Slide shows combined and modified from:http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm;http://www.explorebiology.com/http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6What You Should Know Already
from BIO I
CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with PROTEINSHydrophobic tails face inHydrophilic heads face out
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Membrane Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reservedPhospholipid image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Lipid/P_lipid2.htm
SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
Click here to See Fluidity
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
CELL MEMBRANES
• act as boundary
• selectively permeable~ gases & hydrophobic molecules can pass through~ large, ionic, OR polar molecules need help (facilitated diffusion, ion channels,
Na+-K+ pump, endocytosis & exocytosis)
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html
http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg
CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Includes
ORGANELLES-small structures with a specific function
CYTOSOL-semi-fluid “goo”
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
NUCLEUS• Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope)
•Nuclear pores- allow molecules in & out
•Contains DNA
•Control center Replication (DNA → DNA) Transcription (DNA → RNA)
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
NUCLEOLUS
• Dark spot in nucleus• Produces ribosomal RNA• Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins)
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg http://universe-review.ca/I09-08-RNA.gif
DNA
CHROMATIN- spread out in NON-dividing cells to access info
CHROMOSOMES- condensed in dividing cells for easier transport
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles
– Microtubules– Microfilaments
RIBOSOMES
Composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA
Made of r-RNA & proteins
Site of protein synthesis
(~translation)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)Lipid bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope
Smooth ER • no ribosomes • synthesis of lipids • metabolism of carbohydrates• stores calcium• detoxification of drugs and poisons
Rough ER• with ribosomes• synthesis of secretory proteins
(glycoproteins)• membrane productionImage from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
Golgi apparatus (collection of Golgi bodies)
“UPS” of cellModify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED!
Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Breaks down• food • unwanted cell parts• bacteria• helps in APOPTOSIS “programmed cell death”
See lysosomes in action:
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpghttp://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” APOPTOSIS
Embryo developmentCell maintenance
Signal to self destructlost in cancer cells
CENTRIOLESMade of microtubulesAppear during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
MITOCHONDRIA• DOUBLE MEMBRANE (inner membrane = cristae)
• Has own DNA
• Powerplant of cell ~ site of cellular respiration
~ burn glucose ~ store energy as ATP
Images from:
CHLOROPLASTS• DOUBLE MEMBRANE • Has own DNA
• Contains thylakoid sacs with chlorophyll for
photosynthesis
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpghttp://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpghttp://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Lab/4551/fig12b.jpg
Move substances past cells
Help move cells
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htmhttp://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe
FLAGELLA & CILIAMade of microtubules9 + 2 arrangement
CILIA • Many• short
FLAGELLA•Few•Long
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
• Cell wall
• HUGE vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles
CELL WALL
Outside cell membrane
Supports and protects cell
Plants- Cellulose makes it “sturdy”
Bacteria- have peptidoglycan instead
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
VACUOLES
• Huge in plants
• Storage space for water, food, enzymes, waste
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
VACUOLES can store WATER
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html
Freshwater organisms have contractile vacuoles to control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane bound organelleshttp://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
WHICH IS BIGGER?
_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made ofPEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes Few lysosomes NO lysosomes
Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts
SMALLER size SMALL size SMALLEST size