StefanoAlianiCNR-ISMAR,LaSpezia- Italy
OCEANOGRAPHICTIMESERIESFROMDIRIGIBILEITALIAMOORINGINKONGSFIORDEN:ASYNTHESISOFITALIANACTIVITIESANDAPLATFORMFORCOLLABORATION
L.Langone,S.Miserocchi,F.Giglio,A.D’Angelo,M.Azzaro,G.Bruzzone,M.Caccia,F .DelBianco.T.Tesi,C.Cantoni,S.Cozzi,M.Doveri,M.Lelli.ARibotti,R.LaFerla
CNRistheItalianNationalResearchCouncil
ISMARwasevaluatedastheexcellenceinstituteoftheCNREarthSystemScienceDepartment
• Headquarter inVenice ,plus6regionalbranchs
• 180Permanent Staff;
• About 80people intraining(PhD, postdoctoral)
www.ismar.cnr.it
Svalbard
BarentsSea
Arctic Ocean
KongsfjordenProjectstructure
ü WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryospheresystemq WP2- EvolutionandDynamicsoftheglacialcapandoutletglaciersin
Greenlandq WP3- Reconstructionofextrememeltwatereventsq WP4- Conceptualmodelanddistributedsystemforthemanagement,use
anddisseminationofdata
Fjords
ü Shapeandorigin
ü Most distributed at highlatitudes
ü AmplificationoftheclimatechangeintheArcticOcean,butfjordsevenmoresensible
ü Only0.1%oftheworld'soceansurfacebutaccountfor11%ofannualOCburial
Smithetal.,2015
WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryosphere system
- NWSpitsbergen Island(Svalbard)
- ca.20kmlong,4-10kmwide
- outerfjord >200mdeep- sill- shallowerinnerpart(<100mdeep).
Ny-Ålesund
Kongsfjorden
Ny-Ålesund researchcentre- 11researchstationsinNy-Ålesund- researchprojectsandmonitoring
activitiesallyearround- coordinatedbyNySMAC (Ny-Ålesund
ScienceManagerCommittee)
BaseDirigibileItalia- CNRLabs,surface330m2 withofficesandlabs,upto7researchers
- Openallyearround- Researchesonatmosphericchemistryandphysics;marine biology;physicsofthehighatmosphere;technologicalresearch,geologyandgeophysics;glaciologyandpermafrost;paleoclimate;oceanographyandlimnology;terrestrialecosystems;humanimpactontheenvironment,humanbiologyandmedicine.
From2009-10,setupof3multidisciplinaryobservationplatforms:
a) Amundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT),
b) AerosolandGruvebadetinterfaceprocesseslab(GVB)
c) OceanographicmooringMDIintheKongsfjorden.
Conceptual models
Integratedmeasurementsatthemaininterfacesofthefjord
Mainpartsofthesystem1. Fjord2. Glaciers3. Seaice4. Ocean5. Land6. Atmosphere7. Sediment
Fluxmeasurements• Water• Salt• Heat• Dissolvedand• Particulatematter
Glacier
Atmosphere
Sediment Pore water
PermafrostSea ice
fjord
Atmosphere
Glacier
Land
Sediment
Ocean
Seaice
OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)[email protected]
Thankswww.kartverket.no forthebasemap
MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)
AncillaryCTDcasts
MDI
OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
78.9˚N
78.95˚N
79˚N
11.8˚E 12˚E 12.2˚E 12.4˚E 12.6˚E
Ocea
n Da
ta V
iew
MooringDirigibile ITALIA
(MDI)- CTDCasts(September)
OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
7-yearlongtime-seriesarenowavailable
• SedimentTraps
• TandCdata
• Watercurrents
MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)- Timeseries
Sep2011
Sep2014
Thecontributionofheatfromtheoceanattheinterfacebetweenthefjordwaterandtidewaterglaciershasbeensuggestedasapossibletriggerthatdestabilizetheglacierfront.
OceanHeatContent(OHC)derivedfromtherecordofhydrographicprofilesisusuallyneglectedinmostofpapersonoceantidewaterglacierinteraction
TheOHCdoesnotdependonlyontemperaturebutalsoonthevolumeofwaterinteractingwiththeicefront.
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
whererho=1027kg/m3iswaterdensityCp =4000J/kgCisseawaterspecificheatcapacity,VisthevolumeoftheAtlanticwaterlayerandTisthedepthaveragedtemperatureofthelayer.
OHCsummarizesthethermalpropertyofthewatercolumninaintegratedvalueoveraverticalprofile.
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
BasedonbathymetricsurveyandCTDcasts,OHCwascalculatedforSeptember2014
Aliani etal.,2016a&b
theinputofheatintheinnermostfjordwasconsistentwithlargeicemelting.
ThethesisofstudentValentinaRibezzo isimprovingtheideaoftheroleofthesillusingtimeseries fromMDI
• Bathymetricmap
• CTDcastsfromdifferentyearsprovidedifferentvolumes
• MDIprovidestimeseries (assumptionsarerequired)
Days of the year
EW -
Velo
city
[cm
/s]
NS -
Velo
city
[cm
/s]
(a)
(b)
(c)
Days of the year
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
Insummer2015,foundhighsurfacewaterpHvaluesinKongsfjorden (upto8.6)
Tomaintainsuchahighvalue,pHoffreshwaterinputsdischarging intothefjordshouldbealkaline
Inthelonger term,whenthemeltwaterdischargewilldecline,pHwilldecreaseveryrapidly,theoreticallyreachingatippingpoint
NecessaryspecificexperimentstofollowthetemporaltrendofpHandalkalinity
Fieldwork :21July – 18August2016,peak ofmelting season
Cantoni C.Cozzi S.- ISMARTS
HopwoodM.andClarkJ.- GEOMAR,Kiel
Carbonatechemistryinthefjord
MooringMDIsince2010inKongsfjorden
Timeseriesofparticlefluxesandcomposition• Avg.TMF,ca.20gm-2 d-1(7to100gm-2 d-1inwinterandsummer,inrespectively)
• %OCpeakspring-earlysummerbyphytoplanktonbloom(lessnegativeδ13C)
• TMFpeaksinsummerbyglaciermeltingandsurfacerunoff(turbidwaters)
• Highdetritalcarbonates(20-30%)• Highinterannualvariability(in2013,TMFpeakca.8timeshigherthanremainingyears)
D’Angeloetal.,2016
Particle fluxes [email protected]
Modern sediment [email protected]
ü Sedimentation rate decreases with increasing distance from glacier termini (Kronebreen and Kongsvegen)
ü The geochemical fingerprint displayslarge along-fjord variability of bothinorganic (Ca/Ti) and organic (OC) parameters
Miserocchi etal.,2016
AB C
D
Repeatedsampling:Jun2012,Sept2012,Jul2014, Jul2015
Suspended particulatematter:anthropogenicinputbyAtlanticwaterforsomeelements(Ba,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Zn),naturalinputbyglacialrunoff forothers(Al,Co,Fe,K,Ti,V),bothhigher insummer
Sediments:negligibleanthropogenic impactfortraceelements(althoughminorenrichment forAs,Cd,Cr,Ni,V),onlyasmallpercentageisbioavalaible (<5%,exceptforAs,Cd)
Grotti etal.,2013,Bazzano etal.,2014Ardini etal.,2016
Tracemetals inTSMandsedimentPaolaRivaro,FrancescoArdini,MarcoGrottiUniv [email protected];[email protected]
ISMOGLACProjectISotopic andphysical-chemicalMOnitoring ofGLACial drainagesandsea
waterintheNy-Ålesund area-Svalbard (start:June2015)
Investigatesthedynamicprocessesoftheglacialmelting(supraglacial,englacialandsubglacial outputs)andevaluatestheconsequenttransfersoffreshwatertowardstheKongsfjorden
Inlandactivities(glacialdrainages)
Flow-ratemeasurements
Watersamplingandphysical-chemicalmeasurements
DOVERI100 - 87350 - [25/07/2016 19:00:00 - 30/07/2016 12:00:00]
Pressure (cmH2O) Temperature (Celsius) 2:Spec.cond. (mS/cm)
30/07/201629/07/201628/07/201627/07/201626/07/2016
Pres
sure
(cm
H2O
) 1,140
1,120
1,100
1,080
1,060
Tem
pera
ture
(C
elsi
us)
54.5
43.5
32.5
2
2:S
pec.
cond
. (m
S/c
m)
0.095
0.09
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
ActivitieswithinKongsfjordenPhysical-chemicallogsand
samplingofwateratdefineddepth
Laboratoryactivities(IGGPisa)
Analysisof isotopicsignatures(δ18O‰,δ2H‰,3Handδ13C‰)andchemicalconcentrations(majorand
minorcompounds )
DoveriM.,LelliM.,Baneschi I.,Provenzale A.– IGG,PISA
Between10-15mdepth, layerofcolderwaterfromtheglaciermelting
Extinctionofthesolarradiationobservedinthefirst5m
Insuchconditions,photic layeravailabletothephytoplanktonstronglylimited
Azzaro M.,Zappalà G.,CarusoG.,LaFerlaR.,Denaro R.,Crisafi F.
DailyvariabilityofthemicrobialcompartmentandtrophicstructureatmooringsiteMDImaurizio.azzaro@cnr.it
Developmentofintegratedsystemsofunmanned surfacevehicles(USV)forperforming atmospheric, seawaterandicedatasensingandwatersampling
Tooperateandtransmit datainrealtimeindangerous sites,such as glacierfronts,ordifficult toaccess tohumanbeings
Zappalà etal.,2016
Bruzzone &coworkers
UnmannedVehiclesforAutonomousSensingandSampling(UVASS)[email protected]
The34-m- highAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT)providesverticalprofilesofmeteorologicalparameters,sinceOctober2009.
AtmosphericobservationsattheAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTowerVito.vitale@isac.cnr.it
7-yearlong time-seriesofradiationandenergybudgetsarenowavailable
http://www.isac.cnr.it/~radiclim/CCTower/
Mazzolaetal.,2016
2steps inthefuture
ARCAresults arejustasnapshot
Ø Next stepà need toextendmonitoring at longer timescaleto obtainmorereliabletrendsandestablishhowclimatechangeisaffectingtheKongsfjorden
Openquestions:
Ø Arefjordsabletomitigatetheeffectsofglobalchangebylocallyreducinggradientswithrespecttotheadjacentocean?
Ø HowsillaffectOHC?
Someobservationsseemtoconfirmit:
Ø Theincreasedfluvialrunoffincreasedtransferofsoil-derivedOCtothefjord,anditsmineralizationinfjordwaterscouldfurtherincreasetheatmosphericCO2 concentration.Butfjordsalsobehaveasnaturalsedimenttraps,rapidlysequesteringtheterrestrialOCandreducingthepotentialnegativeeffect
Ø Duetoveryalkalinefreshwaterinputs,fjordscancontributetomitigatetheoceanacidification,atleastuntilthemeltwaterdischargewillnotdecline
What has tobedone
Intheproject ARCA,aneffort ofintegrationbetween different italiangroupswaspursued,butwe still need toincrease:
• Coordination among italian groups
• Cooperation withgroups ofdifferent nations
• Interdisciplinarity andmultidisciplinarity
• Increase thesharing ofinfrastructures
• Upgradeinstrumentation, adding newsensors (newparameters,moreperforming)
• Promote anintegrated approach combining modelling anddataacquisition viaoceanographic cruises,autonomous stations (fixed,drifting,USV)andsatellite
• Developing anewgenerationofsmallmodularaerial andmarinedrones tocollectdatasimultaneously
• Datasharing anddatabases
• Make constant theflowoffunds(timeseries arecontinuosly at risk ofinteruption)
Thanks foryour attentionand thanks toArctic station Dirigibile ItaliaCNR DTA Kings Bay and TeistenSysselmann of SvalbardAll Ny Alesund colleagues
photocourtesy byPaoloPetrignani
Credits:CNR-DTA,CNRArcticBaseDirigibile Italia,KingsBayCo.,projectsSnow,ARCA,Hermione, Eurofleets2–Prepared &Burster,PNRA-Defrost,PRIN2007&2009,bilateral Italy-Korea,AWI,OceanCertain,ISMOGLAC ...