Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959 Buti Al Shamsi200440143 Ahmed Al Khazraji200620066 Department.

Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959Buti Al Shamsi 200440143Ahmed Al Khazraji 200620066

Department of Electrical EngineeringGraduation Project II Course

Spring 2011

Outline• GPI Achievements

• Modified Block Diagram

• Design Constraints and Standards

• HOMER Cases and Comparisons

• Wind Turbine optimization

• Maximum Power Point

• Solar panel optimization

• Solar Panel Shading Distance

• Pyranometer

• Anemometer• Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)

• Expected Research Areas

• Gantt Chart

• Designed Poster

• Achievements (WETEX 2011+ISSE)

GPI Achievements (1/6)Requirements, Specifications and Constraints

• Requirements: Continuous power supply, relatively

clean energy and low operating cost

• Specifications: best installation location, backup

availability and automatic switching

• Constraints: limited financial support and area and

meeting standards and regulations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Current Load Profile

Hour of the day

Load

(KW

)GPI Achievements (2/6) Load Profile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Preferred Load Profile

Hour of the day

Load

(KW

)

Total Load Demand = 26.1 kWh/day

GPI Achievements (3/6) Load Profile

GPI Achievements (4/6)Subsystem Sizing

1 wind turbine 24 solar panels 1 Variable Speed Diesel Generator

3 Charge Controller 1 Bi-directional Inverter 24 Batteries

GPI Achievements (5/6) HOMER Simulation

• HOMER = Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables

GPI Achievements (6/6) HOMER Simulation

• Main Inputs:– Preferred load profile– Actual Climatic Conditions in Al Ain city (Wind speed and

Solar radiation)– Equipments sizes

• Main Results:– Operation Cost (AED/Year) – Cost of Energy (AED/kWh) – CO2 Emissions (kg/year)

Modified Block Diagram

Design Constraints and StandardsBudget and Temperature

• Limited Budget: 228,000 AED

• Ambient temperature:

– Average = 28.55 o C

– Minimum = 5.3 o C ( in January )

– Maximum = 50 o C ( in June )

(From National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology in UAE )

Design Constraints and StandardsArea (1/3)

Free Area = Total area – Used area

= (25m X 38m) – (14m X 15m)

= (950 m2) – (210 m2)

= 740 m2


Solar Panels Considerations:

• Maintenance spacing (dust removal)

• Panel to panel distance according to NEC (avoiding shade)


Batteries Considerations:

• Installed in a cabinet or not

Battery rack Battery cabinet Battery Bank

Design Constraints and StandardsNoise

Noise:

• Threshold of pain = 130 dBA @ 10 meters

• Equipment noise < Threshold of pain

• Noise from diesel generator and wind turbine

• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine, 1 Diesel Generator

• Load Sharing: 58% PV, 1% Wind, 41% Diesel

• Cost of Energy: 2.9 AED/kWh

• Operating Cost: 15,300 AED/yr

• Shortage: 0%

• CO2 Emissions: 6,119 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (1/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)

HOMER Simulation (2/8) Case 1: Hybrid System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind, 7 kW Diesel)

• Power Sources: 24 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine

• Load Sharing: 98% PV and 2% Wind

• Cost of Energy: 3 AED/kWh


• Shortage: 36%

• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (3/8) Case 2: Renewable Energy System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)

HOMER Simulation (4/8) Case 2: Renewable System: (5 kW Solar, 0.4 kW Wind)


• Power Sources: 81 PVs, 1 Wind Turbine

• Load Sharing: 99% PV and 1% Wind



• Shortage: 0%

• CO2 Emissions: 0 kg/yr


HOMER Simulation (7/8) Case 3: Diesel Generator: (7 kW Diesel Generator)

• Power Sources: Diesel Generator ONLY

• Load Sharing: 100% Generator


• Shortage: 0%


• CO2 Emissions: 25,433 kg/yr

HOMER Simulation (8/8)Results

PVsCost of Energy

(AED/kWh)

Operating Cost

(AED/yr)

CO2

Emissions (kg/yr)

Diesel(Liter)

Hybrid 24 2.9 15,300 6,119 2,324

Renewable(36%

Shortage)24 3 9,900 0 0

Renewable(0% Shortage)

81 4.4 13,780 0 0

Diesel Generator

0 4.12 37,000 25,433 9,658

Wind Turbine (1/2)

Wind Turbine:

• Average wind direction range = 339o to 6o

Angles measured clock-wise from North

Wind Turbine (2/2)

• Wind angle range: 27o

• Wind turbine blades should

head towards the indicated

range.

Solar panel (1/11)Installation site coordinates

Latitude: 24.2 N

Longitude: 55.7 E

Maximum Power Point (1/4)Definition

The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).

Maximum Power Point (2/4)Circuit and Equation Model

Maximum Power Point (3/4)Matlab Simulation

Maximum Power Point (4/4)I-V characteristic and PV Power

I-V characteristic PV Power

Maximum Power Point (1/7)Definition

The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a solar module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum (Pmax, measured in watts).

Maximum Power Point (2/7)Ideal Model

Maximum Power Point (3/7)Matlab Simulation for Ideal Model

Maximum Power Point (4/7)Real Model

Maximum Power Point (5/7) Matlab Simulation for Real Model

Maximum Power Point (6/7)I-V characteristic

Ideal Model Real Model

Maximum Power Point (7/7)PV Power

Ideal Model Real Model

Solar panel (2/11)Seasons and sun’s locations

• 1st day of spring/autumn = 90 – 24.2 = 65.8o above southern horizon

• 1st day of winter = 65.8 – 23.5 = 42.3o above southern horizon

• 1st day of summer = 65.8 + 23.5 = 89.3o above southern horizon

Solar panel (3/11)Seasons and sun’s locations

• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 89.3o to 65.8o

• Autumn (23 September – 22 December) = 65.8o to 42.3o

• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 42.3o to 65.8o

• Spring (21 March – 21 June) = 65.8o to 89.3o

Solar panel (4/11)Expected solar panel tilt angles

Solar panel tilt (heading south) = 90 – sun location

• Summer (21 June - 23 September) = 0.7o to 24.2o

• Winter (22 December – 21 March) = 47.7o to 24.2o

• Yearly yield = 24.2o

Solar panel (5/11)Solar panel tilt angles using PVSYST Software

• Summer optimum tilt = 0o to 6o


• Winter optimum tilt = 43o to 46o


• Yearly yield optimum tilt = 21o to 24o

Solar panel (8/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study

Solar radiation Vs months of the year for different angles in Al Ain

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Solar panel (9/11)Solar panel tilt angles using case study

Solar variation (10o) = 0.76 – 0.54 = 0.22 kW/m2



Optimum angle: around 20o (maximum and stable solar radiation)

Solar panel (10/11)Factors affecting solar radiation

1) Angle of solar incident:• Best when perpendicular on the tilted plane• Maximum in 1st day of Spring and Autumn

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Maximum points

Solar panel (11/11)Factors affecting solar radiation

2) Length of the day:

• In polar regions, 6 months of daylight.

• Highest solar radiation in the first day of summer (24 hours daylight)

Drop during summer ?

Solar Panel Shading distance (1/10)



Solar Panel Dimensions

Length = 1.652 m

Width = 0.994 m

mm

mm


Sun path in Al Ain


Useful solar radiation hours = 6 hours (9 AM to 3 PM)

Longest shade:

– Season: first day of winter

– Time: just after sunrise

just before sunset

Shortest shade:

– Season: first day of summer

– Time: noon (12 PM)


Longest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)



just before sunset

@7 AM

@9 AM


Shortest shade (portrait scheme H= 1.652 m)



@12 PM

@9 AM


Longest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)



just before sunset

@7 AM

@9 AM


Shortest shade (landscape scheme H= 0.994 m)



@12 PM

@9 AM

Solar Panel Shading distance(10/10)

Summary @9 AM

Shortest: 2.073 m Longest: 2.950 m

Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2

Usage: limited field width

Shortest: 1.247 m Longest: 1.775 m

Area for 24 panels: 70.37 m2

Usage: limited field length

Pyranometer (1/4)

• Pyranometer: is an instrument used to measure the solar radiation (in watts per

meter square) from a field of view of 180 degrees

• Types:

– Thermopile: is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into either

voltage or current.

– Photodiode (silicon): is an electronic device that converts light into either

voltage or current.

Pyranometer (2/4)

Thermopile

• Spectral range: 285 – 2,800 nm

• Response time: 5 sec

• Expensive (9,500 AED)

Photodiode

• Spectral range: 400 – 1,100 nm

• Response time: 0.5 micro sec

• Cheap (1,500 AED)

Pyranometer (3/4)

Polycrystalline PV cell spectral response: 400 to 1,200 nm

Pyranometer (4/4)

Solar Radiation: 300 to 2,800 nm

PV Cell: 400 to 1,300 nm

Thermopile Pyranometer: 300 - 3,000

Photodiode Pyranometer: 400 - 1,100

Anemometer (1/4)

• Anemometer: is a device for measuring wind speed

• Speed range: 1 to 100 m/s

Cup type Windmill type Ultrasonic type

Data Acquisition Device (CompactRIO)

• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output

• It is a programmable automation controller


• It consists of:

Chassis

Main Controller

AnalogOutput

AnalogInput

AnalogInput

DigitalInput

DigitalOutput

LabVIEW

• LabVIEW: Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench

• A graphical programming environment

• Develop control systems

• Using graphical blocks and wires

CompactRIO (I/O)

• CompactRIO: Compact Reconfigurable Input / Output

• It is a programmable automation controller

CompactRIO (I/O)

• It consists of:

Chassis

Main Controller

AnalogOutput

AnalogInput

AnalogInput

DigitalInput

DigitalOutput

CompactRIO (I/O)Calibrate Analog Input Value

• Input Engineering Unit: Calibrated value

• Binary Value: returned un-calibrated value from Analog Input Module

• LSB Weight: Typical Input Range / 2ADC Resolution

• DC Offset: vertical shift

OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.

CompactRIO (I/O)Block Diagram

OffsetWeightLSBValueBinaryUnitsEngInput )(.

CompactRIO (I/O)Front Panel

Binary Number


• Problem: Measurements were always in integer format (NOT Floating

Point)

• Solution: NI was contacted and the problem was solved.

• A program was developed to export the obtained measurements to

excel sheet.

Expetced Research Areas

• Solar Panels:

– Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

– Dust effect on the efficiency

– Temperature effect on the efficiency

– Meteorological data for Al Ain (solar radiation)


• Wind Turbine:

– Dust effect on the turbine

– Wind speed variation with elevation

– Effect of the surrounding obstacles on the performance

– Threshold speed (mechanical)


• Diesel Generator:

– CO2 emissions

– Fuel consumption

– Vibration

– Power quality

– Synchronization with other power sources


• Battery Bank:

– Temperature effect

– Life time

– Overcharging and depth of discharge effect

GPII Gantt Chart

Designed Poster

WETEX 2011

Water, Energy Technology and Environment Exhibitions (WETEX)

8th – 10th March 2011

Dubai Convention and Exhibition Centre

Organized by:

ISSE (1/4)

The International Conference on Sustainable Systems and the Environment

23rd – 24th March 2011

ISSE(2/4)

Graduation Project group members

ISSE (3/4)

Explaining to one of the judging panel’s member

ISSE (4/4)

3rd place in the Conference’s Student Poster Competition

3

Thank you for listening!Any questions?

Off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Hamad Jassim Rajab 200621000 Abdulrahman Kalbat 200608959 Buti Al Shamsi200440143 Ahmed Al Khazraji200620066 Department.

Documents

wind slide

diesel slide

wind turbine slide

kgyr slide

uae slide

isse slide

north slide

shade slide