Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959 Buti Al Shamsi200440143 Ahmed Al Khazraji200620066 Department.

Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959Buti Al Shamsi 200440143Ahmed Al Khazraji 200620066

Department of Electrical EngineeringGraduation Project II Course

Spring 2011

Outline• GPI Achievements

• Modified Block Diagram

• Design Constraints and Standards

• HOMER Cases and Comparisons

• Wind Turbine optimization

• Maximum Power Point

• Solar panel optimization

• Solar Panel Shading Distance

• Pyranometer

• Anemometer• Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)

• Expected Research Areas

• Gantt Chart

• Designed Poster

• Achievements (WETEX 2011+ISSE)

GPI Achievements (1/6)Requirements, Specifications and Constraints

• Requirements: Continuous power supply, relatively

clean energy and low operating cost

• Specifications: best installation location, backup

availability and automatic switching

• Constraints: limited financial support and area and

meeting standards and regulations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Current Load Profile

Hour of the day

Load

(KW

)GPI Achievements (2/6) Load Profile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Preferred Load Profile

Hour of the day

Load

(KW

)

Total Load Demand = 26.1 kWh/day

GPI Achievements (3/6) Load Profile

GPI Achievements (4/6)Subsystem Sizing

1 wind turbine 24 solar panels 1 Variable Speed Diesel Generator

3 Charge Controller 1 Bi-directional Inverter 24 Batteries

GPI Achievements (5/6) HOMER Simulation

• HOMER = Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables

GPI Achievements (6/6) HOMER Simulation

• Main Inputs:– Preferred load profile– Actual Climatic Conditions in Al Ain city (Wind speed and

Solar radiation)– Equipments sizes

• Main Results:– Operation Cost (AED/Year) – Cost of Energy (AED/kWh) – CO2 Emissions (kg/year)

Modified Block Diagram

Design Constraints and StandardsBudget and Temperature

• Limited Budget: 228,000 AED

• Ambient temperature:

– Average = 28.55 o C

– Minimum = 5.3 o C ( in January )

– Maximum = 50 o C ( in June )

(From National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology in UAE )

Design Constraints and StandardsArea (1/3)

Free Area = Total area – Used area

= (25m X 38m) – (14m X 15m)

= (950 m2) – (210 m2)

= 740 m2


Solar Panels Considerations:

• Maintenance spacing (dust removal)

• Panel to panel distance according to NEC (avoiding shade)


Batteries Considerations:

• Installed in a cabinet or not

Battery rack Battery cabinet Battery Bank

Design Constraints and StandardsNoise

Noise:

• Threshold of pain = 130 dBA @ 10 meters

• Equipment noise < Threshold of pain

• Noise from diesel generator and wind turbine

• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine, 1 Diesel Generator

• Load Sharing: 58% PV, 1% Wind, 41% Diesel

• Cost of Energy: 2.9 AED/kWh

• Operating Cost: 15,300 AED/yr

• Shortage: 0%

• CO2 Emissions: 6,119 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (1/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)

HOMER Simulation (2/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)

• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine

• Load Sharing: 98% PV and 2% Wind

• Cost of Energy: 3 AED/kWh


• Shortage: 36%

• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (3/8) Case 2: Renewable Energy System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)

HOMER Simulation (4/8) Case 2: Renewable System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)


• Power Sources: 81 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine

• Load Sharing: 99% PV and 1% Wind



• Shortage: 0%

• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr


HOMER Simulation (7/8) Case 3: Diesel Generator: (7 kW Diesel Generator)

• Power Sources: Diesel Generator ONLY

• Load Sharing: 100% Generator


• Shortage: 0%


• CO2 Emissions: 25,433 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (8/8)Results

PVsCost of Energy

(AED/kWh)

Operating Cost

(AED/yr)

CO2

Emissions (kg/yr)

Diesel(Liter)

Hybrid 24 2.9 15,300 6,119 2,324

Renewable(36%

Shortage)24 3 9,900 0 0

Renewable(0% Shortage)

81 4.4 13,780 0 0

Diesel Generator

0 4.12 37,000 25,433 9,658

Wind Turbine (1/2)

Wind Turbine:

• Average wind direction range = 339o to 6o

Angles measured clock-wise from North

Wind Turbine (2/2)

• Wind angle range: 27o

• Wind turbine blades should

head towards the indicated

range.

Solar panel (1/11)Installation site coordinates

Latitude: 24.2 N

Longitude: 55.7 E

Maximum Power Point (1/4)Definition

The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).

Maximum Power Point (2/4)Circuit and Equation Model

Maximum Power Point (3/4)Matlab Simulation

Maximum Power Point (4/4)I-V characteristic and PV Power

I-V characteristic PV Power

Maximum Power Point (1/7)Definition

The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).

Maximum Power Point (2/7)Ideal Model

Maximum Power Point (3/7)Matlab Simulation for Ideal Model

Maximum Power Point (4/7)Real Model

Maximum Power Point (5/7) Matlab Simulation for Real Model

Maximum Power Point (6/7)I-V characteristic

Ideal Model Real Model

Maximum Power Point (7/7)PV Power

Ideal Model Real Model

Solar panel (2/11)Seasons and sun’s locations

• 1st day of spring/autumn = 90 – 24.2 = 65.8o above southern horizon

• 1st day of winter = 65.8 – 23.5 = 42.3o above southern horizon

• 1st day of summer = 65.8 + 23.5 = 89.3o above southern horizon

Solar panel (3/11)Seasons and sun’s locations

• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 89.3o to 65.8o

• Autumn (23 September – 22 December) = 65.8o to 42.3o

• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 42.3o to 65.8o

• Spring (21 March – 21 June) = 65.8o to 89.3o

Solar panel (4/11)Expected solar panel tilt angles

Solar panel tilt (heading south) = 90 – sun location

• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 0.7o to 24.2o

• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 47.7o to 24.2o

• Yearly yield = 24.2o

Solar panel (5/11)Solar panel tilt angles using PVSYST Software

• Summer optimum tilt = 0o to 6o


• Winter optimum tilt = 43o to 46o


• Yearly yield optimum tilt = 21o to 24o

Solar panel (8/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study

Solar radiation Vs months of the year for different angles in Al Ain

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Solar panel (9/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study

Solar variation (10o) = 0.76 – 0.54 = 0.22 kW/m2



Optimum angle: around 20o (maximum and stable solar radiation)

Solar panel (10/11)Factors affecting solar radiation

1) Angle of solar incident:• Best when perpendicular on the tilted plane• Maximum in 1st day of Spring and Autumn

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Maximum points

Solar panel (11/11)Factors affecting solar radiation

2) Length of the day:

• In polar regions, 6 months of daylight.

• Highest solar radiation in the first day of summer (24 hours daylight)

Drop during summer ?

Solar Panel Shading distance (1/10)



Solar Panel Dimensions

Length = 1.652 m

Width = 0.994 m

mm

mm


Sun path in Al Ain


Useful solar radiation hours = 6 hours (9 AM to 3 PM)

Longest shade:

– Season: first day of winter

– Time: just after sunrise

just before sunset

Shortest shade:

– Season: first day of summer

– Time: noon (12 PM)


Longest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)



just before sunset

@7 AM

@9 AM


Shortest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)



@12 PM

@9 AM


Longest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)



just before sunset

@7 AM

@9 AM


Shortest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)



@12 PM

@9 AM

Solar Panel Shading distance(10/10)

Summary @9 AM

Shortest: 2.073 m Longest: 2.950 m

Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2

Usage: limited field width

Shortest: 1.247 m Longest: 1.775 m

Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2

Usage: limited field length

Pyranometer (1/4)

• Pyranometer: is an instrument used to measure the solar radiation (in watts per

meter square) from a field of view of 180 degrees

• Types:

– Thermopile: is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into either

voltage or current.

– Photodiode (silicon): is an electronic device that converts light into either

voltage or current.

Pyranometer (2/4)

Thermopile

• Spectral range: 285 – 2,800 nm

• Response time: 5 sec

• Expensive (9,500 AED)

Photodiode

• Spectral range: 400 – 1,100 nm

• Response time: 0.5 micro sec

• Cheap (1,500 AED)

Pyranometer (3/4)

Polycrystalline PV cell spectral response: 400 to 1,200 nm

Pyranometer (4/4)

Solar Radiation: 300 to 2,800 nm

PV Cell: 400 to 1,300 nm

Thermopile Pyranometer: 300 - 3,000

Photodiode Pyranometer: 400 - 1,100

Anemometer (1/4)

• Anemometer: is a device for measuring wind speed

• Speed range: 1 to 100 m/s

Cup type Windmill type Ultrasonic type

Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)

• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output

• It is a programmable automation controller


• It consists of:

Chassis

Main Controller

AnalogOutput

AnalogInput

AnalogInput

DigitalInput

DigitalOutput

LabVIEW

• LabVIEW: Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench

• A graphical programming environment

• Develop control systems

• Using graphical blocks and wires

CompactRIO (I/O)

• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output

• It is a programmable automation controller

CompactRIO (I/O)

• It consists of:

Chassis

Main Controller

AnalogOutput

AnalogInput

AnalogInput

DigitalInput

DigitalOutput

CompactRIO (I/O)Calibrate Analog Input Value

• Input Engineering Unit: Calibrated value

• Binary Value: returned un-calibrated value from Analog Input Module

• LSB Weight: Typical Input Range / 2ADC Resolution

• DC Offset: vertical shift

OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.

CompactRIO (I/O)Block Diagram

OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.

CompactRIO (I/O)Front Panel

Binary Number


• Problem: Measurements were always in integer format (NOT Floating

Point)

• Solution: NI was contacted and the problem was solved.

• A program was developed to export the obtained measurements to

excel sheet.

Expetced Research Areas

• Solar Panels:

– Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

– Dust effect on the efficiency

– Temperature effect on the efficiency

– Meteorological data for Al Ain (solar radiation)


• Wind Turbine:

– Dust effect on the turbine

– Wind speed variation with elevation

– Effect of the surrounding obstacles on the performance

– Threshold speed (mechanical)


• Diesel Generator:

– CO2 emissions

– Fuel consumption

– Vibration

– Power quality

– Synchronization with other power sources


• Battery Bank:

– Temperature effect

– Life time

– Overcharging and depth of discharge effect

GPII Gantt Chart

Designed Poster

WETEX 2011

Water, Energy Technology and Environment Exhibitions (WETEX)

8th – 10th March 2011

Dubai Convention and Exhibition Centre

Organized by:

ISSE (1/4)

The International Conference on Sustainable Systems and the Environment

23rd – 24th March 2011

ISSE(2/4)

Graduation Project group members

ISSE (3/4)

Explaining to one of the judging panel’s member

ISSE (4/4)

3rd place in the Conference’s Student Poster Competition

3

Thank you for listening!Any questions?

Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959 Buti Al Shamsi200440143 Ahmed Al Khazraji200620066 Department.

Documents

Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959 Buti Al Shamsi200440143 Ahmed Al Khazraji200620066 Department.