ROMANESQUET, R, 12-1:20PM
Professor Paige Prater
“Romanesque” Society
Feudalism 3 Classes: king/nobles, churchmen, peasants Manor: self-sufficient agricultural estate
inheritance, shifting obligations/allegiances
Worcester Chronicle, England, 1140
Key Events/People 1050-1150 1056-1106 – Henry IV rules Germany + Holy
Roman Empire 1066 – William of Normandy invades England
BAYEUX TAPESTRY 1075 – Investiture Controversy 1095-1099 – First Crusade 1098 – Cistercian Order founded 1137-1152 – Eleonor of Aquitaine Queen of
France with Luis VII 1141-1151 – Hildegard of Bingen writes Scivias 1147-1149 – Second Crusade 1154-1189 – Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of
England with Henry II
Key Abbots and Popes
1049-1109 – Hugh de Semur, Abbot of Cluny 1088 – Great Church of Cluny begun
1058-1086 – Desiderius (Benedictine), Abbot of Monte Casino 1086-1087 – elected as Pope Victor III
1088-1089 – Pope Urban II (Cluniac) preached First Crusade
1115-1153 – Saint Bernard (Cistercian), Abbot of Clairvaux Abbey; writer, preacher, called for Second Crusade
The Power Networks: France & England
King of France: Ile-de-France Duke of Normandy, heir of Vikings (north)
1066 – Duke William II of Normandy invaded England: “William the Conqueror” replaced Saxon rule
Normans: CLOSE ties to the CHURCH Duke of Burgundy (east) TOKEN HOMAGE to king of France
The Bayeux Tapestry, 1066-1082
Animated! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtGoBZ4D4_E&feature=iv&src_vid=b%20DaB-NNyM8o&annotation_id=annotation_559561
The Power Networks: Investiture Controversy
Holy Roman Empire vs. Pope Gregory VII Only the pope could appoint bishops/abbots!
Civil wars between German families who took sides Welfs of Saxony (“Guelfs” in Italy) vs.
Hohenstaufens of Swabia (“Ghibellines” in Italy)
Pilgrimages
Hat, satchel, walking stick
Santiago de Compostela Shell as passport
http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Camino.htm
Route to Santiago de Compostela
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4mRnoZuiZU
St. Sernin, Toulouse
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRrzFQGXUIc
The Power Networks: Muslim vs. Christian
Iberian peninsula: Muslim in south vs Christian in North 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon had
conquered Toledo, Muslim controversy
The Crusades
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI (up to 6:23)
CHURCHES Portal Tympanum Trumeau Jamb Historiated Capitals Archivolts: curved
moldings of wedge-shaped stone voussoir
Changes to the Basilica Plan
Added apses Wide projecting transepts; aisled Variety of ambulatories Fireproof stone masonry (vs. wooden
roofs) Two-towered west façade
Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona, 1020-1030s
Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, late 9th or 10th century (with later additions)
Silver gilt over a wood core
33” high
Regional Styles: Cathedral Complex Pisa
imperial Rome campanile = free-standing bell-tower
Master Bonanno, 1174 Master-builder: Busketos Cathedral: long nave with double side-
aisles (5 aisles=homage to Rome) Tuscan churches: decorated with marble
on exterior
Church of San Clemente, Rome, consecrated 1128
Baldachin – altar cover Monastic church- not accommodating
pilgrims Open, partially underground crypt Nave and aisles end in apses; 12th century
liturgy
Church of Saint-Savin-Sur-Gartempe, 1060-
1075
Barrel vaults no clerestory
windows or galleries
Speyer Cathedral, 1080-1106 (remodeled)
1030-1060 – Ottonion wooden-roofed church
1080-1106 – masonry vault over 100’ high
Heavy compound piers and small piers Groin vaults: weight on bay corners –
side-wall windows
Exterior, Speyer Cathedral
Interior, Speyer Cathedral
Durham
Military outpost on Scottish border Vault experimentation
Durham Cathedral – Norman church begun 1087; vaults – 1087
Count-bishop: secular AND religious authority
River Wear’s oxbow = natural moat
Durham Cathedral
Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077
Normandy, France Dedicated by William the Conqueror Stringcourses: unbroken horizontal
moldings at each window level 1096-1100 – façade (13th century spires)
Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: facade
Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: interior
Dover Castle, England
Roman lighthouse tower Earthworks: rebuilt Angloo-Saxon church 12th century: Norman Great Tower,
surrounding earthworks and wall 13th century: outer walls
Architectural Sculpture
Creation and Fall, West Façade, Modena Cathedral, 1099
3’ high, approximately Sculptor Wiligelmus
Some of the earliest NARRATIVE sculpture in Italy
Used to be painted brightly Inscription: “Among sculptors, your work
shines forth, Wiligelmus”
South Portal and Porch,
Priory Church of
Saint-Pierre, Moissac,
1115
Trumeau Detail
Last Judgment, Tympanum
on West Portal,
Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, 1120-1130;
1130-1145
Suicide of Judas (capital) Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun
1125
Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard and Volmar, Liber Scivias, 1165-1175 (facsimile frontispiece)
Christ in Majesty, apse detail
Church of San Climent, Taull, Catalunya, Spain, 1123
Byzantine, Mozarabic, and classical
Portable Scullpture: Crucifix (Majestat Batllo) – Catalunya,
Spain, mid-twelfth century
Virgin and Child – Auvergne region, France, late 12th century
Mary as the “Throne of Wisdom”
The Mouth of Hell –
Winchester Psalter, 1150
