Romanesque: Style and Period

ROMANESQUET, R, 12-1:20PM

Professor Paige Prater

“Romanesque” Society

Feudalism 3 Classes: king/nobles, churchmen, peasants Manor: self-sufficient agricultural estate

inheritance, shifting obligations/allegiances

Worcester Chronicle, England, 1140

Key Events/People 1050-1150 1056-1106 – Henry IV rules Germany + Holy

Roman Empire 1066 – William of Normandy invades England

BAYEUX TAPESTRY 1075 – Investiture Controversy 1095-1099 – First Crusade 1098 – Cistercian Order founded 1137-1152 – Eleonor of Aquitaine Queen of

France with Luis VII 1141-1151 – Hildegard of Bingen writes Scivias 1147-1149 – Second Crusade 1154-1189 – Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of

England with Henry II

Key Abbots and Popes

1049-1109 – Hugh de Semur, Abbot of Cluny 1088 – Great Church of Cluny begun

1058-1086 – Desiderius (Benedictine), Abbot of Monte Casino 1086-1087 – elected as Pope Victor III

1088-1089 – Pope Urban II (Cluniac) preached First Crusade

1115-1153 – Saint Bernard (Cistercian), Abbot of Clairvaux Abbey; writer, preacher, called for Second Crusade

The Power Networks: France & England

King of France: Ile-de-France Duke of Normandy, heir of Vikings (north)

1066 – Duke William II of Normandy invaded England: “William the Conqueror” replaced Saxon rule

Normans: CLOSE ties to the CHURCH Duke of Burgundy (east) TOKEN HOMAGE to king of France

The Bayeux Tapestry, 1066-1082

Animated! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtGoBZ4D4_E&feature=iv&src_vid=b%20DaB-NNyM8o&annotation_id=annotation_559561

The Power Networks: Investiture Controversy

Holy Roman Empire vs. Pope Gregory VII Only the pope could appoint bishops/abbots!

Civil wars between German families who took sides Welfs of Saxony (“Guelfs” in Italy) vs.

Hohenstaufens of Swabia (“Ghibellines” in Italy)

Pilgrimages

Hat, satchel, walking stick

Santiago de Compostela Shell as passport

http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Camino.htm

Route to Santiago de Compostela

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4mRnoZuiZU

St. Sernin, Toulouse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRrzFQGXUIc

The Power Networks: Muslim vs. Christian

Iberian peninsula: Muslim in south vs Christian in North 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon had

conquered Toledo, Muslim controversy

The Crusades

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI (up to 6:23)

CHURCHES Portal Tympanum Trumeau Jamb Historiated Capitals Archivolts: curved

moldings of wedge-shaped stone voussoir

Changes to the Basilica Plan

Added apses Wide projecting transepts; aisled Variety of ambulatories Fireproof stone masonry (vs. wooden

roofs) Two-towered west façade

Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona, 1020-1030s

Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, late 9th or 10th century (with later additions)

Silver gilt over a wood core

33” high

Regional Styles: Cathedral Complex Pisa

imperial Rome campanile = free-standing bell-tower

Master Bonanno, 1174 Master-builder: Busketos Cathedral: long nave with double side-

aisles (5 aisles=homage to Rome) Tuscan churches: decorated with marble

on exterior

Church of San Clemente, Rome, consecrated 1128

Baldachin – altar cover Monastic church- not accommodating

pilgrims Open, partially underground crypt Nave and aisles end in apses; 12th century

liturgy

Church of Saint-Savin-Sur-Gartempe, 1060-

1075

Barrel vaults no clerestory

windows or galleries

Speyer Cathedral, 1080-1106 (remodeled)

1030-1060 – Ottonion wooden-roofed church

1080-1106 – masonry vault over 100’ high

Heavy compound piers and small piers Groin vaults: weight on bay corners –

side-wall windows

Exterior, Speyer Cathedral

Interior, Speyer Cathedral

Durham

Military outpost on Scottish border Vault experimentation

Durham Cathedral – Norman church begun 1087; vaults – 1087

Count-bishop: secular AND religious authority

River Wear’s oxbow = natural moat

Durham Cathedral

Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077

Normandy, France Dedicated by William the Conqueror Stringcourses: unbroken horizontal

moldings at each window level 1096-1100 – façade (13th century spires)

Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: facade

Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: interior

Dover Castle, England

Roman lighthouse tower Earthworks: rebuilt Angloo-Saxon church 12th century: Norman Great Tower,

surrounding earthworks and wall 13th century: outer walls

Architectural Sculpture

Creation and Fall, West Façade, Modena Cathedral, 1099

3’ high, approximately Sculptor Wiligelmus

Some of the earliest NARRATIVE sculpture in Italy

Used to be painted brightly Inscription: “Among sculptors, your work

shines forth, Wiligelmus”

South Portal and Porch,

Priory Church of

Saint-Pierre, Moissac,

1115

Trumeau Detail

Last Judgment, Tympanum

on West Portal,

Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, 1120-1130;

1130-1145

Suicide of Judas (capital) Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun

1125

Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard and Volmar, Liber Scivias, 1165-1175 (facsimile frontispiece)

Christ in Majesty, apse detail

Church of San Climent, Taull, Catalunya, Spain, 1123

Byzantine, Mozarabic, and classical

Portable Scullpture: Crucifix (Majestat Batllo) – Catalunya,

Spain, mid-twelfth century

Virgin and Child – Auvergne region, France, late 12th century

Mary as the “Throne of Wisdom”

The Mouth of Hell –

Winchester Psalter, 1150