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SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP 3182
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and
Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010
By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon, 2011
Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1996, 1:100,000Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionNational American Datum of 1983
LAKE OKEECHOBEE
Ap p
r ox
i m
at e
up
di p
l im
i to
ft h
eF l o
r i da n
Aq u i f e r
S y s t e m
Printed on recycled paper Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not
This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may varybetween electronic plotters and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may changesize due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and proportions may not be true on plots of this map.For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225,1–888–ASK–USGS (275-8747).Digital files available at http://fl.water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/publications.htmlSuggested Citation: Kinnaman, S.L., and Dixon, J.F., 2011 Potentiometric Surface of the Upper FloridanAquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Scientific Investigations Map 3182[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3182/].
imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
MAP AREA
FLORIDA
SOUTHCAROLINA
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
AT
LA
NT
IC O
CE
AN
AT
LA
NT
IC
OC
EA
N
GU
LF
OF
ME
XIC
O
0 20 40 60 80 MILES
0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS
North American Datum of 1983
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric contour – Shows altitude at which water level would
have stood in tightly cased wells. Hachures indicate depressions.
Contour interval interval 10 feet. Vertical datum is National Geodetic
Vertical Datum of 1929. Datum of 1929. Dashed where inferred
Measuring-point datum
is referenced to benchmark datum
Measuring-point datum is
referenced to benchmark datum. Brackish to saline water, not contoured
Surveyed well with known open-hole interval –
Surveyed well with known open-hole interval –
50
INTRODUCTION
The Floridan aquifer system covers nearly 100,000 square miles in the southeastern United States throughout Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, and is one of the most productive aquifers in the world (Miller, 1990). This sequence of carbonate rocks is hydraulically connected and is over 3,000 feet thick in south Florida and thins toward the north. Typically, this sequence is subdivided into the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confi ning unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. The majority of freshwater is contained in the Upper Floridan aquifer and is used for water supply (Miller, 1986). The Lower Floridan aquifer contains fresh to brackish water in northeastern Florida and Georgia, while in south Florida it is saline. The potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in May–June 2010 shown on this map was constructed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study (U.S. Geological Survey database, 2011). Previous synoptic measurements and regional potentiometric maps of the Upper Floridan aquifer were prepared for May 1980 (Johnston and others, 1981) and May 1985 (Bush and others, 1986) as part of the Floridan Regional Aquifer System Analysis.
POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
The potentiometric surface is an imaginary surface connecting points of equal altitude to which water will rise in tightly cased wells that tap a confi ned aquifer system (Lohman, 1979).The surface in this map is defi ned by potentiometric contours, which are lines of constant altitude on the potentiometric surface. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measure-ments collected at 1,753 wells during May 2–June 23, 2010 (Kinnaman, 2011). These measurement collections included 1,266 wells in Florida, 428 in Georgia, 45 in South Carolina, and 14 in Alabama. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. Potentiometric contours were not extended south of Charlotte, Glades, and Martin Counties in Florida. Brackish to saline water present within the Upper Floridan aquifer in this area affects the water density and water levels; therefore, only locations of measured artesian pressure are indicated on the map.
The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer can fl uctuate over time in response to rainfall, and more locally in response to groundwater withdrawals. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to, but are not limited to, topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Groundwater discharge is refl ected by depressions in the poten-tiometric surface such as near springs, large wells, reaches of streams or rivers that are hydraulically connected, or along the coast. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally fl ows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge, with great appreciation, those who assisted in the project planning, data collection, and interpretive review of the potentiometric-surface map. Water-level measurements were made by personnel of the Alachua County Environmental Protection Department, Florida Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Alabama, Northwest Florida Water Management District, St. Johns River Water Management District, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, South Florida Water Management District, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Suwannee River Water Management District, Tampa Bay Water, U.S. Geological Survey Florida Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center, and the U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Water Science Center. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division Agricultural Permitting Unit and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service also provided valuable support. This report is the result of their collective contributions.
REFERENCES CITED
Bush, P.W., Barr, G.L., Clarke, J.S., and Johnston, R.H., 1986, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86–4316, 1 sheet. Johnston, R.H., Healy, H.G., and Hayes, L.R., 1981, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81–486, 1 sheet. Kinnaman, S.L., 2011, Synoptic water-level measurements of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May–June 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Report 639. Lohman, S.W., 1979, Ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 72 p. Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1403–B, 91 p. Miller, J.A., 1990, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730–G, 28 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study: U.S. Geological Survey database, accessed September 6, 2011, at http://fl .water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/.
By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon
2011
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010
Product of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey