World War 1 Era Alliances were kept to keep a balance of power Triple Alliance
Created by Otto von Bismarck
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente France, Britain,
and Russia
World War 1 Era
Outbreak of war was extremely possible, everyone was preparing
Schlieffen Plan: Called for attack on France through Belgium
Archduke Francis Ferdinand At left Ruled Austria-Hungary Assassinated by Garilo Princip
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
World War 1 Era Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary Alliances entered the war United States
Neutral (isolationism/focus on internal affairs) German sub sank British passenger line (The Lusitania) Zimmerman Telegram
Germany urging Mexico to take up arms Intercepted by the U.S.
Entered on side of the Allies
World War 1 Era Central Powers:
Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire
Allies: Britain France Russia Italy United States
Millions of soldiers and civilians died Women worked in factories Treaty of Versailles:
Ended WW1 Germany had to pay reparations, release
territory, and downsize its military Divided Austria-Hungary
World War 1 Era
World War 1 Era Fourteen Points:
Woodrow Wilson Wanted peace and balance of power
League of Nations Wanted to preserve peace Not many nations joined, thought it was dumb
World War 1 Era Russian Revolution:
Poverty in Russia Czar Nicholas abdicated throne Alexander Kerensky
established a provisional government
Soviets local councils
Bolsheviks Socialist party Vladimir Lenin ruled party
(at right)
World War 1 Era Russian Revolution ct’d:
April Theses Lenin Demanded peace
Bolsheviks took over government Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Armistice with Germany Russia dropped out of WW1
Red Army Commanded by Leon Trotsky Military force
World War 1 Era Turks:
Mustafa Kemal Aka Ataturk Led military campaigns against Greeks Overthrew Ottoman sultan 1st president of modern Turkey
World War 2 Era
Soviet Union: New Economic Policy
Helped agriculture Lenin died-Joseph Stalin took over
Stopped NEP Instituted 5-yr plans (collectivization) Totalitarian and Communist USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Industrialized Great Purges
Enemies of Lenin were killed
World War 2 Era The Great Depression:
WW1 = expensive (warfare and rebuilding)
Americans lent Europe $$$ (France and Germany)
Loans couldn’t be repaid October 29, 1929:
STOCK MARKET CRASH Hurt governments Franklin Roosevelt
Became president of U.S.
World War 2 Era Italy:
Benito Mussolini founded Fascism National Fascist Party
Black shirts Fought communist and socialist organizations
Mussolini seized government
World War 2 Era German emperor abdicated Weimar Republic
Democratic republic Reichstag
Elected body
National Socialist Party (Nazis) rose to power
Adolf Hitler headed Nazis Established the 3rd Reich
Fascist government under Hitler
World War 2 Era Francisco Franco
Took over Spain Supported by Italy and Germany
Hitler: took back Rhineland
Area taken away after WW1 rebuilt German military
Violated Treaty of Versailles, no one cared Annexed Austria Munich Conference of 1939
Gave Sudetenland to Germany if Hitler promised to stop expanding Appeasement policy
Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany would not invade Soviet Union if they turned their backs to
Germany’s military
World War 2 Era Japan
Thriving economy Invaded Manchuria, renamed it Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact
Alliance with Germany, against Russian Communism
Rape of Nanjing Pillaging in China
World War 2 Era Blitzkrieg
Lightening war; used by Germany Used to take France
Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Britain
Battle of Britain Air bombing campaign used by Germany against Britain British won
Tripartite Pact Rome, Berlin, and Germany
Pearl Harbor December 7,1941 Japan bombed Hawaii
World War 2 Era Manhattan Project
Development of Atomic Bomb D-day
English, American, and Canadian forces landed on Normandy beaches Liberated France
President Truman Ordered dropping of Atomic Bomb Believed it would end the war sooner, with less
casualties than a prolonged war Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Sites in Japan where Atomic Bomb was dropped
World War 2 Era Holocaust
“The Final Solution” 6 million Jews killed
Japan became a democracy Marshall Plan
U.S. offered $$$ to European countries
Women gained more rights Formed the U.N.
Communism and the Cold War
Soviet Union vs.. United States Yalta and Potsdam conferences:
Europe would be divided into spheres of influence occupied by the Allies
Germany was divided between the U.S., France, Britain, and the Soviet Union
West Germany: U.S., France, and Britain Soviets cut off access from West Germany to Berlin with the
Berlin Blockade Berlin Airlift
Sent food and fuel to those in Berlin from West Germany
Communism and the Cold War
Soviet Bloc Soviet Satellites
Western Bloc Western Europe
Truman Doctrine Stated the U.S. would help countries threatened by Communists
(containment policy) NATO
Western Military alliance North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact Alliance of Soviet Bloc
Communism and the Cold War
Sun Yat-sen At right Led Chinese Revolution of 1911 Kuomintang
Political party Three Principles of the People
Nationalism Socialism democracy
Chiang Kai-Shek Successor to Yat-sen
Communism and the Cold War
Mao Zedong Rallied peasants to gain power Established the Republic of
China (became the People’s Republic of China)
Great Leap Forward Communes were created
to strengthen agriculture
Communism and the Cold War
Mao Zedong ct’d: Cultural Revolution
De-Westernized China Discouraged ruling class Schools were shut down,
many people were killed Red Guards Little Red Book
Deng Xiaoping: replaced Zedong Tiananmen Square Massacre
Government open fired on protesters
Communism and the Cold War
Korea: Korea is part of Japan before WW2 Korea became occupied by the U.S. and USSR Two separate governments established
North Korea = communist South Korea = democracy North Korea attacked South Korea
General MacArthur led U.N. forces, helping South Korea, but eventually China came in on the side of the North until an armistice could be reached
Communism and the Cold War
Vietnam: Vietminh fought against French control of Vietnam Vietnam became divided Ho Chi Minh
At right Communist Led the North
Ngo Dihn Diem President of the democratic south
France and United States fought for the South, led to reunification of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh
Communism and the Cold War
Cuba: Platt Amendment
U.S. could remain involved in Cuban affairs Batista dictatorship
Supported by U.S. Fidel Castro
At right Overthrew Batista Communist
Cuban Revolution Overthrow of Batista
President Kennedy Authorized Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Exiles sought to overthrow Castro, didn’t work
Communism and the Cold War
Cuba: Cuban Revolution
Overthrow of Batista
President Kennedy Authorized Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Exiles sought to overthrow Castro, didn’t work
Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet Union installed missiles in Cuba Kennedy applied a naval blockade around Cuba Soviets removed missiles for the promise that the U.S.
wouldn’t invade Cuba
Communism and the Cold War
Poland Solidarity movement
Strike for economic reform Led by Lech Walesa Tadeusz Mazowiecki became a prime minister who
was for the movement
Communism fell apart
Communism and the Cold War
German Reunification East Germany cut ties with the USSR and united with West
Germany Berlin Wall fell in 1989 Now a modern democratic society
Communism and the Cold War
Collapse of Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985
Glasnost (openness) Perestroika (restructuring) Many reforms
Ethnic cleansing many countries fell from the soviets power, but some did
not Yugoslavia: Muslims were slaughtered by Serbians
Soviet bloc disbanded, ending with the start of Russia
Independence Movements
India Indian National Congress and Muslim league were
formed to resist colonization Amritsar massacre
Many Indians were slaughtered with provoking the British during a peaceful protest
Mohandas Gandhi became the movements voice Britain granted independence to Britain after WW2
Independence Movements
Africa Northern African gained independence first Gamal Nassar helped to gain Egypt’s independence Southern Africa had little resources to help gain
independence Rwanda
Tutsi governed the larger Hutu population Hutu’s revolted after Rwanda gained independence Hutu’s ruled, but then civil war and genocide broke out
Independence Movements
South Africa Union of South Africa
Combination of British and Dutch ruled colonies, whites had the power
Apartheid system Divided whites and blacks
Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress against apartheid
Apartheid abolished in 1994
Independence Movements
Israel Zionists
Jewish nationalists Arthur Balfour
Balfour Declaration Stated right for a Jewish homeland
in Palestine David Ben-Gurion
1st prime minister Arabs uneasy of Jewish neighbors,
wanted their land back Six Day War
Jews won territory from Arabs Camp David Accords
Israel pulled out of some Arab territory, Arab prime minister recognized Israel as a state
Other Important Stuff
OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Taliban Violent Islamic fundamentalist regime
Al Queda International terrorist network Led by Osama Bin Ladin
Trading blocks North American Free Trade Agreement European Union