ocupational,Household & Sports hazards
Prepared by: Saba kausar BS.c (Hons) optometry & orthoptics (3rd year)
What are some causes of eye injuries?
Flying Objects, Flying Debris (Bits Of Metal, Glass)
Contact With Chemicals Misuse Of Tools: Improper Guards, Poor
Maintenance, Poor Safety Habits Impact Or Blunt Force
Sparks Tools Particles (Grinding Dust) Harmful Radiation Excessive Heat Any Combination Of These Or Other Hazards
The highest categories contributing to eye injuries are related to household, workplace
and sports.
Signs or Symptoms of an Eye Injury
Pain when looking up and/or down or difficulty on seeing
Tenderness Sunken eye Double vision Severe eyelid and facial swelling Difficulty in tracking The eye has an unusual pupil size or shapen Numbness on upper cheeks and gum. Severe redness around the white part of the EYE Blood in the clear part of the eye
Occupational hazards: A working condition that can
lead to illness or death.
Classification:1.Physical hazards Heat n cold Light 2. Chemical hazards3. Biological hazards Paracites insecticides3. Mechanical hazards Moving or protuding object
exposure5.Psychological hazards
Five common hazards to eye
1. Impact:• It includes Flying objects such as;
Chips,fragments, particles, sand and dirt.• Tasks: chipping, grinding, machining, mansory
work , wood working, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening & sanding
• Injury: vary from small to serious damage; punctures, abrasions & contusions
Cont…2. Heat :• It includes: burns occurs when eye expose
to high temperature, splashes of molten metal, or hot sparks.
• Tasks: pouring, casting, hot dipping & furnace operations etc.
• Injury: skin burns,eyeball involvement is common.
Cont….3. Chemical injury :• classify into 2 types;1. Acid injury: • Less harmful than alkali substances.• Cause damage by denaturing & precipitating proteins in the
tissues they contact. Then coagulated proteins act as a barrier to prevent further damge except (hydrofluoric acid)
• Damage:• conjunctival injection• odema • Conjunctival haemorrhage• Corneal ulceration • Stromal opacification • Corneal vasculariation
Cont…
2. Alkali injury:• Lipophilic agents, pentrate tissue more rapidly than acids.• Saponify the fatty acids of cell membranes, pentrate
corneal stroma & destroy proteoglycans ( ground substance ) n collagen bundles.
• Damage : it involves:• Conjunctiva ( bulbar & palpebral ); ischaemic necrosis,
opacification of sub-Conjuntival tissue,symblepharon• Cornea ; epithelium loss ,odema, ulceration,
vascularization• Iris; acue iritis• lens; cataract• Uveal tract; uveitis• Secondary glaucoma
Cont…
4. Dust :• Finely divided particles its range size 0.1- 150 micron• Source: crushing, grinding,loading & unloading operations.• Sites: mines, pottery, textile, wood or stone working industries.• Damage: corneal abrasions, ulcers , redness of
eyes( haemrrahge of conjuntiva, cojunctivitis) eyelids are also involve.
5. Optical radiations: UV hazards:• in welding, exposure lamps - food storage,
dentstry –epoxy filling , dermatology -psoriasis. IR hazards: • sources- arc lamps, steel furnaces,CO2 lasers
Cont..
Short term Long term Redness of adnexae pregyiumConjunctival injection cataractlacrimationbalepharospasmkeratitis
UV exposure:
cornea Corneal opacificationiris Swelling, hyperaema, miosisAnterior chamber Aueous flareslens cataractretina Burns
IR exposure:
Eye protection is required in such work situations
Working with chemicals Working with paints, disinfectant, pesticides or other toxic or
hazardous fluids Working with strong sources of electromagnetic radiation, welding,
machines, etc. Working in the open with the risk of wind blown particles Working with rotating equipment such as grinders, drills, lathes Mechanical Equipment Sources Of Radiation, mainly ultraviolet radiation from Welding and
infra-red radiation from Furnaces. The danger is greatest where various Particles are caused to become
airborne from Grinding Cutting and welding Chipping, chiseling or caulking Using cartridge operated tools Blasting - abrasive and grit Mixing drilling fluids, acids or other toxic hazardous fluids
Household hazards:
In Bathroom : Cause irritation to eyes and skin depending upon
product usage given below: Air freshners – phenol & formaldehyde. Toilet cleaners-hydrochloric acid. Molds n mildews- skin n eye burns due to sodium
hypochlorite. Carpet & upholstery- ammonium hydroxide Anti bacterial cleaners – strong irritant to eye due
presence of hydrochloric acid Drain cleaners – cause serious damage leading to
blindness n burns due to presence of lyme n sulphurous acid as ingredient
Cont….Kitchen:Cause irritation to eyes and skin depending upon product usage
given below: All purpose cleaners- (ammonia, trisodium phosphate ant ethylene glycol ) Window or glass cleaner- ammonia and
isopropanol Dishwashing detergent - phosphate Antibacterial cleaner – strong irritant to eye due
presence of hydrochloric acid Insect sprays- can harm eyes Oven cleaners- can burn eyes n skin due to lye in
it Vinegar- mild damage irritaion to small corneal
abrasions , conjunctival hyperaemea Hot vegetable oil or ghee- cause irritation to
severe abrasions - burns Red or green chillis – also do same damage as
above mention
Cont…Landry: Insects sprays All purpose cleaner Wood stains n finishes Chlorine bleach –
severe eye and skin burns even blindness due to sodium hypochlorite.
Cont..
Garage :Wet cell batteries- severe skin n
eye burns even blindness due to hydrosulphuric acid n lead.
Irritation of eyes n skin due to: latex paints – formaldehydeOil based paints- organic solvents(
naphtha).
Sports hazards: The most common types of eye injuries that can
result from sports injuries are : Blunt injuries corneal abrasions penetrating injuries
Sports:High risk Moderate risk Low riskBase ball football BicyclingBasket ball Golf DivingBoxing Badminton SkiingHockey Tennis SwimmingRacquet ball wrestlingSoft ball squash
Blunt injuries Blunt injuries occur when the eye
is suddenly compressed by impact from an object.
Blunt injuries, often caused by tennis balls, racquets, fists or elbows, sometimes cause a black eye or
hyphaema (bleeding in front of the eye).
More serious blunt injuries often break bones near the eye, and may sometimes seriously damage important eye structures and/or lead to vision loss.
Corneal abrasions: Corneal abrasions are painful scrapes on the outside of
the eye, or the cornea. The most common cause of a sports-related corneal
abrasion is being poked in the eye by a finger
Penetrating injuries: . Penetrating injuries are
caused by a foreign object piercing the eye.
These injuries often occur when eyeglasses break while they are being worn.
Penetrating injuries must be treated quickly in order to preserve vision