Organizing the Literature Review based on the Theoretical Framework

Organizing the Literature Review based on the Theoretical Framework

Where Are You?

Theory Technology Conjecture Research Application

Thesis

Thesis: a dissertation based on original research, especially as work towards an academic degree

Dissertation = a lengthy and formal written treatment of a subject, a formal spoken or written discourse

Discourse = serious piece of writing So what is a thesis?

Dissertation

Chapter 1: IntroductionProblem StatementMain Purpose: Research Questions

Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Research Methodology Chapter 4: Results / Data Analysis Chapter 5: Discussion & Conclusions

Question: Where should the hypotheses be placed?

Dissertation

Chapter 1: IntroductionProblem StatementMain Purpose: Research Questions

Chapter 2: Literature ReviewConclusion of Ch 2 = hypothesesMain purpose = support all H for Ch 5Elaborate from Research Questions

Title suggests RQ and H

Writing the Title

Items in the title Independent Variable (IV)Dependent Variable (DV)Moderator Variable (MV)

Write clearly: Cause & Effect StructureThe effects of an IV on a DV among

students with MV E.g.

The effects of note-taking on recall among students with poor reading skills

Expected Logical Expansion

The effects of note-taking on recall among students with poor reading skills

Note-taking & learning =strategies Note-taking & recall = taxonomy Note-taking & reading = schema Recall & poor reading skills = literacy Paradigm: Knowledge is cumulative

More Variables: > Depth The effects of note-taking on recall in

English among students with poor reading skills in Malaysian schools

Strategies of Note-taking & learning by race

Literacy levels by race Interference of 1st language Influences of age, gender, SES….. All possible combinations of IV,DV,MV

For Elegance, sophistication

Start with a theoretical framework Solid cause and effect structure Goal: support or refute paradigms

theories, or models.

Research Paths

Create a structure to guide research:Conceptual Framework

Identify a structure to guide research:Theoretical Framework Piece together bits

& pieces of data to address a research question

Grand theoryMidrange theoryMicro-range theory

Conceptual Definitionsof Study Variables, Research Questions, Hypotheses

Operational Definitions tomeasure the study variables

Inductive Reasoning(Qualitative Research)

Deductive Reasoning(Quantitative Research)

Liehr & Smith (2000)

Paradigm

Theory

Model

Practice

Structureof

Academic thinking

PRESCRIPTIVE

Res.

DESCRIPTIVE

Res.

Tech. Acceptance Model

Tech. Acceptance Model

Tech. Acceptance Model

Tech. Acceptance Model

Theoretical Frameworks In action

Structures identified/chosen to guide

discourse and research

Piaget’s Stage Theory

Piaget: learning with understanding involves:managing equilibrium/disequilibrium

Assimilation that occurs when a new experience is incorporated into an existing knowledge structure.

Accommodation that occurs when the new knowledge alters the knowledge structure or schema.

Cognitive Conflicts that occurs when a learner encounters something that contradicts his or her current understanding.

• Cognitive conflict results in disequilibrium.

• The learner reequilibrates his or her thinking through assimilation or/and accommodation.

Cognitive Conflicts

• Have to find closure / new equilibrium.

Schemes(Prior knowledge)

Equilibrium

Learning Situation

New Knowledge

Cognitive Conflicts

(Disequilibrium)

Accommodation Assimilation

Reequilibrium

Learning with Understanding

Schemes(Prior knowledge)

Equilibrium

Learning Situation New Knowledge

Cognitive Conflicts

(Disequilibrium)

Accommodation Assimilation

Reequilibrium

Learning with Understanding

Metacognitive StrategiesMetacognitive Strategies ScaffoldingCoop. Learning

Learning Mathematics with Understanding

Mathematical Reasoning

Structure of Scientific Revolution (Kuhn, 1970)

Paradigm

Anomalies New Paradigm

Normal Science

NewNormal Science

Another newParadigm

More Anomalies

Master programs

Doctoral Programs

Paradigm

Theory

Model

Practice

Structureof

Academic thinking

PRESCRIPTIVE

Res.

DESCRIPTIVE

Res.

Summary: How do we do it?

Expand from the Title Expand concepts to content outline Use cause and effect structure

Expand from the Research Questions Expand from the Problem Statement Hypotheses are summaries for Lit. Review. E.g. MA pg 105, Ibrahim’s Content

How do you know you’ve done a good job?

Does the review support every hypothesis? Does the review support Chapter 5? Up-to-date, thorough, exhaustive, original? Can be turned into a book / a monograph?

Tuckman’s (1999) criteria

Context Magnitude (number of references) How empirical & up-to-date Connectedness to the problem Well-organized? Establish significance? Convincing argument?

Let’s try an example

Paradigm Variables Research Questions Title Literature Review Outline

How to improve learning?

Thank you