RINGKASAN TEORI TOEIC

TOEIC SUMMARY

(NOUN)

Singular … It It : is, was, has, does kk1 + (s,es,ies)

Countable they : are, were, have, do kk1

Noun plural … They

Uncountable ……………… It

Ex ; the food , including the fruits and vegetables, were on the table

A B C D

Singular ………… A /AN

That / this /the

Plural ………… plus s/es/ies clothes : pants

Always plural tools : pliers

These /those/ the abstract : riches

A pair of …, a word iof … singular

Both, several , many , few … plural

The officers of the company ………… today at 11:00

A. Is meeting C. Has met B. Meets D. Are meeting

The head of the regional divisions have submitted the latest report

A B C D

-Neitner nor …

-Either or … If singular noun singular verb

-Not only but also … if plural noun plural verb

-Both and … always plural verb

Ex : either the students or the principal …… always punctual

A. Is C. AreB. Was D. Were

We, all, some, any, majority, most, half depend on the noun

If the noun is singular sing verb

If plural plural verb

All of the book has been destroyed

A number of ………………… plural V

PLURAL

The number of ……………… sing V

Ex : the number of students coming late (is) very low in

-Time, money weigth, volume plural in form but sing . in verb

-Always ending in (s) but singular in meaning .

Disease ; meales, mumps

Abstract : news, ethics, polotics, mathematics

-collective nouns usually sing but may be plural .

Class, team ,family, committee ,police .

Ex : the police …… when theh alarm goes off .

A. Arrive quickly C. Arrives quickly

B. Is arriving D. Has arrived

-Irregular plural …… goose – geese

-Sing and plural use the same form …… depend on modifier

Species , series , sheep , deer, fish.

Ex : that species is rare . those species are rare

Every … Every student and teacher has a looks

Some …

Any … singular V. Each man and women is the

No …

Each …

Together with singular

Noun in addition to noun singular verb

Along with plural

As well as

Ex : every employee ………… his own desk .

A. Get C. Getting

B. Gotten D. Gets

All employees is taught how to get out of the building in case on fire

A B C D

TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT ……… …………. Habit adverb of frequency

(+) S + KK1 (s,es,ies) + o routine always every

Repeate usually after once awal

Fact sometimes after aux twice akhir

(?) Do often

Does he /she /it rarely

At the moment of speaking now

PRESENT CONTINUOUS at the moment

Future ket at present

Presently

(am,is,are ) + kk ing currently

Past -yesterday

PAST TENSE ket -……ago

Story -last ……

(+) kk2 -the day before yest

(?) did (important) -this morning

Process in the past

PAST CONTINOUS

Two actions past T past cont

Was

+ KKing

Were when /while

S VERB PHRASE NOUN TIME MARKER

I Was writing Letters When someone telephoned

I Put down The phone When I saw him

I Had written 2 letters Before I went to the meeting

I Would leave My home When he arrived in my home

Ex : I had been waiting an hour when the bus finally had arrived

A B C D

PRESENT PERFECT

- Indefinite time in the past

- Action happened > one

- Past – present ………… for (duration )

Since ( starting time)

Have

+ kk3 already …… +

Has yet ………… - ?

before

PAST PERFECT 2 actions after action happened before

Had +kk3 when another action in the past

Before

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 2 actions after for

Had + been +kk ing When since

PRESENT FUTURE

Will + kk1

Will have finished in the future

PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT by …….

Will +have +kk3 By the time ……

At the end ……

S Verb phrase Noun Time marker

I Have been writing Letters For 3 hours

I Will have written One more letter Before I go home

Tuti Will leave For her vacation After she gives her speech

Ex : I …… all members by tomorrow night

a. Contactedb. Contacts c. Have contacted d. Will have contacted

CAUSATIVE VERBS (asking someone to do something)

Noun

(subject)

Causative

verbPersons Verb 1 Noun (phrase)

The manager

Make

Have

Let

Mr. Smith Demonstrate The product

Causative V. Persons To + verb1 Noun (phrase)

The manager

Get

Want

Order

Permit

Allow

Mr . Smith To demonstrate The product

Causative V. Noun (phrase) Verb 3 -

The managerHave

Get The product Demonstrated

Ex :

1. The human resources assistant makes all job applicants ……… a typing testA. Take C. to take B. Takes D. had taken

2. The company never permitted employees ……… public statements A. Making C. makeB. To make D. made

3. Because of the new project , the director wants all employees work this weekend .

A B C D

4. The travel agent had the reservation change to a later time .

A B C D

CONJUNCTIONS

Because

As clause

For (s+v)

Since

Because of

Owing to

Due to N

Thanks to

Despite

N

Inspite of

Though

Al though clause

Even though (s+v)

Conj Noun P Verb P. S Verb P. Noun P.

Al though Mrs . Do Worked hard She Didn’t receive A promotion

Because Mrs. Do Worked hard she Received A promotion

Ex : The secretary hid the key her desk before she locked the confidential papers in it .

A B C D

Please sign for the packtage ……… it arrives .

A. Because C. AlthoughB. Until D. When

(PARTICIPLES) PRESENT (ing) me … / ber …

SAME SUBJECT PAST (kk3) di … / ter …

Entering the class , the teacher found them sleeping

(when he entered )

Disappointed with the statement ,she sued the paper .

(because she was disappointed )

Ing (N) KK3/ED (P)

Boring Bored

Interesting Interested

Shocking Shocked

Meaning Is important

here

(Adjective particle)

-the child saw a frightening film

-the frightened child saw a film

Ex : the ……… audience fell asleep during the speech .

A. Boring C. BoresB. Bored D. Bore

The …… report gave the team information they needed.

A. Enclosing C. To enclose B. Enclosed D. Has been enclosed

The surprised message about the salary cuts made everyone unhappy

A B C D

PARALLEL

The boss Likes To type And To proofread His own letters

The boss Likes Typing And Proofreading His own letters

- When tenagers finish high school, they have several choices :

Going to collage, getting a job or the armi .

Peter is wealthy, goodlooking and many people like him

Ex :

A. Mr. Medeiros likes to arrive early or ……… to get his work done (1) Is staying late (2) Stays late(3) Stay late(4) Staying late

(1) The company is dedicated to product quality and customer satisfied .

A B C D

(2) Loving throughout the western word , ballet is a theatrical art that tells a story through

A B C

dance accompanied by music

D

TO INFINITIVE

Subj Verb To inf (noun phrase) / adverb

We Had planned To leave Day before yest.

The conmputer Failed To run The program +

- Subject

To pray is to talk to God

- After subject

I ordered her to clean the room

- After certain verbs

Agree decide hesitate need refuse

Appear demand intend offer tend

Seem deserve hope plan threaten

Arrange except learn prepare wait

Ask fail manage pretend want

Consent forget mean

Swear beg attemptpromise

A. The clerk intends …… her supervisor’s job in a few years (1) Having C. Have(2) To have D. Will have

B. Ms. Helm refuses planning the banquet for the convention next month

A B C D

C. Representative democracy seened evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth

A B C

century in Britain, Europe, and the united states .

D

GERUND (V – ING AS NOUN )

Noun phrase Verb Gerund Noun phrase

The clerk Finished Verifying The orders

Functions :

A. Subject

Writing letters is not as easy as we imagine .

B. After object

They postponed the plane flying .

C. Certain verbs

Appreciate finish deny risk

Avoid mind admit report

Consider miss keep resist

Delay postphone suggest recall

Discuss stop regret

Enjoy quit claim

You should’t risk entering that building

They have reported seeing a big shark

D. After proposition (at, on, in, by, of, about, after)

He lives from selling drugs.

E. After prossessive adjective

I can’t accept his smooking here

F. Verb phrase

Object to committed to be bussy

Confess to dedicated to be worth

Advanced to be used to no use

Look forward to cant’t help forget about

1. Many modern architects insist on …… materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape .

A. Use C. The useB. To use D. Using

2. During jackson’s administration , those who did not approve of permit common people in

A B

the white house were shocked by the president’s insistence that they be invited into the

C D

mansions .

1. Although mr. togel could not attend, he appreciated to receive an invitation .

A B C D

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS NOUN CLAUSE

(INDIRECT)

REAL QUESTIONS

addition

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

inversion

What time is it ? (can you tell me) what time it is ?

Where does she live ? Where she lives is still my sterious

Why did he take it ? I wonder why he took it .

1. No one knows ………A. Why was the teacher absent yesterdayB. Why the teacher absent yesterday wasC. Why the teacher was absent yesterdayD. The teacher was absent yesterday why

2. Proponents of solar energy wonder ……… funded so few research project .A. Why the government hasB. the governmentC. Why has the governmentD. About the government

DEGREES OF COMPARISON 3 DEGREES

- Positive as sifat as

Ket sama ……

Benda se ……

Noun P V Sifat Pronoun

His home Is As Beautiful As Mine

Noun P V Ket Noun phrase

His computer works As Beautifully As This computer

- Comparative ER …………Than Lebih …… daripada ……

More …… than

1-2 syllable …er

Regular : … est Irregular memorized

>syllable more …

Most …

- Superlative ……… est

Paling / ter ……

Most ……

Noun P V Art Prep. phrase

Her work IS The Neatest Of all

The printer Operates The Most queitly Of all the equipment

Of 2 entities comparative

Of > 2 entities superlative

Ex : of the two girls , she is the prettier .

Double comparative

The comparative the comparative

Semakin …... semakin ……

The more money you have , the more people come to you .

Ex : COMPARISON

1) The new employee would like to be ……… his predecessor A. Popular as C. as popularB. As popular as D. popular than2) The view from your office is ……… from mine A. Better than C. The betterB. Better D. The better of3) The office furniture you have requested is more expensive the budget allows .

A B C D

4) The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engine because it converts

A B C D

more the ureful energy stored up in the fuel .

5) The prices at chain stores are as reasonable , if not more reasonable , as those at discount stores

A B C D

6) The new model costs twice more than last years model A B C D

7) It is generally accepted that the commow cold is caused by as much as forty strains of

A B C

viruses that may be present in the air at all times

D

CONDITIONAL 3 TYPES

If clause main clause

Type I (probable ) (present T) (present future)

-S + KK1 (s,es,ies) S + will + KK1

Combination -do / does

-Am /is / are S + will + be

Type II ( improbable ) >< fact

(past T ) (past future) (present)

-kk2 s + would + kk1

-did

-were s + would + be

Type III (regret) ><fact

(past perfect) (past future perfect) (past)

inversion -had + kk3 would + have + kk3

-had + been would + have + been

1) If it ……more humid in the desert of the southwest, the hot temperature would be unbearable .A. BE C. WasB. Is D. Were2) If water is heated to 212 degress F ……… as steam.A. It will boil and escape C. It boil and escapeB. It is building and escaping D. It would boil and escape 3) If robbert kennedy would have lived a little longer , he probably would have won the election .

A B C D

4) If I was the boss , I would let everyone leave early in the summer

A B C D

5) Mrs. Lieur will call you if the package arrive to day

A B C D

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Persons- who + kk /be

- whom + person + kk

Preposition whom

To whom , with whom

Things

-which

same

-that

> …………., which

Preposition which

Possessive

(person/thing)Whose + noun

Who V

everyone who Took The tour was impressed by the lake

Whom S V

He was the only America Whom I Saw At the conference

1) The wallet….was found in the hall has been claimed

A. That it c. that

B. It d. whose it

2) In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister….A. Whom the real power

B. Who has the real power

C. Whom has the real power

D. Who the real power

3) The author,he prefers to remain anonymous, has written an excellent book

A B C D

4) After the police had tried unsuccessfully to determine to who the car belonged, they towed it

A B C D

into the station

TAG QUESTION

sentence

Pattern Aux + subj [pronoun] ?

Rules If s (+) , the QT (-)

If s (-) , the QT (+)

steps .decide (+) / (-) the most important

.find the subj is the meaning

.find tense

.find AUX

Traps rapely I am,………….. aren’t I ?

Seldom

Never Some …..

Barely Any ….. one they ?

Hardly Every ….. body

No No …..

Ex:

- He brought nothing from Jakarta, did he ?

- Mrs. Sandra’s husband always leaver early, doesn’t he ?

1) She’s got a new car from her boss, . . . . . . ?

A. Doesn’t she C. wasn’t she

B. Isn’t she D. hasn’t she

2) Japan won’t help Indonesia in nuclear research, . . . . ?A. Will you C. does it

B. Will it D. is it

PRONOUNS

Subject Object Possessive Adj. Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun

I me My mine My self

(you) (you) Your yours Your self / (ves)

we us Our ours Ourse lves

they them Their Theirs Themse l ves

he him (his) (his) Himse lf

she (her) (her) Hers Herself

(it) (it) (its) (its) itself

beginningAfter verb

After prep.

Followed by

Nouns

-stand it self

-The noun is clear

- This is a picture of Bryan, one of his friends, and me .

- Your daughter will soon be as tall as mine.

- Stephen hurt himself playing on the swing.

- Children can usually dress themselves by the age of five.

- They offered their seats to you and me.

1) Rates spent . . . . . working as a sculptor.A. he was young C. as a youth

B. youth D. his youth

2) At the age eight of twenty six, William Shakespeare married / woman who has eight years older

A B C

than him.

D

3) Faced with the possibility of a water shortage during the summer, the city has asked it citizens

A B

tolimit their use of water.

C D

4) Jan Sibelius, a finnish composer, captured the spirit of him country in his music

A B C D

PASSIVE VOICE

steps : Be + V3 di . . . .

find the Am ter . . .

- subject is rules :

- object are act: s + V + o

- tense was

- be were

- kk3 been

be pass: s + be + kk3 + o

Active Passive

a. present T. kk, s/es/ ies

do/ does

Am / is / are + kk3

b. Past T. kk2 / did Was / were / + kk3

c. Present cont am / is / are + ing Am / is / are being + kk3

d. Past cont was / were / + ing Was / were / being + kk3

e. Perfect have,has,had + kk3 Have / has/ had + kk3

f. Modal shall,will,can + kk1 Shall, will, can + kk3

Ex : The famous architect, f.l. wright, was greatly……….., who wanted him to study architecture.

A. Influenced by his father C. his father influenced him

B. From his father’s influence D. influencing for his father

From now on , new building in one level earthquake zone in the united states are to reconstructed

A B

to withstand a tremor without suffering structural damage

C D

SUBJUNCTIVE

One person wants another person to do STH

S V That S SimpleVerb

MR. HO Prefers That She Speak With him personally

I Insist That He Be Patient

Verbs :

Advise - Demand - Propose - Prefer Ask - Insist - Recommed - Suggest Command -Move - Request - Urge Demand -Order - Require - Stipulate

Adjectives :

Advised - Necessary -Recommended Important -Obligatory -Required Mandatory -Proposed -Suggested Urgent - Imperative

Ex : it has been suggested that she leave at once

Nouns :

Demand - Recommendation Insistence - Request Preference - Requirement Proposal -Suggestion

S V Noun That S Simple V

They Refused The request That The prerequisite

Be waived

1. The doctor suggested that she did not smoke

A B C D

2. It is imperative that every student maintains a grade point average of “B” in his

A B C D

Major field.

PREPOSITION

AT ON IN

Time

Street whit no

Number

Specific place

Street

Coast

River

Day

Date

Meens of transport

Month

Year

Country

State

Province

City

Tv / radio / phone

Floor

Room

Building

Park

IN YEAR IN MONTH ON DAY AT TIME

Lyly was born in 1919 in July on sunday at 7:30

1) Many of the famous advertising offices are located in Madison avenue

A B C D

2) Most stures in large American cities close ……. Five or six o’clock on weekdays , but the malls in the suburs stay open much later .

A. At C. On

B. In D. Until

3) Accountants are always busiest on april because both federal and state taxes are due

A B C

on the fifteenth .

D

SUBJUNCTIVE (unreal)

Expectation

Conditional sentence type 2 & 3

S Verb (prs)As if

As thoughS Verb ( past T )

He ACTS As is He Were rich

S Verb (past)As if

As thoughS Verb ( past perfect )

He Talked As though He Had know it

Hope

Unreal expectation

Wish

Ex : she wishes that she didn’t work at BCA

1) Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are , some who have found them wish that they ……… the experience of meeting .

A. Hadn’t C. Hadn’t hadB. Didn’t have had D. Hadn’t have2) The secretary sometimes wishes that she ……… in a big corporation .

A. Worked not C. was not working

B. Does not work D. were not working

ELLIPTIC (agreement)

2 sentences 1 sent

The same element omitted

(+) so / too

There are 2 kinds begitu juga

(-) neither / either

First sentence so + aux + subject

Subj + aux + too

First sentence neither + aux + S

Subject + aux + either

steps : - decide (+) / (-)

-find S

-find AUX .V.

Ex :

(1) Although one of his ships succeeded in sailing all the way back to spain past the cape of good hope , Magellan never completed the first circum navigation of the world , and …..

A. Most of his crew was not either

B. Neither most of hid crew did

C. Neither did most of his crew

D. Most of his crew didn’t neither

(2) He dislikes living in the dormitory , and ……… do his friends .

A. So C. Either

B. Too D. Neither

Modals perfect infinitive past Modals infinitive present

Should have V3 Should V1

Could have V3 Can / could V1

May / might have V3 May / might V1

Must have V3 Must V1

Should not have V3 Should not V 1

1) The ford theather where Lincoln was shot …..

A. Must restore C. must have been restored

B. Must be restore D. must restored

2) Nelson could be won the fight , whit a little more training and a better manager .

A B C D

3) They should ……… to the seminar last week .

A. Had went C. have went

B. Had gone D. have gone

4) We did not see him , so he ……… left early .

A. Has C. must have

B. Had D. should have

ENOUGH

Adjective

+ enough

Adverb

Enough + noun

(noun + enough)

We Have Enough Tickets / money

Tickets / money Enough

S V Adjective Enough Infinitive

It Is Warm Enough To go swimming

1) The definition of “Gram calories” or “calories “ are … .. for most engineering work .A. Accurate as enough C. accurate enough

B. Enough accurate D. as accurate enough

2) Most large corporations provide pensions plans for their employees so that they will be

A

secure enough than to live comfortably during their retirement .

B C D

3) When your body does not get …… , it cannot make the glucose it needs .

A. Enough food C. food enoughly

B. Food as enough D. enough the food

4) As soon as the company has as enough earnings to make up for a bad year , the stockholders of

A B C

cumulative preferred stock receive dividends for the bad year as well as for the

D

PART OF SPEECH

Ajactive ( opinion )

Modifly NOUN

Features :

-ible / able possible -ish childish

-al (n + al) medical -ic specific

Adj + noun -y (n + y ) crazy -ary temporary

-ful (n + ful ) helpful -ive active

-ous ( cusious

-less (n + les ) motionless

Ex : Religious man.

Noun Features - Ity (Adj) - Er/or

- Age (V/Adj) - Ness

-Al (Adj) - Ist

-Ance/Ence - Ment

-Ant - Ion

-Cy

Verb Features - ZE minimize

-FY justify

-EN darken

Endanger

LY (adj ) slowly

Extremely beautifully decorated home .

Ex: absolutely difficult

Adverb He can run quickly

Modify adj

verb

LIST OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE SUBJECT

NOUN 1-2 ELLIPTIC 21

TENSE 3-4 MODALS INFINITIVE 22

CAUSATIVE V. 5 ENOUGH 23

CONJUNCTION 6 DERIVATE 24

PARTICIPLE 6

PARALLEL 7

TO INFINITIVE 8

GERUND 9

EMBEDDED Q 10

COMPARISON 11-12

Good

Hard

Fast

Late

CONDITIONAL 13

RELATIVE P. 14

TAG QUESTION 15

PRONOUN 16

PASSIVE V. 17

SUBJUNCTIVE(THAT) 18

PREPOSITION 19

SUBJUNCTIVE/UNREAL 20

MODALS

LOGICAL CONCLISIONS – EVENTS IN THE PAST

SUBJ MUST HAVE KK3 PAST TIME

MY PAL MUST HAVE CALLED LAST NIGTH

THE SECRET ARE WET ; it should have rained last

(MUST HAVE RAINED)

THE PEN WON’T WRITE ; it can have run out of ink

(MUST HAVE RUN OUT OF)

THE RING that I was looking for is gone; someone else must buy it

(MUST HAVE BOUGHT)

Don’t see MARTHA ANYWHERE; she must be left early

(MUST HAVE LEFT)

EX :

The theory of continental drift assumes that there

long term climatic changes in many area during the past.

A. Must Have Been C. Must Have

B. Must Be D. Must

When the weather becomes colder we know that

A B

the air mass must be originated in the arctic rather than

C D

over the gulf of Mexico.

MEMORANDUM FOR : ALL EMPLOYEES

CC : JHON TOWER / PRESIDENT

FROM : TOM PERALES / VP PERSONNEL

DATE : JULY 3, 19

ONCE AGAIN THIS YEAR, WE WILL PUT IN PLACE POR THE MONTH OF AUGUST OUR SUMMER SHORT WEEK WOEK SCHEDULE. AS IN THE PAST, EACH FRIDAY DURING THE MONTH OF AUGUST,FULL TIME ON SITE EMPLYEES WILL BE ALLOWED TO GO HOME AT 3:00 P.M, RATHER THAN AT 5:00 P.M, EMPLOYEES WILL BE PAID TOR THE ENTIRE DAY. REGULAR EMPLOYEES WHO ARE ILL OR ON VACATION ON ANY OF THE AUGUST FRIDAYS, OR WHO FOR SOME OTHER REASON ARE OFF SITE, WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVATAGE OF THIS BENEFIT.

DURING THIS PERIOD, EMPLOYEES WHO ARE FLIGIBLE FOR THIS BENEFIT WILL MARK THEIR WEEKLY TIME SHEETS AS TIME-OFF WITH - DAY , OR TOWP, FOR TWO HOURS EACH FRIDAY. IF TIME SHEETS ARE NOT PROPERLY MARKED EMPLOYEES EILL NOT BE PAID FOR THE TIME. IF YOU HABE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING THIS MATTER, PLEASE CONTACT OUR SUPERBISOR.

ENJOY YOUR SUMMER

3.HOW MANY HOURS PER WEEK ARE AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ?

A. 2 C. 5

B. 3 D. 10S

9. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING EMPLOYEES IS AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ?

A. AN EMPOLYEE WHO IS ON VACATION

B. A TEMPORARY EMPLOYEE

C. A REGULAR EMPOLYEE WHO WILL RETIRE ON AUGUST 15.

D. A PART TIME EMPLOYEE WHO HAS WORKED FOR THE COMPANY FOR TEN YEARS.