Pigeonpea Indigenous Germplasm:
Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity
Mapping and Gap analysis
Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection,
ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,
New Delhi- 110 012
Pigeonpea Indigenous Germplasm:
Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity
Mapping and Gap analysis
Analysed and Compiled by
DP Semwal and SP Ahlawat
Technical assistance
Shashi Kant Sharma and OP Dhariwal
Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,
New Delhi- 110 012
© NBPGR, 2016
Compiled & Edited by:
DP Semwal and SP Ahlawat
Technical Assistance:
Shalshi Kant Sharma and OP Dhariwal
Layout and Design : Shashi K Sharma
Citation :
DP Semwal amd SP Ahlawat (2016) Pigeonpea Indigenous
Germplasm: Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity Mapping
and Gap Analysis. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New
Delhi 110012 , p 35
Published by:
The Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,
Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012
Contents
Chapters Pages No.
Introduction 1
Distribution and production of pigeonpea 1
Origin and Taxonomy 2
Pigeonpea genepool 3
Diversity in pigeonpea 4
Material and Methods 4
Germplasm collection 5
Germplasm conserved in Genebank 6
Mapping of diversity collected in pigeonpea 6
Collection and conversation status in different States
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
Bihar
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Chhattisgarh
Arunachal Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Odisha
Kerala
Uttarakhand
Tripura
Mizoram
West Bengal
8
8
9
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
Other States 21
Pigeonpea landraces collected vs conserved 21
Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea 22
Conclusions 24
Acknowledgements 24
References 24
Annexures I
i. List of tables
Table 1 Area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in major states
during 2012-13.
Table 2 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved of from different
states of the country.
Tables 3-20 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different
states in India.
Table 21 Status of conserved landrace from different states of India.
Table 22 Promising accessions and area identified for trait-specific
germplasm of pigeonpea in India.
ii. List of figures
Figure 1 Variability in flowers in pigeonpea
Figure 2 Variability in pod colour of pigeonpea
Figure 3 Variability in pods of pigeonpea
Figure 4 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different
states of the India
Figure 5 Geo-referenced map showing distribution of pigeonpea in
different agro-ecological zones of India.
Figure 6 Collection sites of pigeonpea along with soil types and
topographic maps (altitude)
Figure 7 Collection sites of pigeonpea along with environmental
variables (rainfall, temp.)
Figure 8-17 Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea germplasm collected from
different states in India.
Figure 18 Shrubby form of Cajanus cajan in Rayagada, Odisha.
Figure 19 Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea from different
states in India.
1
Introduction
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume predominantly
cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa and also plays an important
role in food and nutritional security due to rich in protein (23-27%), minerals and vitamins
(esp. vitamin B). Pigeonpea seeds are mainly consumed as split pea soups or 'dal' but a
significant proportion is also eaten as green pea vegetable and as wholegrain preparations. In
addition, pigeonpea leaves, seed and pod husks are used as animal feed, while the stem is
used as fuel and also for making baskets, thatching, fencing and huts. Its seed husks and
leaves are used as nutritious animal feed, pigeonpea fixes nitrogen in the soil and also reduces
soil erosion. It is a hardy, widely adapted and drought tolerant crop with a large temporal
variation (97-299 days) for grain maturity. These traits allow its cultivation in a wide range of
environments and different cropping systems. The relatively low crop yields may be
attributed to a lack of genetically superior varieties, low use of gene bank collections, poor
crop husbandry and exposure to several biotic (diseases and insect pests) and abiotic
(drought, salinity and water logging) stresses(http://faostat3.fao.org/2010).
Pigeonpea has a unique place in Indian farming and India accounts for about 90% of the
global production. It is the second most important pulse crop next to chickpea, covering an
area of around 4.42 m ha (occupying about 14.5% of area under pulses) and production of
2.86 mt (contributing to 16% of total pulse production) and productivity of about 707 kg/ha
(FAOSTAT, 2011, Singh et al. 2013).
Plant genetic resources are an invaluable source of genes and gene complexes for yield
and several biotic and abiotic factors and provide raw materials for further genetic
improvement. Therefore, the collection of pigeonpea germplasm and its proper
characterization and evaluation, conservation and utilization in improvement programmes
assume great significance especially in view of climate change.
Distribution and production of pigeonpea
The world acreage of pigeonpea is 6.2 Mha with an annual production of 4.7 M ton. Since
1976, the area under pigeonpea has increased by seven percent. Currently pigeonpea is grown
on 5.2 million ha in the rain-fed areas of Asia, eastern and southern Africa, Latin American
and Caribbean countries. India is the largest producer and consumer of pigeonpea (local
names 'arhar' and 'toor') with an annual production of 2.86 M ton, followed by Myanmar
(0.60 Mt), Malawi (0.16 Mt) and Kenya (0.10 Mt) [FAO, 2011]. This is commonly known
as porotoparaguayo, arveja (Argentina), guando (Brazil), quinchoncho (Venezuela), frijol de
árbol (Mexico), cumandái (Paraguay), red gram, tur, arhar, daal (India), pigeonpea
(Australia), pigeonpea, angolapea (United Kingdom), poisd'angole (French-speaking West
Africa), Puerto Rican bean, pigeonpea (Hawaii). In eastern and southern Africa, pigeonpea is
grown on 0.82 million ha. In Africa between 1976 and 2009, pigeonpea area had increased
2.5 fold (0.23 to 0.82 million ha) and production by 3 fold (0.13 to 0.53 million tons).
In India, C. cajan grows at altitudes ranging from 150 to 2000 m above sea level (Van
der Maesen, 1990), and even in moderately cold climates. The major areas of its cultivation
and variability are in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Bihar. States of Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand have lesser cultivated areas of
pigeonpea in the country. Among all the growing states in India, Maharashtra has highest
area, 11.75 lakh ha (32.37%) under pigeonpea area under cultivation in the country (Table 1).
2
Table 1. Area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in major states (in 2012-13)
S. No. States Area
(lakh ha)
% of
geographical
area
Production (lakh t)
% Share Productivity
(kg ha-1)
1 Maharashtra 11.75 32.37 10.83 39.24 921.70
2 Karnataka 6.81 18.76 4.85 17.57 712.19
3 Andhra Pradesh 4.63 12.75 3.02 10.94 652.27
4 Uttar Pradesh 3.68 10.14 3.27 11.85 888.59
5 Madhya Pradesh 3.50 9.64 2.17 7.86 620.00
6 Gujarat 2.65 7.30 2.94 10.65 1109.43
Sub-total 33.02 90.96 27.08 98.12 820.11
Total 36.30 27.60 760.33 (Av.)
Origin and Taxonomy
Pigeonpea has originated in India from its progenitor C. cajanifolius and later spread to the
Africa and Australia (Van der Maesen, 1980). The genus Cajanus belongs to the sub-tribe
Cajaninae, tribe Phaseoleae, sub-family Papilionoideae and family Fabaceae. Based on
biosystematics, Van der Maesen (1986) merged the species of Atylosia with Cajanus. It
postulated that C. cajan originated from this species through selection for desirable traits like
size and vigour of the plant, non-shattering pods and larger seed size. Cultivated pigeonpea,
however, differs from C. cajanifolius in flower morphology, pod size and colour (Fig.1-3);
seed strophiole and 100 seed weight (Mallikarjuna et al., 2012). Pigeonpea is a diploid and
often cross-pollinated crop with a genome size of 858 Mbp (Greilhuber and Obermayer,
1998). As per the revised concept of gene pool (GP) proposed by Smartt (1990) and referred
as second order of GP-I, this may also include C. cajanifolius which is freely crossable with
C. cajan and produces fertile hybrids. Other nine Cajanus species (C. lineatus, C.
lanceolatus, C. laticepalus, C. albicans, C. reticulatus, C. sericeus, C. scarabaeoides, C .
trinervius, C. acutifolius) that are cross compatible with C. cajan form the secondary gene
pool while, remaining 21 species, which do not cross with C. cajan are placed in tertiary gene
pool (Remanandan, 1990) and require sophisticated biotechnological techniques for their
exploitation in crop improvement. The genus has 11 related genera such as Rhynchosia Lour.,
Dunbaria W. A., Eriosema (DC.) Reichenb; Flemingia and Carissoa (Mallikarjuna et al.,
2011)
The genus Cajanus has 32 species. Out of these, 18 species are endemic to Asia, 13 to
Australia, and one to West Africa (Van der Maesen, 1990). C. cajanifolius, C. lineatus, C.
sericeus, C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, and C. trinervius are of Indian origin and C.
reticulatus (var. grandiflorus), C. convertiflorus and C. latisepalous of Australian origin. The
genus Dunbaria (W. & A.) is closely related to Cajanus. Most Dunbaria species are
distributed in Asia, while some are found in Australia, New Guinea, Vietnam and Japan. D.
villosa W. & A. is found somewhat outside the range of rest of the genus. Because of its
cross-compatibility, it can be considered as a part of secondary gene pool of pigeonpea and
can play some role in breeding and improvement (Van der Maesen, 1989). Two species of
genus Dunbaria ferruginea W. & A. and D. heynei W. & A. occur in India (Van der Maesen,
1990). Maturity duration of pigeonpea varies from about 95 days for extra-early varieties to
3
more than 280 days for late maturing varieties that fit well in various niches and cropping
systems.
Fig. 2. Variability in pod colour of pigeonpea Fig. 3 Variability in pods of pigeonpea
Pigeonpea genepool
First time Mehta and Dave (1931), reported some agronomically superior, early and late
maturing high yielding lines of pigeonpea. Among the pigeonpea growing countries, R&D
activities in India are extensive with the first scientific pigeonpea breeding effort initiated by
Shaw in 1933 (Shaw et al., 1933), who studied morphological and agronomic traits of 86 elite
indigenous pigeonpea germplasm accessions. Some of the accessions were having high level
of resistance to Fusarium wilt. Considering the high significance of pigeonpea in India, the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) started an All India Coordinated Pigeonpea
Improvement Project in 1965. Under its umbrella, genetic improvement programme was
simultaneously started at 30 research centres located in various agro-climatic zones of the
country (Ramanujam and Singh, 1981). The prime objectives of this programme were to
collect pigeonpea germplasm, identify stable sources of resistance to various diseases and
insects and develop high yielding varieties in different maturity groups. Several biochemical
markers have been used to detect polymorphism in the genus Cajanus. Krishna & Reddy
(1982) used esterase isozymes to study species affinity between pigeonpea and some of its
wild relatives, revealing the relationships between C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, C. sericeus
and C. volubilis and especially between C. albicans and C. scarabaeoides. Similarly, an
analysis of seed albumins and globulins of 11 Cajanus species along with cultivated species
Fig. 1. Variability in flowers in pigeonpea
4
revealed that C. cajan shares homology with C. cajanifolius and also with C. scarabaeoides,
C. albicans and C. sericeus (Panigrahi et al., 2007).
Further, plant exploration and collection programme was initiated in a systematic manner
with the establishment of a central agency for this purpose i.e. National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Pusa, New Delhi, India. During 1960-70, special efforts were
made under the collaborative scheme between ICAR and the USDA to collect pigeonpea
germplasm from different parts of the country.
Diversity in Pigeonpea
The Indian sub-continent is the major area of genetic diversity for a number of traits viz -
semi-determinate/determinate plant type, spreading growth habit, days to flowering, shelling
ratio, protein content, grain yield/plant, resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses like sterility
mosaic (SM), wilt, phytophthora blight, pod borer, pod fly, multiple diseases and abiotic
stresses like acid soils, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, relative insensitivity to
photoperiod and temperature (Majumdar and Singh, 2005). Variability in cultivated or
evolutionary forms encompasses plant type, crop duration, photoperiod sensitivity, flower
number and inflorescence size, pod and seed size, pod dehiscence, seed colour, taste, seed
dormancy, seedling vigour, habitat preferences and biochemical composition.
Significant variation has been reported in pigeonpea in morphological, reproductive,
nutrient content and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance related traits based on 86 distinguished
indigenous collections from all over the country (Varshney et al. 2010). Seed colour pattern
in pigeonpea can be plain, mottled, speckled, mottled or speckled and ringed. Seed coat
colour may be white, cream, orange, light brown, reddish-brown, light grey, grey, purple,
dark purple or dark grey (Mehra and Arora, 1982). The growth habit varies from erect and
compact to semi-spreading and spreading. Flowering can be determinate, semi-determinate or
indeterminate. Days to flowering can vary from 55-237 days, days to maturity from 97-299
days, plant height from 39-385 cm, number of primary branches from 2-66, number of
secondary branches from 1-145, number of racemes from 6-915. Number of seeds/pod vary
from 1.6-7.6, 100-seed weight from 2.8-25.8 g, harvest index from 1.0-63%, shelling ratio
from 5.7-87.5% and seed protein content from 12.4-29.5% (Remanandan, 1990). Vegetable
types also found in tribal areas of Karnataka and Maharashtra and have very long pods upto 7
to 8 seeds/pod, whereas short duration annuals are bushy with synchronous maturity and
medium to small pods (Mehra and Arora, 1982).
The prime areas of variability for pigeonpea are in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. These areas display
tremendous variability for both cultivated types and related wild species of primary and
secondary gene pools (Smartt, 1990).
Material and Methods
In present study pigeonpea germplasm collection data have been analysed to find diversity
rich areas, trait-specific potential areas, and identify collection and conservation gaps.
Screening of data revealed that pigeonpea has been collected significantly even before the
existence of NBPGR in 1976. So far 2,967 accessions of pigeonpea have been collected from
different agro-ecological regions belonging to more than 2,000 collection sites. These
accessions were assembled from different pigeonpea growing areas through crop specific and
multi-crop explorations either independently or in collaborative mode with crop based
Institutes/SAU’s/KVK’s. A rigorous screening was done to shortlist the accessions with
required passport information, and a total of 2,456 accessions having essential geographic
details (state, district, village, latitude (N) and longitude (E) were short-listed. Screening
revealed that 511 accessions do not have proper record in passport database. Landrace and
5
trait-specific germplasm was also corroborated with other sources of information like annual
reports and other published literature (Plant Germplasm Reporter 2008-2013; Annual Reports
NBPGR, 1976-2014).
Geo-referenced maps were prepared using WGS84 datum and Everest projection
systems. In order to know the spatial distribution and assessment of richness, DIVA-GIS
version 7.5 was used for point to grid analysis using simple- circular neighborhood method
(Hijmans et al., 2001). A grid of 10 x 1
0 cells (111 x 111 kms) to assign point to grid cells to
map collected germplasm diversity was used for the country level data analysis (Semwal et
al., 2013).
Germplasm collection
Pigeonpea (C. cajan) germplasm has been collected from twenty eight states (except Jammu
& Kashmir), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) and 345 districts of the country (Table 2).
The data showed that central India, peninsular region, Gangetic plains and western part has
fair representation. Considering the representation of diversity from all surveyed states in
India, Madhya Pradesh (438), Jharkhand (387), Andhra Pradesh (579), Bihar (249), Gujarat
(230), Uttar Pradesh (188) and Maharashtra (178) were most explored in terms of availability
of germplasm accessions (Table 2). Details of district wise accessions collected from
different states are presented in table 3-21.
Table 2. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different states of the country.
States
Accns collected
Accns in NGB
Districts with germplasm
collected* vs. conserved
Andhra Pradesh 579 144 21(23)/12
Madhya Pradesh 438 235 40(51)/32
Jharkhand 387 78 23(24)/19
Bihar 249 102 28(38)/23
Gujarat 230 59 22(33)/16
Uttar Pradesh 188 2 22(75)/2
Maharashtra 178 91 28(36)/26
Rajasthan 128 - 16(33)/-
Karnataka 95 22 16(30)/7
Chhattisgarh 86 39 11(27)/9
Odisha 77 15 15(30)/5
Tamil Nadu 68 - 18(32)/-
Arunachal Pradesh 52 2 8(19)/2
Kerala 44 10 11(14)/7
Uttarakhand 39 11 8(13)/5
Tripura 33 1 4(8)/1
Mizoram 28 14 28(8)/14
West Bengal 17 2 6(20)/2
Assam 11 3 8(32)/3
Himachal Pradesh 8 - 2(12)/-
Haryana 7 - 4(21)/-
Manipur 7 1 4(9)/1
Punjab 7 - 5(22)/-
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 4 1 3(3)/1
Meghalaya 4 - 3(11)/-
Nagaland 1 1 1(11)/1
6
Sikkim 1 - 1(4)/-
2,967 855
* - in parenthesis total number of districts in a particular State
Germplasm Conserved in Gene Bank
Out of total 2,967 accessions, only 855 accessions were conserved in National Gene Bank,
NBPGR. Maximum accessions were conserved from Madhya Pradesh (235), Andhra Pradesh
(144) and Bihar (102) (Table 2). However, there is a large gap between collected and
conserved germplasm particularly from Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, West
Bengal and Assam. Germplasm collected from states viz. Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh,
Haryana, Goa, Punjab, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu was not conserved in NGB (Fig.
4). Six accessions of wild species of Cajanus cajanifolius were collected from Odisha (3
accns) and Andhra Pradesh (3 accns) and 46 accessions of C. scarabaeoides were collected
from Maharashtra, Odisha, Tripura and Uttarakhand. The gene bank at ICRISAT conserves
over 13,632 accessions of Cajanus species from 74 countries. This includes 555 accessions of
wild relatives, which represent six genera and 57 species (Upadhyaya et al. 2007).
Fig. 4. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different states of the country
Mapping of diversity collected in pigeonpea
To know the eco-geographic diversity distribution of collected germplasm of pigeonpea
(2,456 acc.) through mapping the sites, passport data of collected germplasm were short listed
in order to find out the gaps in exploration and germplasm collection (Fig. 5). Mapping of
diversity collected indicates that some of the diversity rich areas viz. parts of eastern plains
(eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar); western parts of central India (Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Gujarat) and peninsular region (Andhra Pradesh) were extensively fairly
surveyed for germplasm collection. Maximum diversity in pigeonpea (C. cajan) has been
collected mainly from northern, north-western and peninsular region representing 29 states of
the country.
7
Fig. 5. Geo-referenced map showing distribution of pigeonpea in different agro-
ecological zones of the country
It is clear from figure 6 that maximum diversity was collected from hot-sub humid
agro-ecological region of the country, which has mostly red and black; red and lateritic; red
and yellow soil types. Collection data showed pigeonpea distributed from 50 to 2000 m
altitude range above sea level in the country (Fig. 6). With regard to climate maximum
diversity was found between 10 to 350C temperature range and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall in
different parts of the country (Fig. 7).
Fig. 6. Collection sites of pigeonpea along with soil types and topographic maps (altitude)
8
Fig. 7. Collection sites of pigeonpea along with environmental variables (rainfall, temp.)
Collection and Conservation status in different states
1. Andhra Pradesh
There are 23 districts in the state and germplasm
has been collected from 20 districts (353 villages)
lying in northern, western and eastern part of the
state (Fig. 8). Major collections are made from
Adilabad (164), Visakhapatnam (99), Srikakulam
(56), Vizianagaram (46) Guntur (27), Kurnool
(26) and Khammam (23) districts (Table 3).
Germplasm has not been collected from Krishna
and Nizamabad districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of 579 accessions collected from state, 144
accessions (24.87%) were conserved in NGB.
Conservation status of different districts is
Vizianagaram (30), Kurnool (24), Chittoor (14),
Srikakulam (12), Visakhapatnam (11), Anantapur
(8), Adilabad (7) and Mahbubnagar (Table 3). Only
one accession has been conserved from Medak,
Nalgonda, Warangal and West Godavari districts of
Andhra Pradesh.
Fig. 8. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts of
Andhra Pradesh
9
Table 3. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Andhra Pradesh.
Andhra Pradesh : 579 Acc./ 24 Districts/353 villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Visakhapatnam 99 11 Adilabad 164 7
Srikakulam 56 12 Khammam 23 4
Vizianagaram 46 30 Rangareddy 21 -
Guntur 27 4 Mahbubnagar 15 7
Kurnool 26 24 Warangal 7 2
Chittoor 17 14 Medak 4 1
Prakasam 13 3 Nalgonda 8 1
East Godavari 11 7 Hyderabad 4 -
Anantapur 11 8 Karimnagar 7 -
Kadapa 7 7 Others 10 10
Nellore 2 - Nizamabad
West Godavari 1 1 Krishna
2. Madhya Pradesh
There are 51 districts in the state. Germplasm has
been collected from 40 districts (251 villages).
Most of the germplasm has been collected from
northern, western and central part of the state
(Fig. 9). Maximum accessions have been
collected from Narsinghpur (35), Khandwa (24),
Dhar (24), Jabalpur (20), Dindori (17), Khargone
(16) and Sidhi (15) districts (Table 4). Germplasm
has not been collected from Agarmalwa,
Alirajpur, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Guna, Katni,
Mandsaur, Neemuch, Sheopur, Tikamgarh
Umaria and West Nimar districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 438 accessions collected from state, 235 accessions (53.65%) were conserved in
NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Narsinghpur (31) followed by Khandwa
(14), Dhar (12), Jabalpur (10), Dindori (9), Raisen (7), Khargone (7) and Barwani (7) districts
(Table 4). Only one accession has been conserved from Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Gwalior,
Hoshangabad, Ujjain and Vidisha districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Table 4. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh/ 438Acc./51 Districts/251Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Narsinghpur 35 31 Mandla 6 2
Khandwa 24 14 Hoshangabad 6 1
Dhar 24 12 Sagar 3 2
Jabalpur 20 10 Shahdol 5 1
Dindori 17 9 Rewa 8 1
Khargone 16 7 Morena 5 1
Sidhi 15 3 Bhind 5 1
Barwani 13 7 Balaghat 4 1
Satna 12 3 Ujjain 3 -
Fig. 9. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts
of Madhya Pradesh
10
3. Jharkhand
Jharkhand state has 24 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm
has been collected from all districts (353 villages) of
state. Most of the germplasm has been collected from
north-eastern, western and eastern part of state (Fig.
10). Maximum collections are made from Garhwa (81)
followed by Giridih (40), Godda (37), West
Singhbhum (31), Dumka (28), Bokaro (26), Palamu
(25), Pakkur (25) districts (Table 5).
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of 387 acc. collected from state, a total of 78
accessions (20.15%) were conserved in NGB.
Conservation statuses of different districts are Palamu
(14), Godda (11), Pakkur (10), West Singhbhum (7)
and East Singhbhum (7) (Table 5). Only one accession
has been conserved from each Bokaro, Deoghar,
Sahibganj, Koderma, Garhwa and Ramgarh districts of
Jharkhand.
Table 5. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Jharkhand.
Jharkhand/387Acc./24 Districts/353 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Garhwa 81 1 Bokaro 26 1
Giridih 40 2 Sahibganj 22 1
Godda 37 11 Ranchi 17 2
West Singhbhum 31 7 Deoghar 14 1
Dumka 28 2 Hazaribagh 11 4
Palamu 25 14 Simdega 11 -
Pakur 25 10 Khunti 10 -
Jamtara 18 4 Koderma 4 1
Lohardaga 17 3 Ramgarh 3 1
Gumla 18 2 Latehar 2 2
Raisen 10 7 Chhatarpur 1 -
Chhindwara 10 2 Ashoknagar 1 -
Shivpuri 7 5 Datia 1 -
Indore 6 4 Harda 1 -
Anuppur 9 4 Ratlam 3 -
Damoh 7 3 Sehore 1 -
Jhabua 6 3 Shajapur 2 -
Panna 4 3 Betul 2 1
Rajgarh 4 3 Gwalior 2 1
Seoni 5 3 Vidisha 2 1
Dewas 2 2 Others 139 67
Singrauli 3 2
Agar Malwa, Alirajpur, Ashoknagar, Chhatarpur, Datia, Harda, Bhopal, Burhanpur, East Nimar,
Guna, Katni, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Shajapur, Sheopur, Sehore,Tikamgarh, Umaria and West Nimar
Fig. 10. Geo-referenced map of pigeon pea
germplasm collected from different parts
of the Jharkhand
11
Dhanbad 9 2 Saraikela 1 -
East Singhbhum 9 7 Chatra 1 -
4. Bihar
There are 41 districts in the state and pigeonpea
germplasm has been collected from 38 districts
(199 villages) lying north-western and central part
of state (Fig. 11). Maximum collections are made
from Saran (45), Samastipur (18), Begusarai (14),
Rohtas (13), Bhagalpur (12) and Madhubani (11)
districts (Table 6). Germplasm has not been
collected from Aarah, Darbhanga, Katihar and
Palamu districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 251 acc. collected from state, a total
of 94 accessions (37.45%) were conserved NGB.
Maximum accessions are conserved from Rohtas
(11), followed by Bhagalpur (9), Khagaria (8),
(Table 6). Only one accession has been conserved
from Jamui, Lakhisarai, Nawada, Purnia and
Siwan districts of Bihar.
Table 6. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Bihar.
Bihar/251Acc./41Districts/199Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Saran 45 6 Siwan 7 1
Samastipur 18 8 Purbi Champaran 7 2
Begusarai 14 7 Nawada 6 1
Rohtas 13 11 Jamui 5 1
Bhagalpur 12 9 Munger 4 2
Paschim Champaran 11 7 Lakhisarai 3 1
Madhubani 11 5 Purnia 2 1
Khagaria 9 8 Sitamarhi 4 -
Patna 7 2 Buxar 3 3
Araria 6 3 Aarah 1 -
Kaimur 6 3 Darbhanga 1 -
Muzaffarpur 6 3 Katihar 1 -
Madhepura 5 2 Others 37 12
Gopalganj 4 2
Arawal, Aurangabad, Banka, Bhojpur, East Champaran, Gaya, Jehanabad, Kishanganj, Nalanda,
Saharsa, Sheikhpura, Sheohar and Supaul
Fig. 11. Geo-referenced map of pigeon pea
germplasm collected from different parts of
the Bihar
12
5. Gujarat
Gujarat state has 26 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm
has been collected from 22 districts (30 villages)
covering north-eastern and south-eastern part of
state (Fig. 12). Pigeonpea collections are mainly
from Narmada (28), Panchmahal (26), Sabarkantha
(23), Bharuch (23) and Vadodara (21) districts
(Table 7). Germplasm has not been collected from
Navsari, Surendranagar and Tapi districts of Gujarat.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 230 accessions collected from state,
only 59 accessions (25.65%) were conserved in
NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from
Sabarkantha (10), Banaskantha (9) and Vadodara (6)
(Table 7). Only one accession has been conserved
from Junagadh and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.
Table 7. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Gujarat
Gujrat/,225Acc./26 Districts/30 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Narmada 28 5 Patan 5 2
Panch Mahal 26 2 Surat 5 -
Bharuch 23 3 Dangs 3 2
Sabarkantha 23 10 Mehesana 3 -
Vadodara 21 6 Amreli 3 3
Dahod 16 3 Gandhinagar 2 -
Kheda 12 3 Kutch 2 -
Banaskantha 12 9 Jamnagar 1 1
Valsad 10 3 Rajkot 1 -
Ahmedabad 6 2 Junagadh 1 1
Anand 5 - Others 11 -
Bhavnagar 5 3
Navsari, Surendranagar, Tapi
6. Uttar Pradesh
There are 75 districts in the state. Pigeonpea
germplasm has been collected from 23 districts
(130 villages) covering eastern and southern part
of state (Fig. 13). Maximum collections are made
from Mirzapur (18) followed by Unnao (15),
Varanasi (12), Gorakhpur (8), Hamirpur (7), Balia
(7), Sonbhadra (6) and Sultanpur (6) districts
(Table 8). Germplasm has not been collected from
remaining 52 districts (Aligarh, Amethi, Amroha,
Auraiya, Bahraich, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti,
Bijnor, Budaun, Bulandshahar, Chandauli,
Chitrakoot, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fig. 13. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts of
Uttar Pradesh
Fig. 12. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts
of the Gujarat
13
Fatehpur, Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Gonda, Hardoi, Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar), Jalaun, Jhansi,
Jyotibaphule Nagar, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat (Ramabai Nagar), Kanpur, Kanshiram Nagar,
Kaushambi, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, MahobaMathura, Meerut, Moradaba, Muzaffarnagar,
Panchsheel Nagar(Hapur), Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rampur, Saharanpur, SantKabir Nagar, Sant
Ravidas Nagar, Shahjahanpur, Shravasti, Siddharth Nagar, Sitapur districts of Uttar Pradesh.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 188 accessions collected, only 2 accessions (1.59%) are conserved in NGB from
Etawah and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh (Table 8).
Table 8. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Uttar Pradesh.
Uttar Pradesh/Acc.188/75 Districts/130 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Mirzapur 18 1 Mau 3 -
Unnao 15 - Azamgarh 2 Azamgarh
Varanasi 12 - Baghpat 2 -
Gorakhpur 8 - Jaunpur 1 -
Hamirpur 7 - Lucknow 1 -
Ballia 7 - Mainpuri 1 -
Sonbhadra 6 - Etawah 1 1
Sultanpur 6 - Lalitpur 1 -
Allahabad 5 - Deoria 1 -
Ghazipur 5 - Agra 1 -
Banda 4 - Ambedkar
Nagar
1 -
Raibarelli 4 - Other 77 -
Aligarh, Amethi, Amroha, Auraiya, Bahraich, Barabanki Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Budaun,
Bulandshahr, Chandauli,Chitrakoot,Etah,Faizabad,Farrukhabad,Fatehpur,Firozabad,Ghaziabad,
Gonda, Hardoi, Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar), Jalaun, Jhansi, Jyotiba, Phule Nagar, Kannauj, Kanpur
Dehat,, (Ramabai Nagar), Kanpur, Kanshiram Nagar, Kaushambi, Kushinagar, Maharajganj,
MahobaMathura, Meerut, Moradaba, Muzaffarnagar, PanchsheelNagar (Hapur), Pilibhit,
Pratapgarh, Rampur, Saharanpur, Sant Kabir Nagar, Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahan, Shravasti,
Siddharthnagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra and Sultanpur
7. Maharashtra
Maharashtra state has 36 districts. 178 accessions
of pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from
28 districts (123 villages) covering central,
eastern and south eastern part of state (Fig. 14).
Maximum accessions are collected from Nanded
(15) followed by Nashik (13), Chandrapur (12),
Amravati (11) Nagpur (10), Sangli (10) and
Yavatmal (9) districts (Table 9). Germplasm has
not been collected from Gondia, Hingoli, Raigad,
Sindhdurg and Washim districts.
Fig. 14. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts of
Maharashtra
14
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 178 accessions, 91 accessions (51.12%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum
accessions were conserved from Nanded (9) followed by Sangli (8), Amravati (8), Nashik (6),
Yavatmal (6), Osmanabad (5) and Parbhani (4) districts (Table 9). Only one accession has
been conserved from Pune, Nandurbar, Latur and Dhule districts of Maharashtra.
Table 9. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Maharashtra.
Maharashtra /179Acc./36 Districts/123 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Nanded 15 9 Satara 5 3
Sangli 10 8 Solapur 5 3
Amravati 11 8 Aurangabad 4 2
Yavatmal 9 6 Jalna 5 2
Nashik 13 6 Jalgaon 5 2
Osmanabad 5 5 Gadchiroli 4 2
Parbhani 5 4 Buldhana 8 2
Ahmednagar 3 3 Nagpur 10 2
Akola 5 3 Pune 1 1
Beed 3 3 Nandurbar 9 1
Bhandara 5 3 Latur 5 1
Chandrapur 12 3 Dhule 3 1
Ratnagiri 3 3 Thane 3 -
Kolhapur 4 3 Wardha 4 -
Others 5 -
Gondia, Hingoli, Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, Raigad, Sindhudurg, Washim
8. Rajasthan
There are 33 districts in the state. Pigeonpea
germplasm has been collected from 16 districts
(85 villages) covering eastern part of state (Fig.
15). Among these, maximum collections are from
Sawai Madhopur (23) followed by Alwar (21),
Dholpur (17), Baran (12), Bharatpur (9), Kota (8)
and Tonk (8) districts (Table 10). Germplasm has
not been collected from 17 districts (Banswara,
Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Churu, Dausa,
Dungarpur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Rajsamand, Sikar
and Udaipur districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Though 128 accessions of pigeonpea collected but
no accession has been conserved in National Gene
Bank.
Fig. 15. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea
germplasm collected from different parts of
Rajasthan
15
Table 10. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Rajasthan
Rajasthan /128Acc./33Districts/85Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Ajmer 2 - Kota 8 -
Alwar 21 - Nagaur 5 -
Baran 12 - Pali 1 -
Bharatpur 9 - Pratapgarh 1 -
Chittorgarh 3 - Sawai
Madhopur
23 -
Dholpur 17 - Sirohi 3 -
Hanumangarh 2 - Sri Ganganagar 4 -
Jaipur 2 - Tonk 8 -
Others 7 -
Banswara, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Churu, Dausa, Dungarpur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar,
Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Rajsamand, Sikar and Udaipur
9. Karnataka
Karnataka state has 30 districts. Pigeonpea
germplasm has been collected from 16 districts
(64 villages) covering northern and western part
only (Fig. 16). Maximum germplasm accessions
were collected from Kalaburagi (32) followed by
Belgaum (15), Dharwad (8), Bijapur (6) and Uttar
Kannada (6) districts (Table 11). Germplasm has
not been collected from 14 districts (Bellary,
Chamarajanagar, Chikkaballapura, Chitradurga,
Dakshina Kannada, Davanagere, Hassan, Kodagu,
Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Ramanagara,
Udupi and Yadgir.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (95
acc.), 22 accessions (23.15%) were conserved in
NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from
Kalaburagi (11) (Table 11). Only one accession
has been conserved from Bagalkot, Belgaum and
Dharwad districts of Karnataka.
Table 11. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Karnataka
Karnataka /95Acc./16 Districts/64 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Kalaburagi 32 11 Bidar 2 -
Belgaum 15 1 Chikkamagaluru 2 -
Dharwad 8 1 Tumkur 2 -
Uttara
Kannada
6 4 Haveri 1 -
Fig. 16. Geo-referenced map of pigeon pea
germplasm collected from different parts of the
Karnataka
16
Bijapur 6 - Koppal 1 -
Bagalkot 5 1 Shimoga 1 -
Chamarajnagar 5 3 Bangalore Rural 1 -
Bangalore
Urban
3 1 Others 2 -
Gadag 3 -
10. Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh state has 27 districts. Pigeonpea
germplasm has been collected from 11 districts
(58 villages) covering northern and central part
only (Fig. 17). Maximum germplasm accessions
were collected from Surguja (24), Dantewada
(16), Raigarh (13), Bastar (7) and Jashpur (8)
districts (Table 12). Germplasm has not been
collected from Balod, Balrampur, Bemetara,
Bijapur, Dhamtari, Gariaband, Janjgir, Champa,
Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Mahasamund,
Mungeli, Raipur, Sukma and Surajpur districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 86 accessions, 39 accessions
(45.34%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum
accessions are conserved from Raigarh (11) and
Dantewada districts (10) (Table 12). Only one
accession has been conserved from Bilaspur and
Durg districts.
Table 12. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh/86Acc./27Districts/58Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Surguja 24 3 Rajnandgaon 2 2
Dantewada 16 10 Bilaspur 2 1
Raigarh 13 11 Kabirdham 2 -
Koriya 10 3 Durg 1 1
Bastar 7 3 Narayanpur 1 -
Jashpur 6 4 Others 2 2
Balod, Baloda, Bazar, Balrampur, Bemetara, Bijapur, Dhamtari, Gariaband, Janjgir Champa,
Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Mahasamund, Mungeli, Raipur, Sukma and Surajpur
11. Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh state has 19 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 8
districts (41 villages) covering northern and eastern part only (Table 13). Maximum
germplasm accessions were collected from East Siang (21) and Lohit (15) districts (Table 13).
Germplasm has not been collected from Anjaw, Dibang Valley, East Kameng, Kurung
Kumey, Longding, Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare, Tawang, Upper Subansiri districts.
Fig. 17. Geo-referenced map of pigeon pea
germplasm collected from different parts of
Chhattisgarh
17
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 52 accessions, only 2 accessions (3.84%) are conserved in NGB. Only one
accession has been conserved from East Siang and Upper Siang districts of Arunachal
Pradesh.
Table 13. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /52Acc ./17 Districts/1Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
East Siang 21 1 Tirap 2 -
Lohit 15 - West Kameng 1 -
Lower Dibang
Valley
7 - Upper Siang 1 1
Changlang 4 - West Siang 1 -
Anjaw, Dibang Valley, East Kameng, Kurung Kumey, Longding, Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare,
Tawang, Upper Subansiri
12. Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu state has 32 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 18 districts
(60 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Salem (13),
Virudhunagar (8) and Dindugal (6) districts (Table 14). Germplasm has not been collected
from Ariyalur, Chennai, Dharmapuri, Kanchipuram, Kanyakumari, Karur, Krishnagiri,
Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thiruvarur,
Tiruppur and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu. Variability was observed in shape, size and
colour of the seed.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeon pea germplasm collected (68 acc.), No accessions has been conserved in
National Gene Bank.
Table 14. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /68Acc./18 Districts/60 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Salem 13 - Thiruvannamalai 3 -
Virudhunagar 8 - Tirunelveli 3 -
Dindugul 6 - Vellore 3 -
Erode 4 - Thoothukudi 1 -
Coimbatore 4 - Cuddalore 1 -
Namakkal 2 - Madurai 1 -
Nilgiris 2 - Tiruppur 1 -
Perambalur 2 - Thanjavur 1 -
Pudukkottai 2 - Others 11 -
18
13. Odisha
Odisha state has 30 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 17 districts (57
villages) of the state (Table 15). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from
Kandhamal (31), Kalahandi (8), Nabarangpur (6) and Nayagarh (6) districts (Table 15).
Germplasm has not been collected from Angul, Bhadrak, Debgarh, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur,
Jharsuguda, Kendrapara, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Puri, Subarnapur, Sundergarh
districts. Shrubby form of C. cajan was collected from Rayagada, Odisha (Fig.18).
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total 77 accessions, only 15 accessions (19.48%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum
accessions are conserved from Kandhamal (7). Only one accession has been conserved from
each Cuttack, Ganjam and Kalahandi districts (Table 15).
Fig. 18. Shrubby form of Cajanus cajan in Rayagada, Odisha
Table 15. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Odisha
Odisha /78Acc./17 Districts/57 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Kandhamal 31 7 Balangir 1 -
Kalahandi 8 1 Dhenkanal 1 -
Nabarangpur 6 - Gajapati 1 -
Nayagarh 6 - Khordha 1 -
Ganjam 4 1 Malkangiri 1 -
Rayagada 4 2 Kendujhar 1 -
Boudh 2 - Sambalpur 1 -
Koraput 2 - Cuttack 1 1
Bargarh 1 - Other 6 1
Angul, Bhadrak, Debgarh, Jagatsinghpur , Jajpur, Jharsuguda, Kendrapara, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh,
Nuapada, Puri, Subarnapur , Sundergarh
14. Kerala
Kerala state has 14 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 12 districts (39
villages) of the state (Table 16). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Idukki
(14), Pathanamthitta (8) and Kollam (5) districts. Germplasm has not been collected from
Kasaragod and Mallapuram districts.
19
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (44 acc.), 10 accessions (22.72 %) are conserved
in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Pathanamthitta (3), Thrissur (3) (Table
16). Only one accession has been conserved from Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kottayam and
Thiruvananthapuram districts.
Table 16. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Kerala
Kerala /44Acc./11 Districts/39 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserve
d
Idukki 14 1 Thrissur 3 -
Pathanamthitta 8 3 Kozhikode 1 -
Kollam 5 2 Thiruvananthapuram 1 1
Palakkad 4 - Wayanad 1 -
Ernakulam 3 1 Kannur 1 1
Kottayam 3 1
15. Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand state has 13 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 8 districts
(34 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Tehri
Garhwal (9), Dehradun (7), Chamoli (6) and Rudraprayag (5) districts (Table 17).
Germplasm has not been collected from Champawat, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Pithoragarh
and Udham Singh Nagar districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (39 acc.), 11 accessions (28.20 %) were
conserved in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Tehri Garhwal (5), Dehradun
(2) and Rudraprayag (2) (Table 17). Only one accession has been conserved from Chamoli
and Almora districts.
Table 17. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand /39Acc./8 Districts/34 Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
Tehri Garhwal 9 5 Rudraprayag 5 2
Dehradun 7 2 Almora 3 1
Chamoli 6 1 Bageshwar 2 -
Nainital 5 - Uttarkashi 2 -
Champawat, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Pithoragarh, Udham Singh Nagar
16. Tripura
Tripura state has 8 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 4 districts (19
villages) covering northern, western and eastern parts the state (Table 18). Maximum
germplasm accessions were collected from South Tripura (12), Dhalai (9) and North Tripura
(8) districts (Table 18). Germplasm has not been collected from West Tripura.
20
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (33 acc.); only one accession (3.03 %) was
conserved in NGB.
Table 18. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Tripura
Tripura /33Acc./4Districts/19Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
South Tripura 12 - North Tripura 8 -
Dhalai 9 - West Tripura 4 1
Sipahijala, Khowai, Gomati, Unakoti
17. Mizoram
Mizoram state has 8 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from all 8 districts
(21 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Serchhip (6)
and Lunglei (4) districts (Table 19). Germplasm has not been collected from Aizawl and
Champhai.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (28 acc.), only 14 accessions (50 %) were
conserved in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Serchhip (4) and Lunglei (4)
(Table 19). Only one accession has been conserved from Saiha and Kolasib districts.
Table 19. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Mizoram
Mizoram /29Acc./6Districts/21Villages
Collected Conserved
Collected Conserved
Serchhip 6 4 Kolasib 3 1
Lunglei 4 4 Lawngtlai 1 -
Saiha 2 1 Mamit 1 -
Others 2 -
18. West Bengal
West Bengal has 20 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 6 districts (12
villages) of the state (Table 20). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from West
Medinapore (5), South 24 Parganas (4) and Purulia (3) districts (Table 20). Germplasm has
not been collected from North 24-Parganas, Bardman, Murshidabad, Nadia, East Midnapore,
Howrah, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri, Bankura, Birbhum, North Dinajpur, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling
and South Dinajpur districts.
Conservation in Gene Bank
Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (17 acc.); only 2 accessions (11.76 %) were
conserved in NGB (Table 20). One accession each has been conserved from South 24-
Parganas and Purulia districts.
Table 20. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from West Bengal
West Bengal /17Acc./6 Districts/ 12Villages
Collected Conserved Collected Conserved
West Midnapore 5 - Purulia 3 1
21
South 24-Parganas 4 1 Uttar Dinajpur 2 -
Hooghly 1 - Others 1 -
Malda 1 -
North 24-Parganas, Bardhaman, Murshidabad, Nadia, East Midnapore, Howrah, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri,
Bankura, Birbhum, North Dinajpur, Purulia, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, South Dinajpur
19. Other states
Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected (50 accessions) from remaining ten states of the
country. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Assam (11), Himachal
Pradesh (8) and Manipur (7). Among these states, out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected
(50 accessions); 31 accessions (62%) were conserved in NGB (Table 2). Maximum
accessions were conserved from Assam (8) followed by Punjab (5), Haryana (4) and Manipur
(4).
Pigeonpea landraces collected vs conserved
C. cajan being indigenous species and its adaptation to varying climatic conditions,
cultivation and improvement by farmers have led to evolution of good number of landraces in
country. Scrutiny of data and literature revealed a large number of named landraces like
Kandulu, Peddakandi, Rahar Mah, Aghani Arhar, Kala Jatahi, Khar Thuvar, Gullalli local,
Katki Rahar, Laltuar, Rahar choti and Tumorcadi from different states. A total of 86
landraces in pigeonpea were collected from 14 states and all are conserved in NGB.
Maximum accessions are conserved from Andhra Pradesh (19) followed by Madhya Pradesh
(18) Bihar (10) Karnataka (9) and Maharashtra (8). Only one accession has been conserved
from Assam, Chhattisgarh, Manipur, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal
(Table 21). In Andhra Pradesh most commonly found landraces are Kandi, Kandulu, Mabbu
kandi, Natu Kandulu, Siri Kandulu and Tella Kandulu (Annexure I).
Table 21. Status of conserved landraces from different states of the country
States / No of
Landraces
Landraces conserved (IC no.) Landraces collected
(but not cons.)
Andhra Pradesh
(19)
Chiru kandi (369600), Erra kandi (261358), Erra kandulu
(261349), Kandi (261353), Natu kandulu (261337),
Kandi (261353), Kandulu (257997), Karthi (426561),
Konda kandulu (313555), Konda kandi (313515 ), Local
kandulu (261334), Mabbu kandi (261356), Natu kandulu
(261328), Parimi kandulu (313522), Peddakandi
(313532), Sarkar kandulu (261326), Siri kandulu
(343817), Srikandi (257999), Tella kandulu (261329).
Bolli kandulu,
Muduru, Machcha
kandulu, Nalla
kandulu, Peda
Kundulu, Raggalturi,
Kotkapitte
Assam (1) Rahar Mah (264532)
Bihar (10) Aghani arhar (315862), Baishakiarhar (273132), Borwa
arhar (273151), Chaiti arhar (273134), Desi Arhar
(283448), Jatahi arhar (273152), Kala Jatahi arhar
(273153), Laher (355595), Maghua Arhar (285558),
Pajaha arhar (273130)
Gujarat (5) Deshi tuver (298607), Khar Thuvar (262980), Toor
singhe (337447), Tuver (310892), Vadva tuver (298606)
Jharkhand (6) Aghani Arhar (347151), Chaiti Arhar (347144), Chaiti
(276930), Maghi-Arhar (406352), Rahar (320966).
Chaitki Lahria, Laher
22
Karnataka (9) Bennur local (421062), Gullalli local (421082), Hebbal
(421079), Kalagi local (421059), Kari togari(421083),
Madlor local (421074), Pattan local (421058), Saradagi
local (421076), Wadlur local (421081),
Kerala (1) Thovara (321071)
Madhya
Pradesh (17)
Tur (274037), Badi Tur (274127), Chhoti Rahar
(384482), Choti Tur (274139), Deshi type (338829), Desi
Arhar (274073), Desi badi tur (274132), Desi tuar
(274110), Jhunki Rahar (384483), Jhunku (384506),
Kataksar (384504), Katki Rahar (274103), Lal Arhar
(274112), Laltuar (339041), Rahar (274059).
Maharashtra (8) Rahar choti (274146), Safed Rahar (274106), Safed Tuar
(274111), Tor Rahar (274085), Tur Desi (Red)(274162),
Uraloo Tur (274141), Tuwer (396676).
Manipur (1) Behiang (471393)
Odisha (6) Badakandula (259853), Harada (337159), Kabali kandula
(321691), Kandula (321667), Kathi kandeal (257270),
Sanakandula (259859).
Tamil Nadu (1) Thuvarai (413021)
Uttarakhand (1) Tor (338562)
West Bengal (1) Tumorcadi (427777)
Arunachal
Pradesh
- Peret, Thuling, Peren
Dal
Mizoram (1) Behliang (298112)
Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea
Trait-specific diversity mapping in pigeonpea for eight traits i.e. early flowering, early
maturity, pod bearing length, high pod number, long pod, bold seed, high shelling percent
(>80) and protein (%) has been done. Mapping of trait-specific germplasm (107 accessions)
identified the south eastern coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, north-eastern part of
Maharashtra and north-western part of Bihar having maximum diversity in these traits.
Further mapping through fine grid method, trait-specific germplasm identified from Akola
(Maharashtra) for pod bearing length; Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh) for bold seed and
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) for high pod number.
Grid map also showed highest number of accessions from 12 districts of Andhra Pradesh.
Remaining districts may be considered under explored, depending on the availability and
richness of crop diversity. Grid map has also differentiated various levels of diversity rich
areas or niches, where pigeonpea is predominantly grown. In the map, light pink/dark red
colour of the grid shows that the maximum numbers of pigeonpea germplasm are distributed
in this area as compared to other regions (Fig. 19). Dark green/light green grids in map show
least explored areas having low diversity and intensity of pigeonpea. Grid map also clearly
shows that Gangetic plains, peninsular India and parts of north-eastern hill region would be
target areas for future collections of pigeonpea germplasm.
23
Figure 19.Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea from different parts of the
country.
Based on characterization/evaluation of pigeonpea, promising accessions for various
agro-morphological traits have been identified by NBPGR. The details of important traits and
promising accessions identified have been presented in table 22. Maximum promising
accessions related to important morpho-agronomic traits of pigeonpea germplasm were
identified for high yield (20 accessions). Among trait-specific germplasm accessions were
identified for early maturity (IC 348377, 245340); for long pod (IC 348314, 406843); for
high pod number (IC 525788); for bold seed (IC 423916, 468109) and for pod bearing length
(IC 15707, 28199).
Table 22. Promising accessions and areas identified for trait-specific germplasm of
pigeonpea in India.
Traits/ promising value Accessions No. Districts, state(s)/No. of Accessions
Bold seed (>5 mm) IC441500, IC489810
IC56068
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (2);
Akola, Maharashtra (1)
High pod number (>138
pod per plant)
IC525788, IC423669 Muzzafarpur, Bihar (1); Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh (1)
High yield (>106 g/plant) IC 33755, IC47233,
IC525685, IC525662,
IC527709, IC369011,
IC368997
Sangli, Maharashtra (1); Kurnool,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (4);
Ranchi, Jharkhand (1);
Dharwad, Karnataka (1)
Long pod (>4.5 cm) IC348314, IC348323,
IC406843, IC489990
IC489968
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (3);
Banaskantha, Gujarat (1); Sitapur,
Uttar Pradesh (1)
Plant height (>162 cm) IC56054 Akola, Maharashtra (1)
Pod bearing length (>64
cm)
IC15707, IC56060,
IC28199
Pakur, Jharkhand (1); Banaskantha,
Gujarat (1); Akola, Maharashtra (1)
High shelling % (>80) IC441500
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (1)
Protein content (>20.95%) IC407060, IC407505, Saraikela Jharkhand (1); Jalna, Akola,
24
IC525515, IC73321,
IC552858
Maharashtra (2); Ambikapur,
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (2)
Conclusions
Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from almost all parts of country, but maximum
collection was from tribal dominated central and eastern region of India. Germplasm from
medium rainfall & moderate temperature areas are also well collected (Bihar & Jharkhand).
Gaps and underexplored/ unexplored areas identified are Western Ghats of Maharashtra,
Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and North-Eastern Hill region (perennial type)
that needs focus for future collections. Keeping in view the diversity assessment of pigeonpea
vis-à-vis germplasm collecting, the following areas have been suggested for future
exploration and collection of pigeonpea germplasm.
Variability in landraces of pigeonpea need to be collected from three areas viz. (i)
Nandurbar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Buldhana and Akola; (ii) Latur, Osmanabad, Solapur, Sangli
and Kolhapur and (iii) Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Gondia and Wardha districts of
Maharashtra.
Landraces of pigeonpea need to be collected from Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East
Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.
Though 68 accessions were collected from Tamil Nadu but none has been conserved in
National Gene Bank. Variability in landraces of pigeonpea need to be explored in
Dharmapuri, Salem, Krishnagiri and Tiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu.
Variability in landraces of pigeonpea (perennial type) need to be collected from (i)
Chirang, Kokrajhar, Baksa, Nalbari and Barpeta and (ii) Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh
and Tinsukia districts of Assam; East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang districts of
Arunachal Pradesh.
Wild and weedy relatives/related species/taxa of pigeonpea are very limited. There is an
urgent need for strengthening the germplasm of wild and weedy relatives such as
Dunbaria, C. trinervius, C. lineatus, C. albicans and C. scarabaeoides from Western
Ghats of Maharashtra, Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New
Delhi for providing facilities and valuable guidance to undertake this study. We also thanks to
other scientists and staff of Exploration Division, all the collectors who have provided data
and relevant information and helped in compilation of information and sharing their field
experiences.
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Annexure-I
S.No States Landraces/local name (IC No.) Local
Language
1 Andhra Pradesh
(19)
Chiru kandi (369600,369675,313516)
Erra kandi (261358,261336,261335)
Erra kandulu (261349,261347,261342,261330)
Kandi (261353, 369538, 369673, 369674, 369676, 369681,
382808,382949,382963,382968,384030)
Natu kandulu (261337), Kandi (261353, 369538, 369673,
369674, 369676, 369681, 382808, 382949, 382963,
382968, 384030)
Kandulu (257997, 257998, 261036, 261038, 261039,
261331, 261332, 261333, 261338, 261339, 261340,
261341, 261348, 261350, 261351, 261354, 261355,
261357, 261360, 261362, 261364, 261365, 261373,
261379, 329708, 343819, 343859, 343862, 343890,
343898, 343902, 343906, 343908,343911, 343931, 343934,
343938, 343944, 343954,3 43956, 343969,
369527,382856,398966,398974,398975,399006,399014,39
9016,415007,446483)
Karthi (426561)
Konda kandulu (313555,343913,343966
Konda kandi (313515 ,369575 ,369576 ,369601 ,369602,
369678,369679,369680)
Local kandulu (261334)
Mabbukandi (261356,261359,261363)
Natu kandulu (261328 ,261352 ,261361 ,261366 ,
261368,261369,261370 ,261371, 261372 ,261374 , 261376,
261377 ,261378 ,261380 ,261381, 261382 , 261383)
Parimi kandulu (313522)
Peddakandi (313532)
Sarkar kandulu (261326,261327)
Siri kandulu (343817,343818,343833,343848,343863)
Srikandi (257999)
Tella kandulu (261329,261343,261344,261346
Kandulu,
Sinnakandi
2 Assam (1) Rahar Mah (264532,394346394346 Rohor Dail
3 Bihar (10) Aghani arhar (315862)
Baishakiarhar(273132,273139,273140,273141,273142,2731
43,273148,273154,273155,273156,273162,273163,273165,
273166,283407,283408,355595,355598,355599,355600,35
5601,398905,398906,398908,544543)
Borwa arhar (273151)
Chaiti arhar (273134, 273157, 273158, 273160, 347143,
385751,398904)
Desi Arhar (283448)
Jatahi arhar (273152)
Kala Jatahi arhar (273153)
Laher (355595,355598,355599,355600,355601,544543)
Maghua Arhar (285558,385713)
Tubarika
Pajaha arhar (273130,361458)
4 Gujarat (5) Deshi tuver (298607,298608,298609,298610,395721)
Khar Thuvar (262980)
Toor singhe (337447)
Tuver (310892, 395723, 395733, 395740, 395805, 395815,
395830,395843)
Vadva tuver (298606)
Dangri,
Tohar
5 Jharkhand (6) Aghani Arhar (347151,385885,385888,406351)
Chaithi Arhar (347144, 347145, 347146, 347148, 347149,
347150, 347152)
Chaiti (276930)
Maghi-Arhar (406352)
Rahar(320966,320967)
Orhor Dal
6 Karnataka (9) Bennur local (421062,421063)
Gullalli local (421082)
Kalagi local (421059)
Kari togari (421083)
Madlor local (421074)
Pattan local (421058)
Saradagi local (421076)
Wadlur local (421081)
Kariyudu,
Thuvarai
7 Kerala (1) Thovara (321071) Tuvara
8 Madhya Pradesh
(17)
Tur (274037, 274066, 274130, 274155, 329117, 329118,
329119, 329120, 329121, 333158, 384484, 384487,
384490, 384491, 384492, 384494, 384496, 384497,
384498, 384501, 384502, 384505,
384508,384509,384510,336775,397213,397247,397283
Badi Tur (274127)
Chhoti Rahar (384482)
Choti Tur (274139,274110)
Deshi type (338829)
Desi Arhar (274073,274075,274150)
Desi badi tur (274132)
Desi tuar (274110,274154)
Jhunki Rahar (384483 ,384485 ,384486, 384488, 384489,
384493,384495,384499)
Jhunku (384506,384507)
Kataksar (384504)
Katki Rahar (274103)
Lal Arhar (274112,274114)
Laltuar (339041, 339044, 339045, 339046, 339047,
339071, 339072, 339073, 339074, 339075, 339076,
339077,339078,339079,339080,339081,339082,3390833,3
9084,339085,339090,339093,339094,339095,339096,3390
97,339098,339099,339101,339102,339103,339105,339107,
339108,339109,339110,339111,339112,339114,339115,33
9116339117,339118,339120,397303,397365)
Rahar (274059, 274081, 274082, 274126, 274138, 339050,
339052, 339054, 339055, 339056, 339057,
339058,339059,339060,339061,339062,339063,339065,33
Tur
9066,339067,339069,384500,384503,396740,396782,3967
84,396809,396810,396812,396814,396816,396817,396818,
396821,396822,396829,396830
9 Maharashtra (8) Rahar choti (274146)
Safed Rahar (274106)
Safed Tuar (274111,397366)
Tor Rahar (274085, 274086, 274087, 274128, 332215,
332216,332305,333277,397312,397351,397359,397493,39
7507,397526,397574,397581,397595,397603)
Tur Desi (274162)
Uraloo Tur (274141)
Tuwer (396676,344145)
Tuver
10 Manipur (1) Behiang (471393) Mairongbi
11 Odisha (6) Badakandula (259853,321817)
Harada (337159,373188,373237)
Kabali kandula (321691)
Kandula (321667,321718,321731,321765,321766)
Kathi kandeal (257270)
Sanakandula (259859)
Horodo
12 Tamil Nadu (1) Thuvarai (413021) Thuvarai,
Tovaram
13 Uttarakhand (1) Tor (338562,341327,419877) Toor
14 West Bengal (1) Tumorcadi (427777) Orhor