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StefanoAlianiCNR-ISMAR,LaSpezia- Italy
OCEANOGRAPHICTIMESERIESFROMDIRIGIBILEITALIAMOORINGINKONGSFIORDEN:ASYNTHESISOFITALIANACTIVITIESANDAPLATFORMFORCOLLABORATION
L.Langone,S.Miserocchi,F.Giglio,A.D’Angelo,M.Azzaro,G.Bruzzone,M.Caccia,F .DelBianco.T.Tesi,C.Cantoni,S.Cozzi,M.Doveri,M.Lelli.ARibotti,R.LaFerla
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CNRistheItalianNationalResearchCouncil
ISMARwasevaluatedastheexcellenceinstituteoftheCNREarthSystemScienceDepartment
• Headquarter inVenice ,plus6regionalbranchs
• 180Permanent Staff;
• About 80people intraining(PhD, postdoctoral)
www.ismar.cnr.it
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Svalbard
BarentsSea
Arctic Ocean
KongsfjordenProjectstructure
ü WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryospheresystemq WP2- EvolutionandDynamicsoftheglacialcapandoutletglaciersin
Greenlandq WP3- Reconstructionofextrememeltwatereventsq WP4- Conceptualmodelanddistributedsystemforthemanagement,use
anddisseminationofdata
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Fjords
ü Shapeandorigin
ü Most distributed at highlatitudes
ü AmplificationoftheclimatechangeintheArcticOcean,butfjordsevenmoresensible
ü Only0.1%oftheworld'soceansurfacebutaccountfor11%ofannualOCburial
Smithetal.,2015
WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryosphere system
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- NWSpitsbergen Island(Svalbard)
- ca.20kmlong,4-10kmwide
- outerfjord >200mdeep- sill- shallowerinnerpart(<100mdeep).
Ny-Ålesund
Kongsfjorden
Ny-Ålesund researchcentre- 11researchstationsinNy-Ålesund- researchprojectsandmonitoring
activitiesallyearround- coordinatedbyNySMAC (Ny-Ålesund
ScienceManagerCommittee)
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BaseDirigibileItalia- CNRLabs,surface330m2 withofficesandlabs,upto7researchers
- Openallyearround- Researchesonatmosphericchemistryandphysics;marine biology;physicsofthehighatmosphere;technologicalresearch,geologyandgeophysics;glaciologyandpermafrost;paleoclimate;oceanographyandlimnology;terrestrialecosystems;humanimpactontheenvironment,humanbiologyandmedicine.
From2009-10,setupof3multidisciplinaryobservationplatforms:
a) Amundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT),
b) AerosolandGruvebadetinterfaceprocesseslab(GVB)
c) OceanographicmooringMDIintheKongsfjorden.
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Conceptual models
Integratedmeasurementsatthemaininterfacesofthefjord
Mainpartsofthesystem1. Fjord2. Glaciers3. Seaice4. Ocean5. Land6. Atmosphere7. Sediment
Fluxmeasurements• Water• Salt• Heat• Dissolvedand• Particulatematter
Glacier
Atmosphere
Sediment Pore water
PermafrostSea ice
fjord
Atmosphere
Glacier
Land
Sediment
Ocean
Seaice
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OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)[email protected]
Thankswww.kartverket.no forthebasemap
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MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)
AncillaryCTDcasts
MDI
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OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
78.9˚N
78.95˚N
79˚N
11.8˚E 12˚E 12.2˚E 12.4˚E 12.6˚E
Ocea
n Da
ta V
iew
MooringDirigibile ITALIA
(MDI)- CTDCasts(September)
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OC flux (g m-2 y-1)
7-yearlongtime-seriesarenowavailable
• SedimentTraps
• TandCdata
• Watercurrents
MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)- Timeseries
Sep2011
Sep2014
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Thecontributionofheatfromtheoceanattheinterfacebetweenthefjordwaterandtidewaterglaciershasbeensuggestedasapossibletriggerthatdestabilizetheglacierfront.
OceanHeatContent(OHC)derivedfromtherecordofhydrographicprofilesisusuallyneglectedinmostofpapersonoceantidewaterglacierinteraction
TheOHCdoesnotdependonlyontemperaturebutalsoonthevolumeofwaterinteractingwiththeicefront.
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
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whererho=1027kg/m3iswaterdensityCp =4000J/kgCisseawaterspecificheatcapacity,VisthevolumeoftheAtlanticwaterlayerandTisthedepthaveragedtemperatureofthelayer.
OHCsummarizesthethermalpropertyofthewatercolumninaintegratedvalueoveraverticalprofile.
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
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SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
BasedonbathymetricsurveyandCTDcasts,OHCwascalculatedforSeptember2014
Aliani etal.,2016a&b
theinputofheatintheinnermostfjordwasconsistentwithlargeicemelting.
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ThethesisofstudentValentinaRibezzo isimprovingtheideaoftheroleofthesillusingtimeseries fromMDI
• Bathymetricmap
• CTDcastsfromdifferentyearsprovidedifferentvolumes
• MDIprovidestimeseries (assumptionsarerequired)
Days of the year
EW -
Velo
city
[cm
/s]
NS -
Velo
city
[cm
/s]
(a)
(b)
(c)
Days of the year
SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)
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Insummer2015,foundhighsurfacewaterpHvaluesinKongsfjorden (upto8.6)
Tomaintainsuchahighvalue,pHoffreshwaterinputsdischarging intothefjordshouldbealkaline
Inthelonger term,whenthemeltwaterdischargewilldecline,pHwilldecreaseveryrapidly,theoreticallyreachingatippingpoint
NecessaryspecificexperimentstofollowthetemporaltrendofpHandalkalinity
Fieldwork :21July – 18August2016,peak ofmelting season
Cantoni C.Cozzi S.- ISMARTS
HopwoodM.andClarkJ.- GEOMAR,Kiel
[email protected]
Carbonatechemistryinthefjord
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MooringMDIsince2010inKongsfjorden
Timeseriesofparticlefluxesandcomposition• Avg.TMF,ca.20gm-2 d-1(7to100gm-2 d-1inwinterandsummer,inrespectively)
• %OCpeakspring-earlysummerbyphytoplanktonbloom(lessnegativeδ13C)
• TMFpeaksinsummerbyglaciermeltingandsurfacerunoff(turbidwaters)
• Highdetritalcarbonates(20-30%)• Highinterannualvariability(in2013,TMFpeakca.8timeshigherthanremainingyears)
D’Angeloetal.,2016
Particle fluxes [email protected]
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Modern sediment [email protected]
ü Sedimentation rate decreases with increasing distance from glacier termini (Kronebreen and Kongsvegen)
ü The geochemical fingerprint displayslarge along-fjord variability of bothinorganic (Ca/Ti) and organic (OC) parameters
Miserocchi etal.,2016
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AB C
D
Repeatedsampling:Jun2012,Sept2012,Jul2014, Jul2015
Suspended particulatematter:anthropogenicinputbyAtlanticwaterforsomeelements(Ba,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Zn),naturalinputbyglacialrunoff forothers(Al,Co,Fe,K,Ti,V),bothhigher insummer
Sediments:negligibleanthropogenic impactfortraceelements(althoughminorenrichment forAs,Cd,Cr,Ni,V),onlyasmallpercentageisbioavalaible (<5%,exceptforAs,Cd)
Grotti etal.,2013,Bazzano etal.,2014Ardini etal.,2016
Tracemetals inTSMandsedimentPaolaRivaro,FrancescoArdini,MarcoGrottiUniv [email protected] ;[email protected]
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ISMOGLACProjectISotopic andphysical-chemicalMOnitoring ofGLACial drainagesandsea
waterintheNy-Ålesund area-Svalbard (start:June2015)
Investigatesthedynamicprocessesoftheglacialmelting(supraglacial,englacialandsubglacial outputs)andevaluatestheconsequenttransfersoffreshwatertowardstheKongsfjorden
Inlandactivities(glacialdrainages)
Flow-ratemeasurements
Watersamplingandphysical-chemicalmeasurements
DOVERI100 - 87350 - [25/07/2016 19:00:00 - 30/07/2016 12:00:00]
Pressure (cmH2O) Temperature (Celsius) 2:Spec.cond. (mS/cm)
30/07/201629/07/201628/07/201627/07/201626/07/2016
Pres
sure
(cm
H2O
) 1,140
1,120
1,100
1,080
1,060
Tem
pera
ture
(C
elsi
us)
54.5
43.5
32.5
2
2:S
pec.
cond
. (m
S/c
m)
0.095
0.09
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
ActivitieswithinKongsfjordenPhysical-chemicallogsand
samplingofwateratdefineddepth
Laboratoryactivities(IGGPisa)
Analysisof isotopicsignatures(δ18O‰,δ2H‰,3Handδ13C‰)andchemicalconcentrations(majorand
minorcompounds )
DoveriM.,LelliM.,Baneschi I.,Provenzale A.– IGG,PISA
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Between10-15mdepth, layerofcolderwaterfromtheglaciermelting
Extinctionofthesolarradiationobservedinthefirst5m
Insuchconditions,photic layeravailabletothephytoplanktonstronglylimited
Azzaro M.,Zappalà G.,CarusoG.,LaFerlaR.,Denaro R.,Crisafi F.
DailyvariabilityofthemicrobialcompartmentandtrophicstructureatmooringsiteMDImaurizio.azzaro@cnr.it
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Developmentofintegratedsystemsofunmanned surfacevehicles(USV)forperforming atmospheric, seawaterandicedatasensingandwatersampling
Tooperateandtransmit datainrealtimeindangerous sites,such as glacierfronts,ordifficult toaccess tohumanbeings
Zappalà etal.,2016
Bruzzone &coworkers
UnmannedVehiclesforAutonomousSensingandSampling(UVASS)[email protected]
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The34-m- highAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT)providesverticalprofilesofmeteorologicalparameters,sinceOctober2009.
AtmosphericobservationsattheAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTowerVito.vitale@isac.cnr.it
7-yearlong time-seriesofradiationandenergybudgetsarenowavailable
http://www.isac.cnr.it/~radiclim/CCTower/
Mazzolaetal.,2016
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2steps inthefuture
ARCAresults arejustasnapshot
Ø Next stepà need toextendmonitoring at longer timescaleto obtainmorereliabletrendsandestablishhowclimatechangeisaffectingtheKongsfjorden
Openquestions:
Ø Arefjordsabletomitigatetheeffectsofglobalchangebylocallyreducinggradientswithrespecttotheadjacentocean?
Ø HowsillaffectOHC?
Someobservationsseemtoconfirmit:
Ø Theincreasedfluvialrunoffincreasedtransferofsoil-derivedOCtothefjord,anditsmineralizationinfjordwaterscouldfurtherincreasetheatmosphericCO2 concentration.Butfjordsalsobehaveasnaturalsedimenttraps,rapidlysequesteringtheterrestrialOCandreducingthepotentialnegativeeffect
Ø Duetoveryalkalinefreshwaterinputs,fjordscancontributetomitigatetheoceanacidification,atleastuntilthemeltwaterdischargewillnotdecline
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What has tobedone
Intheproject ARCA,aneffort ofintegrationbetween different italiangroupswaspursued,butwe still need toincrease:
• Coordination among italian groups
• Cooperation withgroups ofdifferent nations
• Interdisciplinarity andmultidisciplinarity
• Increase thesharing ofinfrastructures
• Upgradeinstrumentation, adding newsensors (newparameters,moreperforming)
• Promote anintegrated approach combining modelling anddataacquisition viaoceanographic cruises,autonomous stations (fixed,drifting,USV)andsatellite
• Developing anewgenerationofsmallmodularaerial andmarinedrones tocollectdatasimultaneously
• Datasharing anddatabases
• Make constant theflowoffunds(timeseries arecontinuosly at risk ofinteruption)
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Svalbard
BarentsSea
Arctic Ocean
Kongsfjorden
[email protected]
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Thanks foryour attentionand thanks toArctic station Dirigibile ItaliaCNR DTA Kings Bay and TeistenSysselmann of SvalbardAll Ny Alesund colleagues
photocourtesy byPaoloPetrignani
Credits:CNR-DTA,CNRArcticBaseDirigibile Italia,KingsBayCo.,projectsSnow,ARCA,Hermione, Eurofleets2–Prepared &Burster,PNRA-Defrost,PRIN2007&2009,bilateral Italy-Korea,AWI,OceanCertain,ISMOGLAC ...