Remnants of disappearing Southern dialect features: areas maintaining the distinction of four vs. for, dew vs. do, which vs. witch and vocalization of /r/
Project on Cross-Dialectal Comprehension: Gating Experiment 2
Word Phrase Sentence
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3. _________ ________________ ___________________________
4. _________ ________________ ___________________________
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The Southern Shift
sit
set
satate
seat
sight
The Southern Shift
hit
kids
set
bed
Dannygrade
beatin’
Guy
wipin’
The Southern Shift
The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Thelma M., 31,
Birmingham, TS 341
The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Thelma M., 31, Birmingham, TS 341
The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga, Tennessee, TS 612
The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, TS 612
The Southern Shift
beatin’
grade
Guy
wipin’
hit
kids
set
bed
Danny
beatin’
Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Belle M., 67 [1995], Birmingham TS 340
Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Sheldon M, 31, [1996], Lubbock TX, TS 542
Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Matthew D., 45, [1996], Charlotte NC, TS 483
Map 18.2. The South defined by monophthongization of /ay/
Fig. 18.1. Percent monophthongization of /ay/
Map 18.4. Monophthongization of /ay/ in 1940s and 1990s
Map 18.6. Stages 2 and 3 of the Southern Shift
Fig. 18.2. Outer limits of stage 1 of the Southern Shift
Figure 18.2. The second stage of the Southern Shift
Stage 2 of the Southern Shift
Figure 18.4. The third stage of the Southern Shift
Fig. 18.9. The Southern Shift of /ay/, /ey/ and /iy/ highlighted in the normalized means of 402
Telsur speakers displayed by Plotnik Major
Fig. 18.6. Percent back upglide with /oh/
Figure 18.5. The Southern Shift and the low back upglide
Fig. 18.6. Percent back upglide with /oh/
The Southern Shift
sit
set
satate
seat
sight
Southern England, Australia, New Zealand, Outer Banks (U.S.)
Southern U.S.
Southern Shift correlations
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation: NonSouthEYC2 IYC2 AY0GN AYGN IYC1 EYC1
EYC2 1IYC2 0.323 1AY0GN 0.007 0.039 1AYGN -0.14 -0.06 0.052 1IYC1 -0.16 0.31 -0.08 0.12 1EYC1 0.055 -0.02 0.029 0.201 0.232 1
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation: SouthEYC2 IYC2 AY0GN AYGN IYC1 EYC1
EYC2 1IYC2 0.769 1AY0GN -0.42 -0.32 1AYGN -0.57 -0.47 0.518 1IYC1 -0.44 -0.54 0.281 0.412 1EYC1 -0.56 -0.36 0.204 0.434 0.49 1
Areas of borderers settlement
[Hackett 1989]
Settlement patterns of four regional cultures
Yankee Virginia Quaker Upland South
Settlement Towns Plantations Farm Isolatedvillages clusters
House location Roadside Setback Corner-Creek
clusters & spring
Internal Low Moderate High Very high migration
Persistence 75-96% 50-75% 40-60% 25-40% David Hackett Fisher, Albion’s Seed, p. 814
Slave and free states
Confederate States of America[light green: claimed but no formal control
The Midland and South re-defined on the basis of phonology