RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION: The “isms” SOCIALISM CAPITALISM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM) SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM) Karl Marx Adam Smith Thomas.

RESPONSES TO RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION:INDUSTRIALIZATION:

The “isms”The “isms”

SOCIALISMSOCIALISMCAPITALISMCAPITALISMSCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM

((MARXISMMARXISM))

Karl MarxKarl MarxAdam SmithAdam Smith Thomas Thomas

MalthusMalthusDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo

Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels

THOMAS THOMAS MALTHUS AND MALTHUS AND POPULATIONPOPULATION

MALTHUS’S THEORYMALTHUS’S THEORY

Food supply increasesarithmetically

Population increasesgeometrically

STARVATION!

MALTHUS’ CHECKS ON MALTHUS’ CHECKS ON POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH

NEGATIVE CHECKS

• LATE MARRIAGES

• CELIBACY/ RESTRAINT

• CONTRACEPTION

POSITIVE CHECKS

• WAR

• FAMINE

• DISEASE

Growth of population cannot be stopped without “misery or vice”!

RICARDO AND RICARDO AND THE IRON LAW OF THE IRON LAW OF

WAGESWAGES

RICARDO’S CYCLERICARDO’S CYCLEPopulation IncreaseGOOD TIMES

Higher Wages

BAD TIMES

Lower WagesPopulation Decline

THE IRON LAW OF WAGESTHE IRON LAW OF WAGES

IMPLICATIONS OF IMPLICATIONS OF MALTHUS & MALTHUS &

RICARDO’S IDEAS?RICARDO’S IDEAS?• Low wages

• Suffering among workers

• Trying to help poor people would only HURT them long-term: Social Darwinism, or the idea that the “fittest” people should control the world, develops

““Philosophers have Philosophers have only interpreted the only interpreted the

world in various ways; world in various ways; the point, however, is the point, however, is

to change it.”to change it.”

- Karl Marx- Karl Marx

Karl MarxKarl Marx1818-18831818-1883

Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels1820-18951820-1895

Communism:Communism:MARXISMMARXISM

History is a series of conflicts between History is a series of conflicts between classes that control means of classes that control means of

production (owners) and those which production (owners) and those which do not (wage-laborers).do not (wage-laborers).

vs.vs.

Karl Marx said:Karl Marx said:

Society (government, religion, moral Society (government, religion, moral values) are ALL designed to support values) are ALL designed to support

the interests of the dominant the interests of the dominant economic class.economic class.

How does the ruling class keep How does the ruling class keep control?control?

Religion “is the opiate

of the masses.”

COMMUNISM:COMMUNISM:MARXISMMARXISM

Believed that history is movingthrough a series of stages …

FEUDALISMFEUDALISM CAPITALISMCAPITALISMSLAVE SLAVE EMPIRESEMPIRES

Victory of Bourgeoisie has set up a new conflict: Victory of Bourgeoisie has set up a new conflict:

COMMUNISM:COMMUNISM:MARXISMMARXISM

PROLETARIAPROLETARIATT

vs.vs.CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

Increased suffering among Proletariat Increased suffering among Proletariat would INEVITABLY lead them to revolt would INEVITABLY lead them to revolt

against the Bourgeoisie.against the Bourgeoisie.

COMMUNISM: MarxismCOMMUNISM: Marxism

THE THE BOURGEOISIEBOURGEOISIE

THE THE PROLETARIATPROLETARIAT

Uh-Oh

Workers would create a society Workers would create a society without social classes where no one without social classes where no one

had any private property.had any private property.

COMMUNISM: COMMUNISM: MarxismMarxism

From each according From each according to his abilities,to his abilities,

to each accordingto each accordingto his needs.to his needs.

““The proletarians have The proletarians have nothing to lose but their nothing to lose but their

chains. They have a chains. They have a world to win. world to win. WORKING WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES,

UNITE!UNITE!””

THE COMMUNIST THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTOMANIFESTO

(1848)(1848)