Macon Tampa Miami Orlando Charleston Montgomery Tallahassee Jacksonville Savannah POLK MIAMI-DADE LAKE COLLIER LEVY MARION LEE BAY BALDWIN AIKEN PALM BEACH LEE WARE CLARKE OSCEOLA PIKE HENDRY BIBB TAYLOR VOLUSIA LEON DIXIE CLAY HALE WALTON BURKE DALLAS GLADES CLAY DUVAL ORANGE MONROE BROWARD WILCOX BERKELEY PASCO CLINCH DALE GULF PERRY ALACHUA SHELBY LIBERTY JACKSON BUTLER PUTNAM TUSCALOOSA COLLETON COOSA MARENGO LEE HIGHLANDS ESCAMBIA BARBOUR WAYNE MONROE BAKER COVINGTON JASPER BREVARD LAURENS MACON HENRY COFFEE CONECUH MARTIN CITRUS CHILTON OKALOOSA EARLY WORTH SANTA ROSA HARDEE ELMORE MANATEE LONG COFFEE MADISON NASSAU LOWNDES GENEVA BULLOCH CHARLTON EMANUEL RUSSELL DE SOTO DODGE SUMTER SCREVEN BULLOCK DECATUR GRADY TROUP BRYAN THOMAS HILLSBOROUGH WAKULLA AUTAUGA OKEECHOBEE HARRIS TIFT SUWANNEE HOUSTON LIBERTY IRWIN DOOLY JONES BROOKS GLYNN ST LUCIE SUMTER CALHOUN HOLMES APPLING HAMPTON BIBB MACON CHAMBERS COLQUITT COWETA SARASOTA FLAGLER TELFAIR ECHOLS LOWNDES GADSDEN RANDOLPH FRANKLIN BAKER BARNWELL BERRIEN WASHINGTON MITCHELL JASPER TAYLOR TALBOT WILCOX STEWART LAFAYETTE HANCOCK HAMILTON UPSON PIKE MONROE CRISP PIERCE HEARD CHARLOTTE HERNANDO BRANTLEY CLAY PUTNAM COOK JENKINS BACON UNION BAMBERG MILLER TURNER ATKINSON SEMINOLE JOHNSON CALHOUN BUTTS DOUGHERTY COLUMBIA ESCAMBIA TALLADEGA TALLAPOOSA ST JOHNS MONTGOMERY CRENSHAW JEFFERSON TATTNALL MARION WASHINGTON JEFFERSON TOOMBS TWIGGS CHARLESTON CHATHAM DORCHESTER EFFINGHAM MCINTOSH RANDOLPH WILKINSON HOUSTON MERIWETHER TERRELL ALLENDALE INDIAN RIVER GILCHRIST WHEELER RICHMOND BALDWIN PULASKI EVANS JEFF DAVIS LAMAR CRAWFORD CANDLER LANIER BRADFORD BEN HILL SEMINOLE PEACH WEBSTER SCHLEY BLECKLEY BEAUFORT MUSCOGEE TREUTLEN QUITMAN SPAULDING MONTGOMERY CHATTAHOOCHEE GLASCOCK BRYAN CAMDEN PINELLAS 90 90 -40 -40 -50 -50 -60 -60 -70 -70 210 210 190 190 150 150 -10 -10 -20 -20 -30 -30 -80 -80 170 170 150 150 70 70 200 200 180 180 190 190 200 200 190 190 90 90 60 60 100 100 120 120 130 130 140 140 100 100 110 110 140 140 120 120 130 130 160 160 80 80 90 90 100 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 160 160 170 170 180 180 100 100 110 110 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 70 70 60 60 250 250 310 310 320 320 330 330 210 210 290 290 210 210 280 280 190 190 240 240 260 260 270 270 280 280 290 290 300 300 290 290 60 60 160 160 140 140 150 150 180 180 170 170 200 200 210 210 220 220 230 230 20 20 0 0 10 10 0 0 30 30 10 10 80 80 0 0 -10 -10 20 20 90 90 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 30 30 70 70 50 50 70 70 50 50 60 60 70 70 70 70 80 80 70 70 50 50 70 70 60 60 120 120 60 60 100 100 50 50 10 10 70 70 80 80 110 110 30 30 30 30 90 90 30 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 70 70 20 20 80 80 40 40 30 30 40 40 50 50 20 20 10 10 60 60 50 50 30 30 20 20 10 10 30 30 50 50 20 20 40 40 40 40 50 50 80 80 60 60 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 20 20 10 10 0 0 40 40 10 10 50 50 90 90 80 80 60 60 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 70 70 110 110 180 180 200 200 210 210 220 220 230 230 -50 -50 -60 -60 -70 -70 40 40 30 30 10 10 20 20 -40 -40 -30 -30 -20 -20 0 0 -10 -10 10 10 50 50 0 0 60 60 150 150 160 160 190 190 100 100 140 140 130 130 120 120 80 80 170 170 40 40 80° 81° 82° 83° 84° 85° 86° 87° 33° 32° 31° 30° 29° 28° 27° 26° 25° SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP 3182 Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010 By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon, 2011 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1996, 1:100,000 Albers Equal-Area Conic projection National American Datum of 1983 LAKE OKEECHOBEE App r o x i m at e u p d i p lim i t o f t h e Flor ida n A q u i f e r S y st e m Printed on recycled paper Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may vary between electronic plotters and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may change size due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and proportions may not be true on plots of this map. For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS (275-8747). Digital files available at http://fl.water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/publications.html Suggested Citation: Kinnaman, S.L., and Dixon, J.F., 2011 Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3182 [http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3182/]. imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. MAP AREA FLORIDA SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA ALABAMA ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN GULF OF MEXICO 0 20 40 60 80 MILES 0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS North American Datum of 1983 EXPLANATION Potentiometric contour – Shows altitude at which water level would have stood in tightly cased wells. Hachures indicate depressions. Contour interval interval 10 feet. Vertical datum is National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. Datum of 1929. Dashed where inferred Measuring-point datum is referenced to benchmark datum Measuring-point datum is referenced to benchmark datum. Brackish to saline water, not contoured Surveyed well with known open-hole interval – Surveyed well with known open-hole interval – 50 INTRODUCTION The Floridan aquifer system covers nearly 100,000 square miles in the southeastern United States throughout Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, and is one of the most productive aquifers in the world (Miller, 1990). This sequence of carbonate rocks is hydraulically connected and is over 3,000 feet thick in south Florida and thins toward the north. Typically, this sequence is subdivided into the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. The majority of freshwater is contained in the Upper Floridan aquifer and is used for water supply (Miller, 1986). The Lower Floridan aquifer contains fresh to brackish water in northeastern Florida and Georgia, while in south Florida it is saline. The potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in May–June 2010 shown on this map was constructed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study (U.S. Geological Survey database, 2011). Previous synoptic measurements and regional potentiometric maps of the Upper Floridan aquifer were prepared for May 1980 (Johnston and others, 1981) and May 1985 (Bush and others, 1986) as part of the Floridan Regional Aquifer System Analysis. POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE The potentiometric surface is an imaginary surface connecting points of equal altitude to which water will rise in tightly cased wells that tap a confined aquifer system (Lohman, 1979).The surface in this map is defined by potentiometric contours, which are lines of constant altitude on the potentiometric surface. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measure- ments collected at 1,753 wells during May 2–June 23, 2010 (Kinnaman, 2011). These measurement collections included 1,266 wells in Florida, 428 in Georgia, 45 in South Carolina, and 14 in Alabama. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. Potentiometric contours were not extended south of Charlotte, Glades, and Martin Counties in Florida. Brackish to saline water present within the Upper Floridan aquifer in this area affects the water density and water levels; therefore, only locations of measured artesian pressure are indicated on the map. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer can fluctuate over time in response to rainfall, and more locally in response to groundwater withdrawals. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to, but are not limited to, topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Groundwater discharge is reflected by depressions in the poten- tiometric surface such as near springs, large wells, reaches of streams or rivers that are hydraulically connected, or along the coast. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge, with great appreciation, those who assisted in the project planning, data collection, and interpretive review of the potentiometric-surface map. Water-level measurements were made by personnel of the Alachua County Environmental Protection Department, Florida Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Alabama, Northwest Florida Water Management District, St. Johns River Water Management District, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, South Florida Water Management District, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Suwannee River Water Management District, Tampa Bay Water, U.S. Geological Survey Florida Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center, and the U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Water Science Center. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division Agricultural Permitting Unit and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service also provided valuable support. This report is the result of their collective contributions. REFERENCES CITED Bush, P.W., Barr, G.L., Clarke, J.S., and Johnston, R.H., 1986, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86–4316, 1 sheet. Johnston, R.H., Healy, H.G., and Hayes, L.R., 1981, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81–486, 1 sheet. Kinnaman, S.L., 2011, Synoptic water-level measurements of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May–June 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Report 639. Lohman, S.W., 1979, Ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 72 p. Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1403–B, 91 p. Miller, J.A., 1990, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730–G, 28 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study: U.S. Geological Survey database, accessed September 6, 2011, at http://fl.water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/. By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon 2011 Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010 Product of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
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Macon
Tampa
Miami
Orlando
Charleston
Montgomery
TallahasseeJacksonville
Savannah
POLK
MIAMI-DADE
LAKE
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LEVY
MARION
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DIXIE
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BURKE
DALLAS
GLADES
CLAY
DUVAL
ORANGE
MONROE
BROWARD
WILCOX
BERKELEY
PASCO
CLINCH
DALE
GULF
PERRY
ALACHUA
SHELBY
LIBERTY
JACKSON
BUTLER
PUTNAM
TUSCALOOSA
COLLETON
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MA
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LEE
HIGHLANDS
ESCAMBIA
BARBOUR
WAYNE
MONROE
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JASPER
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LAURENS
MACON
HENRY
COFFEE
CONECUH
MARTIN
CITRUS
CHILTON
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WORTH
SANTA
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MANATEE
LONG
COFFEE
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LOWNDES
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BULLOCH
CHARLTON
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RUSSELL
DE SOTO
DODGE
SUMTER
SCREVEN
BULLOCK
DECATUR
GRADY
TROUP
BRYAN
THOMAS
HILLSBOROUGH
WAKULLA
AUTAUGA
OKEECHOBEE
HARRIS
TIFT
SUWANNEE
HOUSTON
LIBERTY
IRWIN
DOOLY
JONES
BROOKS
GLYNN
ST LUCIE
SUMTER
CALHOUN
HOLMES
APPLING
HAMPTONBIBB
MACON
CHAMBERS
COLQUITT
COWETA
SARASOTA
FLAGLER
TELFAIR
ECHOLS
LOWNDES
GADSDEN
RANDOLPH
FRANKLIN
BAKER
BARNWELL
BERRIEN
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LAFAYETTE
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HAMILTON
UPSON
PIKE
MONROE
CRISP
PIERCE
HEARD
CHARLOTTE
HERNANDO
BRANTLEY
CLAY
PUTNAM
COOK
JENKINS
BACON
UNION
BAMBERG
MILLER
TURNER
ATKINSON
SEMINOLE
JOHNSON
CALHOUN
BUTTS
DOUGHERTY
COLUMBIA
ESCAMBIA
TALLADEGA
TALLAPOOSA
ST JOHNS
MONTGOMERY
CRENSHAW
JEFFERSON
TATTNALL
MARION
WASHINGTON
JEFFERSON
TOOMBS
TWIGGS
CHARLESTON
CHATHAM
DORCHESTER
EFFINGHAM
MCINTOSH
RANDOLPH
WILKINSON
HOUSTON
MERIWETHER
TERRELL
ALLENDALE
INDIAN RIVER
GILCHRIST
WHEELER
RICHMOND
BALDWIN
PULASKI
EVANS
JEFF DAVIS
LAMAR
CRAWFORD
CANDLER
LANIER
BRADFORD
BEN HILL
SEMINOLE
PEACH
WEBSTER
SCHLEY
BLECKLEYBEAUFORT
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SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP 3182
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and
Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010
By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon, 2011
Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1996, 1:100,000Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionNational American Datum of 1983
LAKE OKEECHOBEE
Ap p
r ox
i m
at e
up
di p
l im
i to
ft h
eF l o
r i da n
Aq u i f e r
S y s t e m
Printed on recycled paper Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not
This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may varybetween electronic plotters and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may changesize due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and proportions may not be true on plots of this map.For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225,1–888–ASK–USGS (275-8747).Digital files available at http://fl.water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/publications.htmlSuggested Citation: Kinnaman, S.L., and Dixon, J.F., 2011 Potentiometric Surface of the Upper FloridanAquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Scientific Investigations Map 3182[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3182/].
imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
MAP AREA
FLORIDA
SOUTHCAROLINA
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
AT
LA
NT
IC O
CE
AN
AT
LA
NT
IC
OC
EA
N
GU
LF
OF
ME
XIC
O
0 20 40 60 80 MILES
0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS
North American Datum of 1983
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric contour – Shows altitude at which water level would
have stood in tightly cased wells. Hachures indicate depressions.
Contour interval interval 10 feet. Vertical datum is National Geodetic
Vertical Datum of 1929. Datum of 1929. Dashed where inferred
Measuring-point datum
is referenced to benchmark datum
Measuring-point datum is
referenced to benchmark datum. Brackish to saline water, not contoured
Surveyed well with known open-hole interval –
Surveyed well with known open-hole interval –
50
INTRODUCTION
The Floridan aquifer system covers nearly 100,000 square miles in the southeastern United States throughout Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, and is one of the most productive aquifers in the world (Miller, 1990). This sequence of carbonate rocks is hydraulically connected and is over 3,000 feet thick in south Florida and thins toward the north. Typically, this sequence is subdivided into the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confi ning unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. The majority of freshwater is contained in the Upper Floridan aquifer and is used for water supply (Miller, 1986). The Lower Floridan aquifer contains fresh to brackish water in northeastern Florida and Georgia, while in south Florida it is saline. The potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in May–June 2010 shown on this map was constructed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study (U.S. Geological Survey database, 2011). Previous synoptic measurements and regional potentiometric maps of the Upper Floridan aquifer were prepared for May 1980 (Johnston and others, 1981) and May 1985 (Bush and others, 1986) as part of the Floridan Regional Aquifer System Analysis.
POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE
The potentiometric surface is an imaginary surface connecting points of equal altitude to which water will rise in tightly cased wells that tap a confi ned aquifer system (Lohman, 1979).The surface in this map is defi ned by potentiometric contours, which are lines of constant altitude on the potentiometric surface. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measure-ments collected at 1,753 wells during May 2–June 23, 2010 (Kinnaman, 2011). These measurement collections included 1,266 wells in Florida, 428 in Georgia, 45 in South Carolina, and 14 in Alabama. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. Potentiometric contours were not extended south of Charlotte, Glades, and Martin Counties in Florida. Brackish to saline water present within the Upper Floridan aquifer in this area affects the water density and water levels; therefore, only locations of measured artesian pressure are indicated on the map.
The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer can fl uctuate over time in response to rainfall, and more locally in response to groundwater withdrawals. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to, but are not limited to, topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Groundwater discharge is refl ected by depressions in the poten-tiometric surface such as near springs, large wells, reaches of streams or rivers that are hydraulically connected, or along the coast. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally fl ows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge, with great appreciation, those who assisted in the project planning, data collection, and interpretive review of the potentiometric-surface map. Water-level measurements were made by personnel of the Alachua County Environmental Protection Department, Florida Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Alabama, Northwest Florida Water Management District, St. Johns River Water Management District, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, South Florida Water Management District, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Suwannee River Water Management District, Tampa Bay Water, U.S. Geological Survey Florida Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center, and the U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Water Science Center. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division Agricultural Permitting Unit and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service also provided valuable support. This report is the result of their collective contributions.
REFERENCES CITED
Bush, P.W., Barr, G.L., Clarke, J.S., and Johnston, R.H., 1986, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86–4316, 1 sheet. Johnston, R.H., Healy, H.G., and Hayes, L.R., 1981, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81–486, 1 sheet. Kinnaman, S.L., 2011, Synoptic water-level measurements of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May–June 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Report 639. Lohman, S.W., 1979, Ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 72 p. Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1403–B, 91 p. Miller, J.A., 1990, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730–G, 28 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Floridan Aquifer System Groundwater Availability Study: U.S. Geological Survey database, accessed September 6, 2011, at http://fl .water.usgs.gov/FASWAM/.
By Sandra L. Kinnaman and Joann F. Dixon
2011
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Florida and Parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, May – June 2010
Product of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
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