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AABSTRACTBSTRACT
Key points of article Reaping the benefits
Application of course theory to policy document
Conclusion
Discussion
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WWHATHAT AARERE TTHEHE IISSUESSSUES??
Food scarcity and poverty
Accessibility and un-even distribution
Population has grown disproportionably to world foodproduction
Sustainable food production: context of science, social
and economic and the environment
Increase land usage vs. intensification
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WWHATHATSS A SA SUSTAINABLEUSTAINABLE
SSYSTEMYSTEM?? The crops used must provide a high yield
Avoid unnecessary inputs
They must utilise human capital well
Negative environmental impacts must be minimised ormanaged
Must use agro ecological processes
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AAGRICULTUREGRICULTURE & E& ECONOMICSCONOMICS
World Agriculture makes up:
29% of Global GDP
65% of workforce
Multifunctionality Required.
Social
Economic
Political
Incremental better than radical- Unique.
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PPREVIOUSREVIOUS & F& FUTUREUTURE RREPORTSEPORTS
Differences in analysis, recommendations and
Different emphasis in the areas of:
Science
Technology
Markets
Trade
Social & Political
2008World Bank Report.
Overall aim of this report is to provide evidence base for UK GovernmentsForesight Group report (completed in 2010).
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CROP NUTRIENTS,CROP NUTRIENTS,
PESTS AND DISEASESPESTS AND DISEASES Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium are crucial
determinants of global sustainable crops.
Nitrogen fertiliser application increases the economic
and energy costs of agriculture
Agriculture amounts for the majority N20 emissions in
the UK
Crop genetic diversity has declined in recent decades.
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FOOD CROP PRODUCTIONFOOD CROP PRODUCTION
Potential to raise food crop production in sustainable
way.
Has been successful with certain crops already.
Popular in; USA, Brazil, India, Argentina, Canada.
Not popular in; Europe, Africa.
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RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTSRESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTS
AND POTENTIAL BENEFITSAND POTENTIAL BENEFITS
Improving research leads to better knowledge of food crop
allowing:
Better understanding of crops cells (imaging) allows better
crop management and agricultural environment.
Changing the genetics of the crop and modifying of certain
traits.
Applications of research Improve yield potential
Reduce effects of abiotic stress and Biotic stress
Mineral nutrition of crops
Nutritional quality
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NNATURALATURAL EENVIRONMENTNVIRONMENT
The Natural Environment of externalities
4 key factors
Negative Externalities
Ecosystem Services
Agriculture effects
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BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity in agricultural systems
Intensification Problems
Reasons for increased impact
Gene flow
Possible environmental impacts
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SSOCIALOCIAL IIMPACTSMPACTS
HumanHealth
Crop Modifications e.g. plant produced insulin
Social & Economic systems
Consideration needed e.g. African farms
Rich/poor divide
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TTECHNOLOGICALECHNOLOGICAL IIMPACTSMPACTS
Extension & Technology transfer
Extension service decline Public -> Private
Knowledge exchange
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Innovation towardsInnovation towards
sustainable intensificationsustainable intensification Aim for sustainable intensification is needed
Under 6% cultivated area 300 years ago
About 32% cultivated area today (klein, 2001)
Over half of the agriculturally usable land has been
converted into land for growing crops (Green et al,2005)
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Global food insecurityGlobal food insecurity
Countries must maintain and build their capacity to
innovate. Science and, in particular, the biology of
crop plants and their management, is a necessary partof addressing this challenge
Technology and biological sciences are vital !
Nevertheless !!
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Global food insecuritiesGlobal food insecurities
However, not enough contribution from universities !
Recommendation
Expertise within the private, charity and public sectors
must work together
And good communication between farmers andindustries is essential to achieve sustainable
intensification.
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Application of Course Theory to theApplication of Course Theory to the
Policy documentPolicy document
J. Diamond- Societal Collapse
Policy Making (Stead & Stead)
Further Policy Implications
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Societal CollapseSocietal Collapse --
insufficient food supplyinsufficient food supplyJ. Diamond (2004) talks about many different collapses of societal infrastructure - can
apply this to the downfall of food supply
Climate Change
Hostile Neighbours
Trade Partners
Environmental Problems
Societies Response to Environmental Problems
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Responses toResponses to
Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues Policy making based on:
- Stead & Stead (1992)
- Management for Sustainability
- Strategic Choice Theory
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Further Policy ImplicationsFurther Policy Implications
Transparency of GM foods
Further conflicts- e.g. ethical
Further policy needs
Karp & Gaulding (1995)- 3 approaches
Command & Control approach
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Speak Truth to PowerSpeak Truth to Power -- PolicyPolicy
enforcementenforcement
The policy report builds its scientific evidence to present a case
for policy development
The policy choice is the introduction of intensive agriculturalsystems
Need to look at relative scientific supporting evidence toeliminate doubt and uncertainty
Power
(values)
Knowledge Closure Policy Choice
Truth
Science
(facts)
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Overcoming UncertaintyOvercoming Uncertainty
Ignorance
Uncertainty
Risk
Decision Making
Policy Making and Implementation
Stuck in
uncertain stage
- insufficient
scientific
knowledge
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Crop ProductionCrop Production -- aa
complex system?complex system?Increased Population
Increased demand for food
Increased Production
Further Environmental Damage
Climate Change = inhospitable conditions for crop production
uneven distribution
environmental debates
methods of production - debate
insufficient supply
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Crop ProductionCrop Production -- aa
complex system?complex system?More resources used
Environmental damageInhospitable
environment for crop
production
Greater demand for crops
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IntensificationIntensification -- break thebreak the
cyclecycleIncreased Population
Increased demand for food
Intensified Crop Production
Increased Yield
Environmental Recovery
scientific interference
poverty alleviation
policy implementation
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Further thoughtsFurther thoughts
Relation between policy document and Howards
deadly thoughts
I=PxAxT ( Barry Commoner, Paul R.
Ehrlich and John Holdren)
Reinforcing Management for Sustainability
Corporate Responsibility and Leadership
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Contradictions in theoryContradictions in theory
Technology: cause or cure
Food intensification vs limits
Individual vs Collective Interests
Humility vs Arrogance
Democracy vs Decision Making
Dovers & Handmer (1993)
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Group ViewpointGroup Viewpoint
Policy document was pro GM foods
Served Royal Societys interests
GM foods: future option or necessity?
Local response over global?
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ReferencesReferences
Stead, J., G. and Stead,W., E. (2009)Management for a Small Planet, Greenleafpublishing
Diamond, J., (2004) Collapse, Viking
Dovers, S. R. &Handmar, J.W. (1993) Contradictions in Sustainability, EnvironmentalConservation 20(3) 217 - 222
McNeel, J. R., (2004) Something New Under The Sun, Penguin
Karp, D. & Gaulding, C. L. (1995) Motivational Underpinning of Command &Control,Human Relations, New York 48(5) p. 439
Schmidheiny, S. (1992)Changing Course: Global Business Perspectives on Developmentand the Environment,MITPress
Kahn,H. (1979)World Economic Development: 1979 and Beyond, Taylor & Francis