Pigeonpea Indigenous Germplasm: Collection and ...

Pigeonpea Indigenous Germplasm:

Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity

Mapping and Gap analysis

Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection,

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,

New Delhi- 110 012

Pigeonpea Indigenous Germplasm:

Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity

Mapping and Gap analysis

Analysed and Compiled by

DP Semwal and SP Ahlawat

Technical assistance

Shashi Kant Sharma and OP Dhariwal

Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,

New Delhi- 110 012

© NBPGR, 2016

Compiled & Edited by:

DP Semwal and SP Ahlawat

Technical Assistance:

Shalshi Kant Sharma and OP Dhariwal

Layout and Design : Shashi K Sharma

Citation :

DP Semwal amd SP Ahlawat (2016) Pigeonpea Indigenous

Germplasm: Collection and Conservation Status, Diversity Mapping

and Gap Analysis. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New

Delhi 110012 , p 35

Published by:

The Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,

Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012

Contents

Chapters Pages No.

Introduction 1

Distribution and production of pigeonpea 1

Origin and Taxonomy 2

Pigeonpea genepool 3

Diversity in pigeonpea 4

Material and Methods 4

Germplasm collection 5

Germplasm conserved in Genebank 6

Mapping of diversity collected in pigeonpea 6

Collection and conversation status in different States

Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Jharkhand

Bihar

Gujarat

Uttar Pradesh

Maharashtra

Rajasthan

Karnataka

Chhattisgarh

Arunachal Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Odisha

Kerala

Uttarakhand

Tripura

Mizoram

West Bengal

8

8

9

10

11

12

12

13

14

15

16

16

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

Other States 21

Pigeonpea landraces collected vs conserved 21

Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea 22

Conclusions 24

Acknowledgements 24

References 24

Annexures I

i. List of tables

Table 1 Area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in major states

during 2012-13.

Table 2 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved of from different

states of the country.

Tables 3-20 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different

states in India.

Table 21 Status of conserved landrace from different states of India.

Table 22 Promising accessions and area identified for trait-specific

germplasm of pigeonpea in India.

ii. List of figures

Figure 1 Variability in flowers in pigeonpea

Figure 2 Variability in pod colour of pigeonpea

Figure 3 Variability in pods of pigeonpea

Figure 4 Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different

states of the India

Figure 5 Geo-referenced map showing distribution of pigeonpea in

different agro-ecological zones of India.

Figure 6 Collection sites of pigeonpea along with soil types and

topographic maps (altitude)

Figure 7 Collection sites of pigeonpea along with environmental

variables (rainfall, temp.)

Figure 8-17 Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea germplasm collected from

different states in India.

Figure 18 Shrubby form of Cajanus cajan in Rayagada, Odisha.

Figure 19 Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea from different

states in India.

1

Introduction

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume predominantly

cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa and also plays an important

role in food and nutritional security due to rich in protein (23-27%), minerals and vitamins

(esp. vitamin B). Pigeonpea seeds are mainly consumed as split pea soups or 'dal' but a

significant proportion is also eaten as green pea vegetable and as wholegrain preparations. In

addition, pigeonpea leaves, seed and pod husks are used as animal feed, while the stem is

used as fuel and also for making baskets, thatching, fencing and huts. Its seed husks and

leaves are used as nutritious animal feed, pigeonpea fixes nitrogen in the soil and also reduces

soil erosion. It is a hardy, widely adapted and drought tolerant crop with a large temporal

variation (97-299 days) for grain maturity. These traits allow its cultivation in a wide range of

environments and different cropping systems. The relatively low crop yields may be

attributed to a lack of genetically superior varieties, low use of gene bank collections, poor

crop husbandry and exposure to several biotic (diseases and insect pests) and abiotic

(drought, salinity and water logging) stresses(http://faostat3.fao.org/2010).

Pigeonpea has a unique place in Indian farming and India accounts for about 90% of the

global production. It is the second most important pulse crop next to chickpea, covering an

area of around 4.42 m ha (occupying about 14.5% of area under pulses) and production of

2.86 mt (contributing to 16% of total pulse production) and productivity of about 707 kg/ha

(FAOSTAT, 2011, Singh et al. 2013).

Plant genetic resources are an invaluable source of genes and gene complexes for yield

and several biotic and abiotic factors and provide raw materials for further genetic

improvement. Therefore, the collection of pigeonpea germplasm and its proper

characterization and evaluation, conservation and utilization in improvement programmes

assume great significance especially in view of climate change.

Distribution and production of pigeonpea

The world acreage of pigeonpea is 6.2 Mha with an annual production of 4.7 M ton. Since

1976, the area under pigeonpea has increased by seven percent. Currently pigeonpea is grown

on 5.2 million ha in the rain-fed areas of Asia, eastern and southern Africa, Latin American

and Caribbean countries. India is the largest producer and consumer of pigeonpea (local

names 'arhar' and 'toor') with an annual production of 2.86 M ton, followed by Myanmar

(0.60 Mt), Malawi (0.16 Mt) and Kenya (0.10 Mt) [FAO, 2011]. This is commonly known

as porotoparaguayo, arveja (Argentina), guando (Brazil), quinchoncho (Venezuela), frijol de

árbol (Mexico), cumandái (Paraguay), red gram, tur, arhar, daal (India), pigeonpea

(Australia), pigeonpea, angolapea (United Kingdom), poisd'angole (French-speaking West

Africa), Puerto Rican bean, pigeonpea (Hawaii). In eastern and southern Africa, pigeonpea is

grown on 0.82 million ha. In Africa between 1976 and 2009, pigeonpea area had increased

2.5 fold (0.23 to 0.82 million ha) and production by 3 fold (0.13 to 0.53 million tons).

In India, C. cajan grows at altitudes ranging from 150 to 2000 m above sea level (Van

der Maesen, 1990), and even in moderately cold climates. The major areas of its cultivation

and variability are in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Bihar. States of Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand have lesser cultivated areas of

pigeonpea in the country. Among all the growing states in India, Maharashtra has highest

area, 11.75 lakh ha (32.37%) under pigeonpea area under cultivation in the country (Table 1).

2

Table 1. Area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in major states (in 2012-13)

S. No. States Area

(lakh ha)

% of

geographical

area

Production (lakh t)

% Share Productivity

(kg ha-1)

1 Maharashtra 11.75 32.37 10.83 39.24 921.70

2 Karnataka 6.81 18.76 4.85 17.57 712.19

3 Andhra Pradesh 4.63 12.75 3.02 10.94 652.27

4 Uttar Pradesh 3.68 10.14 3.27 11.85 888.59

5 Madhya Pradesh 3.50 9.64 2.17 7.86 620.00

6 Gujarat 2.65 7.30 2.94 10.65 1109.43

Sub-total 33.02 90.96 27.08 98.12 820.11

Total 36.30 27.60 760.33 (Av.)

Origin and Taxonomy

Pigeonpea has originated in India from its progenitor C. cajanifolius and later spread to the

Africa and Australia (Van der Maesen, 1980). The genus Cajanus belongs to the sub-tribe

Cajaninae, tribe Phaseoleae, sub-family Papilionoideae and family Fabaceae. Based on

biosystematics, Van der Maesen (1986) merged the species of Atylosia with Cajanus. It

postulated that C. cajan originated from this species through selection for desirable traits like

size and vigour of the plant, non-shattering pods and larger seed size. Cultivated pigeonpea,

however, differs from C. cajanifolius in flower morphology, pod size and colour (Fig.1-3);

seed strophiole and 100 seed weight (Mallikarjuna et al., 2012). Pigeonpea is a diploid and

often cross-pollinated crop with a genome size of 858 Mbp (Greilhuber and Obermayer,

1998). As per the revised concept of gene pool (GP) proposed by Smartt (1990) and referred

as second order of GP-I, this may also include C. cajanifolius which is freely crossable with

C. cajan and produces fertile hybrids. Other nine Cajanus species (C. lineatus, C.

lanceolatus, C. laticepalus, C. albicans, C. reticulatus, C. sericeus, C. scarabaeoides, C .

trinervius, C. acutifolius) that are cross compatible with C. cajan form the secondary gene

pool while, remaining 21 species, which do not cross with C. cajan are placed in tertiary gene

pool (Remanandan, 1990) and require sophisticated biotechnological techniques for their

exploitation in crop improvement. The genus has 11 related genera such as Rhynchosia Lour.,

Dunbaria W. A., Eriosema (DC.) Reichenb; Flemingia and Carissoa (Mallikarjuna et al.,

2011)

The genus Cajanus has 32 species. Out of these, 18 species are endemic to Asia, 13 to

Australia, and one to West Africa (Van der Maesen, 1990). C. cajanifolius, C. lineatus, C.

sericeus, C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, and C. trinervius are of Indian origin and C.

reticulatus (var. grandiflorus), C. convertiflorus and C. latisepalous of Australian origin. The

genus Dunbaria (W. & A.) is closely related to Cajanus. Most Dunbaria species are

distributed in Asia, while some are found in Australia, New Guinea, Vietnam and Japan. D.

villosa W. & A. is found somewhat outside the range of rest of the genus. Because of its

cross-compatibility, it can be considered as a part of secondary gene pool of pigeonpea and

can play some role in breeding and improvement (Van der Maesen, 1989). Two species of

genus Dunbaria ferruginea W. & A. and D. heynei W. & A. occur in India (Van der Maesen,

1990). Maturity duration of pigeonpea varies from about 95 days for extra-early varieties to

3

more than 280 days for late maturing varieties that fit well in various niches and cropping

systems.

Fig. 2. Variability in pod colour of pigeonpea Fig. 3 Variability in pods of pigeonpea

Pigeonpea genepool

First time Mehta and Dave (1931), reported some agronomically superior, early and late

maturing high yielding lines of pigeonpea. Among the pigeonpea growing countries, R&D

activities in India are extensive with the first scientific pigeonpea breeding effort initiated by

Shaw in 1933 (Shaw et al., 1933), who studied morphological and agronomic traits of 86 elite

indigenous pigeonpea germplasm accessions. Some of the accessions were having high level

of resistance to Fusarium wilt. Considering the high significance of pigeonpea in India, the

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) started an All India Coordinated Pigeonpea

Improvement Project in 1965. Under its umbrella, genetic improvement programme was

simultaneously started at 30 research centres located in various agro-climatic zones of the

country (Ramanujam and Singh, 1981). The prime objectives of this programme were to

collect pigeonpea germplasm, identify stable sources of resistance to various diseases and

insects and develop high yielding varieties in different maturity groups. Several biochemical

markers have been used to detect polymorphism in the genus Cajanus. Krishna & Reddy

(1982) used esterase isozymes to study species affinity between pigeonpea and some of its

wild relatives, revealing the relationships between C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, C. sericeus

and C. volubilis and especially between C. albicans and C. scarabaeoides. Similarly, an

analysis of seed albumins and globulins of 11 Cajanus species along with cultivated species

Fig. 1. Variability in flowers in pigeonpea

4

revealed that C. cajan shares homology with C. cajanifolius and also with C. scarabaeoides,

C. albicans and C. sericeus (Panigrahi et al., 2007).

Further, plant exploration and collection programme was initiated in a systematic manner

with the establishment of a central agency for this purpose i.e. National Bureau of Plant

Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Pusa, New Delhi, India. During 1960-70, special efforts were

made under the collaborative scheme between ICAR and the USDA to collect pigeonpea

germplasm from different parts of the country.

Diversity in Pigeonpea

The Indian sub-continent is the major area of genetic diversity for a number of traits viz -

semi-determinate/determinate plant type, spreading growth habit, days to flowering, shelling

ratio, protein content, grain yield/plant, resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses like sterility

mosaic (SM), wilt, phytophthora blight, pod borer, pod fly, multiple diseases and abiotic

stresses like acid soils, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, relative insensitivity to

photoperiod and temperature (Majumdar and Singh, 2005). Variability in cultivated or

evolutionary forms encompasses plant type, crop duration, photoperiod sensitivity, flower

number and inflorescence size, pod and seed size, pod dehiscence, seed colour, taste, seed

dormancy, seedling vigour, habitat preferences and biochemical composition.

Significant variation has been reported in pigeonpea in morphological, reproductive,

nutrient content and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance related traits based on 86 distinguished

indigenous collections from all over the country (Varshney et al. 2010). Seed colour pattern

in pigeonpea can be plain, mottled, speckled, mottled or speckled and ringed. Seed coat

colour may be white, cream, orange, light brown, reddish-brown, light grey, grey, purple,

dark purple or dark grey (Mehra and Arora, 1982). The growth habit varies from erect and

compact to semi-spreading and spreading. Flowering can be determinate, semi-determinate or

indeterminate. Days to flowering can vary from 55-237 days, days to maturity from 97-299

days, plant height from 39-385 cm, number of primary branches from 2-66, number of

secondary branches from 1-145, number of racemes from 6-915. Number of seeds/pod vary

from 1.6-7.6, 100-seed weight from 2.8-25.8 g, harvest index from 1.0-63%, shelling ratio

from 5.7-87.5% and seed protein content from 12.4-29.5% (Remanandan, 1990). Vegetable

types also found in tribal areas of Karnataka and Maharashtra and have very long pods upto 7

to 8 seeds/pod, whereas short duration annuals are bushy with synchronous maturity and

medium to small pods (Mehra and Arora, 1982).

The prime areas of variability for pigeonpea are in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. These areas display

tremendous variability for both cultivated types and related wild species of primary and

secondary gene pools (Smartt, 1990).

Material and Methods

In present study pigeonpea germplasm collection data have been analysed to find diversity

rich areas, trait-specific potential areas, and identify collection and conservation gaps.

Screening of data revealed that pigeonpea has been collected significantly even before the

existence of NBPGR in 1976. So far 2,967 accessions of pigeonpea have been collected from

different agro-ecological regions belonging to more than 2,000 collection sites. These

accessions were assembled from different pigeonpea growing areas through crop specific and

multi-crop explorations either independently or in collaborative mode with crop based

Institutes/SAU’s/KVK’s. A rigorous screening was done to shortlist the accessions with

required passport information, and a total of 2,456 accessions having essential geographic

details (state, district, village, latitude (N) and longitude (E) were short-listed. Screening

revealed that 511 accessions do not have proper record in passport database. Landrace and

5

trait-specific germplasm was also corroborated with other sources of information like annual

reports and other published literature (Plant Germplasm Reporter 2008-2013; Annual Reports

NBPGR, 1976-2014).

Geo-referenced maps were prepared using WGS84 datum and Everest projection

systems. In order to know the spatial distribution and assessment of richness, DIVA-GIS

version 7.5 was used for point to grid analysis using simple- circular neighborhood method

(Hijmans et al., 2001). A grid of 10 x 1

0 cells (111 x 111 kms) to assign point to grid cells to

map collected germplasm diversity was used for the country level data analysis (Semwal et

al., 2013).

Germplasm collection

Pigeonpea (C. cajan) germplasm has been collected from twenty eight states (except Jammu

& Kashmir), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) and 345 districts of the country (Table 2).

The data showed that central India, peninsular region, Gangetic plains and western part has

fair representation. Considering the representation of diversity from all surveyed states in

India, Madhya Pradesh (438), Jharkhand (387), Andhra Pradesh (579), Bihar (249), Gujarat

(230), Uttar Pradesh (188) and Maharashtra (178) were most explored in terms of availability

of germplasm accessions (Table 2). Details of district wise accessions collected from

different states are presented in table 3-21.

Table 2. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different states of the country.

States

Accns collected

Accns in NGB

Districts with germplasm

collected* vs. conserved

Andhra Pradesh 579 144 21(23)/12

Madhya Pradesh 438 235 40(51)/32

Jharkhand 387 78 23(24)/19

Bihar 249 102 28(38)/23

Gujarat 230 59 22(33)/16

Uttar Pradesh 188 2 22(75)/2

Maharashtra 178 91 28(36)/26

Rajasthan 128 - 16(33)/-

Karnataka 95 22 16(30)/7

Chhattisgarh 86 39 11(27)/9

Odisha 77 15 15(30)/5

Tamil Nadu 68 - 18(32)/-

Arunachal Pradesh 52 2 8(19)/2

Kerala 44 10 11(14)/7

Uttarakhand 39 11 8(13)/5

Tripura 33 1 4(8)/1

Mizoram 28 14 28(8)/14

West Bengal 17 2 6(20)/2

Assam 11 3 8(32)/3

Himachal Pradesh 8 - 2(12)/-

Haryana 7 - 4(21)/-

Manipur 7 1 4(9)/1

Punjab 7 - 5(22)/-

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 4 1 3(3)/1

Meghalaya 4 - 3(11)/-

Nagaland 1 1 1(11)/1

6

Sikkim 1 - 1(4)/-

2,967 855

* - in parenthesis total number of districts in a particular State

Germplasm Conserved in Gene Bank

Out of total 2,967 accessions, only 855 accessions were conserved in National Gene Bank,

NBPGR. Maximum accessions were conserved from Madhya Pradesh (235), Andhra Pradesh

(144) and Bihar (102) (Table 2). However, there is a large gap between collected and

conserved germplasm particularly from Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, West

Bengal and Assam. Germplasm collected from states viz. Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh,

Haryana, Goa, Punjab, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu was not conserved in NGB (Fig.

4). Six accessions of wild species of Cajanus cajanifolius were collected from Odisha (3

accns) and Andhra Pradesh (3 accns) and 46 accessions of C. scarabaeoides were collected

from Maharashtra, Odisha, Tripura and Uttarakhand. The gene bank at ICRISAT conserves

over 13,632 accessions of Cajanus species from 74 countries. This includes 555 accessions of

wild relatives, which represent six genera and 57 species (Upadhyaya et al. 2007).

Fig. 4. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from different states of the country

Mapping of diversity collected in pigeonpea

To know the eco-geographic diversity distribution of collected germplasm of pigeonpea

(2,456 acc.) through mapping the sites, passport data of collected germplasm were short listed

in order to find out the gaps in exploration and germplasm collection (Fig. 5). Mapping of

diversity collected indicates that some of the diversity rich areas viz. parts of eastern plains

(eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar); western parts of central India (Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Gujarat) and peninsular region (Andhra Pradesh) were extensively fairly

surveyed for germplasm collection. Maximum diversity in pigeonpea (C. cajan) has been

collected mainly from northern, north-western and peninsular region representing 29 states of

the country.

7

Fig. 5. Geo-referenced map showing distribution of pigeonpea in different agro-

ecological zones of the country

It is clear from figure 6 that maximum diversity was collected from hot-sub humid

agro-ecological region of the country, which has mostly red and black; red and lateritic; red

and yellow soil types. Collection data showed pigeonpea distributed from 50 to 2000 m

altitude range above sea level in the country (Fig. 6). With regard to climate maximum

diversity was found between 10 to 350C temperature range and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall in

different parts of the country (Fig. 7).

Fig. 6. Collection sites of pigeonpea along with soil types and topographic maps (altitude)

8

Fig. 7. Collection sites of pigeonpea along with environmental variables (rainfall, temp.)

Collection and Conservation status in different states

1. Andhra Pradesh

There are 23 districts in the state and germplasm

has been collected from 20 districts (353 villages)

lying in northern, western and eastern part of the

state (Fig. 8). Major collections are made from

Adilabad (164), Visakhapatnam (99), Srikakulam

(56), Vizianagaram (46) Guntur (27), Kurnool

(26) and Khammam (23) districts (Table 3).

Germplasm has not been collected from Krishna

and Nizamabad districts.

Conservation in Gene Bank

Out of 579 accessions collected from state, 144

accessions (24.87%) were conserved in NGB.

Conservation status of different districts is

Vizianagaram (30), Kurnool (24), Chittoor (14),

Srikakulam (12), Visakhapatnam (11), Anantapur

(8), Adilabad (7) and Mahbubnagar (Table 3). Only

one accession has been conserved from Medak,

Nalgonda, Warangal and West Godavari districts of

Andhra Pradesh.

Fig. 8. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea

germplasm collected from different parts of

Andhra Pradesh

9

Table 3. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh : 579 Acc./ 24 Districts/353 villages

Collected Conserved Collected Conserved

Visakhapatnam 99 11 Adilabad 164 7

Srikakulam 56 12 Khammam 23 4

Vizianagaram 46 30 Rangareddy 21 -

Guntur 27 4 Mahbubnagar 15 7

Kurnool 26 24 Warangal 7 2

Chittoor 17 14 Medak 4 1

Prakasam 13 3 Nalgonda 8 1

East Godavari 11 7 Hyderabad 4 -

Anantapur 11 8 Karimnagar 7 -

Kadapa 7 7 Others 10 10

Nellore 2 - Nizamabad

West Godavari 1 1 Krishna

2. Madhya Pradesh

There are 51 districts in the state. Germplasm has

been collected from 40 districts (251 villages).

Most of the germplasm has been collected from

northern, western and central part of the state

(Fig. 9). Maximum accessions have been

collected from Narsinghpur (35), Khandwa (24),

Dhar (24), Jabalpur (20), Dindori (17), Khargone

(16) and Sidhi (15) districts (Table 4). Germplasm

has not been collected from Agarmalwa,

Alirajpur, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Guna, Katni,

Mandsaur, Neemuch, Sheopur, Tikamgarh

Umaria and West Nimar districts.


Out of total 438 accessions collected from state, 235 accessions (53.65%) were conserved in

NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Narsinghpur (31) followed by Khandwa

(14), Dhar (12), Jabalpur (10), Dindori (9), Raisen (7), Khargone (7) and Barwani (7) districts

(Table 4). Only one accession has been conserved from Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Gwalior,

Hoshangabad, Ujjain and Vidisha districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Table 4. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Madhya Pradesh.

Madhya Pradesh/ 438Acc./51 Districts/251Villages


Narsinghpur 35 31 Mandla 6 2

Khandwa 24 14 Hoshangabad 6 1

Dhar 24 12 Sagar 3 2

Jabalpur 20 10 Shahdol 5 1

Dindori 17 9 Rewa 8 1

Khargone 16 7 Morena 5 1

Sidhi 15 3 Bhind 5 1

Barwani 13 7 Balaghat 4 1

Satna 12 3 Ujjain 3 -


germplasm collected from different parts

of Madhya Pradesh

10

3. Jharkhand

Jharkhand state has 24 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm

has been collected from all districts (353 villages) of

state. Most of the germplasm has been collected from

north-eastern, western and eastern part of state (Fig.

10). Maximum collections are made from Garhwa (81)

followed by Giridih (40), Godda (37), West

Singhbhum (31), Dumka (28), Bokaro (26), Palamu

(25), Pakkur (25) districts (Table 5).


Out of 387 acc. collected from state, a total of 78

accessions (20.15%) were conserved in NGB.

Conservation statuses of different districts are Palamu

(14), Godda (11), Pakkur (10), West Singhbhum (7)

and East Singhbhum (7) (Table 5). Only one accession

has been conserved from each Bokaro, Deoghar,

Sahibganj, Koderma, Garhwa and Ramgarh districts of

Jharkhand.

Table 5. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Jharkhand.

Jharkhand/387Acc./24 Districts/353 Villages


Garhwa 81 1 Bokaro 26 1

Giridih 40 2 Sahibganj 22 1

Godda 37 11 Ranchi 17 2

West Singhbhum 31 7 Deoghar 14 1

Dumka 28 2 Hazaribagh 11 4

Palamu 25 14 Simdega 11 -

Pakur 25 10 Khunti 10 -

Jamtara 18 4 Koderma 4 1

Lohardaga 17 3 Ramgarh 3 1

Gumla 18 2 Latehar 2 2

Raisen 10 7 Chhatarpur 1 -

Chhindwara 10 2 Ashoknagar 1 -

Shivpuri 7 5 Datia 1 -

Indore 6 4 Harda 1 -

Anuppur 9 4 Ratlam 3 -

Damoh 7 3 Sehore 1 -

Jhabua 6 3 Shajapur 2 -

Panna 4 3 Betul 2 1

Rajgarh 4 3 Gwalior 2 1

Seoni 5 3 Vidisha 2 1

Dewas 2 2 Others 139 67

Singrauli 3 2

Agar Malwa, Alirajpur, Ashoknagar, Chhatarpur, Datia, Harda, Bhopal, Burhanpur, East Nimar,

Guna, Katni, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Shajapur, Sheopur, Sehore,Tikamgarh, Umaria and West Nimar

Fig. 10. Geo-referenced map of pigeon pea


of the Jharkhand

11

Dhanbad 9 2 Saraikela 1 -

East Singhbhum 9 7 Chatra 1 -

4. Bihar

There are 41 districts in the state and pigeonpea

germplasm has been collected from 38 districts

(199 villages) lying north-western and central part

of state (Fig. 11). Maximum collections are made

from Saran (45), Samastipur (18), Begusarai (14),

Rohtas (13), Bhagalpur (12) and Madhubani (11)

districts (Table 6). Germplasm has not been

collected from Aarah, Darbhanga, Katihar and

Palamu districts.


Out of total 251 acc. collected from state, a total

of 94 accessions (37.45%) were conserved NGB.

Maximum accessions are conserved from Rohtas

(11), followed by Bhagalpur (9), Khagaria (8),

(Table 6). Only one accession has been conserved

from Jamui, Lakhisarai, Nawada, Purnia and

Siwan districts of Bihar.

Table 6. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Bihar.

Bihar/251Acc./41Districts/199Villages


Saran 45 6 Siwan 7 1

Samastipur 18 8 Purbi Champaran 7 2

Begusarai 14 7 Nawada 6 1

Rohtas 13 11 Jamui 5 1

Bhagalpur 12 9 Munger 4 2

Paschim Champaran 11 7 Lakhisarai 3 1

Madhubani 11 5 Purnia 2 1

Khagaria 9 8 Sitamarhi 4 -

Patna 7 2 Buxar 3 3

Araria 6 3 Aarah 1 -

Kaimur 6 3 Darbhanga 1 -

Muzaffarpur 6 3 Katihar 1 -

Madhepura 5 2 Others 37 12

Gopalganj 4 2

Arawal, Aurangabad, Banka, Bhojpur, East Champaran, Gaya, Jehanabad, Kishanganj, Nalanda,

Saharsa, Sheikhpura, Sheohar and Supaul



the Bihar

12

5. Gujarat

Gujarat state has 26 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm

has been collected from 22 districts (30 villages)

covering north-eastern and south-eastern part of

state (Fig. 12). Pigeonpea collections are mainly

from Narmada (28), Panchmahal (26), Sabarkantha

(23), Bharuch (23) and Vadodara (21) districts

(Table 7). Germplasm has not been collected from

Navsari, Surendranagar and Tapi districts of Gujarat.


Out of total 230 accessions collected from state,

only 59 accessions (25.65%) were conserved in

NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from

Sabarkantha (10), Banaskantha (9) and Vadodara (6)

(Table 7). Only one accession has been conserved

from Junagadh and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.

Table 7. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Gujarat

Gujrat/,225Acc./26 Districts/30 Villages


Narmada 28 5 Patan 5 2

Panch Mahal 26 2 Surat 5 -

Bharuch 23 3 Dangs 3 2

Sabarkantha 23 10 Mehesana 3 -

Vadodara 21 6 Amreli 3 3

Dahod 16 3 Gandhinagar 2 -

Kheda 12 3 Kutch 2 -

Banaskantha 12 9 Jamnagar 1 1

Valsad 10 3 Rajkot 1 -

Ahmedabad 6 2 Junagadh 1 1

Anand 5 - Others 11 -

Bhavnagar 5 3

Navsari, Surendranagar, Tapi

6. Uttar Pradesh

There are 75 districts in the state. Pigeonpea


(130 villages) covering eastern and southern part

of state (Fig. 13). Maximum collections are made

from Mirzapur (18) followed by Unnao (15),

Varanasi (12), Gorakhpur (8), Hamirpur (7), Balia

(7), Sonbhadra (6) and Sultanpur (6) districts

(Table 8). Germplasm has not been collected from

remaining 52 districts (Aligarh, Amethi, Amroha,

Auraiya, Bahraich, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti,

Bijnor, Budaun, Bulandshahar, Chandauli,

Chitrakoot, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fig. 13. Geo-referenced map of pigeonpea


Uttar Pradesh



of the Gujarat

13

Fatehpur, Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Gonda, Hardoi, Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar), Jalaun, Jhansi,

Jyotibaphule Nagar, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat (Ramabai Nagar), Kanpur, Kanshiram Nagar,

Kaushambi, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, MahobaMathura, Meerut, Moradaba, Muzaffarnagar,

Panchsheel Nagar(Hapur), Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rampur, Saharanpur, SantKabir Nagar, Sant

Ravidas Nagar, Shahjahanpur, Shravasti, Siddharth Nagar, Sitapur districts of Uttar Pradesh.


Out of total 188 accessions collected, only 2 accessions (1.59%) are conserved in NGB from

Etawah and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh (Table 8).

Table 8. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Uttar Pradesh.

Uttar Pradesh/Acc.188/75 Districts/130 Villages


Mirzapur 18 1 Mau 3 -

Unnao 15 - Azamgarh 2 Azamgarh

Varanasi 12 - Baghpat 2 -

Gorakhpur 8 - Jaunpur 1 -

Hamirpur 7 - Lucknow 1 -

Ballia 7 - Mainpuri 1 -

Sonbhadra 6 - Etawah 1 1

Sultanpur 6 - Lalitpur 1 -

Allahabad 5 - Deoria 1 -

Ghazipur 5 - Agra 1 -

Banda 4 - Ambedkar

Nagar

1 -

Raibarelli 4 - Other 77 -

Aligarh, Amethi, Amroha, Auraiya, Bahraich, Barabanki Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Budaun,

Bulandshahr, Chandauli,Chitrakoot,Etah,Faizabad,Farrukhabad,Fatehpur,Firozabad,Ghaziabad,

Gonda, Hardoi, Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar), Jalaun, Jhansi, Jyotiba, Phule Nagar, Kannauj, Kanpur

Dehat,, (Ramabai Nagar), Kanpur, Kanshiram Nagar, Kaushambi, Kushinagar, Maharajganj,

MahobaMathura, Meerut, Moradaba, Muzaffarnagar, PanchsheelNagar (Hapur), Pilibhit,

Pratapgarh, Rampur, Saharanpur, Sant Kabir Nagar, Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahan, Shravasti,

Siddharthnagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra and Sultanpur

7. Maharashtra

Maharashtra state has 36 districts. 178 accessions

of pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from

28 districts (123 villages) covering central,

eastern and south eastern part of state (Fig. 14).

Maximum accessions are collected from Nanded

(15) followed by Nashik (13), Chandrapur (12),

Amravati (11) Nagpur (10), Sangli (10) and

Yavatmal (9) districts (Table 9). Germplasm has

not been collected from Gondia, Hingoli, Raigad,

Sindhdurg and Washim districts.



Maharashtra

14


Out of total 178 accessions, 91 accessions (51.12%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum

accessions were conserved from Nanded (9) followed by Sangli (8), Amravati (8), Nashik (6),

Yavatmal (6), Osmanabad (5) and Parbhani (4) districts (Table 9). Only one accession has

been conserved from Pune, Nandurbar, Latur and Dhule districts of Maharashtra.

Table 9. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Maharashtra.

Maharashtra /179Acc./36 Districts/123 Villages


Nanded 15 9 Satara 5 3

Sangli 10 8 Solapur 5 3

Amravati 11 8 Aurangabad 4 2

Yavatmal 9 6 Jalna 5 2

Nashik 13 6 Jalgaon 5 2

Osmanabad 5 5 Gadchiroli 4 2

Parbhani 5 4 Buldhana 8 2

Ahmednagar 3 3 Nagpur 10 2

Akola 5 3 Pune 1 1

Beed 3 3 Nandurbar 9 1

Bhandara 5 3 Latur 5 1

Chandrapur 12 3 Dhule 3 1

Ratnagiri 3 3 Thane 3 -

Kolhapur 4 3 Wardha 4 -

Others 5 -

Gondia, Hingoli, Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, Raigad, Sindhudurg, Washim

8. Rajasthan

There are 33 districts in the state. Pigeonpea


(85 villages) covering eastern part of state (Fig.

15). Among these, maximum collections are from

Sawai Madhopur (23) followed by Alwar (21),

Dholpur (17), Baran (12), Bharatpur (9), Kota (8)

and Tonk (8) districts (Table 10). Germplasm has

not been collected from 17 districts (Banswara,

Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Churu, Dausa,

Dungarpur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar,

Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Rajsamand, Sikar

and Udaipur districts.


Though 128 accessions of pigeonpea collected but

no accession has been conserved in National Gene

Bank.



Rajasthan

15

Table 10. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Rajasthan

Rajasthan /128Acc./33Districts/85Villages


Ajmer 2 - Kota 8 -

Alwar 21 - Nagaur 5 -

Baran 12 - Pali 1 -

Bharatpur 9 - Pratapgarh 1 -

Chittorgarh 3 - Sawai

Madhopur

23 -

Dholpur 17 - Sirohi 3 -

Hanumangarh 2 - Sri Ganganagar 4 -

Jaipur 2 - Tonk 8 -

Others 7 -

Banswara, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Churu, Dausa, Dungarpur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar,

Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Rajsamand, Sikar and Udaipur

9. Karnataka

Karnataka state has 30 districts. Pigeonpea


(64 villages) covering northern and western part

only (Fig. 16). Maximum germplasm accessions

were collected from Kalaburagi (32) followed by

Belgaum (15), Dharwad (8), Bijapur (6) and Uttar

Kannada (6) districts (Table 11). Germplasm has

not been collected from 14 districts (Bellary,

Chamarajanagar, Chikkaballapura, Chitradurga,

Dakshina Kannada, Davanagere, Hassan, Kodagu,

Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Ramanagara,

Udupi and Yadgir.


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (95

acc.), 22 accessions (23.15%) were conserved in

NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from

Kalaburagi (11) (Table 11). Only one accession

has been conserved from Bagalkot, Belgaum and

Dharwad districts of Karnataka.

Table 11. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Karnataka

Karnataka /95Acc./16 Districts/64 Villages


Kalaburagi 32 11 Bidar 2 -

Belgaum 15 1 Chikkamagaluru 2 -

Dharwad 8 1 Tumkur 2 -

Uttara

Kannada

6 4 Haveri 1 -


germplasm collected from different parts of the

Karnataka

16

Bijapur 6 - Koppal 1 -

Bagalkot 5 1 Shimoga 1 -

Chamarajnagar 5 3 Bangalore Rural 1 -

Bangalore

Urban

3 1 Others 2 -

Gadag 3 -

10. Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh state has 27 districts. Pigeonpea


(58 villages) covering northern and central part

only (Fig. 17). Maximum germplasm accessions

were collected from Surguja (24), Dantewada

(16), Raigarh (13), Bastar (7) and Jashpur (8)

districts (Table 12). Germplasm has not been

collected from Balod, Balrampur, Bemetara,

Bijapur, Dhamtari, Gariaband, Janjgir, Champa,

Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Mahasamund,

Mungeli, Raipur, Sukma and Surajpur districts.


Out of total 86 accessions, 39 accessions

(45.34%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum

accessions are conserved from Raigarh (11) and

Dantewada districts (10) (Table 12). Only one

accession has been conserved from Bilaspur and

Durg districts.

Table 12. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh/86Acc./27Districts/58Villages


Surguja 24 3 Rajnandgaon 2 2

Dantewada 16 10 Bilaspur 2 1

Raigarh 13 11 Kabirdham 2 -

Koriya 10 3 Durg 1 1

Bastar 7 3 Narayanpur 1 -

Jashpur 6 4 Others 2 2

Balod, Baloda, Bazar, Balrampur, Bemetara, Bijapur, Dhamtari, Gariaband, Janjgir Champa,

Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Mahasamund, Mungeli, Raipur, Sukma and Surajpur

11. Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh state has 19 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 8

districts (41 villages) covering northern and eastern part only (Table 13). Maximum

germplasm accessions were collected from East Siang (21) and Lohit (15) districts (Table 13).

Germplasm has not been collected from Anjaw, Dibang Valley, East Kameng, Kurung

Kumey, Longding, Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare, Tawang, Upper Subansiri districts.



Chhattisgarh

17


Out of total 52 accessions, only 2 accessions (3.84%) are conserved in NGB. Only one

accession has been conserved from East Siang and Upper Siang districts of Arunachal

Pradesh.

Table 13. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh /52Acc ./17 Districts/1Villages


East Siang 21 1 Tirap 2 -

Lohit 15 - West Kameng 1 -

Lower Dibang

Valley

7 - Upper Siang 1 1

Changlang 4 - West Siang 1 -

Anjaw, Dibang Valley, East Kameng, Kurung Kumey, Longding, Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare,

Tawang, Upper Subansiri

12. Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu state has 32 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 18 districts

(60 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Salem (13),

Virudhunagar (8) and Dindugal (6) districts (Table 14). Germplasm has not been collected

from Ariyalur, Chennai, Dharmapuri, Kanchipuram, Kanyakumari, Karur, Krishnagiri,

Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thiruvarur,

Tiruppur and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu. Variability was observed in shape, size and

colour of the seed.


Out of total pigeon pea germplasm collected (68 acc.), No accessions has been conserved in

National Gene Bank.

Table 14. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu /68Acc./18 Districts/60 Villages


Salem 13 - Thiruvannamalai 3 -

Virudhunagar 8 - Tirunelveli 3 -

Dindugul 6 - Vellore 3 -

Erode 4 - Thoothukudi 1 -

Coimbatore 4 - Cuddalore 1 -

Namakkal 2 - Madurai 1 -

Nilgiris 2 - Tiruppur 1 -

Perambalur 2 - Thanjavur 1 -

Pudukkottai 2 - Others 11 -

http://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/537
















18

13. Odisha

Odisha state has 30 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 17 districts (57

villages) of the state (Table 15). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from

Kandhamal (31), Kalahandi (8), Nabarangpur (6) and Nayagarh (6) districts (Table 15).

Germplasm has not been collected from Angul, Bhadrak, Debgarh, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur,

Jharsuguda, Kendrapara, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Puri, Subarnapur, Sundergarh

districts. Shrubby form of C. cajan was collected from Rayagada, Odisha (Fig.18).


Out of total 77 accessions, only 15 accessions (19.48%) are conserved in NGB. Maximum

accessions are conserved from Kandhamal (7). Only one accession has been conserved from

each Cuttack, Ganjam and Kalahandi districts (Table 15).

Fig. 18. Shrubby form of Cajanus cajan in Rayagada, Odisha

Table 15. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Odisha

Odisha /78Acc./17 Districts/57 Villages


Kandhamal 31 7 Balangir 1 -

Kalahandi 8 1 Dhenkanal 1 -

Nabarangpur 6 - Gajapati 1 -

Nayagarh 6 - Khordha 1 -

Ganjam 4 1 Malkangiri 1 -

Rayagada 4 2 Kendujhar 1 -

Boudh 2 - Sambalpur 1 -

Koraput 2 - Cuttack 1 1

Bargarh 1 - Other 6 1

Angul, Bhadrak, Debgarh, Jagatsinghpur , Jajpur, Jharsuguda, Kendrapara, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh,

Nuapada, Puri, Subarnapur , Sundergarh

14. Kerala

Kerala state has 14 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 12 districts (39

villages) of the state (Table 16). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Idukki

(14), Pathanamthitta (8) and Kollam (5) districts. Germplasm has not been collected from

Kasaragod and Mallapuram districts.

19


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (44 acc.), 10 accessions (22.72 %) are conserved

in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Pathanamthitta (3), Thrissur (3) (Table

16). Only one accession has been conserved from Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kottayam and

Thiruvananthapuram districts.

Table 16. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Kerala

Kerala /44Acc./11 Districts/39 Villages

Collected Conserved Collected Conserve

d

Idukki 14 1 Thrissur 3 -

Pathanamthitta 8 3 Kozhikode 1 -

Kollam 5 2 Thiruvananthapuram 1 1

Palakkad 4 - Wayanad 1 -

Ernakulam 3 1 Kannur 1 1

Kottayam 3 1

15. Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand state has 13 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 8 districts

(34 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Tehri

Garhwal (9), Dehradun (7), Chamoli (6) and Rudraprayag (5) districts (Table 17).

Germplasm has not been collected from Champawat, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Pithoragarh

and Udham Singh Nagar districts.


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (39 acc.), 11 accessions (28.20 %) were

conserved in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Tehri Garhwal (5), Dehradun

(2) and Rudraprayag (2) (Table 17). Only one accession has been conserved from Chamoli

and Almora districts.

Table 17. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand /39Acc./8 Districts/34 Villages


Tehri Garhwal 9 5 Rudraprayag 5 2

Dehradun 7 2 Almora 3 1

Chamoli 6 1 Bageshwar 2 -

Nainital 5 - Uttarkashi 2 -

Champawat, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Pithoragarh, Udham Singh Nagar

16. Tripura

Tripura state has 8 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 4 districts (19

villages) covering northern, western and eastern parts the state (Table 18). Maximum

germplasm accessions were collected from South Tripura (12), Dhalai (9) and North Tripura

(8) districts (Table 18). Germplasm has not been collected from West Tripura.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champawat_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithoragarh_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district

20


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (33 acc.); only one accession (3.03 %) was

conserved in NGB.

Table 18. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Tripura

Tripura /33Acc./4Districts/19Villages


South Tripura 12 - North Tripura 8 -

Dhalai 9 - West Tripura 4 1

Sipahijala, Khowai, Gomati, Unakoti

17. Mizoram

Mizoram state has 8 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from all 8 districts

(21 villages) of the state. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Serchhip (6)

and Lunglei (4) districts (Table 19). Germplasm has not been collected from Aizawl and

Champhai.


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (28 acc.), only 14 accessions (50 %) were

conserved in NGB. Maximum accessions are conserved from Serchhip (4) and Lunglei (4)

(Table 19). Only one accession has been conserved from Saiha and Kolasib districts.

Table 19. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from Mizoram

Mizoram /29Acc./6Districts/21Villages

Collected Conserved

Collected Conserved

Serchhip 6 4 Kolasib 3 1

Lunglei 4 4 Lawngtlai 1 -

Saiha 2 1 Mamit 1 -

Others 2 -

18. West Bengal

West Bengal has 20 districts. Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from 6 districts (12

villages) of the state (Table 20). Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from West

Medinapore (5), South 24 Parganas (4) and Purulia (3) districts (Table 20). Germplasm has

not been collected from North 24-Parganas, Bardman, Murshidabad, Nadia, East Midnapore,

Howrah, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri, Bankura, Birbhum, North Dinajpur, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling

and South Dinajpur districts.


Out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected (17 acc.); only 2 accessions (11.76 %) were

conserved in NGB (Table 20). One accession each has been conserved from South 24-

Parganas and Purulia districts.

Table 20. Pigeonpea germplasm collected vs conserved from West Bengal

West Bengal /17Acc./6 Districts/ 12Villages


West Midnapore 5 - Purulia 3 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizawl_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champhai_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba_Medinipur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankura_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbhum_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district

21

South 24-Parganas 4 1 Uttar Dinajpur 2 -

Hooghly 1 - Others 1 -

Malda 1 -

North 24-Parganas, Bardhaman, Murshidabad, Nadia, East Midnapore, Howrah, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri,

Bankura, Birbhum, North Dinajpur, Purulia, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, South Dinajpur

19. Other states

Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected (50 accessions) from remaining ten states of the

country. Maximum germplasm accessions were collected from Assam (11), Himachal

Pradesh (8) and Manipur (7). Among these states, out of total pigeonpea germplasm collected

(50 accessions); 31 accessions (62%) were conserved in NGB (Table 2). Maximum

accessions were conserved from Assam (8) followed by Punjab (5), Haryana (4) and Manipur

(4).

Pigeonpea landraces collected vs conserved

C. cajan being indigenous species and its adaptation to varying climatic conditions,

cultivation and improvement by farmers have led to evolution of good number of landraces in

country. Scrutiny of data and literature revealed a large number of named landraces like

Kandulu, Peddakandi, Rahar Mah, Aghani Arhar, Kala Jatahi, Khar Thuvar, Gullalli local,

Katki Rahar, Laltuar, Rahar choti and Tumorcadi from different states. A total of 86

landraces in pigeonpea were collected from 14 states and all are conserved in NGB.

Maximum accessions are conserved from Andhra Pradesh (19) followed by Madhya Pradesh

(18) Bihar (10) Karnataka (9) and Maharashtra (8). Only one accession has been conserved

from Assam, Chhattisgarh, Manipur, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal

(Table 21). In Andhra Pradesh most commonly found landraces are Kandi, Kandulu, Mabbu

kandi, Natu Kandulu, Siri Kandulu and Tella Kandulu (Annexure I).

Table 21. Status of conserved landraces from different states of the country

States / No of

Landraces

Landraces conserved (IC no.) Landraces collected

(but not cons.)

Andhra Pradesh

(19)

Chiru kandi (369600), Erra kandi (261358), Erra kandulu

(261349), Kandi (261353), Natu kandulu (261337),

Kandi (261353), Kandulu (257997), Karthi (426561),

Konda kandulu (313555), Konda kandi (313515 ), Local

kandulu (261334), Mabbu kandi (261356), Natu kandulu

(261328), Parimi kandulu (313522), Peddakandi

(313532), Sarkar kandulu (261326), Siri kandulu

(343817), Srikandi (257999), Tella kandulu (261329).

Bolli kandulu,

Muduru, Machcha

kandulu, Nalla

kandulu, Peda

Kundulu, Raggalturi,

Kotkapitte

Assam (1) Rahar Mah (264532)

Bihar (10) Aghani arhar (315862), Baishakiarhar (273132), Borwa

arhar (273151), Chaiti arhar (273134), Desi Arhar

(283448), Jatahi arhar (273152), Kala Jatahi arhar

(273153), Laher (355595), Maghua Arhar (285558),

Pajaha arhar (273130)

Gujarat (5) Deshi tuver (298607), Khar Thuvar (262980), Toor

singhe (337447), Tuver (310892), Vadva tuver (298606)

Jharkhand (6) Aghani Arhar (347151), Chaiti Arhar (347144), Chaiti

(276930), Maghi-Arhar (406352), Rahar (320966).

Chaitki Lahria, Laher

22

Karnataka (9) Bennur local (421062), Gullalli local (421082), Hebbal

(421079), Kalagi local (421059), Kari togari(421083),

Madlor local (421074), Pattan local (421058), Saradagi

local (421076), Wadlur local (421081),

Kerala (1) Thovara (321071)

Madhya

Pradesh (17)

Tur (274037), Badi Tur (274127), Chhoti Rahar

(384482), Choti Tur (274139), Deshi type (338829), Desi

Arhar (274073), Desi badi tur (274132), Desi tuar

(274110), Jhunki Rahar (384483), Jhunku (384506),

Kataksar (384504), Katki Rahar (274103), Lal Arhar

(274112), Laltuar (339041), Rahar (274059).

Maharashtra (8) Rahar choti (274146), Safed Rahar (274106), Safed Tuar

(274111), Tor Rahar (274085), Tur Desi (Red)(274162),

Uraloo Tur (274141), Tuwer (396676).

Manipur (1) Behiang (471393)

Odisha (6) Badakandula (259853), Harada (337159), Kabali kandula

(321691), Kandula (321667), Kathi kandeal (257270),

Sanakandula (259859).

Tamil Nadu (1) Thuvarai (413021)

Uttarakhand (1) Tor (338562)

West Bengal (1) Tumorcadi (427777)

Arunachal

Pradesh

- Peret, Thuling, Peren

Dal

Mizoram (1) Behliang (298112)

Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea

Trait-specific diversity mapping in pigeonpea for eight traits i.e. early flowering, early

maturity, pod bearing length, high pod number, long pod, bold seed, high shelling percent

(>80) and protein (%) has been done. Mapping of trait-specific germplasm (107 accessions)

identified the south eastern coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, north-eastern part of

Maharashtra and north-western part of Bihar having maximum diversity in these traits.

Further mapping through fine grid method, trait-specific germplasm identified from Akola

(Maharashtra) for pod bearing length; Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh) for bold seed and

Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) for high pod number.

Grid map also showed highest number of accessions from 12 districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Remaining districts may be considered under explored, depending on the availability and

richness of crop diversity. Grid map has also differentiated various levels of diversity rich

areas or niches, where pigeonpea is predominantly grown. In the map, light pink/dark red

colour of the grid shows that the maximum numbers of pigeonpea germplasm are distributed

in this area as compared to other regions (Fig. 19). Dark green/light green grids in map show

least explored areas having low diversity and intensity of pigeonpea. Grid map also clearly

shows that Gangetic plains, peninsular India and parts of north-eastern hill region would be

target areas for future collections of pigeonpea germplasm.

23

Figure 19.Trait-specific germplasm mapping of pigeonpea from different parts of the

country.

Based on characterization/evaluation of pigeonpea, promising accessions for various

agro-morphological traits have been identified by NBPGR. The details of important traits and

promising accessions identified have been presented in table 22. Maximum promising

accessions related to important morpho-agronomic traits of pigeonpea germplasm were

identified for high yield (20 accessions). Among trait-specific germplasm accessions were

identified for early maturity (IC 348377, 245340); for long pod (IC 348314, 406843); for

high pod number (IC 525788); for bold seed (IC 423916, 468109) and for pod bearing length

(IC 15707, 28199).

Table 22. Promising accessions and areas identified for trait-specific germplasm of

pigeonpea in India.

Traits/ promising value Accessions No. Districts, state(s)/No. of Accessions

Bold seed (>5 mm) IC441500, IC489810

IC56068

Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (2);

Akola, Maharashtra (1)

High pod number (>138

pod per plant)

IC525788, IC423669 Muzzafarpur, Bihar (1); Hyderabad,

Andhra Pradesh (1)

High yield (>106 g/plant) IC 33755, IC47233,

IC525685, IC525662,

IC527709, IC369011,

IC368997

Sangli, Maharashtra (1); Kurnool,

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (4);

Ranchi, Jharkhand (1);

Dharwad, Karnataka (1)

Long pod (>4.5 cm) IC348314, IC348323,

IC406843, IC489990

IC489968

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (3);

Banaskantha, Gujarat (1); Sitapur,

Uttar Pradesh (1)

Plant height (>162 cm) IC56054 Akola, Maharashtra (1)

Pod bearing length (>64

cm)

IC15707, IC56060,

IC28199

Pakur, Jharkhand (1); Banaskantha,

Gujarat (1); Akola, Maharashtra (1)

High shelling % (>80) IC441500

Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (1)

Protein content (>20.95%) IC407060, IC407505, Saraikela Jharkhand (1); Jalna, Akola,

24

IC525515, IC73321,

IC552858

Maharashtra (2); Ambikapur,

Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (2)

Conclusions

Pigeonpea germplasm has been collected from almost all parts of country, but maximum

collection was from tribal dominated central and eastern region of India. Germplasm from

medium rainfall & moderate temperature areas are also well collected (Bihar & Jharkhand).

Gaps and underexplored/ unexplored areas identified are Western Ghats of Maharashtra,

Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and North-Eastern Hill region (perennial type)

that needs focus for future collections. Keeping in view the diversity assessment of pigeonpea

vis-à-vis germplasm collecting, the following areas have been suggested for future

exploration and collection of pigeonpea germplasm.

Variability in landraces of pigeonpea need to be collected from three areas viz. (i)

Nandurbar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Buldhana and Akola; (ii) Latur, Osmanabad, Solapur, Sangli

and Kolhapur and (iii) Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Gondia and Wardha districts of

Maharashtra.

Landraces of pigeonpea need to be collected from Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East

Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Though 68 accessions were collected from Tamil Nadu but none has been conserved in

National Gene Bank. Variability in landraces of pigeonpea need to be explored in

Dharmapuri, Salem, Krishnagiri and Tiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu.

Variability in landraces of pigeonpea (perennial type) need to be collected from (i)

Chirang, Kokrajhar, Baksa, Nalbari and Barpeta and (ii) Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh

and Tinsukia districts of Assam; East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang districts of

Arunachal Pradesh.

Wild and weedy relatives/related species/taxa of pigeonpea are very limited. There is an

urgent need for strengthening the germplasm of wild and weedy relatives such as

Dunbaria, C. trinervius, C. lineatus, C. albicans and C. scarabaeoides from Western

Ghats of Maharashtra, Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New

Delhi for providing facilities and valuable guidance to undertake this study. We also thanks to

other scientists and staff of Exploration Division, all the collectors who have provided data

and relevant information and helped in compilation of information and sharing their field

experiences.

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Annexure-I

S.No States Landraces/local name (IC No.) Local

Language

1 Andhra Pradesh

(19)

Chiru kandi (369600,369675,313516)

Erra kandi (261358,261336,261335)

Erra kandulu (261349,261347,261342,261330)

Kandi (261353, 369538, 369673, 369674, 369676, 369681,

382808,382949,382963,382968,384030)

Natu kandulu (261337), Kandi (261353, 369538, 369673,

369674, 369676, 369681, 382808, 382949, 382963,

382968, 384030)

Kandulu (257997, 257998, 261036, 261038, 261039,

261331, 261332, 261333, 261338, 261339, 261340,

261341, 261348, 261350, 261351, 261354, 261355,

261357, 261360, 261362, 261364, 261365, 261373,

261379, 329708, 343819, 343859, 343862, 343890,

343898, 343902, 343906, 343908,343911, 343931, 343934,

343938, 343944, 343954,3 43956, 343969,

369527,382856,398966,398974,398975,399006,399014,39

9016,415007,446483)

Karthi (426561)

Konda kandulu (313555,343913,343966

Konda kandi (313515 ,369575 ,369576 ,369601 ,369602,

369678,369679,369680)

Local kandulu (261334)

Mabbukandi (261356,261359,261363)

Natu kandulu (261328 ,261352 ,261361 ,261366 ,

261368,261369,261370 ,261371, 261372 ,261374 , 261376,

261377 ,261378 ,261380 ,261381, 261382 , 261383)

Parimi kandulu (313522)

Peddakandi (313532)

Sarkar kandulu (261326,261327)

Siri kandulu (343817,343818,343833,343848,343863)

Srikandi (257999)

Tella kandulu (261329,261343,261344,261346

Kandulu,

Sinnakandi

2 Assam (1) Rahar Mah (264532,394346394346 Rohor Dail

3 Bihar (10) Aghani arhar (315862)

Baishakiarhar(273132,273139,273140,273141,273142,2731

43,273148,273154,273155,273156,273162,273163,273165,

273166,283407,283408,355595,355598,355599,355600,35

5601,398905,398906,398908,544543)

Borwa arhar (273151)

Chaiti arhar (273134, 273157, 273158, 273160, 347143,

385751,398904)

Desi Arhar (283448)

Jatahi arhar (273152)

Kala Jatahi arhar (273153)

Laher (355595,355598,355599,355600,355601,544543)

Maghua Arhar (285558,385713)

Tubarika

Pajaha arhar (273130,361458)

4 Gujarat (5) Deshi tuver (298607,298608,298609,298610,395721)

Khar Thuvar (262980)

Toor singhe (337447)

Tuver (310892, 395723, 395733, 395740, 395805, 395815,

395830,395843)

Vadva tuver (298606)

Dangri,

Tohar

5 Jharkhand (6) Aghani Arhar (347151,385885,385888,406351)

Chaithi Arhar (347144, 347145, 347146, 347148, 347149,

347150, 347152)

Chaiti (276930)

Maghi-Arhar (406352)

Rahar(320966,320967)

Orhor Dal

6 Karnataka (9) Bennur local (421062,421063)

Gullalli local (421082)

Kalagi local (421059)

Kari togari (421083)

Madlor local (421074)

Pattan local (421058)

Saradagi local (421076)

Wadlur local (421081)

Kariyudu,

Thuvarai

7 Kerala (1) Thovara (321071) Tuvara

8 Madhya Pradesh

(17)

Tur (274037, 274066, 274130, 274155, 329117, 329118,

329119, 329120, 329121, 333158, 384484, 384487,

384490, 384491, 384492, 384494, 384496, 384497,

384498, 384501, 384502, 384505,

384508,384509,384510,336775,397213,397247,397283

Badi Tur (274127)

Chhoti Rahar (384482)

Choti Tur (274139,274110)

Deshi type (338829)

Desi Arhar (274073,274075,274150)

Desi badi tur (274132)

Desi tuar (274110,274154)

Jhunki Rahar (384483 ,384485 ,384486, 384488, 384489,

384493,384495,384499)

Jhunku (384506,384507)

Kataksar (384504)

Katki Rahar (274103)

Lal Arhar (274112,274114)

Laltuar (339041, 339044, 339045, 339046, 339047,

339071, 339072, 339073, 339074, 339075, 339076,

339077,339078,339079,339080,339081,339082,3390833,3

9084,339085,339090,339093,339094,339095,339096,3390

97,339098,339099,339101,339102,339103,339105,339107,

339108,339109,339110,339111,339112,339114,339115,33

9116339117,339118,339120,397303,397365)

Rahar (274059, 274081, 274082, 274126, 274138, 339050,

339052, 339054, 339055, 339056, 339057,

339058,339059,339060,339061,339062,339063,339065,33

Tur

9066,339067,339069,384500,384503,396740,396782,3967

84,396809,396810,396812,396814,396816,396817,396818,

396821,396822,396829,396830

9 Maharashtra (8) Rahar choti (274146)

Safed Rahar (274106)

Safed Tuar (274111,397366)

Tor Rahar (274085, 274086, 274087, 274128, 332215,

332216,332305,333277,397312,397351,397359,397493,39

7507,397526,397574,397581,397595,397603)

Tur Desi (274162)

Uraloo Tur (274141)

Tuwer (396676,344145)

Tuver

10 Manipur (1) Behiang (471393) Mairongbi

11 Odisha (6) Badakandula (259853,321817)

Harada (337159,373188,373237)

Kabali kandula (321691)

Kandula (321667,321718,321731,321765,321766)

Kathi kandeal (257270)

Sanakandula (259859)

Horodo

12 Tamil Nadu (1) Thuvarai (413021) Thuvarai,

Tovaram

13 Uttarakhand (1) Tor (338562,341327,419877) Toor

14 West Bengal (1) Tumorcadi (427777) Orhor

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