkqI lghq;= flfrys Rcq j u n,mdk wjia:d ;=kla kïlrkak'

2' my; i|yka l%shdldrlu Tnf.a wNHdi fmd;g msgm;a lr f.k ''A'';Srejg wÞ< j ''B'' ;Srej .,mkak'

nx.a,dfoaYh - wjYH c, m%udKh fkdue;s ùu'

mlsia:dkh - wmsßisÿ c,h mdkh lsÍu'

fi!LH .eg¨ - c, ysÕhg f.dÿre jQ rgls'

f,v frda. - lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g c,h fkdue;slu

fnda. j.djg ydks - ksrka;rfhka .xj;=r Wjÿrg ,la fõ'

ldka;drlrKh - c, ysÕh ksid we;s jk .eg¨jls'

3' Tfí m%foaYfha c,h ¥IKh jk l%u yd th j<lajd .ekSug .; yels

l%shd ud¾. olajñka my; i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

c,h ¥IKhg fya;= jk l%u j<lajd .ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾.


ffcjf.da,fha l%shdldß;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl folls'

1' Ôù ixrpl ^Ydl" i;=ka yd úfhdaclhka&

2' wÔù ixrpl îQ¾hYla;sh" c,h" mi yd jd;h&'

1'14 rEmh ( ffcjf.da,fha isÿ jk wka;¾ l%shd

i;=ka udkqI l%shdldrlï

N+ ,laIK

uõ mdIdK

foaY.=Kh

mi

jkdka;r


1'14 rEmfhaa ±lafjk mßÈ fï tla tla idOl w;r we;s wka;¾ l%shd u;

ffcjf.da,fha meje;au ;SrKh fõ' ffcj f.da,h mßir moaO;Ska rdYshlska

iukaú; jk w;r Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia w;r ksrka;rfhka l%shd;aul jk

wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajhkaf.ka o hqla; fõ' tla Ôúhl=f.a l%shdldß;ajh wfkla

Ôúhdg ys;lr fyda wys;lr whqßka n,mE yels h' ksoiqka f,i i;=ka yd ñksiqka

w;r in|;dj .;a úg i;a;aj jdiN+ñ udkqI lghq;= uÕska úkdY ù hdu ksid

ñksiqkag tu i;=ka olajk wys;lr n,mEï fuka u ñksid yS,E lr .;a i;=kaf.ka

lsß" uia" f,dï" yï wd§ m%fhdack /ila ,eîu ±laúh yels h'

1'14 rEmhg wkqj foaY.=‚l n,mEï u; ujq mdIdK Èrdm;a ù mi ks¾udKh

jk w;r mi u;=msg Ydl j¾Okh fõ' wfkla w;g Ydlj, fld< frdvq Èrdm;a

ùfuka ilia jk ftkaøSh øjH mi u;=msg ;ekam;a ùfuka yHquia ks¾udKh fõ'

l%shdldrlu

1'14 rEmh wOHhkh lr ffcjf.da,h ;=< isÿ jk fujka wka;¾ iïnkaO;d

;j ÿrg;a y÷kd f.k igykla ilia lrkak'

ffcjf.da,fha meje;aug foaY.=Kh n,md we;s whqre ±ka wms úuid n,uq'

foaY.=K uQ,hka w;r WIaK;ajhg ysñ jkafka úfYaI ia:dkhls' jdhqf.da,fha

wfkl=;a ld,.=‚l yd foaY.=‚l ,laIKhka jk wd¾ø;dj" jdhqf.da,fha mSvkh"

j¾IKh jeks ish¨ u ,laIK we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk;u uQ,h jkafka

WIaK;ajh hs'

Ydl iy i;a;aj m%cdfõ meje;aug" ys;lr foaY.=Khla mej;Su fnfyúka u

m%fhdackj;a fõ' ck jHdma;sh" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, jHdma;sh yd ckdjdi

jHdma;sh jeä jYfhka isÿ ù we;af;a foaY.=‚l idOl mokï lr f.k h'

j¾Idm;kh yd ffcjf.da,fha meje;au w;r o meyeÈ,s iïnkaO;djla

we;' jdhq" c," Ys,d yd ffcjf.da, w;r c,h yqjudre ùfï l%shdj,sh c, pl%h

kñka ye¢kafõ ^1'15 rEmh n,kak&'

c, pl%h iajNdjO¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls' c, pl%h iajNdjO¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls' c, pl%h iajNdjO¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls' c, pl%h iajNdjO¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls' c, pl%h iajNdjO¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhls'

R;= fNaoh yd udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajhR;= fNaoh yd udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajhR;= fNaoh yd udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajhR;= fNaoh yd udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajhR;= fNaoh yd udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajh

mDÓú N%uKfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka Èjd rd;%sh we;s jk wdldrh;a" ia:dkSh

fõ,dfõ fjkialï we;s jk wdldrh;a mßN%uKh ksid R;= fNaoh we;s ùu

ms<sn|j;a Tn wg fY%a‚fha § wOHhkh lr we;'

mDÓú mßN%uKfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka we;s jk R;= fNaoh Ydl iy Ôùkaf.a

meje;aug fuka u udkj lghq;=j, úúO;ajhg o fya;= fõ' tla tla m%foaYj, wd¾Ól"

iudchSh iy ixialD;sl lghq;= ;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d fuys n,mEu iqúfYaI fõ'


ksoiqka f,i R;==uh fjkialïj,g wkql+, jk f,i ksjdi ilia lsÍu

^by< wlaIdxYsl rgj, wêl YS;,g Tfrd;a;= fok fia ilia lrk ,o

weialsfudajrekaf.a b.a ksjdi&" isisrfha ysu l%Svd" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= Èk o¾Ykh

R;= wkqj ilia lr .ekSu" R;= wkqj i;a;aj md,k m%foaY udre lsÍu ^f.dÿre

ìï udrej&" YS; iy WIaK ld,j,g .e<fmk fia we÷ïme<÷ï fjkia lsÍu"

R;== wkqj úúO W;aij ixúOdkh lsÍu WÞ - cmdkfha il=rd u,a msfmk ld,h&"

R;= wkqj ixpdrlhska wdl¾IKh lr .kakd m%foaY fjkia ùu wdÈh fuys ,d

i|yka l< yels h' 1'16 rEmh uÕska fï ms<sn| j woyila ,nd .kak'

tfuka u R;= wkqj jDlaI,;d yd i;=kaf.a p¾hd rgdj, o fjkialï

olakg ,efí' ksoiqka f,i YS; iD;=fõ § wêl YS;,g Tfrd;a;= fok fia .iaj,

fld<" u,a ye,Su o mlaISka rxpq jYfhka WIaKdêl rgj,g meñK ;u j¾.hd

fnda lr YS; R;==j ksud ùu;a iu`. kej; ujq rgj,g mshdir lsÍu o ±laúh

yels h' Y%S ,xldfõ nQkao," l=uk jeks wNh N+ñ wdY%s; j ixpdrl mlaISka

ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka fï ;;a;ajh ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'

uOH yd by< wlaIdxYSh m%foaYj, meyeÈ,s R;= fNaohla olakg ,enqK;a

iulh wdikak m%foaYj, R;= fNaohlaa meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .; fkd yels h' mßirfha

we;s jk R;=uh fjkialïj,g iu.dó j udkj lghq;=j, o fjkialï olakg

,efí'

1'15 rEmh ( c, pl%h


ks,a .%yhdf.a jdhqf.da,h" c,f.da,h yd Ys,df.da,h ms<sn|j;a tAjdfha

wka;¾ iïnkaO;djkaf.ka ks¾udKh ù we;s ffcjf.da,h ms<sn|j;a f;dr;=re

/ila Tn fï mdvfuka wOHhkh lr we;' tA wkqj .%y uKav,fha msysá iqúfYaI

.%yf,dalh ks,a .%yhd kñka ye¢kafjk mDÓúh nj jvd;a fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fõ'

ks,a .%yhdf.a fN!;sl mßirh;a tA u; f.dv ke.S we;s udkqI mßirh;a w;r

wfkHdakH iïnkaO;djla mj;S' fuu in|;dj ì| jefgk wjia:dj, § mdßißl

w¾nqo mek k.S' iEu Ôúhl=f.a u jdi N+ñh jQ fuu ks,a .%yhd Ôùkag ys;lr jQ

mßir moaO;shla f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu wm ieuf.a u hq;=lu yd j.lSu o fõ'

l%shdldrlï

1' wg fY%a‚fha § Tn bf.k f.k we;s f;dr;=re weiqßka m%Odk R;= y;r

kï lrkak'

2' tu R;=j, m%Odk ,laIK fjk fjk u j.=jl olajkak'

3' ñksid" i;=ka yd Ydl R;= fNaohg wkqj¾;kh jk wdldrh y÷kd f.k

tA i|yd WÞyrK fol ne.ska ,shkak'

4' c,f.da,fha meje;aug ydksÞhS udkj lghq;= y;rla olajkak'

5' ffcjf.da,h ;=< isÿ jk wka;¾ l%shd ms<sn| ks¾udKd;aul f;dr;=re

m;%sldjla ilia fldg bÈßm;a lrkak'

l%Svd lghq;= fnda. úúO;ajhixpdrl lghq;=

we÷ïme<÷ï

ksjdij, iajNdjh

i;a;aj md,kh

1'16 rEmh ( R;= wkqj fjkia jk udkqI lghq;=

RRRRR;;;;;= wkqj= wkqj= wkqj= wkqj= wkqj

fjkia ùïfjkia ùïfjkia ùïfjkia ùïfjkia ùï


l%shdldrlu

—iqúfYaI ,laIKj,ska iukaú; ks,a .%yhd wmf.a jdiN+ñh hs˜ fuu f;audj

biau;= lrñka Tn leu;s ks¾udKhla ^Ñ;%$ lú$ .S;$ l:k& ilia fldg

bÈßm;a lrkak'

uQ,dY%

• wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1996" mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj

• wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1990 " fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

• wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^1981& N+ o¾Ykh

• mßir wud;HdxYh" ^2003& cd;sl ´fidaka tAllh -

• iajdNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh" 2003" mi - Èh iÕrdj" 1jk

ldKavh" 3jk l,dmh

• fld;,dj, AB" 1994" mßir úoHdj" iSudiys; f,alayjqia

bkafjiaÜukaâ iud.u

• www. national geographic.com

• www.nou srilanka.org

• encarta encyclopedia- 2009, google earth

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