Situation awareness and driving performance in a simulated
navigation task Author: R. MA and D. B. Kaber Ergonomics
(2007)
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Introduction Driving is considered to be a complex task
requiring perception, comprehension and projection of states of the
roadway environment Situation awareness (SA) encompasses three of
these aspects of driving performance and has been found to be
critical to decision making in complex tasks (Endsley 1995a).
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Introduction Gugerty & Tirre (2000) (1) (Navigation
knowledge) (2) (Local scene comprehension) (3) (Knowledge of
spatial orientation) (4) (Knowledge of vehicles status) Gugerty
& Tirre (2000) (1) (Navigation knowledge) (2) (Local scene
comprehension) (3) (Knowledge of spatial orientation) (4)
(Knowledge of vehicles status)
Introduction Ma and Kaber (2005) investigated the effects of
adaptive cruise control (ACC see also Stanton and Young 2005) and
mobile phone use on driver SA and performance in a lead-car
following task primarily involving operational behaviours. They
also found significant positive correlations between SA and aspects
of driving performance
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Objects The objectives of the current research were to
investigate the potential mediating effect of in-vehicle navigation
aids and aid reliability on the relationship of driver SA (at
multiple levels) with performance in a strategic driving and
navigation task.
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Experiment Task Task This study used a home-grown virtual
reality-based driving simulator There were three construction sites
on the suburb roadways and participants were required to make five
or more turns to navigate the sites and reach the destination There
were different types of traffic signs including speed limit (30 or
45 mph) speed limit (30 or 45 mph) stop signs stop signs street
name signs street name signs
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Experiment Half of the participants received navigation
instructions from a remote experimenter via a Motorola T720 mobile
phone Half of the participants received navigation instructions
from a remote experimenter via a Motorola T720 mobile phone Other
participants received navigation information from an automated aid
presented on an IBM laptop placed directly adjacent to the primary
virtual reality simulation display Other participants received
navigation information from an automated aid presented on an IBM
laptop placed directly adjacent to the primary virtual reality
simulation display In all navigation trials, participants had a
paper map, which showed the entire suburb navigation area In all
navigation trials, participants had a paper map, which showed the
entire suburb navigation area
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Experiment Variables Variables navigation aid type (i.e. human
or automation), between-subjects level of navigation aid
reliability manipulated (100%, 80% and 60% reliable conditions)as a
within-subjects The navigation aiding provided drivers with turning
information (street names) and speed limit information. All of the
information was correct according to the street signage The
navigation aiding provided drivers with turning information (street
names) and speed limit information. All of the information was
correct according to the street signage
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Experiment Reliable Reliable The 100% reliable navigation
condition required drivers to make five turns and they spent an
average of 11.7 min in reaching the destination from the freeway
exit. The 80% reliable navigation condition required drivers to
make six turns and average navigation time was 14.2 min. The 60%
reliable navigation condition required seven turns and an average
driving time of 15.1 min.
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Experiment Reliable Reliable Telemarketing survey the paper
copy of the map was marked with an optimal route for navigation The
telemarketing survey was communicated by the human through the
mobile phone or by the automation aid through the laptop
display
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Experiment Dependent variables Dependent variables driving
performance (the number of errors drivers; speed control) Driver SA
was assessed at the end of each trial using an adaptation of the SA
global assessment technique (SAGAT; Endsley 1995b)
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Experiment- SAGAT
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Participants and procedures A total of 20 students they were
required to have at least 3 years of driving experience to
participate. The average age of participants was 28.1 years and the
sample had an average of 8.5 years of driving experience
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Participants and procedures Training () Training (very much
like that of a real vehicle) Wizard-of-oz technique was used
Wizard-of-oz technique was used
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Results Driving performance Driving performance F(3,79)=5.00,
P