TOEIC SUMMARY
(NOUN)
Singular … It It : is, was, has, does kk1 + (s,es,ies)
Countable they : are, were, have, do kk1
Noun plural … They
Uncountable ……………… It
Ex ; the food , including the fruits and vegetables, were on the table
A B C D
Singular ………… A /AN
That / this /the
Plural ………… plus s/es/ies clothes : pants
Always plural tools : pliers
These /those/ the abstract : riches
A pair of …, a word iof … singular
Both, several , many , few … plural
The officers of the company ………… today at 11:00
A. Is meeting C. Has met B. Meets D. Are meeting
The head of the regional divisions have submitted the latest report
A B C D
-Neitner nor …
-Either or … If singular noun singular verb
-Not only but also … if plural noun plural verb
-Both and … always plural verb
Ex : either the students or the principal …… always punctual
A. Is C. AreB. Was D. Were
We, all, some, any, majority, most, half depend on the noun
If the noun is singular sing verb
If plural plural verb
All of the book has been destroyed
A number of ………………… plural V
PLURAL
The number of ……………… sing V
Ex : the number of students coming late (is) very low in
-Time, money weigth, volume plural in form but sing . in verb
-Always ending in (s) but singular in meaning .
Disease ; meales, mumps
Abstract : news, ethics, polotics, mathematics
-collective nouns usually sing but may be plural .
Class, team ,family, committee ,police .
Ex : the police …… when theh alarm goes off .
A. Arrive quickly C. Arrives quickly
B. Is arriving D. Has arrived
-Irregular plural …… goose – geese
-Sing and plural use the same form …… depend on modifier
Species , series , sheep , deer, fish.
Ex : that species is rare . those species are rare
Every … Every student and teacher has a looks
Some …
Any … singular V. Each man and women is the
No …
Each …
Together with singular
Noun in addition to noun singular verb
Along with plural
As well as
Ex : every employee ………… his own desk .
A. Get C. Getting
B. Gotten D. Gets
All employees is taught how to get out of the building in case on fire
A B C D
TENSE
SIMPLE PRESENT ……… …………. Habit adverb of frequency
(+) S + KK1 (s,es,ies) + o routine always every
Repeate usually after once awal
Fact sometimes after aux twice akhir
(?) Do often
Does he /she /it rarely
At the moment of speaking now
PRESENT CONTINUOUS at the moment
Future ket at present
Presently
(am,is,are ) + kk ing currently
Past -yesterday
PAST TENSE ket -……ago
Story -last ……
(+) kk2 -the day before yest
(?) did (important) -this morning
Process in the past
PAST CONTINOUS
Two actions past T past cont
Was
+ KKing
Were when /while
S VERB PHRASE NOUN TIME MARKER
I Was writing Letters When someone telephoned
I Put down The phone When I saw him
I Had written 2 letters Before I went to the meeting
I Would leave My home When he arrived in my home
Ex : I had been waiting an hour when the bus finally had arrived
A B C D
PRESENT PERFECT
- Indefinite time in the past
- Action happened > one
- Past – present ………… for (duration )
Since ( starting time)
Have
+ kk3 already …… +
Has yet ………… - ?
before
PAST PERFECT 2 actions after action happened before
Had +kk3 when another action in the past
Before
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 2 actions after for
Had + been +kk ing When since
PRESENT FUTURE
Will + kk1
Will have finished in the future
PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT by …….
Will +have +kk3 By the time ……
At the end ……
S Verb phrase Noun Time marker
I Have been writing Letters For 3 hours
I Will have written One more letter Before I go home
Tuti Will leave For her vacation After she gives her speech
Ex : I …… all members by tomorrow night
a. Contactedb. Contacts c. Have contacted d. Will have contacted
CAUSATIVE VERBS (asking someone to do something)
Noun
(subject)
Causative
verbPersons Verb 1 Noun (phrase)
The manager
Make
Have
Let
Mr. Smith Demonstrate The product
Causative V. Persons To + verb1 Noun (phrase)
The manager
Get
Want
Order
Permit
Allow
Mr . Smith To demonstrate The product
Causative V. Noun (phrase) Verb 3 -
The managerHave
Get The product Demonstrated
Ex :
1. The human resources assistant makes all job applicants ……… a typing testA. Take C. to take B. Takes D. had taken
2. The company never permitted employees ……… public statements A. Making C. makeB. To make D. made
3. Because of the new project , the director wants all employees work this weekend .
A B C D
4. The travel agent had the reservation change to a later time .
A B C D
CONJUNCTIONS
Because
As clause
For (s+v)
Since
Because of
Owing to
Due to N
Thanks to
Despite
N
Inspite of
Though
Al though clause
Even though (s+v)
Conj Noun P Verb P. S Verb P. Noun P.
Al though Mrs . Do Worked hard She Didn’t receive A promotion
Because Mrs. Do Worked hard she Received A promotion
Ex : The secretary hid the key her desk before she locked the confidential papers in it .
A B C D
Please sign for the packtage ……… it arrives .
A. Because C. AlthoughB. Until D. When
(PARTICIPLES) PRESENT (ing) me … / ber …
SAME SUBJECT PAST (kk3) di … / ter …
Entering the class , the teacher found them sleeping
(when he entered )
Disappointed with the statement ,she sued the paper .
(because she was disappointed )
Ing (N) KK3/ED (P)
Boring Bored
Interesting Interested
Shocking Shocked
Meaning Is important
here
(Adjective particle)
-the child saw a frightening film
-the frightened child saw a film
Ex : the ……… audience fell asleep during the speech .
A. Boring C. BoresB. Bored D. Bore
The …… report gave the team information they needed.
A. Enclosing C. To enclose B. Enclosed D. Has been enclosed
The surprised message about the salary cuts made everyone unhappy
A B C D
PARALLEL
The boss Likes To type And To proofread His own letters
The boss Likes Typing And Proofreading His own letters
- When tenagers finish high school, they have several choices :
Going to collage, getting a job or the armi .
Peter is wealthy, goodlooking and many people like him
Ex :
A. Mr. Medeiros likes to arrive early or ……… to get his work done (1) Is staying late (2) Stays late(3) Stay late(4) Staying late
(1) The company is dedicated to product quality and customer satisfied .
A B C D
(2) Loving throughout the western word , ballet is a theatrical art that tells a story through
A B C
dance accompanied by music
D
TO INFINITIVE
Subj Verb To inf (noun phrase) / adverb
We Had planned To leave Day before yest.
The conmputer Failed To run The program +
- Subject
To pray is to talk to God
- After subject
I ordered her to clean the room
- After certain verbs
Agree decide hesitate need refuse
Appear demand intend offer tend
Seem deserve hope plan threaten
Arrange except learn prepare wait
Ask fail manage pretend want
Consent forget mean
Swear beg attemptpromise
A. The clerk intends …… her supervisor’s job in a few years (1) Having C. Have(2) To have D. Will have
B. Ms. Helm refuses planning the banquet for the convention next month
A B C D
C. Representative democracy seened evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth
A B C
century in Britain, Europe, and the united states .
D
GERUND (V – ING AS NOUN )
Noun phrase Verb Gerund Noun phrase
The clerk Finished Verifying The orders
Functions :
A. Subject
Writing letters is not as easy as we imagine .
B. After object
They postponed the plane flying .
C. Certain verbs
Appreciate finish deny risk
Avoid mind admit report
Consider miss keep resist
Delay postphone suggest recall
Discuss stop regret
Enjoy quit claim
You should’t risk entering that building
They have reported seeing a big shark
D. After proposition (at, on, in, by, of, about, after)
He lives from selling drugs.
E. After prossessive adjective
I can’t accept his smooking here
F. Verb phrase
Object to committed to be bussy
Confess to dedicated to be worth
Advanced to be used to no use
Look forward to cant’t help forget about
1. Many modern architects insist on …… materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape .
A. Use C. The useB. To use D. Using
2. During jackson’s administration , those who did not approve of permit common people in
A B
the white house were shocked by the president’s insistence that they be invited into the
C D
mansions .
1. Although mr. togel could not attend, he appreciated to receive an invitation .
A B C D
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS NOUN CLAUSE
(INDIRECT)
REAL QUESTIONS
addition
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
inversion
What time is it ? (can you tell me) what time it is ?
Where does she live ? Where she lives is still my sterious
Why did he take it ? I wonder why he took it .
1. No one knows ………A. Why was the teacher absent yesterdayB. Why the teacher absent yesterday wasC. Why the teacher was absent yesterdayD. The teacher was absent yesterday why
2. Proponents of solar energy wonder ……… funded so few research project .A. Why the government hasB. the governmentC. Why has the governmentD. About the government
DEGREES OF COMPARISON 3 DEGREES
- Positive as sifat as
Ket sama ……
Benda se ……
Noun P V Sifat Pronoun
His home Is As Beautiful As Mine
Noun P V Ket Noun phrase
His computer works As Beautifully As This computer
- Comparative ER …………Than Lebih …… daripada ……
More …… than
1-2 syllable …er
Regular : … est Irregular memorized
>syllable more …
Most …
- Superlative ……… est
Paling / ter ……
Most ……
Noun P V Art Prep. phrase
Her work IS The Neatest Of all
The printer Operates The Most queitly Of all the equipment
Of 2 entities comparative
Of > 2 entities superlative
Ex : of the two girls , she is the prettier .
Double comparative
The comparative the comparative
Semakin …... semakin ……
The more money you have , the more people come to you .
Ex : COMPARISON
1) The new employee would like to be ……… his predecessor A. Popular as C. as popularB. As popular as D. popular than2) The view from your office is ……… from mine A. Better than C. The betterB. Better D. The better of3) The office furniture you have requested is more expensive the budget allows .
A B C D
4) The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engine because it converts
A B C D
more the ureful energy stored up in the fuel .
5) The prices at chain stores are as reasonable , if not more reasonable , as those at discount stores
A B C D
6) The new model costs twice more than last years model A B C D
7) It is generally accepted that the commow cold is caused by as much as forty strains of
A B C
viruses that may be present in the air at all times
D
CONDITIONAL 3 TYPES
If clause main clause
Type I (probable ) (present T) (present future)
-S + KK1 (s,es,ies) S + will + KK1
Combination -do / does
-Am /is / are S + will + be
Type II ( improbable ) >< fact
(past T ) (past future) (present)
-kk2 s + would + kk1
-did
-were s + would + be
Type III (regret) ><fact
(past perfect) (past future perfect) (past)
inversion -had + kk3 would + have + kk3
-had + been would + have + been
1) If it ……more humid in the desert of the southwest, the hot temperature would be unbearable .A. BE C. WasB. Is D. Were2) If water is heated to 212 degress F ……… as steam.A. It will boil and escape C. It boil and escapeB. It is building and escaping D. It would boil and escape 3) If robbert kennedy would have lived a little longer , he probably would have won the election .
A B C D
4) If I was the boss , I would let everyone leave early in the summer
A B C D
5) Mrs. Lieur will call you if the package arrive to day
A B C D
RELATIVE CLAUSE
Persons- who + kk /be
- whom + person + kk
Preposition whom
To whom , with whom
Things
-which
same
-that
> …………., which
Preposition which
Possessive
(person/thing)Whose + noun
Who V
everyone who Took The tour was impressed by the lake
Whom S V
He was the only America Whom I Saw At the conference
1) The wallet….was found in the hall has been claimed
A. That it c. that
B. It d. whose it
2) In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister….A. Whom the real power
B. Who has the real power
C. Whom has the real power
D. Who the real power
3) The author,he prefers to remain anonymous, has written an excellent book
A B C D
4) After the police had tried unsuccessfully to determine to who the car belonged, they towed it
A B C D
into the station
TAG QUESTION
sentence
Pattern Aux + subj [pronoun] ?
Rules If s (+) , the QT (-)
If s (-) , the QT (+)
steps .decide (+) / (-) the most important
.find the subj is the meaning
.find tense
.find AUX
Traps rapely I am,………….. aren’t I ?
Seldom
Never Some …..
Barely Any ….. one they ?
Hardly Every ….. body
No No …..
Ex:
- He brought nothing from Jakarta, did he ?
- Mrs. Sandra’s husband always leaver early, doesn’t he ?
1) She’s got a new car from her boss, . . . . . . ?
A. Doesn’t she C. wasn’t she
B. Isn’t she D. hasn’t she
2) Japan won’t help Indonesia in nuclear research, . . . . ?A. Will you C. does it
B. Will it D. is it
PRONOUNS
Subject Object Possessive Adj. Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun
I me My mine My self
(you) (you) Your yours Your self / (ves)
we us Our ours Ourse lves
they them Their Theirs Themse l ves
he him (his) (his) Himse lf
she (her) (her) Hers Herself
(it) (it) (its) (its) itself
beginningAfter verb
After prep.
Followed by
Nouns
-stand it self
-The noun is clear
- This is a picture of Bryan, one of his friends, and me .
- Your daughter will soon be as tall as mine.
- Stephen hurt himself playing on the swing.
- Children can usually dress themselves by the age of five.
- They offered their seats to you and me.
1) Rates spent . . . . . working as a sculptor.A. he was young C. as a youth
B. youth D. his youth
2) At the age eight of twenty six, William Shakespeare married / woman who has eight years older
A B C
than him.
D
3) Faced with the possibility of a water shortage during the summer, the city has asked it citizens
A B
tolimit their use of water.
C D
4) Jan Sibelius, a finnish composer, captured the spirit of him country in his music
A B C D
PASSIVE VOICE
steps : Be + V3 di . . . .
find the Am ter . . .
- subject is rules :
- object are act: s + V + o
- tense was
- be were
- kk3 been
be pass: s + be + kk3 + o
Active Passive
a. present T. kk, s/es/ ies
do/ does
Am / is / are + kk3
b. Past T. kk2 / did Was / were / + kk3
c. Present cont am / is / are + ing Am / is / are being + kk3
d. Past cont was / were / + ing Was / were / being + kk3
e. Perfect have,has,had + kk3 Have / has/ had + kk3
f. Modal shall,will,can + kk1 Shall, will, can + kk3
Ex : The famous architect, f.l. wright, was greatly……….., who wanted him to study architecture.
A. Influenced by his father C. his father influenced him
B. From his father’s influence D. influencing for his father
From now on , new building in one level earthquake zone in the united states are to reconstructed
A B
to withstand a tremor without suffering structural damage
C D
SUBJUNCTIVE
One person wants another person to do STH
S V That S SimpleVerb
MR. HO Prefers That She Speak With him personally
I Insist That He Be Patient
Verbs :
Advise - Demand - Propose - Prefer Ask - Insist - Recommed - Suggest Command -Move - Request - Urge Demand -Order - Require - Stipulate
Adjectives :
Advised - Necessary -Recommended Important -Obligatory -Required Mandatory -Proposed -Suggested Urgent - Imperative
Ex : it has been suggested that she leave at once
Nouns :
Demand - Recommendation Insistence - Request Preference - Requirement Proposal -Suggestion
S V Noun That S Simple V
They Refused The request That The prerequisite
Be waived
1. The doctor suggested that she did not smoke
A B C D
2. It is imperative that every student maintains a grade point average of “B” in his
A B C D
Major field.
PREPOSITION
AT ON IN
Time
Street whit no
Number
Specific place
Street
Coast
River
Day
Date
Meens of transport
Month
Year
Country
State
Province
City
Tv / radio / phone
Floor
Room
Building
Park
IN YEAR IN MONTH ON DAY AT TIME
Lyly was born in 1919 in July on sunday at 7:30
1) Many of the famous advertising offices are located in Madison avenue
A B C D
2) Most stures in large American cities close ……. Five or six o’clock on weekdays , but the malls in the suburs stay open much later .
A. At C. On
B. In D. Until
3) Accountants are always busiest on april because both federal and state taxes are due
A B C
on the fifteenth .
D
SUBJUNCTIVE (unreal)
Expectation
Conditional sentence type 2 & 3
S Verb (prs)As if
As thoughS Verb ( past T )
He ACTS As is He Were rich
S Verb (past)As if
As thoughS Verb ( past perfect )
He Talked As though He Had know it
Hope
Unreal expectation
Wish
Ex : she wishes that she didn’t work at BCA
1) Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are , some who have found them wish that they ……… the experience of meeting .
A. Hadn’t C. Hadn’t hadB. Didn’t have had D. Hadn’t have2) The secretary sometimes wishes that she ……… in a big corporation .
A. Worked not C. was not working
B. Does not work D. were not working
ELLIPTIC (agreement)
2 sentences 1 sent
The same element omitted
(+) so / too
There are 2 kinds begitu juga
(-) neither / either
First sentence so + aux + subject
Subj + aux + too
First sentence neither + aux + S
Subject + aux + either
steps : - decide (+) / (-)
-find S
-find AUX .V.
Ex :
(1) Although one of his ships succeeded in sailing all the way back to spain past the cape of good hope , Magellan never completed the first circum navigation of the world , and …..
A. Most of his crew was not either
B. Neither most of hid crew did
C. Neither did most of his crew
D. Most of his crew didn’t neither
(2) He dislikes living in the dormitory , and ……… do his friends .
A. So C. Either
B. Too D. Neither
Modals perfect infinitive past Modals infinitive present
Should have V3 Should V1
Could have V3 Can / could V1
May / might have V3 May / might V1
Must have V3 Must V1
Should not have V3 Should not V 1
1) The ford theather where Lincoln was shot …..
A. Must restore C. must have been restored
B. Must be restore D. must restored
2) Nelson could be won the fight , whit a little more training and a better manager .
A B C D
3) They should ……… to the seminar last week .
A. Had went C. have went
B. Had gone D. have gone
4) We did not see him , so he ……… left early .
A. Has C. must have
B. Had D. should have
ENOUGH
Adjective
+ enough
Adverb
Enough + noun
(noun + enough)
We Have Enough Tickets / money
Tickets / money Enough
S V Adjective Enough Infinitive
It Is Warm Enough To go swimming
1) The definition of “Gram calories” or “calories “ are … .. for most engineering work .A. Accurate as enough C. accurate enough
B. Enough accurate D. as accurate enough
2) Most large corporations provide pensions plans for their employees so that they will be
A
secure enough than to live comfortably during their retirement .
B C D
3) When your body does not get …… , it cannot make the glucose it needs .
A. Enough food C. food enoughly
B. Food as enough D. enough the food
4) As soon as the company has as enough earnings to make up for a bad year , the stockholders of
A B C
cumulative preferred stock receive dividends for the bad year as well as for the
D
PART OF SPEECH
Ajactive ( opinion )
Modifly NOUN
Features :
-ible / able possible -ish childish
-al (n + al) medical -ic specific
Adj + noun -y (n + y ) crazy -ary temporary
-ful (n + ful ) helpful -ive active
-ous ( cusious
-less (n + les ) motionless
Ex : Religious man.
Noun Features - Ity (Adj) - Er/or
- Age (V/Adj) - Ness
-Al (Adj) - Ist
-Ance/Ence - Ment
-Ant - Ion
-Cy
Verb Features - ZE minimize
-FY justify
-EN darken
Endanger
LY (adj ) slowly
Extremely beautifully decorated home .
Ex: absolutely difficult
Adverb He can run quickly
Modify adj
verb
LIST OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT PAGE SUBJECT
NOUN 1-2 ELLIPTIC 21
TENSE 3-4 MODALS INFINITIVE 22
CAUSATIVE V. 5 ENOUGH 23
CONJUNCTION 6 DERIVATE 24
PARTICIPLE 6
PARALLEL 7
TO INFINITIVE 8
GERUND 9
EMBEDDED Q 10
COMPARISON 11-12
Good
Hard
Fast
Late
CONDITIONAL 13
RELATIVE P. 14
TAG QUESTION 15
PRONOUN 16
PASSIVE V. 17
SUBJUNCTIVE(THAT) 18
PREPOSITION 19
SUBJUNCTIVE/UNREAL 20
MODALS
LOGICAL CONCLISIONS – EVENTS IN THE PAST
SUBJ MUST HAVE KK3 PAST TIME
MY PAL MUST HAVE CALLED LAST NIGTH
THE SECRET ARE WET ; it should have rained last
(MUST HAVE RAINED)
THE PEN WON’T WRITE ; it can have run out of ink
(MUST HAVE RUN OUT OF)
THE RING that I was looking for is gone; someone else must buy it
(MUST HAVE BOUGHT)
Don’t see MARTHA ANYWHERE; she must be left early
(MUST HAVE LEFT)
EX :
The theory of continental drift assumes that there
long term climatic changes in many area during the past.
A. Must Have Been C. Must Have
B. Must Be D. Must
When the weather becomes colder we know that
A B
the air mass must be originated in the arctic rather than
C D
over the gulf of Mexico.
MEMORANDUM FOR : ALL EMPLOYEES
CC : JHON TOWER / PRESIDENT
FROM : TOM PERALES / VP PERSONNEL
DATE : JULY 3, 19
ONCE AGAIN THIS YEAR, WE WILL PUT IN PLACE POR THE MONTH OF AUGUST OUR SUMMER SHORT WEEK WOEK SCHEDULE. AS IN THE PAST, EACH FRIDAY DURING THE MONTH OF AUGUST,FULL TIME ON SITE EMPLYEES WILL BE ALLOWED TO GO HOME AT 3:00 P.M, RATHER THAN AT 5:00 P.M, EMPLOYEES WILL BE PAID TOR THE ENTIRE DAY. REGULAR EMPLOYEES WHO ARE ILL OR ON VACATION ON ANY OF THE AUGUST FRIDAYS, OR WHO FOR SOME OTHER REASON ARE OFF SITE, WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVATAGE OF THIS BENEFIT.
DURING THIS PERIOD, EMPLOYEES WHO ARE FLIGIBLE FOR THIS BENEFIT WILL MARK THEIR WEEKLY TIME SHEETS AS TIME-OFF WITH - DAY , OR TOWP, FOR TWO HOURS EACH FRIDAY. IF TIME SHEETS ARE NOT PROPERLY MARKED EMPLOYEES EILL NOT BE PAID FOR THE TIME. IF YOU HABE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING THIS MATTER, PLEASE CONTACT OUR SUPERBISOR.
ENJOY YOUR SUMMER
3.HOW MANY HOURS PER WEEK ARE AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ?
A. 2 C. 5
B. 3 D. 10S
9. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING EMPLOYEES IS AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ?
A. AN EMPOLYEE WHO IS ON VACATION
B. A TEMPORARY EMPLOYEE
C. A REGULAR EMPOLYEE WHO WILL RETIRE ON AUGUST 15.
D. A PART TIME EMPLOYEE WHO HAS WORKED FOR THE COMPANY FOR TEN YEARS.