Objectives of Model• Estimate the carbon emissions caused by local travel on and around
WashU campus– Campus Circulation Shuttles – METRO Buses with specific WUSTL Lines (Green, Red, Gold) – University Fleet Vehicles – Lawn Mowers and Other Landscaping Vehicles – We Car
• Necessary because:– Not evaluated in 2008 class– WashU is mainly responsible for shuttles route
Washington University Transportation Sector - Overview
Carbon
Emission (EM), k
Students
Faculty
Staff
SUV/Truck
Bus
MetroElectric
PMT Fuels (FM), j
Diesel
Car
Gas
ai=1Fraction of PMT
bi
VMT/PMT
djk
Emission/Fuel-
Commutingdistance# of trips
Activity
Walk/Bike
SUV/Truck
Bus
Metro
Car
Walk/Bike
VMTcij
Fuel/VMT
On Campus Trspt distance# of trips
Unv. Mng Traveldistance# of trips
Train
Air
Train
Air
Shuttles Shuttles
Jet Fuel
Other
Lawn-Mowers
Lawn-Mowers
Wash U Transportation – Bus/Shuttle Transportation Only
Electric
CarbonDieselFaculty
Gas
Transportation with Public Buses
Bus/Shuttle Miles Traveled
VMT FUEL EMISSIONS
Formulas:
VMT = (Number of Routes/Day)*(Days/Year)*(Miles/Route)
Fuel = (Miles/Year)*(Gallons/Mile)
Emissions = (Gallons of Fuel/Year)*(Energy/Gallon)*(Emission/Energy)
Staff
Students
Population Activity
Model Methodology• Population: Not a major driver
• WashU population remains fairly constant
• PMT: Not a major driver • Buses run on their own schedule• Relevant if route was changed based on ridership
• VMT: THE Driver • Largest driver of emissions• Set bus miles – calculated based on schedule and
route
Model Methodology• Goods & Services: The Fleets
• Fuel efficiency of vehicle fleet
• Material Flow: Fuel Choice• Assumed fleet is run on diesel fuel • Improvement to fuel economy can reduce emissions
• Emissions: Carbon • calculated the grams of carbon per energy of diesel
fuel(2778 g Carbon/gal Diesel) x (1 gal Diesel/138700 BTU) = .020029 g Carbon/BTU
Model Methodology: Lawn Mowers
• Carbon emitted from maintaining the lawns on WashU’s 169 acre campus
• Assumptions:• 1/2 of this area is mowed once a week from April 1 to November 1 span of 27 total
weeks• Given in square meters:
84.5 acres x (4046.85642 m2/1 acre) = 341,959.37 m2
• "mowable" area one long strip of land 341,959.37 m long and 1 m wide• Mowers are at least 1 m in width. • mowing one 231.72 mile long strip of grass (1600m = 1 mile) 27 times. • Diesel with fuel efficiency of 1 mile per gallon
• Equation:27 x 231.72 miles x (138700 BTU / gal) x (.020029 g carbon / gal BTU) X (1 t carbon / 106 g carbon)
Model Methodology: Bus/Shuttle• VMT
– Calculated using Google maps to map bus routes– Campus Circulator Route, Green Line Route, Red Line Route, and Gold Line
Route• Fuel Efficiency
– obtained from METRO Contact Courtney Sloger. – fleet average fuel efficiency (miles/gallon) for the entire St. Louis METRO BUS
fleet in 2008– The exact number used was 4.11 miles/gallon
• Energy / Gallon– energy content of diesel fuel
• Carbon/Energy– emissions caused by diesel fuel combustion
(VMT) / (Fuel Efficiency) X (Energy / Gallon) X (Carbon / Energy) = Carbon
VMT Calculations
Weekdays Saturday SundayMain Circuts 67 63 52Short Circuit A* 2 0 0Short Circuit B* 3.5 3.5 5Short Circuit C* 3 0 0Short Circuit D* 5 0 0Late Day Circuit E* 1 1 1Short Circuit F* 0 1 0Short Circuit G* 0 3 3Short Circuit H* 0 4 5 Number of Days / Year 261 52 52
Total Cycles in a
YearMiles/Cycle Total Miles
Main Circuts 17487 3276 2704 23467 14.9817351575.55
4Short Circuit A* 522 0 0 522 10.4317 5445.3474
Short Circuit B* 913.5 182 260 1355.5 20.593727914.760
4
Short Circuit C* 783 0 0 783 20.593716124.867
1
Short Circuit D* 1305 0 0 1305 4.392035731.5991
5Late Day Circuit E* 261 52 52 365 4.39 1602.35Short Circuit F* 0 52 0 52 6.34585 329.9842
Short Circuit G* 0 156 156 312 4.392031370.3133
6Short Circuit H* 0 208 260 468 5.21585 2441.0178
412535.79
3*Short Circuit A=circuit at beginning of Northbound, Monday-Friday*Short Cirtuit B=circuit at end of Northbound Weekday, Satruday, and Sunday*Short Circuit C=circuit just after main circuts on Southbound, Monday-Friday*Short Circuit D=circuit just before end of day on Southbound, Monday-Friday*Late Day Circuit E=circuit just before end of day on Northbound, Monday-FridayShort Circuit F*=circuit just after main circuits on Southbound, SaturdayShort Circuit G*=circuit just after Short Circuit F on Southbound, SaturdayShor Circuit H*=circuit just before end of day on Southbound, Saturday
Sample Calculations: Red Line
Carbon Emissions Calculations
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
VMT Fuel Efficiency Gallons of Fuel Energy / Gallon Energy Carbon / Energy Carbon
Year Miles Miles/Gallon Gallons BTU/Gallon BTU g / BTU g
2009 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2010 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2011 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2012 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2013 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2014 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2015 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2016 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2017 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2018 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2019 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
2020 412535.79 4.11 100373.6723 138700 13921828352 0.020029 278840300
Sample Calculations: Red Line
Results: Carbon EmissionsBus Route Carbon Emissions (grams)
Campus Circulator 54,171,120
Green Line 187,957,251
Red Line 278,840,300
Gold Line 175,525,558
Bus subtotal 696,440,229
Other Sources Carbon Emissions (grams)
Lawn mowers 17,300,000University Fleet (2008) 90,000,000subtotal 107,300,000
Results
Shuttles.xls• Assuming no yearly changes until 2020•Change in fuel efficiency, fuel type, or vehicle routes affects future emissions
Results: Reduction of one cycle
Shuttles.xls• Red Line is major carbon emitter• Reduction of one cycle per route daily results in noticeable carbon reduction
Conclusions
• Estimated carbon emissions– 713.74 metric tonnes
• Lawn Mowers minor contributors• Bus/Shuttle major contributors• Small fraction of 25,000 metric tonnes
estimated by last years class• Still an area that can be improved
Future Improvements and Next Steps
• Model• Improve accuracy
• Lawn mower• shuttles
• Update University fleet• Obtain WeCar data
• Reduction considerations• Improve fuel efficiency• Reduce number of cycles per day• Consolidate certain routes
References
• Kent Theiling (314) 935-4533 [email protected], Top Care
• Jay Ballalie (314) 982-1440, METRO • Courtney Sloger (314) 982-1529
[email protected], METRO• http://parking.wustl.edu/