SOCIAL GROUPS
AND
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
© MTCJennBau
SOCIAL GROUP
Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing between and among themselves.
Collection of people where members interact on a regular basis, guided by structure and agreements, defined by roles and responsibilities.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals.
Characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor and limited membership or admission.
OTHER COLLECTIONS NOT CONSIDERED AS SOCIAL GROUPS
AGGREGATES
COLLECTIVITY
SOCIAL CATEGORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUP
Group members interact on a fairly regular basis through communication.
Members should develop a structure where each member assumes a specific status and adopts a particular role.
Certain orderly procedures and values are agreed upon.
The members of the group feel a sense of identity.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
According to Social Ties
Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society. • A long-lasting group
• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.
Examples: Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship
Groups
SECONDARY GROUPS
Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.
Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and casual relationship.
Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex needs.
Examples: Industrial Workers; business associates, Faculty Staff,
Company Employees
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION IN-GROUP
a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
OUT-GROUP a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to
differences in social categories and with which they do not identify.
REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICAL GROUP groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer
when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but to which we do not necessarily belong.
It serve a comparison function It has a normative function
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Special Interest Groups groups which are organized to meet the special
interest of the members.
Task Group groups assigned to accomplish jobs which
cannot be done by one person.
Influence or Pressure Groups groups organized to support or influence social
actions.
ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND DEGREE OR QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP
Gemeinschaft A social system in which most relationships are personal
or traditional. It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living
and familism. Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
Gesselschaft A social system in which most relationships are
impersonal, formal, contractual or bargain-like. Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary
and rationalized Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.
ACCORDING TO FORM OF ORGANIZATION Formal Groups
Social organization Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives
are explicitly defined. Their goals are clearly stated and the division of
labor is based on member’s ability or merit
Bureaucracy an administrative structure w/c is aimed to
enable members meet their goals. A hierarchical arrangement in large scale formal
organizations in w/c parts are ordered in the manner of a pyramid based on a division of function and authority.
Formal, rationally organized social structure
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
Positions and offices are clearly defined The hierarchical arrangement of authority,
rights and obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut
The personnel are selected on the basis of technical or professional qualification and expert training and competence through competitive examination
Definite rules govern official behavior Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career
with promotion in the hierarchy are assured
Informal Groups
Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.
It is unplanned Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have
specific objectives to be attained. It has the characteristics of primary groups and members
are bound by emotion and sentiments.
Relationship Groups
Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.
ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE GROUP FUNCTIONING
Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.
Flexible patterns of communication are used. A cooperative problem-solving approach to
discussion is employed rather than a competitive “win-lose” approach.
Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibility via protection of the individual rights are used rather than techniques which place the responsibility clearly in the hands of but a portion of a group.
FACTORS OR FORCES AFFECTING GROUP DYNAMICS
Group Size
Type of Group Goals
Motivational base shared by individuals
The kind of group cohesion
Social Conformity
Group decision-making• Orientation• Evaluation• Reaching a decision• Restoring equilibrium
Leadership
LEADERSHIP,
QUALITIES OF A LEADER,
STYLE OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership
The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a group towards the attainment of group goals in a given situation.
It implies the existence of particular influence relationship between two or more persons.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER
They have traits such as• Intelligence• Dominance• Charisma• Enthusiasm• Courage• Determination• Self-confidence• High sense of integrity• Tact• Diplomacy • Involvement
Groups needed leaders for two basic purposes :
To direct various tasks Provide support to group members
Task Leadership
the act of directing a group toward its goal.
Socio-Emotional Leadership
the act of maintaining good spirits.
STYLES OF LEADERSHIP Functional Leadership Status Leadership Task-Oriented Leadership Relationship or person-oriented
Leadership Transactional Leadership Authoritarian Leadership Democratic Leadership Tradition-oriented Leadership Development-oriented Leadership