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Pavement DesignPavement Design
Guest LecturerGuest Lecturer
Dr. Sirous Alavi, P.E.Dr. Sirous Alavi, P.E.
SSIERRAIERRA TTRANSPORTATIONRANSPORTATION EENGINEERSNGINEERS, I, INC.NC.
1005 Terminal Way, Suite 1251005 Terminal Way, Suite 125
Reno, Nevada 89502Reno, Nevada 89502
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TopicsTopics
IntroductionIntroduction – – Design FactorsDesign Factors
– – Pavement TypesPavement Types Fundamentals of Pavement DesignFundamentals of Pavement Design
– – AASHTO AASHTO – – Asphalt Institute Asphalt Institute
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Design FactorsDesign Factors
ClimateClimate TrafficTraffic
MaterialMaterialPropertiesProperties
PavementPavementStructureStructure
PavementPavement
ConditionCondition
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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ClimateClimate
TemperatureTemperature MoistureMoisture
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Material PropertiesMaterial Properties
Nondestructive TestingNondestructive TestingField and Laboratory TestingField and Laboratory Testing
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Nondestructive TestingNondestructive Testing
Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Seismic Pavement Analyzer Seismic Pavement Analyzer
Magnetic Induction TomographyMagnetic Induction Tomography(MIT)(MIT)
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Falling WeightFalling Weight
Deflectometer (FWD)Deflectometer (FWD)
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
UsesUses
•• Basis for estimating inBasis for estimating in--situ propertiesitu properties
•• Estimate of structural capacityEstimate of structural capacity
•• Assess variabilityAssess variability
•• Rehabilitation (overlay) designRehabilitation (overlay) design
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Ground PenetratingGround Penetrating
Radar (GPR)Radar (GPR)
UndergroundUndergroundcrosscross--sectionalsectionalimageimage
Burst of radioBurst of radio--frequency energyfrequency energyradiated into theradiated into theground to detectground to detectdiscontinuities indiscontinuities in
the groundthe ground I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Portable Seismic PavementPortable Seismic Pavement
Analyzer (PSPA)Analyzer (PSPA)
OperatingOperatingprinciple is basedprinciple is based
on generatingon generatingand detectingand detecting
stress waves instress waves in
the pavementthe pavement
structurestructure
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Magnetic InductionMagnetic Induction
Tomography (MIT)Tomography (MIT)
Sensor unit emitsSensor unit emitselectromagneticelectromagnetic
pulses andpulses anddetects thedetects the
induced magneticinduced magnetic
fieldfield
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Field and LaboratoryField and Laboratory
TestingTesting
Drilling & SamplingDrilling & Sampling California Bearing Ratio (CBR)California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Resistance Value (RResistance Value (R--value)value)
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)
TriaxialTriaxial
FatigueFatigue I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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Drilling and SamplingDrilling and Sampling
CoresCores SoilsSoils
BeamsBeams
I N
T R O D
U C
T I O N
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California BearingCalifornia Bearing
Ratio (CBR)Ratio (CBR)
Applying load to a Applying load to asmall penetrationsmall penetration
piston at a ratepiston at a rateand recording theand recording the
total load at atotal load at a
certaincertain
penetrationpenetration
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
Penetration Piston
Sample
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Resistance Value (RResistance Value (R--value)value)
Expresses aExpresses amaterial'smaterial's
resistance toresistance to
deformation as adeformation as afunction of the ratiofunction of the ratio
of transmittedof transmittedlateral pressure tolateral pressure to
applied verticalapplied vertical
pressurepressure I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N Testing Head
Base
Sample
Fluid Under Pressure
Rubber Membrane
Pressure Gauge
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Dynamic ConeDynamic Cone
Penetrometer (DCP)Penetrometer (DCP)
Supply kineticSupply kineticenergy to theenergy to thepenetrometer,penetrometer,
which causeswhich causesit to move ait to move a
distancedistancethrough thethrough thesoilsoil
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Triaxial TestingTriaxial Testing
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
Most versatile testMost versatile testavailable toavailable to
determine thedetermine thestressstress--strainstrain
properties of soilproperties of soil
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Fatigue TestingFatigue Testing
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
Cyclic loading to testCyclic loading to testspecimenspecimen
Load can be a repeatedLoad can be a repeatedapplication of a fixed loadapplication of a fixed load
or simulation of inor simulation of in--serviceserviceloadsloads
Load may be repeatedLoad may be repeated
millions of cycles atmillions of cycles atpredefined loading timepredefined loading time
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TrafficTraffic
Critical factor Critical factor
Consider both the loadingConsider both the loading
magnitude and configuration andmagnitude and configuration andthe number of load repetitionsthe number of load repetitions
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Pavement DamagePavement Damage
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
2000 Repetitions < 1 Repetition
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Types of EquipmentTypes of Equipment
WeighWeigh--InIn--Motion (WIM)Motion (WIM) – – Bending Plate, Load Cell,Bending Plate, Load Cell, PiezoPiezo SensorsSensors
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Types of EquipmentTypes of Equipment
ClassifiersClassifiers – – Road Tubes, InductanceRoad Tubes, Inductance
Loops,Loops, PiezoPiezo Sensor, VideoSensor, Video
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Types of EquipmentTypes of Equipment
CountersCounters – – Road Tubes, InductanceRoad Tubes, Inductance
Loops,Loops, PiezoPiezo Sensor, VideoSensor, Video
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Pavement ConditionPavement Condition
Profiler Profiler
Automated AutomatedDistress SurveyDistress Survey
Manual Distress SurveyManual Distress Survey
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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ProfilerProfiler
ComprehensiveComprehensivesystem that is usedsystem that is used
to collect roadwayto collect roadway
surface data forsurface data fordetermining the ridedetermining the ride
qualityquality
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Automated Distress SurveyAutomated Distress Survey
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
Inspection ofInspection ofpavement andpavement andidentifying distressesidentifying distresses
High speedHigh speedequipment that takesequipment that takes““picturespictures”” ofofroadwayroadway
Processed manuallyProcessed manually
or by computer or by computer
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Automated Distress SurveyAutomated Distress Survey
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
Images areImages are
taken oftaken of
pavementpavement
Images areImages are
digitizeddigitized
Images areImages are
storedstored
Images areImages are
processed andprocessed andanalyzed
Distresses areDistresses are
classified andclassified andquantified analyzedquantified
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Manual Distress SurveyManual Distress Survey
Distresses separated based onDistresses separated based onpavement typepavement type
– –Rigid, FlexibleRigid, Flexible
Distress Identification ManualDistress Identification Manual(DIM)(DIM)
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Rigid PavementRigid Pavement
Corner BreaksCorner Breaks DurabilityDurability ““DD””
CrackingCracking LongitudinalLongitudinal
TransverseTransverse
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Rigid PavementRigid Pavement
Joint SealJoint SealDamageDamage
LongitudinalLongitudinalJoint SpallingJoint Spalling
Transverse JointTransverse JointSpallingSpalling
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Rigid PavementRigid Pavement
Map CrackingMap CrackingScalingScaling
PolishedPolished
Aggregate Aggregate
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
Fatigue CrackingFatigue CrackingBlock CrackingBlock Cracking
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
LongitudinalLongitudinalTransverseTransverse
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
PotholesPotholesPatchesPatches
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
RuttingRuttingShovingShoving
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
BleedingBleedingRavelingRaveling
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
WaterWaterBleeding &Bleeding &
PumpingPumping
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Types of PavementTypes of Pavement
Rigid PavementsRigid Pavements – – Acts like beam over any irregularities Acts like beam over any irregularities
in underlying supporting materialin underlying supporting materialFlexible PavementsFlexible Pavements
– –Layered system in contact with anyLayered system in contact with anyirregularities in underlying supportingirregularities in underlying supporting
materialmaterial I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
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Rigid PavementRigid Pavement
Constructed ofConstructed ofportland cementportland cementconcrete (PCC)concrete (PCC)
Analyzed by the Analyzed by thePlate TheoryPlate Theory
Jointed,Jointed,ContinuouslyContinuously
ReinforcedReinforced I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
PCCPCC
BASE (OPTIONAL)BASE (OPTIONAL)
SUBGRADESUBGRADE
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Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement Surface constructedSurface constructed
ofof bitumininousbitumininousmaterialsmaterials
““Flexible" since theFlexible" since thetotal pavementtotal pavementstructure "bends"structure "bends"due to traffic loadsdue to traffic loads
Structure is generallyStructure is generallycomposed of severalcomposed of several
layers of materialslayers of materials I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N
SURFACE (AC)SURFACE (AC)
BASEBASESUBBASE (OPTIONAL)SUBBASE (OPTIONAL)
SUBGRADESUBGRADE
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QuestionsQuestions
I N
T R O
D U C
T I O N