Organizing the Literature Review based on the Theoretical Framework
Where Are You?
Theory Technology Conjecture Research Application
Thesis
Thesis: a dissertation based on original research, especially as work towards an academic degree
Dissertation = a lengthy and formal written treatment of a subject, a formal spoken or written discourse
Discourse = serious piece of writing So what is a thesis?
Dissertation
Chapter 1: IntroductionProblem StatementMain Purpose: Research Questions
Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Research Methodology Chapter 4: Results / Data Analysis Chapter 5: Discussion & Conclusions
Question: Where should the hypotheses be placed?
Dissertation
Chapter 1: IntroductionProblem StatementMain Purpose: Research Questions
Chapter 2: Literature ReviewConclusion of Ch 2 = hypothesesMain purpose = support all H for Ch 5Elaborate from Research Questions
Title suggests RQ and H
Writing the Title
Items in the title Independent Variable (IV)Dependent Variable (DV)Moderator Variable (MV)
Write clearly: Cause & Effect StructureThe effects of an IV on a DV among
students with MV E.g.
The effects of note-taking on recall among students with poor reading skills
Expected Logical Expansion
The effects of note-taking on recall among students with poor reading skills
Note-taking & learning =strategies Note-taking & recall = taxonomy Note-taking & reading = schema Recall & poor reading skills = literacy Paradigm: Knowledge is cumulative
More Variables: > Depth The effects of note-taking on recall in
English among students with poor reading skills in Malaysian schools
Strategies of Note-taking & learning by race
Literacy levels by race Interference of 1st language Influences of age, gender, SES….. All possible combinations of IV,DV,MV
For Elegance, sophistication
Start with a theoretical framework Solid cause and effect structure Goal: support or refute paradigms
theories, or models.
Research Paths
Create a structure to guide research:Conceptual Framework
Identify a structure to guide research:Theoretical Framework Piece together bits
& pieces of data to address a research question
Grand theoryMidrange theoryMicro-range theory
Conceptual Definitionsof Study Variables, Research Questions, Hypotheses
Operational Definitions tomeasure the study variables
Inductive Reasoning(Qualitative Research)
Deductive Reasoning(Quantitative Research)
Liehr & Smith (2000)
Paradigm
Theory
Model
Practice
Structureof
Academic thinking
PRESCRIPTIVE
Res.
DESCRIPTIVE
Res.
Tech. Acceptance Model
Tech. Acceptance Model
Tech. Acceptance Model
Tech. Acceptance Model
Theoretical Frameworks In action
Structures identified/chosen to guide
discourse and research
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Piaget: learning with understanding involves:managing equilibrium/disequilibrium
Assimilation that occurs when a new experience is incorporated into an existing knowledge structure.
Accommodation that occurs when the new knowledge alters the knowledge structure or schema.
Cognitive Conflicts that occurs when a learner encounters something that contradicts his or her current understanding.
• Cognitive conflict results in disequilibrium.
• The learner reequilibrates his or her thinking through assimilation or/and accommodation.
Cognitive Conflicts
• Have to find closure / new equilibrium.
Schemes(Prior knowledge)
Equilibrium
Learning Situation
New Knowledge
Cognitive Conflicts
(Disequilibrium)
Accommodation Assimilation
Reequilibrium
Learning with Understanding
Schemes(Prior knowledge)
Equilibrium
Learning Situation New Knowledge
Cognitive Conflicts
(Disequilibrium)
Accommodation Assimilation
Reequilibrium
Learning with Understanding
Metacognitive StrategiesMetacognitive Strategies ScaffoldingCoop. Learning
Learning Mathematics with Understanding
Mathematical Reasoning
Structure of Scientific Revolution (Kuhn, 1970)
Paradigm
Anomalies New Paradigm
Normal Science
NewNormal Science
Another newParadigm
More Anomalies
Master programs
Doctoral Programs
Paradigm
Theory
Model
Practice
Structureof
Academic thinking
PRESCRIPTIVE
Res.
DESCRIPTIVE
Res.
Summary: How do we do it?
Expand from the Title Expand concepts to content outline Use cause and effect structure
Expand from the Research Questions Expand from the Problem Statement Hypotheses are summaries for Lit. Review. E.g. MA pg 105, Ibrahim’s Content
How do you know you’ve done a good job?
Does the review support every hypothesis? Does the review support Chapter 5? Up-to-date, thorough, exhaustive, original? Can be turned into a book / a monograph?
Tuckman’s (1999) criteria
Context Magnitude (number of references) How empirical & up-to-date Connectedness to the problem Well-organized? Establish significance? Convincing argument?
Let’s try an example
Paradigm Variables Research Questions Title Literature Review Outline
How to improve learning?
Thank you