RESPONSES TO RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION:INDUSTRIALIZATION:
The “isms”The “isms”
SOCIALISMSOCIALISMCAPITALISMCAPITALISMSCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM
((MARXISMMARXISM))
Karl MarxKarl MarxAdam SmithAdam Smith Thomas Thomas
MalthusMalthusDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo
Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels
THOMAS THOMAS MALTHUS AND MALTHUS AND POPULATIONPOPULATION
MALTHUS’S THEORYMALTHUS’S THEORY
Food supply increasesarithmetically
Population increasesgeometrically
STARVATION!
MALTHUS’ CHECKS ON MALTHUS’ CHECKS ON POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH
NEGATIVE CHECKS
• LATE MARRIAGES
• CELIBACY/ RESTRAINT
• CONTRACEPTION
POSITIVE CHECKS
• WAR
• FAMINE
• DISEASE
Growth of population cannot be stopped without “misery or vice”!
RICARDO AND RICARDO AND THE IRON LAW OF THE IRON LAW OF
WAGESWAGES
RICARDO’S CYCLERICARDO’S CYCLEPopulation IncreaseGOOD TIMES
Higher Wages
BAD TIMES
Lower WagesPopulation Decline
THE IRON LAW OF WAGESTHE IRON LAW OF WAGES
IMPLICATIONS OF IMPLICATIONS OF MALTHUS & MALTHUS &
RICARDO’S IDEAS?RICARDO’S IDEAS?• Low wages
• Suffering among workers
• Trying to help poor people would only HURT them long-term: Social Darwinism, or the idea that the “fittest” people should control the world, develops
““Philosophers have Philosophers have only interpreted the only interpreted the
world in various ways; world in various ways; the point, however, is the point, however, is
to change it.”to change it.”
- Karl Marx- Karl Marx
Karl MarxKarl Marx1818-18831818-1883
Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels1820-18951820-1895
Communism:Communism:MARXISMMARXISM
History is a series of conflicts between History is a series of conflicts between classes that control means of classes that control means of
production (owners) and those which production (owners) and those which do not (wage-laborers).do not (wage-laborers).
vs.vs.
Karl Marx said:Karl Marx said:
Society (government, religion, moral Society (government, religion, moral values) are ALL designed to support values) are ALL designed to support
the interests of the dominant the interests of the dominant economic class.economic class.
How does the ruling class keep How does the ruling class keep control?control?
Religion “is the opiate
of the masses.”
COMMUNISM:COMMUNISM:MARXISMMARXISM
Believed that history is movingthrough a series of stages …
FEUDALISMFEUDALISM CAPITALISMCAPITALISMSLAVE SLAVE EMPIRESEMPIRES
Victory of Bourgeoisie has set up a new conflict: Victory of Bourgeoisie has set up a new conflict:
COMMUNISM:COMMUNISM:MARXISMMARXISM
PROLETARIAPROLETARIATT
vs.vs.CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
Increased suffering among Proletariat Increased suffering among Proletariat would INEVITABLY lead them to revolt would INEVITABLY lead them to revolt
against the Bourgeoisie.against the Bourgeoisie.
COMMUNISM: MarxismCOMMUNISM: Marxism
THE THE BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE
THE THE PROLETARIATPROLETARIAT
Uh-Oh
Workers would create a society Workers would create a society without social classes where no one without social classes where no one
had any private property.had any private property.
COMMUNISM: COMMUNISM: MarxismMarxism
From each according From each according to his abilities,to his abilities,
to each accordingto each accordingto his needs.to his needs.
““The proletarians have The proletarians have nothing to lose but their nothing to lose but their
chains. They have a chains. They have a world to win. world to win. WORKING WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES,
UNITE!UNITE!””
THE COMMUNIST THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTOMANIFESTO
(1848)(1848)