• Lincoln’s plan
• Radical Republicans
Reconstruction
“Radicals” Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, and Benjamin Wade
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Johnson’s Impeachment
Reconstruction (continued)
Thaddeus Stevens closing the debate on Johnson’s impeachment
• Originally organized as a social club for Confederate veterans • Top goal became assuring white supremacy• Violent tactics• Decline of the KKK• Revivals in the 1920s, 1950s and 1960s
The Ku Klux Klan
Former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the KKK
• Many freedmen couldn’t afford their own land
• Sharecropping: landholders divided their property into plots and provided farmers on each plot with seed and farm implements to work the land
• The sharecropper used a portion of his crop to pay the landholder
• Landholders often abused the system
Sharecropping
• Named after a popular minstrel show song
• Laws that limited black voting• Laws that instituted racial
segregation
Jim Crow Laws
• Involved a Louisiana African American man arrested for refusing to leave a “whites only” train car
• Supreme Court rules against Plessy
• “Separate but equal”
Plessy v. Ferguson
Booker T. Washington
and W.E.B. Du Bois• Differing ideas on how blacks
could best achieve full equality and on African American education
• Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality
• Du Bois: blacks should strive to achieve immediate equality with whites in all aspects of American life
The Ghost Dance
• Westward expansion—Indians gradually lose their lands
• The “Ghost Dance”
• Sitting Bull and the Sioux
• Wounded Knee
Jane Addams and Hull House
• Jane Addams
• “Settlement” houses/Hull House
• Provided activities and services for poor immigrants
Jane Addams
Immigrant children at Hull House
• Combinations• Vertical and
horizontal integration
• Trusts• Holding
companies
Gilded Age Business Practices
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Horizontal Consolidation
Coke fields
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
Ships
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
Ships
Railroads
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Vertical Consolidation
• Attempted to combat “illegal restraint of trade”
• Flaws
• Didn’t truly become effective until the early 1900s
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Natural selection
• “Survival of the fittest” as applied to the business world
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
William Graham Sumner
• 1898: U.S. Industrial Commission
• Teddy Roosevelt decides to aggressively file antitrust actions
“Trustbusting”
• National Labor Union
• Knights of Labor
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Early Labor Unions
Samuel Gompers
Terence V. Powderly
• Imperialism: strong nations extend their influence (economic, political, military) over other territories or nations
• Proponents• Anti-Imperialists
Imperialism
Spanish-American War
• 1898: Causes: • Yellow Journalism,
USS Maine sunk• Fighting in Cuba &
Philippines• Results: U.S. gains
Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines & Cuba=Independent